Earth and Life Science

Quarter 2 – Module 6:
Organ Systems of
Representative Animals

CO_Q2_ELS SHS
Module 6
Earth and Life Science
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 6: Organ Systems of Representative Animals
First Edition, 2021

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Earth and Life Science
Quarter 2 – Module 6:
Organ Systems of
Representative Animals
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear
learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities,
questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you
to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you
step-by-step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in

each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module
or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better
understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer
the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each
activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are
also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on
how they can best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on
any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises
and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in

answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher
or facilitator.

Thank you.
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It will help you
master the nature of Animal Organ Systems. The scope of this module permits it to
be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the
diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module is divided into three lessons, namely:

• Lesson 1 – Characteristics of Different Organ System of representative
animals.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. identify the different organ systems of representative animals;
2. describe the characteristics of different organ systems of representative
animals.

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 Lesson Describe the General and Unique

1 Characteristics of the Different Organ

Systems in Representative Animals.

What happens when organisms become more complex? How do organisms

built of billions, or even trillions of cells get the raw materials needed to each and
every cell? The answer is body systems. Large, complex organisms need many levels
of organization to ensure all cells get what they need to perform life functions.
The body of an animal is like a well- organized machine capable of performing
different task. The ability of the body to do all the things it can do is due to the special
structures both inside and outside that work together in an orderly manner.

What’s In

Animals are arguably the most complex organism on this planet. The body is
made up of many, many millions of cells which you cannot see unless you use a
microscope. Special cells come together to make an organ.

Table 1
Cellular Organization

An organ is a complex structure within the body. It has a special job or jobs to do.
The body system is a group of parts that work together to serve a common purpose.
Each individual body system works in conjunction with other body system. It relies
on the other systems to work well to maintain internal stability and balance,
otherwise known as homeostasis.

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 What’s New

We are the most amazing organism of all living things who carry out some
functions. The Organ Systems are interdependent, interconnected, and packaged
together in a relatively small space. Animals are complex organisms with systems
and processes that allow them to carry out activities to remain in the living condition.

Activity 1

Name what kind of organ system is in the picture. Choose your answer in
the box below.

Muscular system Respiratory system Digestive system

Skeletal system Nervous system Circulatory system
Endocrine system Immune system Urinary system

1. __________________________ 2.___________________________

3. __________________________ 4.___________________________

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5. __________________________ 6.___________________________

7. __________________________ 8.___________________________

9. _________________________________

Questions:
1. What do you think is the most important organ system in the body? Why?

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2. Do all animals have the same organ systems?

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What is It

The human body and even the simplest animal is made up of several organ
systems that work as one unit. The major organ systems of the body work together,
either directly or indirectly, to keep the body functioning normally. The body is a
chemical and physical machine. As such, it is subject to certain laws. These are
sometimes called natural laws. Each part of the body is engineered to do a particular
function necessary for everyday living.

The Animal Organ Systems

1. Digestive System

Animal nutrition is the process of taking in, taking apart and taking up the
nutrients from the food source. Food processing has four main stages: Ingestion,
Digestion, Absorption, and Elimination or Egestion.
In animals with complete digestive system, where the entrance and exit of food
and waste are different, they have different kind of mechanisms of ingestion
depending on their evolutionary adaptation to their food.
In other animals like cnidarians (jellyfish, anemone, coral) where the entrance
and exit of food and waste is the same, the region where this occurs is called the
gastrovascular cavity.

2. Respiratory System

The respiratory system facilitates breathing. In the alveoli tissue of the lungs,
the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules between the air and the
bloodstream occurs by passive transport, so that the oxygen is taken in and carbon
dioxide and water are removed. Gas exchange is very important to animals, as they
require oxygen in the production of higher amount of energy compared to process of
production of energy without oxygen.
Air as a respiratory medium- As air is lighter and has more oxygen content
compared to the same volume of water, ventilation is not much of a problem of
terrestrial organisms.
The tracheal system of insects- It has a branched network of tracheal tube
which responds to the problem of decreased surface area in the respiratory structure.

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The tracheal system opens externally through the side of the insect through a
structure called a spiracle. Air enters and exit through the spiracles. As the
respiratory system of insects are independent from their circulatory system, gases
are directly exchanged through tracheoles which have extensions that are directly
connected to the cells. Air sacs act like aspirator which takes in and push out air out
of the body of the insects.
The mammalian respiratory system- Compared to insects, mammals and
other organisms have respiratory system that work together with their circulatory
system. Gases are transported via bloodstream and are exchanged via diffusion.

3. Circulatory System

There are different ways in which animals transport substances across their
body. In animals with closed circulatory system, the circulatory fluid does not go out
of the vessel. Exchange occurs through diffusion via thinner vessels called capillaries
across the interstitial fluid.
Different animals, have adapted different mechanisms in transport such as in
fishes where a single circulation is enough. Compared to cnidarians, the
gastrovascular cavity of flatworms have extensions in order to reach areas of the body
far from the axis. Without these extensions of the gastrovascular cavity, diffusion
might not be enough in the transport of substances.
Amphibian double circulation differs from mammalian, crocodilian and avian
as blood is mixed. The presence of one ventricle does not prevent the mixing of blood,
unlike in the four-chambered heart of a mammal, crocodilian and an avian where
the ventricle is divided into two. Mixing of blood does not have major implication on
amphibians as:
1) They have low metabolic rate, thus, less need for energy.
2) They have the ability to respire through their skin, thus not needing to fully
oxygenate the blood through the lungs.

4. Urinary System

In order to remove wastes, animals have the excretory system, which enables
it to remove excess salt or water in the body. Waste removal follows the following
processes, 1.) Filtration- the mass movement of water and solutes from plasma to
the renal tubule that occurs in the renal corpuscles. 2.) Reabsorption- the movement
of water and solutes from tubule back into the plasma. 3.) Secretion- the continuous
secretion of additional substances into the tubular fluid, and 4.) Excretion- it is what
goes to the urine.
Organisms have different wastes in the form of nitrogenous wastes which they
need to excrete. Different organisms have different excretory systems, such as the
protonephridia of flatworms where a network of dead-end tubules lacking internal
openings, metanephridia of annelids which consist of ciliated funnel opening into the
body cavity connected to a duct which may be variously glandularised, folded or
expanded and which typically opens to the organisms exterior, malpighian tubules
of insects, any of the excretory organs that lie in the abdominal body cavity and
empty into the junction between midgut and hindgut and the nephrons of humans

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and mammals which actually removing waste and excess substances from the blood
through urination.

5. Immune System

The immune system is a complex network of cells and protein that defends
the body against infection. It defends the internal environment from invading
microorganisms and viruses, as well as cancerous cell growth. The immune system
provides cells that aid in protection of the body from disease via antigen/antibody
response. A variety of general responses are also part of this system.

6. Endocrine System

The integral parts of the endocrine system include the hypothalamus,

pituitary gland, pineal body, thyroid and parathyroid gland, thymus, adrenal glands,
pancreas and ovary that make hormones. Hormones are substances which can cause
a reaction to a cell, in Greek it literally means to excite. It is secreted into extracellular
fluid such in blood or lymph and transported to target cells to elicit a specific
response, which can be rapid or slow. The growth and development of the body are
examples of slow and long- term effect of a hormone while circadian rhythm which
is responsible for the sleep and-wake cycles respond to a more rapid response to a
hormone. In an endocrine pathway, the reaction involves an endocrine cell, which
releases the hormone to the bloodstream or the lymphatic system, which can attach
to receptors of a target cell.

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7. Nervous System

The central nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord, while
the peripheral nervous system is composed of corresponding structures outside of
these two organs of the nervous system. The central nervous system is responsible
for data/information processing which is gathered by the peripheral nervous system.
Upon processing, the CNS transmit the message again to the PNS, which then convey
the message for the appropriate response.
The nervous system has evolved in increasing complexity throughout the
different groups of animals. Connections among the neurons has increased, as seen
in the development of the nervous system from a simple nerve net to a system with
ganglia (group of neuron) to encephalized organisms where concentration of neurons
are centered in a head. Below shows the changes in the nervous system of organisms:

Figure 1. Nervous System of some living things

8. Muscular System

The muscular system is an organ system consisting of skeletal muscles which

are composed of muscle cells called the muscle fiber, the cardiac muscle or the heart
muscle with involuntary kind of movement, and the smooth muscle which is
controlled directly by the autonomic nervous system. The skeletal muscle is
organized from its largest structure (the muscle tissue itself) to its functional unit
(the sarcomere) as a repeating longitudinal structure that is bound together.
Contraction is possible because of the structural organization of protein molecules
that makes up the sarcomere. When contraction occurs, the sarcomere shortens,
and this is reflected in the contraction of a muscle (tell the students to flex their
biceps and ask them if their muscle shortened). In terms of the molecular and
physiological process of contraction, nerve impulse transmission is needed to
depolarize the cell membrane of the muscle to stimulate contraction.

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9. Skeletal System

It provides support and protection, and attachment points for muscles. The
skeletal system provides rigid framework for movement. It supports and protects the
body and its parts, produces blood cells, and stores minerals.
A clam’s shell is an example of an exoskeleton and the bones and cartilage in
a human is an example of an endoskeleton. An endoskeleton should not be
misconceived to be only made up of bones, as even in humans, our skeletons are
made up of cartilage and bones, while shark’s endoskeleton is made up of cartilage.
We have different bones which our muscles can pull to create movement, and the
different types of joints are responsible for different movement that our body can
create.

What’s More

Activity 1.1:
Directions: Complete the crossword puzzle

Organ System of an Animal Body

Across

2. creates red blood cell

4. removes carbon dioxide from the body

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Down

1. breaks down food chemically and mechanically

3. collects and transport clear fluid
5. provides movement inside and outside our body
6. moves blood around the body

Activity 1.2
Tissues, Organs, & Systems

Multi-cellular organisms have many cells that work together in specific ways,
each group performing certain functions. When each group does its part, the
organism gets everything that it needs. A Tissue is a large group of cells that all have
the same purpose or function. Each kind of cell has unique characteristics such as
shape, size, flexibility, color and texture. Nerve cell combined with other nerve cell to
make nerve tissue. Muscle cell combined with other muscle cell to make muscle
tissue. Bone cell combine with other bone cell to make bone tissue.
An Organ is a group of tissues that work together to do a certain job for the body.
Some of the human body’s organs include the stomach, lungs, heart, kidneys, brain
and liver. Some of a plant’s organs include roots, stems, fruit and leaves. When
several different organs join to meet the organism’s needs, they are working together
in an organ system.

There are several different organ systems constantly working in most multi-
cellular organisms. You are probably familiar with some of the human body systems.
The respiratory system includes the lungs and all the body parts that allow us to
breathe in oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide. The circulatory system includes the
heart and all the body parts that help move blood around the body. The blood, in
turn, carries nutrients and oxygen to all the cells of the body. The respiratory and
circulatory systems work very closely together. The digestive system helps to get
nutrients from the food that we eaten and stored energy for future use. The excretory
system helps remove waste product that would otherwise harm the body. Each of the
body’s systems is necessary for the overall health of the body. As the body’s
building blocks, cells join to make tissues. Tissues join to make organs. Organs join
to make systems. They are all arranged to ensure the organism’s survival.

Answer the following questions based on the reading passage. Don’t forget to
go back to the passage whenever necessary to find or confirm your
answers.
1) Which statement supports the fact that bone cells are smaller than bone tissue?
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2) What is an organ? Give an example of an organ.

__________________________________________________________________________________
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3) Which organ system do you think is the most interesting? Why?

__________________________________________________________________________________
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Activity 2.1

Direction: Match the body function with the body system.

Body System Function

_____ 1. Circulatory System A. Takes food into the body

_____ 2. Digestive System B. Makes body move

_____ 3. Endocrine System C. Serves as the chemical messenger

system of the body
_____ 4. Urinary System
D. Removes wastes
_____ 5. Immune System
E. Supports body
_____ 6. Muscular system
F. Carries blood through the body
_____ 7. Nervous System
G. Fights diseases
_____8. Respiratory System
H. Maintains homeostasis
_____9. Skeletal System
I. Bring oxygen, eliminate carbon
dioxide

Activity 2.2
Direction: Group the words where they belong.

Joints Spinal cord Pharynx Tendons Stomach Testes

Trachaea Cartilage Thymus Heart Bone marrow Lungs
Bladder Brain Muscles Bones Ovaries Large intestine Blood
Ureter Lymph nodes Kidneys Pituitary gland Blood Vessels

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 Skeletal Muscular Nervous Respiratory Digestive

Endocrine Urinary Immune Circulatory

Questions:
1. What will happen to the body if one organ system malfunctions?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

2. What do you think are the functions that are necessary for life?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Activity 3
Directions: Match column A with column B. Write the letter of the correct match
on the space provided. Use CAPITAL letter

COLUMN A COLUMN B
A. Gas exchange occurs via movement of air
from the external environment and is
______1. Skeletal System exchanged via a dead-end of clusters of
thin epitheliums of the walls of air sacs
called alveoli.
______2. Muscular System B. Removes excess salt and water in the body.
______3. Nervous System C. Formation of antibodies
______4. Respiratory
D. The growth and development of the body
System
E. Responsible for data/ information
______5. Digestive System processing which is gathered by the
peripheral nervous system
F. Movement is the reaction of the contraction
______6. Endocrine System
of muscle.
______7. Urinary System G. Framework of the body
______8. Immune System H. Heart is the main organ for this system
I. Allows the animal to acquire the necessary
______9. Circulatory
energy, organic molecules and essential
System
nutrients from the digested foods.

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 What I Have Learned

Body Systems Work Together

You know that your body is made of cells. When groups of cells do the same
kind of work, they are called tissues. The word tissue comes from a Latin word
meaning to "weave." Cells that make up tissues are sometimes "woven" together.
You have four main types of tissues: epithelial, nervous, muscle, and
connective tissue. Epithelial tissue covers the outside of the body. It also lines organs
and cavities. Nervous tissue sends electrical signals. Muscle tissue helps you move.
Connective tissue joins bones and cushions organs.

When groups of tissues work together, they are called organs. Some
examples of organs are the heart, lungs, skin, and stomach. When organs
work together, they are called systems. For example, your heart, lungs, blood, and
blood vessels work together. They make up the circulatory system.
We have various systems in our body: muscular system, respiratory system,
digestive system, skeletal system, circulatory system, immune system, endocrine
system, nervous system and urinary system. Each system has a special job.

Activity 1
Directions: Indicate which organ system will be primarily used in the following
situation. Write the beginning letter of correct organ system on the blank.

M muscular system D digestive system C circulatory system

S skeletal system R respiratory system N nervous system

U urinary system I immune system E endocrine

_____1. Prepare for a 5km run and eat lots of carbohydrates like rice to give you
more energy.
_____2. You lift your feet and move your legs as fast as you can.
_____3. But you have to go to the bathroom because you drank too much water
before the run.
_____4. Your breathing is getting faster and faster.
_____5. The heart is pumping fast as you sprint for the final 1km.
_____6. You enjoy attending the Zumba activities
_____7. Your body temperature increase because of the virus
_____8. The class play “pass the message.”
_____9. You can move your arms in a full range of motion.
_____10. Female tends to have a mood swing during the period.

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Activity 2
In the space provided, explain how the terms in each pair differ in meaning.

1. Gastrovascular cavity, Digestive tract

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2. Gills, Lungs
__________________________________________________________________________________
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__________________________________________________________________________________

3. Open circulatory system, Closed circulatory system

__________________________________________________________________________________
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__________________________________________________________________________________

4. Exoskeleton, Endoskeleton
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

5. Urination, Digestion
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Activity 3
Fill in the chart with purpose of the Human Body System

Animal Body System Purpose of Animal Body System

Respiratory System

Immune System

Circulatory System

Nervous System

Digestive System

Skeletal System

Endocrine System

Muscular System

Urinary System

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Questions:

1. How do they all function together?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

2. Which two organ systems bear major responsibility for ensuring homeostasis of
the internal environment?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

What I Can Do

You have probably heard the saying “no man is an island,” This saying means
that each person depends on others for many reasons. Inside the human body, this
is also true. When you look at an object, what organ systems are making your action
possible? Make a list of the organ systems involved when you eat, sleep and run.

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

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 Additional Activities

REFLECTION: What are your thoughts about your place in the environment?
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__________________________________________________________________________________

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References

Bailey, Regina. “How Much Do You Know about Organ Systems?” ThoughtCo.
Accessed August 19, 2021. https://www.thoughtco.com/organ-systems-of-
the-body-quiz-4101216.

“Body System Test Review - Quiz.” Quizizz. Accessed August 19, 2021.
https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/572b58956f6f9f11113f102b/body-
system-test-review.

“DR 27-2 Animal Body Systems.” studylib.net. Accessed August 19, 2021.
https://studylib.net/doc/8425862/dr-27-2-animal-body-systems.

https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/1-3-functions-of-human-
life-2/

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-0-387-77251-6_27.pdf

https://cpb-us-
e1.wpmucdn.com/cobblearning.net/dist/9/1335/files/2014/01/Human-
Body-Systems-Exam-20kdl6d.pdf

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/A-schematic-overview-of-the-basic-
components-of-the-immune-system-
abbreviations_fig3_259588386/download

“Human Body- Organ Systems Test.” ProProfs. Accessed August 19, 2021.
https://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=body-systems-test.

“Identifying Human Organ Systems.” ProProfs. Accessed August 19, 2021.

https://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/quizshow.php?title=human-organ-
systems&q=1.

“Take Online Courses. Earn College Credit. Research Schools, DEGREES &
Careers.” Study.com | Take Online Courses. Earn College Credit. Research
Schools, Degrees & Careers. Accessed August 19, 2021.
https://study.com/academy/exam/topic/human-body-systems.html.

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