Valves Technology: Ahmed Yehia Mohamed

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VALVES TECHNOLOGY

Presented by
Ahmed Yehia Mohamed
Process engineer,
Suez Oil Processing Company (SOPC)
INTRODUCTION
Consider the different type of liquids and gases
that flow around plant pipeline. High pressure, Low
pressure, Corrosive, Non-Corrosive, Low and High
Viscosities and Volatilities. If we understand this,
then we can see why so may different types and
sizes of valves are in use.
Valve classifications
• According to valve type (Gate, Globe, Check,….)
• According to function (Modulation, On Off)
• According to method of operation (Hand wheel, Gears ,
Actuators,…)
• According to design standard (API, DIN,… ).
• According to stem movement (Rising stem, Quarter turn,...)
• According to flow direction (One direction, Bi directional )
• According to material selection (Carbon steel, Alloy steel,...)
• According to end connection (Flanged, socket weld,,...)
International Standards
• AFNOR Association Francaise de Normalisation (France)
• AISI American Iron and Steel Institute
• ANSI American National Standards Institute
• API American Petroleum Institute
• ASM American Society of Metals
• ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers
• ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
• AWS American Welding Society
• BSI British Standards Institute
• DIN Deutsches Institut fur Normung (Germany)
• EPA Environmental Protection Agency
International Standards
• HSE Health and Safety Executive
• ISA Instrument Association of America
• ISO International Standards Organization
• JIS Japan Industrial Standard
• MSS Manufacturers Standardization Society
• NACE National Association of Corrosion Engineers
• NFPA National Fire Prevention Association
• SAE Society of Automotive Engineers
• SPE Society of Petroleum Engineers
• TEMA Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association
• VMA Valve Manufacturers Association
Standards Pertaining to Valves
• ANSI American National Standards Institute
• API American Petroleum Institute
• ASME The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
• ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
• AWWA American Water Works Association
• MSS Manufacturers Standardization Society
• AFNOR Association Francaise de Normalisation
• BSI British Standards Institute
• DIN Deutsches Institut fur Normung eV
Most Common Standards for Valves
• ASME B16.1, cast iron pipe flanges and flanged fittings
• ASME B16.5, pipe flanges and flanged fittings
• ASME 16.34, valves-flanged, threaded, and welding end, is one
of the most widely used valve standards. ASME B16.34 covers
class 150, 300, 400, 600, 900, 1500, 2500, and 4500 valves.
• API 6D, pipe line valves
• API 600, steel gate valve-flanged and butt welding ends
• API 608, - Ball Flanged valves
• API 598, valve inspection and testing
• MSS SP44, steel pipeline flanges
Valve classifications
• According to pressure classes
• According to valve size.
• According to valve bore (Full, Reduced,...)
• Hazard area classification.
VALVE CLASSIFICATION
The various types of valve can be sub-divided into
the following groups.
• Isolation Valves (Ball, Plug, Butterfly, Gate)
• Regulating Valves (Globe, Needle and
Diaphragm)
• Check Valves or Non – Return Valves
• Relief Valves
ISOLATION VALVES
Ball, Plug, Butterfly, Gate
BALL VALVES
BALL VALVES
BALL VALVES
BALL VALVES
• Hydraulic systems .
• Water .
• Air.
• Oil .
• Petrochemical .
• High volume, high pressure and high temperature
flow .
BALL VALVES
• The basic concept of the ball valve is the use of
spherical ball-plug held between tow lip seal
seats. The inside diameter of this lip is always
slightly larger than the ball-port so that no
“growth” of the seal occurs to prevent operation.
The metal ball closure member is usually hard
chrome-plated, both to resist abrasion and to give
long life.
• Pressure ratings are as high as 7,500 p.s.i. and
temperatures ordinarily up to 575ºF.
OPERATION OF BALL VALVES
• The Ball Valve has always been considered on of
the most efficient type of valve because it
provides an unrestricted throughway, ease of
operation, and minimum weight.
• Operating is by means of a shouldered stem
which engages in a slot in the ball. By operating
the lever, the ball plug is rotated so that its port is
in line with the body ports or at right angles to
body ports, ie. Closing them off and preventing
any flow.
OPERATION OF BALL VALVES
• Complete shut off The well designed lip seals
on the flexible seats deflect under pressure and
follow the contour of the ball in the absence of
pressure, ensuring a dead tight seal in both
directions of flow.
• Minimum maintenance The seats are self-
acting and pressure energised, thus requiring no
adjustment or attention in service. The valve
requires no lubrication and only infrequent
attention to the gland.
OPERATION OF BALL VALVES
• Very compact size It requires very little head-
room and can be sited at any angle.
• Round bore straight-through flow Produces
exceptionally low pressure drop with almost
negligible turbulence.
• Two-way sealing The design of the seat is such
that line pressure forces the upstream seat on to
the ball and the ball on to the downstream seat,
thus providing a “Double Seal” ball valve.
PLUG VALVES
RAISED INDICATORS
SQUARE HEAD SHOWING POSITION OF PORT
FOR WRENCH IN PLUG
STEM
GLAND STUFFING
SCREWCAP
STEM PACKING

PLUG
BODY
RECTANGULAR PORT
PLUG VALVES
PLUG VALVES
Plug valve Applications
• Gas and liquid fuel
• Water.
• Extreme temperature flow
• Boiler feed water.
• Low Pressure Steam .
• Corrosive Liquids and Gases
Plug Valves
• A form of shut-off device, having a plug, either
parallel, taper or spherical in shape, which can be
turned to move its port or ports relative to the
body seal ports to control the flow of fluid.
• The plug is suitable for high pressure and
temperatures. Flow through the valve is smooth,
straight and uninterrupted. Pressure drop across
the valve is therefore low.
BUTTERFLY VALVES

25
BUTTERFLY VALVES
• A butterfly valve consists of a housing in which a
shaft passes through. On this the vane and valve
plate are connected.
• The top of the housing can adapt various types of
shaft actuators, both power or manually operated.
The actuator is connected on the end of the shaft.
The valve is in the fully open or closed position by
turning the actuator 90 angular degrees.
BUTTERFLY VALVES
• Butterfly valves are multi-purpose valves and are
applicable to rather low pressures, say up to 10
kg/cm2. They are characterised by their large
capacity and are less expensive than plug or
globe valves.
GATE VALVES
GATE VALVES
GATE VALVES
GATE VALVES
• These valves are widely used where
uninterrupted flow is required and are suitable for
general purposes on such services as steam,
water, oil, gas and many other fluids. They should
not be used in throttling service and should only
be used either fully open or fully close.
REGULATING VALVES
Globe, Needle and Diaphragm
Globe Valve (High pressure)
Globe Valve
Globe Valve
• Generally have a spherical body in which the
body ends are in line with each other and in
which the axis of the stem is oblique to that of the
body ends.
• Mainly used on highly corrosive duty.
• It can be seen that a screw-down stop valve
creates a higher-pressure drop than a gate valve.
It has been found that these valves give better
isolation than gate valves. The main advantage of
this valve is the control of flow, nearly all control
valves will be found to have this type of valve.
NEEDLE VALVE
NEEDLE VALVE
• Needle valves consist of housing in which a sharp
pointed needle plug passes through the gland
and can be screwed down on its seat.
• A needle valve has the same principle
characteristics as the globe valve and is mainly
used to control small amounts of gas or liquid
flows through the valve. These are normally used
where the flow has to be controlled at fine limits.
DIAPHRAGM VALVE
DIAPHRAGM VALVE
DIAPHRAGM VALVE
• This is valve is used on a large scale in the
chemical industry where a large amount of
corrosive material is handled.
• The diaphragm isolates the operating mechanism
in the bonnet assembly from the fluid being
handled. This isolation preserves the lubricated
part from possible damage by abrasive or
corrosive fluids and is equally effective in
preventing contamination of pipe contents
DIAPHRAGM VALVE
• Diaphragm valves are made in different designs
for different types of service and can be equally
effective for liquids, slugs, slurries, pulps or fluids
containing solid matter in suspension.
Diaphragms are now manufactured to suit
temperature conditions ranging from -85°F to
392°F ( -65°C to 200°C).
• The outer portion of the diaphragms also forms
the body to bonnet joint, thus sealing off the fluid
from the moving parts.

CHECK VALVES OR NON –
RETURN VALVES
CHECK OR NON RETURN VALVES
• A check valve in which the check mechanism
incorporates a disk, piston or ball which lifts along
an axis in line with the axis of the body seat. Lift
type check valves are described according to the
type of check mechanism, as follows:
• Disk check - the check mechanism is a disk and
used for liquids
• Piston Check - containing a moving piston disc
and Recommended for Vapor service
• Ball check - the check mechanism is a ball and
used for heavy fluids
Swing check valve
split disc check valve
SPRING PISTON CHECK VALVE
Ball check valve
Ball check valve
RELIEF VALVES
Type of Pressure Relief Valve
A relief valve is an automatic pressure relieving
device actuated by the static pressure upstream of
the valve and which opens in proportion to the
increase in pressure over the opening pressure.
• Safety valve : Used with compressible gases
steam and air services .
• Relief valve : Used in liquid systems. as
pressure overspill devices .
• Safety relief valve : used either for liquid or
compressible fluid.
Examples of safety valves
Examples of safety valves
Examples of safety valves
BURSTING DISK
Examples of safety valves
VACUUM, PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE
CONTROL VALVES
CONTROL VALVES
Control system would normally consist of the
following components:
• Control valves.
• Actuators.
• Controllers.
• Sensors.
CONTROL VALVES
Valve positions
PNEUMATIC CONTROL VALVE MOTORISED VALVE
MOTORISED VALVE
• The motorised valves are basically identical to the
manually operated valves, except that the
operation of opening and closing the valve is now
performed by a motor..
• The motor is built integrally with the handwheel
and is connected via a worm gear drive to the
valve spindle. Motors give a wide range of output
speeds.
PNEUMATIC CONTROL VALVE
PNEUMATIC CONTROL VALVE
PNEUMATIC CONTROL VALVE
• The equipment which measures the flow, level,
pressure, or temperature being controlled sends
out an air pressure signal, which varies usually in
the range 3 to 15 p.s.i. The air signal is applied
above the diaphragm. An increasing air signal will
push the operator stem downwards against the
force exerted by the spring on the diaphragm
plate. As a result of the downward movement, the
net area through which the flow passes will
decrease gradually.
PNEUMATIC CONTROL VALVE
• An increase in air pressure is required to close
the valve and a reduction to open the valve
hence the name “Air off to open” (AFVO).
• The plug is constructed so that it can be removed
from the valve stem, and refitted in reverse. The
body can also be reversed. The action of the
valve is thus reversed
• Air failure valve open (AFVO) or air failure valve
closed (AFVC) are selected following
consideration of plant requirements so that valves
“fail safe” in event of air failure.
Types of Valves Summary
• Gate valves are generally used in systems where low flow
resistance for a fully open valve is desired and there is no
need to throttle the flow.
• Globe valves are used where good throttling and low seat
leakage are desired and a relatively high head loss in an
open valve is acceptable.
• Ball valves allow quick, quarter turn on-off operation and
have poor throttling characteristics.
• Plug valves are often used to direct flow between several
different ports through use of a single valve.
Types of Valves Summary
• Diaphragm valves are used where the entire operating
mechanism to be completely isolated from the fluid.
• Butterfly valves provide significant advantages over other
valve designs in weight, space, and cost for large valve
applications.
• Check valves automatically open to allow flow in one
direction and seat to prevent flow in the reverse direction.
• Safety/relief valves are used to provide automatic over
pressurization protection for a system.
Water Hammer
• Water Hammer occurs when the valve is close too
quickly.
• Because the valves, fittings and lines are designed for
specific working pressure, when the valve is closed
too quickly the liquid flowing through it has to stop
instantly, since the liquid is incompressible.
• Instantly stopping the flow produce high pressure in a
system.
• This can do serious damage, and may rupture the line.
• Always close the valve slowly and gently.
Cavitations of Valves
• When a liquid passes through a partially closed valve, the
static pressure in the region of increasing velocity drops
and may reach the vapor pressure of the liquid.
• The impinging of the opposing liquid particles of the
collapsing vapor bubble produces locally high but short-
lived pressures. If the implosions occur at or near the
boundaries of the valve body or the pipe wall, the
pressure intensities can match the tensile strength of
these parts.
Cavitations of Valves
• The rapid stress reversals on the surface and the
pressure shocks in the pores of the boundary surface lead
finally to local fatigue failures that cause the boundary
surface to roughen until, eventually, quite large cavities
form.
• The development of cavitations can be minimized by
letting the pressure drop occur in stages.
Presented by
Ahmed Yehia Mohamed

Process engineer,
Suez Oil Processing Company (SOPC)

+20 100 890 7 390


Che.Yehia@gmail.com

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