Lecture 6 Thinking and Intelligence

Different levels of biology
• Synapses
• Long-term sensitization
• Long-term potentiation
1
Different levels of biology
• Long-term memory and the brain
• Neurotransmitters – Acetylcholine, Caffeine

2
Improving memory
• Distribute practice over time
• Taking tests
• Exercise and sleep
• Effective recitation
3
Mnemonics
1. Kennedy town
2. HKU
3. Sai Ying Pun
4. Sheung Wan
5. Central
6. Admiralty (Gold bell)
7. Wan Chai
8. Causeway Bay (Copper Gong
Bay)
9. Tin Hau
10. Fortress Hill
4
THINKING &
INTELLIGENCE
PSYC1001 LECTURE 6
What is cognition?
Retrievable memory
Sensory input Cognition
Learning
Thoughts as images
Apples as a concept
8
Artificial Intelligence
https://quickdraw.withgoogle.com/
Quick, Draw! is an artificial intelligence network designed by Google. Machine

learning is achieved by receiving responses from numerous inputs made by players,
and it’s guessing should improve over time. It’s a good way to think of how our neural
system works in organizing knowledge. 10
Which one is a fish?
11
12
Concepts as common features
Fish
15
What is a fish?
• Common features is ineffective
• Different colors
• Different sizes
• Different appearances
• Different habitats
…
• Concepts are flexible in humans

What is a Gundam?
No, this doesn’t help
• A Gundam is a special type of Mobile suit, typically with advanced

weaponry and special features. Gundams are usually piloted by the
main character, although sometimes they're piloted by the antagonist
or side character of the anime. For example the original Mobile Suit
Gundam in the UC (Universal Century) timeline, Amuro Ray, the main
character piloted the RX-78-2 Gundam, the first ever gundam in the
UC timeline. While on the CE (Cosmic Era) timeline, there are alot of
gundams piloted by the antagonists. You can tell a Gundam apart
from any other mobile suits just by looking at its head, does it have
that v shapes antenna? If it does, then it's probably a Gundam, but
some gundams doesn't have that v shaped fin like the EZ8 for
example. But there are also a few mobile suits that have the v shaped
antenna, like Striker Custom, they're called psuedo gundams, but it's
a deeper topic.
https://gundam.fandom.com/f/p/3100000000000001429
Concepts as prototypes and exemplars
• A degree of matching with
• Prototypes
• Exemplars
19
The generic Gundam as the prototype of Gundam
70%
50
%
20%
40%
20
1 Dog
Concepts are dynamic
Bark?
• Isn’t the tomato a 0
vegetable? Cat
• Concepts as theories
Fea 1 .33
• Conceptualization as theory- Dog
-.22
testing …
.70
Fea 9
.22
Cat
Fea 10 -.45
A big challenge to AI programmers
• Self-learning machines
• Human cognition is flexible
• It is difficult to simulate one with a fixed list

of common features
• Using prototypes also underestimates the

flexibility
• The role of machine learning in AI
24
How do we solve problems?
What is a problem?
• Well defined problems • Ill defined problems
• 2 + 2 =? • GO
• Chess (Capture the king!, • Effective (online) teaching

prevent/ achieve stalemate)
• Creative works
• Losing 10 pounds
< --- In a relative sense --->

Andy Warhol’s
Empire
Frame the Problem
• Individual project
• Reduce plastic use (so much takeaway during the pandemic!)
• Improve sleep quality
• Weight control
Frame the Problem Effectively
• Abstract, long-term goals
• Concrete, short-term, and achievable goals
• Barriers
• Personal bias
• Lack of self-efficacy
• Functional fixedness
What could John Wick do with this pencil?

Solution
• Algorithms
• Heuristics
• Are there more words beginning with an e or ending with an
e?
• Algorithmic approach
• Availability heuristic
Why is statistics difficult?
• Drawing cards with replacement
• Algorithms (Statistics, probability)
• Representativeness heuristics
thats not representative game

to make it more representative so
should be red as base on what the
game should look like
Choosing a solution
• Affect heuristic
• Weighing the alternatives
• Framing effect
Which vaccine will you choose in a 600-
people village?
• Vaccine A – It is certain than 200 people will be saved.
• Vaccine B – There is 1/3 of a chance that all people will be saved.

Which vaccine will you choose in a 600-
people village?
• Vaccine A – It is certain than 400 people will die.
• Vaccine B – There is 2/3 of a chance that all people will die.

Motivation and goal-setting
• Approach vs. Avoidance Motivation
• Goal expectancy vs. Self-efficacy
• Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic motivation
• Long-term (abstract) goals vs. short-term

(concrete) goals
What is Intelligence?
4 issues about intelligence
40
What is intelligence?
• The ability to understand complex idea, adapt effectively to

the environment, engage in reasoning, and overcome
obstacles
• Information processing effectiveness

• Processing speed
• Capacity
• Working memory (c.f. CPU + GPU)
41
Issue 1 – Measuring Intelligence
• Tests originally introduced as a screening tool for schools and armies
• IQ – Intelligence quotient
• Approach 1 –
• Chronological age vs. mental age
• e.g., a 12-year-old can do what a typical 15-year-old can do
• Approach 2 –
• Comparing performance in a standardized test to a statistically normal curve
42
The statistical approach
43
Issue 1 – Measuring Intelligence
• Should intelligence measurement be culture and language-free?
• Verbal test
• More sensitive to socioeconomic status
• Books, reading, exposure …
• Non-verbal test/ culture-free IQ test

• Logic reasoning, sequences
44
Issue 2 – General vs. specific abilities
• General intelligence (the g-factor)
•Fluid intelligence ~ processing speed/

flexibility
•Crystallized intelligence ~ learning

experience, wisdom
•Multiple intelligences
45
HOWARD GARDNER’S MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES
47
Emotional and social
intelligence (EQ??)
• Impulse control
• Theory of mind
• Self-understanding
Issue 3 –
Brain structure, Brain Activity and Intelligence
• Brain volume (esp. prefrontal cortex and temporal lobe)
• Fluid intelligence
• Processing speed – Efficient Axon communication
• Frontal lobe
• Genetics (Heritability ~ .75)

• Polygenic trait
What about the other 25%?
• Diet – PKU syndrome
• Flynn Effect
• Environmental factors
• Nutrition
• SES (poverty)
• Education
• Testing culture
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

Issue 4 – Defining extremities in Intelligence (2SDs)
53
Issue 4 – Defining extremities in Intelligence
• Intellectual disability
• 55 – 70 (mild, preventable; aka ‘familial retardation)
• < 55 (moderate to profound; genetically based; self-care skills
training or long-term institutionalization)
• Giftedness
• IQ >130
• Significant advantages in life
• Genius – creativity + intellectual giftedness
IQ by career
(https://www.iqcomparisonsite.com/Occupations.)
Mid-term test
References
• Chapter 10 (Except Language)
• https://www.deviantart.com/n3v37s/art/Generic-Gundam-Template-
A4-A5-52463963
• https://gundam.fandom.com/

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Different levels of biology

• Long-term memory and the brain

• Neurotransmitters – Acetylcholine, Caffeine

• Distribute practice over time

• Exercise and sleep

Quick, Draw! is an artificial intelligence network designed by Google. Machine

• Common features is ineffective

• Concepts are flexible in humans

• A Gundam is a special type of Mobile suit, typically with advanced

• A degree of matching with

• Human cognition is flexible

• It is difficult to simulate one with a fixed list

• Using prototypes also underestimates the

• The role of machine learning in AI

• Well defined problems • Ill defined problems

• Chess (Capture the king!, • Effective (online) teaching

< --- In a relative sense --->

• Reduce plastic use (so much takeaway during the pandemic!)

• Improve sleep quality

• Abstract, long-term goals

• Concrete, short-term, and achievable goals

What could John Wick do with this pencil?

• Drawing cards with replacement

• Algorithms (Statistics, probability)

thats not representative game

• Weighing the alternatives

• Vaccine A – It is certain than 200 people will be saved.

• Vaccine B – There is 1/3 of a chance that all people will be saved.

• Vaccine A – It is certain than 400 people will die.

• Vaccine B – There is 2/3 of a chance that all people will die.

• Approach vs. Avoidance Motivation

• Goal expectancy vs. Self-efficacy

• Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic motivation

• Long-term (abstract) goals vs. short-term

• The ability to understand complex idea, adapt effectively to

• Information processing effectiveness

• Working memory (c.f. CPU + GPU)

• Tests originally introduced as a screening tool for schools and armies

• Should intelligence measurement be culture and language-free?

• Non-verbal test/ culture-free IQ test

• General intelligence (the g-factor)

•Fluid intelligence ~ processing speed/

•Crystallized intelligence ~ learning

• Genetics (Heritability ~ .75)

• Diet – PKU syndrome

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

• Chapter 10 (Except Language)

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