The SCADA system monitors and controls industrial processes through automatic or manual means. It collects data from sensors measuring aspects of the industrial process and sends control signals to actuators that can adjust the process. SCADA is commonly used in power generation, oil and gas, transportation, water management, and manufacturing. It monitors critical infrastructure like power grids, water systems, and transportation networks. SCADA uses protocols like DNP3 and Modbus to communicate between systems and components for monitoring, control, and optimization of industrial processes.
The SCADA system monitors and controls industrial processes through automatic or manual means. It collects data from sensors measuring aspects of the industrial process and sends control signals to actuators that can adjust the process. SCADA is commonly used in power generation, oil and gas, transportation, water management, and manufacturing. It monitors critical infrastructure like power grids, water systems, and transportation networks. SCADA uses protocols like DNP3 and Modbus to communicate between systems and components for monitoring, control, and optimization of industrial processes.
The SCADA system monitors and controls industrial processes through automatic or manual means. It collects data from sensors measuring aspects of the industrial process and sends control signals to actuators that can adjust the process. SCADA is commonly used in power generation, oil and gas, transportation, water management, and manufacturing. It monitors critical infrastructure like power grids, water systems, and transportation networks. SCADA uses protocols like DNP3 and Modbus to communicate between systems and components for monitoring, control, and optimization of industrial processes.
The SCADA system monitors and controls industrial processes through automatic or manual means. It collects data from sensors measuring aspects of the industrial process and sends control signals to actuators that can adjust the process. SCADA is commonly used in power generation, oil and gas, transportation, water management, and manufacturing. It monitors critical infrastructure like power grids, water systems, and transportation networks. SCADA uses protocols like DNP3 and Modbus to communicate between systems and components for monitoring, control, and optimization of industrial processes.
The SCADA system monitors and {automatically or manually} controls the an industrial process. Types of Processes • Power generation and transmission • Oil and Gas • Air traffic and railways • Water management • Manufacturing In real life SCADA controls… • The power in your home • The water in your home • Where the water goes from your home • The traffic lights on the way to the office • The commuter train controls • The air conditioning system in your office building • The phone system to your home SCADA topology Another Example Human-Machine Interface (HMI) Power Utility Substation Connection Protocols Used • Raw binary protocols – DNP3 and modbus – Designed for serial links – Reads data and sends commands and alerts • High-level data protocols – ICCP – Uses XML for communication – Human readible DNP3 GOOSE Protocols
ICCP
Generation Substation
DNP3 Security Issues • SCADA does not authenticate users or devices – All SCADA protocols do not implement authentication. Trust assumption • Patching is really hard – Devices have to be taken offline for patching • Believe they are not connected – Laptops roam around (WiFi) – Ex. Historians are a possible leak • Old Modems SCADA Functions in Power Systems • Another commonly used term is energy management system (EMS), which is a broader concept. – An energy management system (EMS) is a system of computer-aided tools used by operators of electric utility grids to monitor, control, and optimize the performance of the generation and/or transmission system. – The monitor and control functions are known as SCADA; the optimization packages are often referred to as "advanced applications". They are closely related. SCADA: Monitoring • State estimation is the core State Estimation Metering measurements Static Structure information State Estimates of the Estimator System state Parameter values
• Typical measurements used for state estimation:
– Real and reactive power flows on the lines; -Bus voltage magnitudes at generation; – Transformer tap settings; -Real and reactive power loads at load buses; • System state – voltage magnitude and angle • Example:
• 21 measurements, • 7 state variables State Estimation • Basic assumption – Power system is in the quasi-steady-state condition • Problem formulation Power flow equations
• Estimation method – weighted least-squares (WLS) estimation • Security consideration – bad data detection (incorporation of PMU data) SCADA: Control • In EMS, the time hierarchy for operations and control decisions Time Scale Load Variations Function in EMS Decision seconds small, random automatic control Match the on-line generation with the load minutes large economic dispatch Allocate economically load among the committed generating units days and wide unit commitment Start-up and shutdown of units hours weeks very wide Fuel, hydro, and Meet load with the installed swings maintenance resource mix scheduling SCADA: Control • SCADA control mechanisms: – Voltage control: • Var compensation, in-phase transformer tap settings – Frequency control: AGC – Topology change: line switching – Load shedding: the last resort – Protection device (e.g., relays) parameter setting • Security consideration: – The impact of malicious control command is hard to evaluate.
