23-07-07 2-NOTES Lesson-03

23-07-07
LESSON NO. 02
SHORT, MEDIUM AND LONG TRANSMISISON LINES
LESSON OBJECTIVES: AT THE END OF THE LESSON, THE

STUDENT WOULD BE ABLE TO..
The total series resistance, series reactance,
 Familiarize the parameters of three types of
and shunt admittance of a transmission line can
transmission lines.
be calculated as
 Construct the phase diagram of the three
types of transmission lines.
 Calculate the sending and receiving end
voltage of the different types of
transmission lines.
 Voltage and Current Relations of

Transmission lines
The transmission lines are categorized as three
types
1) Short transmission line– the line length is
up to 80 km and the operating voltage is < where r, x, and y are resistance, reactance, and
20 kV. shunt admittance per unit length and d is the
2) Medium transmission line– the line length is length of the transmission line. The values of
between 80 km to 160 km and the operating r, x, and y can be computed from the line
voltage is > 20 kV and < 100kV geometry or found in the reference tables for
3) Long transmission line – the line length is the specific transmission line.
more than 160 km and the operating voltage
is > 100 kV  Short Transmission Lines
 Whatever may be the category of transmission For short length, the shunt capacitance of this
line, the main aim is to transmit power from type of line is neglected and other parameters
one end to another. Like other electrical like electrical resistance and inductor of these
system, the transmission network also will short lines are lumped, hence the equivalent
have some power loss and voltage drop during circuit is represented as given in the next
transmitting power from sending end to slide.
receiving end. For convenience, it is considered that the
parameters of the conductors are lumped into one
Due to smaller distance and lower line voltage, conductor, and the return conductor is assumed
the capacitance effect are extremely small and to have no resistance and inductive reactance.
can be neglected. Its performance depends on the
resistance and inductance of the line.. Through
in an actual line, the resistance and inductance
are distributed over the whole length but in
case of short lines, the total resistance and
inductance are assumed to be lumped at one
place.
Unlike the electric machines studied so far,

transmission lines are characterized by their
distributed parameters: distributed resistance,
inductance, and capacitance. The distributed
series and shunt elements of the transmission
line make it harder to model. Such parameters
may be approximated by many small discrete
resistors, capacitors, and inductors.
 Short Transmission Line: Phasor Diagram
 Using the phasor diagram with IR as the
reference point
In a summary:
1. If lagging (inductive) loads are added at
the end of a line, the voltage at the end of
the transmission line decreases
significantly – large positive VR.
2. If unity-PF (resistive) loads are added at
the transmission line decreases slightly –
small positive VR.
3. If leading (capacitive) loads are added at
the transmission line increases – negative
VR
EXAMPLE NO. 4
1) A 10 mile, 60hz single phase TL using DOVE
conductor equilaterally spaced with 5 feet
spacing between centers. It delivers 2500KW
at 13.8KV to a balance load.
a. Determine the per phase impedance of the
line
b. What must be the sending end voltage
when the power factor is 0.866 lagging,
Unity power factor and 0.9 leading
c. Determine the percent regulation of the
line at different power factor
d. Transmission efficiency
e. Draw the phasor diagram depicting the
operation of the line in each case.
Assume wire temperature to be 50oC
EXAMPLE NO. 4
2) A single phase line is transmitting 1100KW
power to a factory at 11KV and at 0.8
lagging. It has a total resistance of 2Ω and
a reactance of 3Ω. Determine the voltage at
the sending end, percentage regulation and
efficiency.
 Three phase short TL:
The assumption on short 3 phase TL are
1. System is Y connected
2. Transmission is balance
3. Per phase basis
EXAMPLE NO. 4
3) A 20 mile, three phase transmission line is
composed of 336.4MCM, 26/7 ACSR strand. The
conductor are spaced horizontally with 3 ft
between adjacent conductor. It is supplying
a balanced load of 4000KW at 13.8KV with 0.8
lagging power factor at 60HZ
a. Calculate the sending end voltage and
the power factor
b. Voltage regulation of the line
c. Efficiency of the TL
d. If a capacitor bank is connected in
parallel with the load that draws a line
current of 120A, calculate the sending
end voltage and the sending end power
factor.
EXAMPLE NO. 4
4) Calculate the equilateral spacing between
three phase line with sending end voltage of
8100V, 0.78 lagging and receiving end
voltage of 7620V, 0.85 lagging per phase. If
load voltage is used as reference and the
sending end current is 60A. The radius of
the conductor is 0.035 ft at a distance of
19.5Km
EXAMPLE NO. 4
5) A balanced Y connected load of 300 + J100
ohms per phase is supplied by a 3 phase line
50Km long with an impedance of 0.6 + J1.2
ohms per Km. find the voltage at the
receiving end when the supply voltage is
66KV. Find also the efficiency of the
transmission.
 Medium Length Transmission Lines
(nominal T)
 Medium Length Transmission Line

(nominal π)
EXAMPLE NO. 5
1. A 230KV three phase transmission line is
supplying a substation that draws a line
current of 120A at 0.866 lagging power
factor. The line has the following
characteristics
A = 0.95∟0.980
B = 140∟760
C = 914X10-9∟900
Calculate the voltage regulation and the
efficiency of the transmission using T and π
network.
EXAMPLE NO. 5
2. A 120km three phase TL is supplying a load
that draws 180A at 100KV with 0.866 lagging.
The conductors are spaced 6m horizontally
between adjacent phases that uses 336.4MCM
30/7 strand. Assuming that the capacitance
are lumped at the middle of the line.
Determine
a. The line constants
b. Sending end voltage
c. Sending end current
d. Percent regulation

23-07-07 2-NOTES Lesson-03

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23-07-07

LESSON OBJECTIVES: AT THE END OF THE LESSON, THE

 Voltage and Current Relations of

Unlike the electric machines studied so far,

 Medium Length Transmission Line

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