ORGAN SYSTEMS

DESCRIBE SOME CELL MODIFICATION THAT

LEAD TO THE ADAPTATION TO CARRY OUT
SPECIALIZED FUNCTIONS
(Animals)for Biology 1 Grade 11
for Earth and Life Science Grade 11
Quarter 2 / Week 5

1
 FOREWORD

This self-learning kit will serve as a guide of the

learners. It will be your aid as you learn new ideas and
enrich your existing knowledge. To study Earth and Life
Science, one requires a sense of disciplines. Everyone
can learn the subject especially if one takes
advantage of one’s unique way of learning.

In this learning kit the learners will be guided and

gain knowledge about the general and unique
characteristics of the different organ systems in
representative animals. The Kit will focus on the
Development, Process and Techniques, including the
application. This Self-Learning Kit is designed to help
learners. This requires guidance, attention, and focus.

The human body is made up of several organ systems

that work together as one unit. In the pyramid of life
that organizes all the elements of life into categories,
organ systems are nested between an organism and
its organs. Organ systems are the groups of organs
that are within an organism.

2
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this Self-Learning Kit, the learners will be able to:
K: Analyze the functional relationships between the
different organ systems of the body.
S: Describe the general and unique characteristics of the
different organ systems in representative animals.
A: Appreciate the different organs that make up the
organ system by writing down its importance to sustain
life.

LEARNING COMPTENCY:
 Describe the general and unique
characteristics of the different organ systems in
representative animals (S11/12LT-IIIaj- 21)

 Analyze and appreciate the functional

relationships of the different organ systems in
ensuring animal survival (S11/12LT-IIIaj-22)

I. WHAT HAPPENED

To have a better understanding on the lesson, let’s

have a short activity.
PRE-ACTIVITIES/PRE-TEST

Complete the table below in order of increasing complexity

of multicellular organisms.
Structure Description
Organelles
Basic structural and functional unit of a
living organism
Groups of cells with similar structures,
working together to perform shared
functions
Organ
Organ System

3
II. WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

DISCUSSION:

The human body is made up of several organ systems that

work together as one unit. In the pyramid of life that
organizes all the elements of life into categories, organ
systems are nested between an organism and its organs.
Organ systems are the groups of organs that are within an
organism.

Ten major organ systems of the human body are listed below
along with the major organs or structures that are associated
with each system. Each system depends on the others, either
directly or indirectly, to keep the body functioning normally.

Circulatory System
The main function of the circulatory system is to transport
nutrients and gasses to cells and tissues throughout the body.
This is accomplished by the circulation of blood. Two
components of this system are the cardiovascular and
lymphatic systems.

The cardiovascular system is

comprised of the heart, blood, and
blood vessels. The beating of the
heart drives the cardiac cycle
which pumps blood throughout the
body.
Source:https://anatomytoday.weebl
The
y.com lymphatic system is a vascular

network of tubules and ducts that

collect, filter, and return lymph to
blood circulation. As a component
of the immune system, the lymphatic system produces and
4
 circulates immune cells called lymphocytes. The lymphatic
organs include the lymph vessels, lymph nodes, thymus,
spleen, and tonsils.

Digestive System

The digestive system

breaks down food
polymers into smaller
molecules to provide
energy for the body.
Digestive juices and
enzymes are secreted to
break down the
carbohydrates, fat, and
protein in food. The
primary
Source:
https://www.vhv.rs/viewpic/ohmwTT_digestive-system- organs are
hd-png-download/
the mouth,
stomach, intestines, and rectum. Other accessory
structures include the teeth, tongue, liver, and
pancreas.

Endocrine System
The endocrine system, along with the nervous system,
functions in the regulation of body activities. The
nervous system acts through electrical impulses and
neurotransmitters to cause muscle contraction and
glandular secretion. The effect is of short duration,
measured in seconds, and localized. The endocrine
system acts through chemical messengers called
hormones that influence growth, development, and
metabolic activities. The action of the endocrine
system is measured in minutes, hours, or weeks and is
more generalized than the action of the nervous
system.

5
 Source: https://nci-media.cancer.gov/pdq/media/images/797853.jpg
There are two major categories of glands in the body
- exocrine and endocrine.

Exocrine Glands
Exocrine glands have ducts that carry their
secretory product to a surface. These glands include
the sweat, sebaceous, and mammary glands and,
the glands that secrete digestive enzymes.

Endocrine Glands
The endocrine glands do not have ducts to carry
their product to a surface. They are called ductless
glands. The word endocrine is derived from the Greek
terms "endo," meaning within, and "krine," meaning to
separate or secrete. The secretory products of endocrine
glands are called hormones and are secreted directly
into the blood and then carried throughout the body
where they influence only those cells that have receptor
sites for that hormone.

Integumentary System
The integumentary system is the set of organs that forms the
external covering of the body and protects it from many
threats such as infection, desiccation, abrasion, chemical
assault, and radiation damage. IN humans the
6
integumentary system includes the skin – a thickened
keratinized epithelium made of multiple layers of cells that is
largely impervious to water. It also contains specialized cells
that secrete melanin to protect the body from the
carcinogenic effects of UV rays and cells that have an
immune function. Sweat glands that excrete wastes and
regulate body temperature are also part of the
integumentary system. Somatosensory receptors and
nociceptors are important components of this organ system
that serve as warning sensors, allowing the body to move
away from noxious stimuli.

Source: https://sites.google.com/a/st.cabarrus.k12.nc.us/3rd-period-group-2-basketball/integumentary-system

Muscular System
The muscular system enables movement through the
contraction of muscles. Humans have three types of muscles:
heart muscle, smooth muscle, and skeletal muscles. Skeletal
muscle is made up of thousands of cylindrical muscle fibers.
The fibers are bound together by connective tissue that is
made up of blood vessels and nerves.

https://bodybywright.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/muscles.gif

7
 The most obvious function of the muscular
system is movement. Organisms have adopted a
variety of methods to use the contractile function of
the muscular system to move through the
environment. The most basic movements of fish
include contracting muscles on opposite sides of the
body in succession. This action propels them through
the water.

Nervous System
The nervous system monitors and coordinates
internal organ function and responds to changes in
the external environment. The major structures of the
nervous system include the brain, spinal cord, and
nerves.

The nervous system has two major parts: the central

nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system
(PNS). The central system is the primary command center for
the body and is comprised of the brain and spinal cord. The
peripheral nervous system consists of a network of nerves
that connects the rest of the body to the CNS.

The two systems work together to collect information

from inside the body and from the environment outside it.
The systems process the collected information and then
dispatch instructions to the rest of the body, facilitating an
appropriate response.

In most cases, the brain is the destination point for

information gathered by the rest of the nervous system.
Once data arrives, the brain sorts and files it before sending
out any necessary commands.

The brain is divided into many different sections,

including the cerebrum and brain stem. These parts handle

8
pieces of the brain’s overall workload, including storing and
retrieving memory and making body movements smooth.

Although the brain is the control center, its job would

not be possible without the spinal cord, which is the major
conduit for information traveling between brain and body.

Peripheral system nerves branch from either the brain

stem or the spinal cord. Each nerve is connected to a
particular area of the torso or limbs and is responsible for
communication to and from those regions.

The PNS can also be subdivided into smaller

components: the somatic and autonomic systems. The
somatic involves parts of the body a person can command
at will, and the autonomic helps run involuntary functions
such as pumping blood.

Information conveyed through the

nervous system moves along networks of
cells called neurons. These neurons can
only send information one way. Those
transmitting to the brain are sensory
neurons; those that transmit from the
brain are known as motor neurons.

The nervous system can suffer from

several afflictions, including cancer (e.g.,
brain tumors). Other problems include
multiple sclerosis, in which damaged
nerves prevent signals from traveling
along them, and meningitis, which causes
an inflammation of the membranes
surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
https://healthiack.com/encyclopedia/pictures-of-central-nervous-system

9
Reproductive System
The reproductive system enables the production of
offspring through sexual reproduction between a male and
female. The system is comprised of male and female
reproductive organs and structures which produce sex cells
and ensure the growth and development of offspring. The
major male structures include the testes, scrotum, penis, vas
deferens, and prostate. The major female structures include
the ovaries, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands.

Source: https://www.thoughtco.com/organ-systems-373571

Respiratory System

The respiratory system provides the body with oxygen via a

gas exchange between air from the outside environment
and gases in the blood. The major respiratory structures
include the lungs, nose,
trachea, and bronchi.

Every breath taken is

supplying life-giving
oxygen to the cells in the
body and every breath
exhaled is removing
carbon dioxide gas (Co2)
https://www.superpharmacy.com.au/blog/supporting-your- from the body.
lungs
Carbon dioxide is
the waste product of cellular metabolism (normal cellular
function). Blood containing oxygen is circulated throughout
10
the body for cellular function and the removal of carbon
dioxide is transported back to the lungs through the blood.

Skeletal System
Human skeleton, the internal skeleton that serves as a
framework for the body. This framework consists of many
individual bones and cartilages. There also are bands of
fibrous connective tissue—the ligaments and the tendons—in
intimate relationship with the parts of the skeleton. This article
is concerned primarily with the gross structure and the
function of the skeleton of the normal human adult.

The human skeleton, like that of other vertebrates,

consists of two principal subdivisions, each with origins
distinct from the others and each presenting certain
individual features. These are (1) the axial, comprising the
vertebral column—the spine—and much of the skull, and (2)
the appendicular, to which the pelvic (hip) and pectoral
(shoulder) girdles and the bones and cartilages of the limbs
belong. Discussed in this article as part of the axial skeleton is
a third subdivision, the visceral, comprising the lower jaw,
some elements of the upper jaw, and the branchial arches,
including the hyoid bone.

https://www.britannica.com/science/human-skeleton

11
Urinary Excretory System
The urinary excretory System removes wastes and
maintains water balance in the body. Other aspects of its
function include regulating electrolytes in body fluids and
maintaining normal pH of the blood. The major structures of
the urinary excretory system include the kidneys, urinary
bladder, urethra, and ureters.
The excretory system consists of organs which remove
metabolic wastes and toxins from the body. In humans, this
includes the removal of urea from the bloodstream and
other wastes produced by the body. The removal of urea
happens in the kidneys, while solid wastes are expelled from
the large intestine.

The excretory system in humans consists mainly of the

kidneys and bladder. The kidneys filter urea and other waste
products from the blood, which are then added to the urine
within the bladder. Other organs, such as the liver, process
toxins but put their wastes back into the blood. It is up to the
kidneys to filter the blood so that toxic substances do not
accumulate.

https://biologydictionary.net/excretory-system/

Overview of Body Organization

All living organisms are made up of one or more

cells. Unicellular organisms, like amoebas, consist of only a
single cell. Multicellular organisms, like people, are made up
of many cells. Cells are considered the fundamental units of
life.
12
 The cells in complex multicellular organisms like people
are organized into tissues, groups of similar cells that work
together on a specific task. Organs are structures made up of
two or more tissues organized to carry out a function, and
groups of organs with related functions make up the
different organ systems.

Level of Organization from Cell to Organ System. (Adopted from khanacademy.org; modified
from Levels of structural organization of the human body by OpenStax College, Anatomy & Physiology,
CC BY 4.0)
Animal System Interactions
If you can remember, there are 11 organ systems of the
human body which performs and serve different purposes, at the
same time, works in collaboration with every other organ system in
the body to ensure the survival of a living organism.

Organ systems in the body working together to ensure survival of an organism. (Retrieved from:
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/fe/18/1b/fe181b1cbefcca799310fe10b2bdb076.jpg)

13
 Body systems do not function in isolation. All
systems must work together to carry out life
functions. For example, let us say you are feeling
hungry. The feeling of hunger is caused when the
brain (nervous system) detects changes in the levels
of nutrients (digestive system) and hormones
(endocrine system) in the blood (circulatory system).
If you respond to this feeling by choosing to get a
snack, many other systems will be recruited. These
systems will work collaboratively to help you eat and
digest your food, distribute the nutrients to your body
cells, and generate cellular energy from the
nutrients.

Connecting Body Systems to Life Functions

Now let us look at how multiple body systems work

together to carry out life functions. Critical life
functions include processes like regulation of internal
environment (homeostasis), nutrient absorption,
reproduction, and defense against injury or illness.

Nutrient Absorption
o Circulatory - transports nutrients and oxygen to body
cells, which enables cells to generate ATP via cellular
respiration and transports cellular waste (carbon
dioxide) away from cells
o Digestive - breaks down food ingested into smaller
particles so it can be absorbed and used by cells
o Endocrine - controls the rate at which body cells
utilize nutrients for energy through hormones (e.g.,
insulin, glucagon)
o Excretory - eliminates waste
o Muscular - moves food through the digestive tract
o Nervous - controls eating and drinking behavior and
the muscles used for eating and elimination of wastes
o Respiratory - exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide
with the external environment
o Skeletal - stores mineral reserves

14
 Defense against Injuries or Illnesses
o Circulatory - transports white blood cells to fight
infection
o Integumentary - acts as a barrier to prevent
pathogens from entering the body
o Immune/Lymphatic - fights disease and infection
o Nervous - stimulates defense mechanisms against
infection, like increasing body temperature (e.g.,
fever)
o Skeletal - produces white blood cells

Regulation of Internal Environment (Homeostasis)

o Circulatory - regulates body temperature (e.g., an

increase in body temperature causes blood vessels
near the skin surface to dilate and release heat)

o Endocrine - regulates concentration of sugar in the

blood (e.g., a high concentration of sugar in the
blood triggers release of the hormone insulin which
causes cells to take in sugar)

o Excretory - regulates level of water in the blood (e.g.,

a low level of water in the blood triggers retention of
water by the kidneys)

o Integumentary - regulates body temperature (e.g.,

an increase in body temperature causes the skin to
make and release sweat to cool the body)

o Nervous - regulates body responses (e.g., processes

internal and external stimuli and sends signals
throughout the body to coordinate and execute
both the voluntary and involuntary processes that
maintain homeostasis)

o Respiratory - regulates level of carbon dioxide in the

blood (e.g., a high concentration of carbon dioxide
triggers faster breathing)

15
 Activity A. WE FUNCTION TOGETHER. Analyze the functional
relationships of the different organ systems shown below.
Match each body system on the right column, with the
systems listed above the table that it must interact with to
carry out the function described. The first item is already
done for you.

CIRCULATORY, DIGESTIVE, ENDOCRINE, EXCRETORY,

INTEGUMENTARY, LYMPHATIC/IMMUNE, MUSCULAR,
NERVOUS, RESPIRATORY, REPRODUCTIVE, SKELETAL
Organ System Example Organ Systems’ Interaction
1. INTEGUMENTARY Excretory – excretes sweat to help regulate
body temperature
(The excretory system works together with integumentary system in
excreting sweat to help regulate body temperature)
2. Immune – produces white blood cells
3. Circulatory – transports hormones to target
tissues
4. Muscular – stimulates to initiate muscle
movement
5. Respiratory – allows for exchange of oxygen
& carbon dioxide
6. Integumentary – acts as a barrier to protect
body from pathogens
7. Circulatory – transports nutrients to body cells
8. Circulatory – transports wastes
9. Circulatory – transports oxygen to cell and
carbon dioxide away from cells
10. Endocrine – produces hormones
11. Skeletal – provides structure for attachment,
allows for movement

Activity B:
Appreciate the different organs that make up the organ system
by writing a short essay on its importance to sustain life.
Rubrics:
Application of the lesson---------------- 3
Clarity of answer ---------------- 2
___________________________________________
Total 5 pts.
16
 III. WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
Evaluation:
MULTIPLE CHOICE: Choose the letter of the correct answer
and write in your notebook.

1. Which two human body systems work closely together to

distribute nutrients from food throughout the body?
a. muscular & skeletal
b. circulatory & respiratory
c. digestive & circulatory
d. skeletal & respiratory
___________ 2. These two body systems work together to
allow a person to move, talk, and run.
a. integumentary & lymphatic
b. digestive & excretory
c. endocrine & reproductive
d. skeletal & muscular

Study and analyze the diagram. Answer numbers 3 &

4 by referring to the illustration below.

Image retrieved from

http://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/biobookrespsys.
html
___________ 3. What two body systems are interacting in the
diagram shown above?
a. respiratory-excretory
b. digestive-circulatory
c. nervous-endocrine
17
 d. respiratory-circulatory

___________ 4. Study the diagram carefully. What process is

illustrated in the diagram?
a. photosynthesis c. digestion
b. gas exchange d. metabolism
___________ 5. The largest human body organ which
regulates temperature and serves as a barrier
against harmful microorganisms belongs to the –
a. integumentary system c. nervous system
b. digestive system d. circulatory system
___________ 6. When a person’s body needs food, the brain
helps maintain homeostasis by sending signals
that make the person.
a. feels hungry
b. perspires
c. put on a sweater/jacket
d. feels tired
___________ 7. Ovaries produce and secrete hormones in
addition to eggs. To what human body systems
to ovaries belong?
a. integumentary and reproductive
b. endocrine and reproductive
c. excretory and muscular
d. nervous and digestive
___________ 8. Lou Gehrig’s disease disrupts the function of
motor neurons (nerve cells) that control the
movement of the limbs and other body parts.
Which body system is most likely to be directly
affected by this disease?
a. the endocrine system
b. the digestive system
c. the circulatory system
d. the muscular system
___________ 9. Arteriosclerosis is a disease which clogs arteries
in the human body. In arteriosclerosis, artery walls
become thick. Fatty deposits build up on inner
18
 walls of arteries. This condition reduces the ability
of arteries to perform their function. Which body
system is most affected by arteriosclerosis?
a. the endocrine system
b. the digestive system
c. the circulatory system
d. the muscular system

Disease Symptoms
Botulism vomiting, abdominal pain, coughing,
muscular weakness, visual
disturbance
Pneumonia inflammation of lungs, fever, shortness
of breath, fluid in lungs
Typhoid fever red rashes, high fever, intestinal
bleeding
Tetanus uncontrolled contractions of
voluntary muscles

___________ 10. The table below shows the symptoms of some

diseases that are caused by bacteria.

Which two diseases listed in the table affect the digestive system?

a. botulism and typhoid fever

b. tetanus and pneumonia
c. botulism and pneumonia
d. tetanus and typhoid fever

19
 REFERENCES

Copyright © 2020 BBC. Levels of organization. Accessed on

October 1, 2020.
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zgcxsbk/revision/1

Bailey, Regina. "Learn About All the Different Organ Systems

in the Human Body." ThoughtCo, Aug. 28, 2020,
https://www.thoughtco.com/organ-systems-373571

BD Editors, Muscular System. Last update: June 19, 2019.

Accessed on October 1, 2020.
https://biologydictionary.net/muscular-system/

© 2005-2020 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. Last

medically reviewed on February 5, 2018. Nervous System.
Accessed on October 1, 2020.
https://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/nervous-
system#1

© 2016 WebMD, LLC. All rights reserved. Last updated on

November 02, 2016. Accessed on October 1, 2020.
https://www.webmd.com/lung/how-we-breathe

Naturopath, Supporting your lungs, May 13, 2020, Access on

October 2, 2020,
https://www.superpharmacy.com.au/blog/supporting-your-
lungs

Warren Andrew, ©2020 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Human

skeleton, Accessed on October 3, 2020.
https://www.britannica.com/science/human-skeleton,

BD Editors, Biology Dictionary, Excretory System, Last Updated

28, 2020, Accessed on October 3, 2020.
https://biologydictionary.net/excretory-system/

TEXT

20
―Animal System Interactions‖. Texas Gateway for online resources
by TEA. https://www.texasgateway.org/resource/animal-system-
interactions

Bayo-ang, Roly B. et. al. Earth and Life Science for Senior High
School. Quezon City: Educational Resources Corporation, 2016.

Mangali, Glen R. & Oliva, Mylene D.G. DIWA Senior High School
Series: Earth and Life Science. Makati City: Diwa Learning Systems
Inc., 2016.

Navarette, Bonifacio Jr. V. & Ochoco, Shiela Marie A. Discover

Science: Biology. Makati City: Diwa Learning Systems Inc., 2012.

―Tissues, organs, & organ systems‖. Khan Academy.org.

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-
human-body-systems/hs-body-structure-and-homeostasis/a/tissues-
organs-organ-systems

IMAGE

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-
human-body-systems/hs-body-structure-and-
homeostasis/a/tissues-organs-organ-systems

https://i.pinimg.com/originals/fe/18/1b/fe181b1cbefcca799310fe10b2bdb076
.jpg

https://sg.news.yahoo.com/injuries-firecrackers-hit-25-doh-
000000520.html

https://www.spin.ph/basketball/pba/james-yap-keeps-fingers-
crossed-over-recurring-groin-injury-a793-20191004

http://www.imagesphilippines.com/viewimage.php?id=3396

https://www.smartparenting.com.ph/health/your-kids-
health/caring-for-a-sick-child-what-pinoy-parents-are-
doing-right-wrong-a00026-20171019

https://www.freepik.com/premium-photo/shocked-surprised-face-
asian-couple-lover_3748017.html

21
SYNOPSIS AND ABOUT THE AUTHOR

This Self-Learning Kit is designed

and develop to help the learners
understand the specific lesson. The
lesson on this Learning Kit is made
simple and contextualize to meet the
standard of the K-12 curriculum.

The lesson on this Self-Learning Kit

is modified and develop to help
learners on their self-study habit. With
the close supervision of every individual
and effort of the learners, we can
achieve the through purpose of the
teaching-learning process.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

THOMAS JOGIE U. TOLEDO finish his course at
Negros Oriental State University with a degree of
Bachelor of Secondary Education major in
Biological Science last 2015. A Senior High Teacher
II at Sumaliring High School and District Planning
Coordinator of Siaton 1 District. Currently finishing
his master’s degree, Master of Art in Science
Teaching at Negros Oriental State University.

PABLO ACIERTO RAGAY JR. Finish his course at Negros

Oriental State University with a degree of Bachelor in
Secondary Education major in Biological Science last
2015. A teacher/adviser of grade 12 at Caticugan High
School in the Senior High department, a senior high
focal person and at the same time, the acting SHS
registrar. He is currently taking Master of Arts in Science
Teaching22 at Negros Oriental State University.