PEB2063 – Production Engineering I

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PRODUCTION ENGINEERING I

SEPTEMBER SEMESTER 2022

By

Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

(aliyu.adebayor@utp.edu.my)
(Mobile: 0143485422; Office: 05368 7051)
(Office: 12-03-40)

Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

 WELL PERFORMANCE

INFLOW AND OUTFLOW PERFORMANCE

Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

 LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this lecture, students should be able to:

▪ Write down, understand and use Darcy’s Inflow equation.

▪ Write down, understand and use Vogel’s equation.

▪ Apply Darcy and Vogel equations to determine well

performance.

▪ Compare the equations and recommend the most appropriate.

Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

 INFLOW PERFORMANCE
Darcy’s Law
In oilfield units, Darcy’s law can be written for a circular
drainage area as:
ഥ − 𝑷𝒘𝒇
𝟕. 𝟎𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒌𝒉 𝑷
𝒒= ; 𝑺𝒕𝒆𝒂𝒅𝒚 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆
𝒓
𝝁𝜷𝒐 𝐥𝐧 𝒆 + 𝑺
𝒓𝒘

ഥ − 𝑷𝒘𝒇
𝟕. 𝟎𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒌𝒉 𝑷
𝒒= ; 𝑷𝒔𝒆𝒖𝒅𝒐 − 𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒂𝒅𝒚 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆
𝒓 𝟑
𝝁𝜷𝒐 𝐥𝐧 𝒆 − + 𝑺
𝒓𝒘 𝟒

Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

 INFLOW PERFORMANCE (Cont’d)

Productivity Index and IPR

▪ As well is producing, a pressure drop is experienced in the reservoir.

▪ The relationship between well inflow rate and the pressure drawdown
is called ‘Productivity Index, J or PI.

▪ If conditions are such that J (STB/D/psi) is constant with drawdown,

once the value is obtained from one production test or calculated
using the equation shown above, it may be used to predict inflow
performance for other conditions.

𝒒𝒐 𝟕. 𝟎𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒌𝒉
𝑱= =
ഥ − 𝑷𝒘𝒇
𝑷 𝒓 𝟑
𝝁𝒐 𝜷𝒐 𝐥𝐧 𝒆 − + 𝑺
𝒓𝒘 𝟒

A plot of Pwf vs q is linear above Pb Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

 INFLOW PERFORMANCE (Cont’d)

Graphical Representation of PI

A plot of 𝑷𝒘𝒇 against q gives a straight line with slope, J

𝑃𝑒

𝑷𝒘𝒇 J = Slope
(𝒑𝒔𝒊)
AOF = Absolute Open Flow
= q when 𝑷𝒘𝒇 = 0

0 AOF
q, (bbl/d)
Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon
 EXAMPLE

A productivity test was conducted on a well. The test results indicate that the
well can produce at a stabilized flow rate of 110 STB/day and a bottom-hole
flowing pressure of 900 psi. After shutting the well for 24 hours, the bottom-
hole pressure reached a static value of 1300 psi. Calculate:

a) Productivity index

b) AOF

c) Oil flow rate at a bottom-hole flowing pressure of 600 psi

d) Wellbore flowing pressure required to produce 250 STB/day

Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

 SOLUTION
𝒒 110
a) 𝑱 = ഥ −𝑷𝒘𝒇
𝑷
=
1,300−900
= 0.275 𝑆𝑇𝐵/𝑝𝑠𝑖

ഥ = 0.275 ∗ 1,300 = 375.5 𝑆𝑇𝐵/𝐷

b) 𝑨𝑶𝑭 = 𝑱 ∗ 𝑷

𝑆𝑇𝐵
ഥ
c) 𝒒 = 𝑱 𝑷 − 𝑷𝒘𝒇 = 0.275 ∗ 1,300 − 600 = 192.5 𝐷

𝒒 250
d) 𝑷𝒘𝒇 ഥ
= 𝑷 − = 1,300 − = 390.9 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑱 0.275

Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

 Factors Influencing Inflow Performance

▪ The components that affect the inflow performance of a well can be

established from Darcy’s equation for pseudo-steady state

𝒒𝒐 𝟕. 𝟎𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒌𝒉
𝑱= =
ഥ − 𝑷𝒘𝒇
𝑷 𝒓𝒆 𝟑
𝝁𝒐 𝜷𝒐 𝐥𝐧 − +𝑺
𝒓𝒘 𝟒

▪ The factors are:

h = reservoir thickness
𝒌𝒐 = effective permeability
𝝁𝒐 = oil viscosity
𝜷𝒐 = oil formation volume factor
ഥ𝑹
𝑷 = average reservoir pressure
𝑷𝒘𝒇 = flowing bottom-hole pressure
𝒓𝒆 = drainage radius
𝒓𝒘 = wellbore radius
Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon
 Which of these factors can we control?

Two Factors:

▪ Bottom-hole flowing pressure

• Tubing size, back-pressure from surface facilities and
any artificial lift method can influence the 𝑷𝒘𝒇 .

▪ Wellbore radius
• The 𝒓𝒘 can be defined before drilling the well based on
offset data for a known field (or from exploratory well).

Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

 INFLOW PERFORMANCE
Observations (Cont’d)
▪ If the production parameters do not
change, the drawdown will be
AOF = Absolute Open Flow
constant until the gas starts to
come out of solution. = q when 𝑷𝒘𝒇 = 0
𝑃𝑒

▪ This occurs when the reservoir 𝑷𝒘𝒇 J = Slope

pressure has dropped enough to (𝒑𝒔𝒊)

reach the bubble point (when the

first bubble of gas appears)

▪ At this point, the pressure drop will 0 q, (bbl/d) AOF

be higher and variable, then the PI
will not represent the performance
of the well anymore.
Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon
 INFLOW PERFORMANCE
Observations (Cont’d)
▪ The PI equation is applicable
when the reservoir pressure is
above the bubble point

▪ Once the bubble point has

been reached, a different
equation (Vogel Equation) must
be considered to calculate the
flow rate.

▪ PI also declines during the life

of a well due to many factors;
e.g.
• ഥ.
Pe, or 𝑷
• Composition and fluid properties.
• Kr changes.
• Flow restriction or formation
damage near the wellbore.

Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

INFLOW PERFORMANCE
Actual Profile (Cont’d)

Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

 INFLOW PERFORMANCE (Cont’d)
Class Example

Given the following characteristics for an oil well:

𝒌𝒐 = 𝟓𝟎𝒎𝑫; 𝒉 = 𝟐𝟓𝒇𝒕; 𝑷𝒆 = 𝟐𝟕𝟎𝟎𝒑𝒔𝒊; 𝑷𝒘𝒇 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒑𝒔𝒊

𝟏 𝒃𝒃𝒍
𝒓𝒆 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒇𝒕; 𝒅𝒘 = 𝟖 𝒊𝒏; 𝝁𝒐 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝒄𝒑; 𝜷𝒐 = 𝟏. 𝟒
𝟐 𝑺𝑻𝑩

1) Calculate the actual flow rate, the productivity index and

the maximum potential of the well

2) What would be the percentage increase in rate by

changing the wellbore radius from 4.5 to 7 in?

Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

 Solution to Homework/Classwork/Assignment
Applying D’arcy equation
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟎𝟖𝒌𝒉 𝑷𝑹 − 𝑷𝒘𝒇 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟎𝟖 ∗ 𝟐𝟓 ∗ 𝟓𝟎 ∗ 𝟐𝟕𝟎𝟎 − 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝒒𝒐 = = = 𝟔𝟔𝟖 𝑺𝑻𝑩/𝑫
𝒓 𝟑 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝝁𝜷 𝒍𝒏 𝒆 − 𝟏. 𝟖 ∗ 𝟏. 𝟒 ∗ 𝒍𝒏
𝟒. 𝟐𝟓
− 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓
𝒓𝒘 𝟒
𝟏𝟐

𝒒 𝟔𝟔𝟖 𝑺𝑻𝑩
𝑱= = = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟓 /𝒑𝒔𝒊
𝑷𝒆 − 𝑷𝒘𝒇 𝟐𝟕𝟎𝟎 − 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝑫

𝑨𝑶𝑭 𝒐𝒓 𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑱 ∗ 𝑷𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟓 ∗ 𝟐𝟕𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟐 𝑺𝑻𝑩/𝑫

Using Darcy equation again and keeping all other parameters constant, the
percentage increase is determined thus:

𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟑
𝒓𝒆 𝟑 𝒍𝒏 𝟒. 𝟓 − 𝟒
𝒒𝟐 𝒍𝒏 𝒓𝒘𝟏 − 𝟒 𝟏𝟐
= = = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟔
𝒒𝟏 𝒍𝒏 𝒓𝒆 − 𝟑 𝒍𝒏 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 − 𝟑
𝒓𝒘𝟐 𝟒 𝟕 𝟒
𝟏𝟐

𝑰𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟔 − 𝟏 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎% = 𝟔%
𝒒𝟐 −𝒒𝟏
Alternatively, % 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 =
𝒒𝟏
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎% Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon
 NON-LINEARITY OF THE IPR

Muskat and Evinger (1942) and Vogel (1968) observed that

when the pressure drops below the bubble-point pressure,

the IPR deviates from that of the simple straight-line

relationship.

𝒒𝒐 𝟕. 𝟎𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒌𝒉 𝒌𝒓𝒐
𝑱= = ∗
ഥ − 𝑷𝒘𝒇
𝑷 𝒓 𝟑 𝝁𝒐 𝜷𝒐
𝐥𝐧 𝒆 − + 𝑺
𝒓𝒘 𝟒

𝒌𝒓𝒐
𝑱=𝑪∗
𝝁𝒐 𝜷𝒐
Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon
NON-LINEARITY OF THE IPR

Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

NON-LINEARITY OF THE IPR

𝒌𝒓𝒐 = 𝒇 𝒑 ,

𝝁𝒐 = 𝒇 𝒑 ,

𝒂𝒏𝒅

𝜷𝒐 = 𝒇(𝒑)

Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

NON-LINEARITY OF THE IPR

Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

NON-LINEARITY OF THE IPR

Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

 NON-LINEARITY OF THE IPR

Several empirical methods exist for predicting the non-

linearity behaviour of the IPR for solution gas drive
reservoirs. They include:

▪ Vogel’s Method

▪ Wiggins’ Method

▪ Standing’s Method

▪ Fetkovich’s Method

▪ The Klins-Clark Method

Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

 Darcy’s and Vogel’s IPR Profiles

Bubble Point
Pb
𝑷𝒘𝒇

qb 𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝑫𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒚′ 𝒔
𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒒 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅
𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙

Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

 INFLOW PERFORMANCE (Cont’d)

Vogel’s IPR Curve

Vogel plotted the data using the following dimensionless
variables

Pwf q
and
Pr qmax
ഥ 𝒓 must be expressed in psig
Notice that 𝑷𝒘𝒇 and 𝑷
Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon
 VOGEL CURVE
1.0

0.9

0.8
BHP (Pwf /P r ) fraction

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

q/qmax fraction

Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

 VOGEL CURVE

The method requires the following data:

▪ ഥ𝒓
Current average reservoir pressure 𝑷

▪ Bubble-point pressure 𝑷𝒃

▪ Stabilized flow test data that include Qo at 𝑷𝒘𝒇

Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

 Vogel’s Equation
▪ Saturated Reservoirs
𝟐
𝒒 𝑷𝒘𝒇 𝑷𝒘𝒇
= 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟖 … 𝟏
𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙 ഥ
𝑷 ഥ
𝑷

▪ Undersaturated Reservoirs
𝟐
𝑱𝑷𝒃 𝑷𝒘𝒇 𝑷𝒘𝒇
𝒒 = 𝒒𝒃 + 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟖 … 𝟐
𝟏. 𝟖 𝑷𝒃 𝑷𝒃

where
𝒒𝒐 = inflow rate; (stb/d)
𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙 = absolute Open Flow; (stb/d)
𝑷𝒘𝒇 = well flowing pressure at 𝒓 = 𝒓𝒘 ; (psig)
𝑷ഥ = average reservoir pressure; (psig)

Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

 Single- and Two-Phase Flow (Composite IPR)

▪ Both single-phase and two-phase flow may be occurring in the reservoir when
ഥ > 𝑷𝒃 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑷𝒘𝒇 < 𝑷𝒃
𝑷
▪ The composite IPR couples Vogel’s IPR for two-phase flow with the single-
phase productivity index.
▪ The relationship that yields the maximum oil production rate is
𝑷𝒃
ഥ − 𝑷𝒃 +
𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑱 𝑷 … … … (𝟑)
𝟏. 𝟖
▪ The relationships to determine the oil production rate at various flowing
bottom-hole pressures are
ഥ − 𝑷𝒘𝒇 ;
𝒒=𝑱 𝑷 𝑷𝒘𝒇 ≥ 𝑷𝒃 … … … (𝟒)
𝟐
𝑷𝒘𝒇 𝑷𝒘𝒇
𝒒 = 𝒒𝒃 + 𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙 − 𝒒𝒃 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟖 ; 𝑷𝒘𝒇 ≤ 𝑷𝒃 … … … (𝟓)
𝑷𝒃 𝑷𝒃

ഥ − 𝑷𝒃 … … …
𝒒𝒃 = 𝑱 𝑷 𝟔

NOTE: Equation (5) can be obtained from equations (3) and (6). Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon
 Darcy’s and Vogel’s IPR Profiles

Mathematical relationship between Vogel (qmax)

and Darcy (AOF)

AOF PI  Pr
qmax = =
1.8 1.8

Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

 Application of Vogel’s Equation

ഥ 𝑹 ≤ 𝑷𝒃 )
Saturated Reservoirs (𝑷

Case: 𝑷𝒘𝒇 < 𝑷𝒃

▪ Only one well test is required
▪ The reservoir pressure should be known
▪ A flow-rate and the corresponding Pwf are required
▪ Generate the IPR for 𝑷𝒘𝒇 < 𝑷𝒃 using Eqn. (1)

Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

 Application (Cont’d)
Undersaturated Reservoirs
Case I: 𝑷𝒘𝒇 ≥ 𝑷𝒃 Case II: 𝑷𝒘𝒇 < 𝑷𝒃

▪ Calculate J ▪ Calculate J
𝒒 𝒒
• 𝑱= ഥ −𝑷𝒘𝒇
• 𝑱= 𝑷𝒘𝒇 𝑷𝒘𝒇 𝟐
𝑷 ഥ −𝑷𝒃 +𝑷𝒃
𝑷 𝟏−𝟎.𝟐 𝑷 −𝟎.𝟖 𝑷
𝟏.𝟖 𝒃 𝒃

▪ Calculate 𝒒𝒃 ▪ Calculate 𝒒𝒃
ഥ − 𝑷𝒃
• 𝒒𝒃 = 𝑱 ∗ 𝑷 ഥ − 𝑷𝒃
• 𝒒𝒃 = 𝑱 ∗ 𝑷

▪ Generate the IPR for ▪ Generate the IPR for 𝑷𝒘𝒇 < 𝑷𝒃
𝑷𝒘𝒇 < 𝑷𝒃 using Eqn. (2) using Eqn. (2)

Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

 Class Example 1

A well is producing from a saturated reservoir with an average

reservoir pressure of 2500 psig. Stabilized production test data
indicated that the stabilized rate and wellbore pressure are 350
STB/day and 2000 psig, respectively. Calculate:

i. Oil flow rate at Pwf = 1850 psig

ii. Calculate oil flow rate assuming constant J

iii. Construct the IPR by using Vogel’s method and the constant
productivity index approach.

Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

 SOLUTION
(i.) Step 1 is to calculate qmax from Eq. (1):

𝒒
𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟐
𝑷𝒘𝒇 𝑷𝒘𝒇
𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟐 ഥ − 𝟎. 𝟖 ഥ
𝑷 𝑷

𝟑𝟓𝟎
= 𝟐
= 𝟏, 𝟎𝟔𝟕. 𝟑 𝑺𝑻𝑩/𝑫
𝟐, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟐, 𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟖
𝟐, 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝟐, 𝟓𝟎𝟎

Step 2 is to calculate qo at Pwf = 1850 psig by using Eq. (1):

𝟐 𝟐
𝑷𝒘𝒇 𝑷𝒘𝒇 𝟏, 𝟖𝟓𝟎 𝟏, 𝟖𝟓𝟎
𝒒 = 𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙 ∗ 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟖 = 𝟏, 𝟎𝟔𝟕. 𝟑 ∗ 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟖
ഥ
𝑷 ഥ
𝑷 𝟐, 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝟐, 𝟓𝟎𝟎

= 𝟒𝟒𝟏. 𝟕 𝑺𝑻𝑩/𝑫

Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

 SOLUTION
(ii.) Step 1 is to apply D’Arcy equation to determine J:
𝒒 𝟑𝟓𝟎 𝑺𝑻𝑩
𝑱= = = 𝟎. 𝟕 /𝒑𝒔𝒊
ഥ − 𝑷𝒘𝒇
𝑷 𝟐, 𝟓𝟎𝟎 − 𝟐, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑫

Step 2 is to calculate qo at Pwf = 1850 psig:

ഥ − 𝑷𝒘𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟕 ∗ 𝟐, 𝟓𝟎𝟎 − 𝟏, 𝟖𝟓𝟎 = 𝟒𝟓𝟓 𝑺𝑻𝑩/𝑫

𝒒=𝑱∗ 𝑷

(ii.) Assume several values for Pwf and calculate the corresponding ‘q’.
Pwf Vogel’s ‘q’ PI Approach
2500 0 0
2200 218.2 210
1500 631.7 700
1000 845.1 1050
500 990.3 1400
0 1067.1 1750 Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon
 SOLUTION
IPR from PI and Vogel's Approach
3000

2500

2000
Pressure (psi)

1500

1000

500

1067

1750
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
q (STB/D)

Vogel PI Approach

Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

 Example 2

A well is producing from a reservoir having an average reservoir

pressure of 2085psig. A stabilized production test on the well
resulted in a producing rate of 282 STB/D when the flowing BHP was
1765psig. The bubble point pressure is 2100psig. Calculate

i. The producing rate if the flowing BHP is reduced to zero.

ii. The producing rate if the flowing BHP is reduced to 1485psig.

iii. The BHP necessary to obtain an inflow rate 400STB/D.

Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

 SOLUTION

▪ A question is important.
▪ What type of reservoir is this?

▪ ഥ 𝑹 < 𝑷𝒃
Saturated reservoir, since 𝑷
▪ What should we do next?

▪ Using Darcy’s (PI) Equation

𝒒 𝟐𝟖𝟐 𝑺𝑻𝑩
𝑱= = = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟏𝟐𝟓 /𝒑𝒔𝒊
ഥ − 𝑷𝒘𝒇
𝑷 𝟐𝟎𝟖𝟓 − 𝟏𝟕𝟔𝟓 𝑫

i. ഥ = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟏𝟐𝟓 ∗ 𝟐𝟎𝟖𝟓 = 𝟏𝟖𝟑𝟕. 𝟒𝟏 𝑺𝑻𝑩/𝑫

𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑱 ∗ 𝑷

ii. 𝒒 @ 𝟏𝟒𝟖𝟓𝒑𝒔𝒊 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟏𝟓 ∗ 𝟐𝟎𝟖𝟓 − 𝟏𝟒𝟖𝟓 = 𝟓𝟐𝟖. 𝟕𝟓 𝑺𝑻𝑩/𝑫

𝒒 𝟒𝟎𝟎
iii. 𝑷𝒘𝒇 = 𝑷 − 𝑱 = 𝟐𝟎𝟖𝟓 − 𝟎.𝟖𝟖𝟏𝟐𝟓 = 𝟏𝟔𝟑𝟏. 𝟏𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊

Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

 CLASS EXERCISE

Using Vogel’s method, solve the same problem and compare

the results. What is/are your observation(s)?
Results
Parameter Darcy’s Equation Vogel Method

𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙 (STB/D) 1837.41 1095.51

𝒒 (STB/D) 528.75 494.88

𝑷𝒘𝒇 (psi) 1631.10 1615.00

▪ Difference is small

▪ However, as the flowing BHP is reduced to zero, a significant or

considerable difference is observed for AOF
Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon
 QUESTIONS?

Thank you

Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon