Chemotherapeutic Agents Classification of Antibiotic

 Antibacterial
 Antifungals
 Anthelminthic
 Antiparasitic
 Antiprotozoal
 Antiviral
 Antineoplastic

Supportive Therapy

 Fluid therapy
 Blood therapy
 Vitamin therapy

Preventative Treatments

 Vaccines
 Antiseptic
 Disinfectant

Euthanasia Drugs

ANTIMICROBIAL VS ANTIBIOTIC

Antimicrobial – natural or synthetic drug that acts

against 1 or more kinds of microorganism

Examples: Sulfaquinoxalines, Norfloxacin, Trimethoprim

Antibiotic – substance produced by various Static – prevents the growth of bacteria

microorganism which inhibits the growth of another
Cidal – kills the bacteria
microorganism

Examples: Tetracycline, Bacitracin, Ivermectin

Factors to Consider

1. Animal
2. Pathogen
3. Chemotherapeutic agent
4. Public health safety (residues)
5. Economics

Requirements of Successful Antimicrobial Therapy

 Correct clinical diagnosis

 Appropriate choice of CTA (consider immune
status of animal)
 Appropriate dose
 Supportive therapy
Note: Tyrothricin, Gramicidin, Amphotericin B, and
Nystatin can also be used for Fungal infections

Note: Macrolides can be used as an alternative for

Penicillins or Cephalosphorins in cases of beta
lactamases resistant Staph and Strep
MIX AND MATCH THE FOLLOWING: ID the antibiotics with such MOA:

Sulfonamides: Inhibitors of
Sulfazalazine/ DIHYDROPTEROATE
Sulfaquinoxaline/ SYNTHETASE
Sulfamethazole
Diaminopyrimidines: Inhibitors of
Trimethoprim/Ormetoprim DIHYDROFOLATE
REDUCTASE
Polymixins; Colistin; Cell membrane
Gramicidin; Amphotericin; labilizer
Nystatin

Aminoglycosides: Bind with 30s

Streptomycin, Neomycin, ribosomal unit to
Gentamicin, Kanamycin, produce misreading of
Amikacin, Tobramycin protein code
Spectinomycin/Tetracycline:
Answer: Oxytet, Minocycline,
Doxycycline
Chloramphenicol Bind with 50s subunit
Macrolides: to prevent elongation
Erythromycin, Tylosin, of protein
Spiramycin, Azithromycin,
Clarithromycin
Penicillin: Cloxacillin, Inhibits transpeptidase
Methicillin, Amoxicillin, enzyme
Carbenicillin
(cox-ox are penicillinase
resistant)
Cephalosporins:
Cephalexin, Cefuroxime,
Moxalactam
Bacitracin/Vancomycin
Penicillin inhibits transpeptidase enzyme (important in Quinolones: Flumequine, Inhibits DNA
the cross-linking chain of the peptidoglycan in the cell Norfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Gyrase/RNA
Enrofloxacin polymerase
wall)
Rifamycin: Rifampin,
Polymixin are cell membrane labilizer, they bind with Rifamide
the proteins and therefore allow entry and exit of
different electrolytes

Sulfamethazine inhibits folate cofactor synthesis

Streptomycin can bind with 30s subunit of ribosome to

inhibit protein synthesis and produce misreading of
protein code

Chloramphenicol, Spiramycin, and Tiamulun binds with

50s subunit to prevent elongation of protein

Enrofloxacin inhibits DNA gyrase and nucleic acid (DNA

gyrase catalyzes the ATP-dependent super-coilinh of
double stranded DNA
Note: Ceftiofur (for ruminants) belongs to 3rd
Generation cephalosporins

Quinolones are a key group of antibiotics that interfere

with DNA synthesis by inhibiting topoisomerase, most
frequently topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase), an enzyme
involved in DNA replication.

DNA gyrase relaxes supercoiled DNA molecules and

initiates transient breakages and rejoins phosphodiester
bonds in super-helical turns of closed-circular DNA.

This allows the DNA strand to be replicated by DNA or

RNA polymerases.

The fluoroquinolones, second-generation quinolones that

include levofloxacin, norfloxacin, and ciprofloxacin, are
active against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive
bacteria.

Note: Positive supercoiling is important for bacteria

because they have to be in compact form for them not to
be easily lysed, thus that’s how quinolones destroy
bacteria
 ANTIBIOTC ADVERSE REACTIONS

Penicillin Hypersensitivity reaction,

(Cephalosporins, CNS Toxicity (large dose) and
Vancomycin, Nephrotoxicity
Polymixin)
Aminoglycosides Nephrotoxicity (Gentamicin);
Ototoxicity, Neuromuscular
blockade (blocking the receptors
for Ach -> flaccid paralysis)
*Cochlear – Neomycin, Amikacin,
Kanamycin
*Vestibular – streptomycin,
Gentamicin
Tetracyclines Nephrotoxic, Binds with Ca and
cations (inactivated when using in
Sources of Antibiotics: lactating, and growing animals)
Inhibits phagocytosis
Chloramphenico Blood dyscrasia, Inhibits
l metabolism; Delays wound
healing and anamnestic response
Macrolides/ GI disturbance
Lincosamides Hepatotoxicity

*blood dyscrasia – bad mixture

*anamnestic response – rapid reappearance if antibody

in the blood following introduction of an antigen

Erythromycin – antibiotic identified in the Philippine soil

(Iloilo)

How to prevent crystalluria?

a. Ensure adequate water intake

b. Keep urine on alkaline side
c. Use more soluble sulfa
d. Combine with trimethoprim or use triple sulfa
Sulfamethazine
Sulfadiazine
Sulfamerazine
These three do not affect the solubility of one
another