RRS3

1.
The use of dampers absorbs and releases a large amount of the seismic energy created in the
structure which contributes to reducing structural stress. The study by Ezzaki et al. (2019)
entitled “The Use of Damper Systems in Buildings with Reinforced Concrete Structures”
examines the efficiency of damper systems as a material in enhancing structural safety during
seismic activities used for buildings with reinforced concrete structures designed and erected in
accordance with P13-type standards (from 1963). The study showed that using dampers can be
considered an alternative to using reinforced concrete jackets in retrofitting.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
336593292_THE_USE_OF_DAMPER_SYSTEMS_IN_BUILDINGSWITH_REINFORCED_CONCRETE_S
TRUCTURES
The effectiveness of using visco-elastic dampers in a structure is presented in the study

"Improving the Seismic Performance of RC Bridge Structures by Use of Viscous Dampers" by
Bogdanovic et al. (2019). The study demonstrates how the use of viscous dampers affects a
structure's dynamic behavior by dissipating earthquake energy and preventing it from being
transferred to the structural elements of the bridge, thereby lowering the risk of damage to
individual bridge segments and ultimately the entire bridge structure.
349427157_IMPROVING_THE_SEISMIC_PERFORMANCE_OF_RC_BRIDGE_STRUCTURES_BY_USE
_OF_VISCOUS_DAMPERS
The above-mentioned studies demonstrated the effectiveness of dampers in enhancing the

structure’s seismic performance. In the studies of Ezzaki et al. (2019), Theodore et al. (2012),
and Bogdanovic et al. (2019), including this current study, both used visco-elastic dampers as the
subject in investigating how effective this material in regulating structural displacement and
floor vibrations, providing for occupant comfort, and protecting against significant earthquakes.
Meanwhile, most of the studies mentioned above focused on the performance of visco-elastic
dampers in retrofitting structural buildings. However, the current study will analyze the
performance of viscoelastic dampers as a retrofitting material for a bridge in resisting high
seismic forces.
2. A study conducted by Farokh (2017) entitled “Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Bridges for
the Retrofitting and New Design” analyses the structural elements that might have an impact on
the performance of such bridges during seismic activity. Researchers also examine the effects
of load requirements and aging deterioration. The capacity and demands of some bridge
components, such as bearings, columns, and bent caps, might change with age. As a result,
these components' overall performance and capacity during an earthquake event may be
affected.
https://rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu/rutgers-lib/55467/PDF/1/play/
There are old bridges in the United States and other countries that are still in use even if
they were not constructed in accordance with the new seismic design codes and standards. For
this reason, it is anticipated that these bridges will have a low performance under powerful
seismic activities according to Shrestha et al. (2019) in the study entitled “Seismic Retrofit of
Square Reinforced Concrete Bridge Columns using Titanium Alloy Bars”. Older reinforced
concrete (RC) bridges frequently stand on seismically unstable and inadequately specified
columns. Lap-splices in the plastic hinge region above the footing, short lap-splice lengths, and
insufficient transverse reinforcement that does not effectively contain the concrete core are the
most frequent flaws in these columns. These three characteristics cause the RC columns' non-
ductile response, which might cause a bridge to collapse during a large earthquake's ground
shaking.
https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/concern/graduate_thesis_or_dissertations/4j03d5118
Earthquakes are one of the most devastating forces on Earth and can happen at any time,
anywhere. It is an unpredictable, naturally occurring phenomenon that causes significant
damage to communities and the environment. Based on the aforementioned studies, it is
obvious how important it is to take seismic activities into account while designing a structure.
This is supported by the evaluations of a structure under seismic forces in the research of Farokh
(2017) and Shrestha et al. (2019). Similarly, the present study will inspect a bridge that has
experienced numerous seismic events. The current study, however, will make use of a bridge
that is at least 30 years old or older that complied with an old NSCP code.
3. The study by Alam et al. (2020), entitled "The Role of Viscoelastic Damping on Retrofitting
Seismic Performance of Asymmetric Reinforced Concrete Structures," used a structure
retrofitted with visco-elastic dampers to analyze its structural behavior. It has been found that
retrofitting structures using visco-elastic dampers corresponds well with the limitation of
displacement demands. Additionally, it has been shown that additional damping up to a certain
level substantially reduces seismic response in terms of inter-story drifts. However, increasing
and exceeding this level will no longer reduce the seismic response of the considered structure.
Furthermore, it was discovered that the additional dampening increased the total acceleration
of the building under consideration at all floor levels. This finding suggests that, for irregular tall
structures of this type, the use of VE dampers may not be appropriate for structures that are
acceleration sensitive.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11803-020-0558-x
The study of Alam et al. (2020), as well as the current study, are both analyzing the
performance of a structure retrofitted with visco-elastic dampers. Meanwhile, the asymmetric
reinforced concrete construction is the focus of the work of Alam et al. The current study, on the
other hand, will assess if visco-elastic dampers may be utilized to modify a bridge in order to
increase its seismic resistance.
4. Response spectra are effective tools for analyzing how well buildings and other equipment
respond during earthquakes in earthquake engineering. In the study by M. Brinisat et al. (2021)
entitled “Dynamic seismic analysis of bridge using response spectrum and time history
methods” analyzed the seismic response of the designed bridge under 10 ground motion
records. This study uses response spectrum analysis as well as time history analysis.
350289286_Dynamic_seismic_analysis_of_bridge_using_response_spectrum_and_time_his
tory_method
Based on the study conducted by M. Brinisat et al. (2021), demonstrates that it is

recommended to use the non-linear time history method in analyzing geometrically complex
bridges. This is because time history produced more realistic results of bridge behavior
compared to the response spectrum analysis.
The results
of nonlinear response history analyses indicated that seismic responses of all the bridge
configurations are affected by damping modeling characteristics. The extent of analysis results
variation depends on the seismic intensity and bridge configurations.
of nonlinear response history analyses indicated that seismic responses of all the bridge
configurations are affected by damping modeling characteristics. The extent of analysis results
variation depends on the seismic intensity and bridge configurations.
5. In the study by Patil et al. (2021) entitled “Time History Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey
Building” time history analysis of a multi-story building is carried out using STAAD Pro. The time
history analysis calculates the displacement of the structure across the entire period of the
ground motion at identical intervals, typically 0.05 to 0.A1 seconds. This study gives time history
analysis by using time-acceleration data as input function and then the performance of the
structure is evaluated with various mode shapes and time-acceleration results.
https://www.ijres.org/papers/Volume-9/Issue-7/Series-7/G09073843.pdf
A regular structure built in accordance with BNBC (2015) was examined using non-linear time
history analysis in the study of Ghosh et al. (2019) entitled "Performance Evaluation of RC
Buildings by Time History Analysis". The structure satisfies the performance criteria for
serviceability earthquakes and earthquakes based on design. The building, however, loses its
stability following a major earthquake. The BNBC (2015) guidelines can be better understood
with the help of the findings of this study.
330385864_PERFORMANCE_EVALUATION_OF_RC_BUILDINGS_BY_TIME_HISTORY_ANALYSIS
Through the studies mentioned, it is clear how time history analysis is important to the
structural seismic analysis. Additionally, the time history method is employed in both the
current and past studies by Patil et al. (2021) and Ghosh et al. (2019) to analyze a structure. On
the other hand, the current study will use an old-code-based structural bridge to evaluate the
performance of a bridge retrofitted with dampers.

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1.

The effectiveness of using visco-elastic dampers in a structure is presented in the study

The above-mentioned studies demonstrated the effectiveness of dampers in enhancing the

Based on the study conducted by M. Brinisat et al. (2021), demonstrates that it is

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