The Art & Science of Trial Advocacy: 3607 - FM - Indd I 3607 - FM - Indd I 3/3/2011 9:45:30 PM 3/3/2011 9:45:30 PM

Copyright © 2011 Carolina Academic Press, LLC. All rights reserved.
THE ART & SCIENCE

OF TRIAL ADVOCACY
3607_FM.indd i 3/3/2011 9:45:30 PM

LEXISNEXIS LAW SCHOOL

PUBLISHING ADVISORY BOARD
William Araiza
Professor of Law
Brooklyn Law School
Lenni B. Benson
Professor of Law & Associate Dean for Professional Development
New York Law School
Raj Bhala
Rice Distinguished Professor
University of Kansas, School of Law
Ruth Colker
Distinguished University Professor & Heck-Faust Memorial Chair
in Constitutional Law
Ohio State University, Moritz College of Law
David Gamage
Assistant Professor of Law
UC Berkeley School of Law
Joan Heminway
College of Law Distinguished Professor of Law
University of Tennessee College of Law
Edward Imwinkelried
Edward L. Barrett, Jr. Professor of Law
UC Davis School of Law
David I. C. Thomson
LP Professor & Director, Lawyering Process Program
University of Denver, Sturm College of Law
Melissa Weresh
Director of Legal Writing and Professor of Law
Drake University Law School
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THE ART & SCIENCE

OF TRIAL ADVOCACY
SECOND EDITION
L. TIMOTHY PERRIN
Professor of Law
Pepperdine University School of Law
H. MITCHELL CALDWELL
Professor of Law
CAROL A. CHASE
Professor of Law
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Perrin, L. Timothy.
The art and science of trial advocacy / L. Timothy Perrin, H. Mitchell Caldwell,
Carol A. Chase. — 2nd ed.
p. cm.
ISBN 978-1-4224-8223-0 (perfect bound)
1. Trial practice—United States. I. Caldwell, Harry M. II. Chase, Carol A. III. Title.
KF8915.P474 2011
347.73’7—dc22
2011002403
This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to

the subject matter covered. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged
in rendering legal, accounting, or other professional services. If legal advice or other expert
assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.
LexisNexis, the knowledge burst logo, and Michie are trademarks of Reed Elsevier Proper-
ties Inc, used under license. Matthew Bender is a registered trademark of Matthew Bender
Properties Inc.
Copyright © 2011 Matthew Bender & Company, Inc., a member of the LexisNexis Group.
All Rights Reserved.
No copyright is claimed in the text of statutes, regulations, and excerpts from court opinions
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be licensed for a fee of 25 cents per page per copy from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222
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(2011-Pub.3607)
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DEDICATIONS
For Lucy, Hannah, Sam, and Will with thanks for their love and laughter.
–L. Timothy Perrin
For Joyce, Eric, Jack and Kay for their unflagging enthusiasm and support.
–H. Mitchell Caldwell
For John, Warren, Meredith, Harrison, Bonnie and Bob, with gratitude for
their love and support.
–Carol A. Chase
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors gratefully acknowledge the generous support they have

received from Pepperdine University School of Law in the preparation of
this book; and in addition they express heartfelt gratitude to their trial
practice students who planted the seeds of inspiration for this book. The
authors are deeply indebted to the faculty support staff and, in particular,
to Candace Warren, Roberta Nebgen, Sheila McDonald, and Courtenay
Stallings for their tireless assistance (and patience) in preparing this
manuscript. They gratefully acknowledge the invaluable contributions of
Richard Gabriel and Sharon Gross to Chapter Six and Christopher Frost
to Chapter Eleven. Finally, they would like to thank the following law stu-
dents for their research and editorial assistance: Nathan Newman, Brett
Fenoglio, Ryan McNamara, Bryan Rotella, Joshua Pakstis, and Brittany
Kelley.
vii
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PREFACE
More than seven years have passed since the publication of The Art &
Science of Trial Advocacy and during that time we have been gratified by
the positive response to our book from students, professors, and practitio-
ners. While much has changed in the world since publication of the book,
the fundamentals of trial advocacy remain very much the same. Successful
trial advocates understand that their credibility—their ethos—is central to
trial success. You can not control the facts in the case, but you can control
what you do with the facts. Effective advocates do not sacrifice their cred-
ibility with the factfinder by stretching, distorting, or otherwise misusing
the evidence in the case.
If the fundamentals are unchanged, then why publish a second edi-
tion of the book? The answer is that while effective trial advocacy is still
rooted in the same values as before, the tools of advocacy continue to evolve.
In particular, the rapid development of technology and its use in the court-
room is changing the way that trials are conducted and the way that law-
yers present evidence and argue to the jury. Some of these changes are for
the better and some for the worse. In this edition, we have sought to pay
particular attention to the use of technology. We have added “Tech Tips”
throughout the book, providing specific suggestions regarding how tech-
nology might be used to enhance advocacy at various points of the trial.
In addition, we have emphasized the technologies available to trial lawyers
as they prepare and present evidence.
Technology is merely a tool, of course. It will not magically turn poor
advocacy into effective advocacy, or transform the boring and uninterest-
ing into something that is compelling and persuasive. Yet, most jurors live
in a world that is high-tech and are conditioned to enjoy plenty of visual
and aural stimulation, preferably at the same time. Effective advocates are
aware of and responsive to the expectations of jurors; thus, we must master
the available technologies and become adept at their use.
In addition to this updated edition of the book, we have also put
together additional tools to assist the aspiring or less experienced trial
advocate. As part of the on-line resources that are available for read-
ers of this book, we have developed two videotaped trials—one civil
and one criminal—to provide an application of the principles of trial
advocacy contained herein. The advocates and witnesses in the trials are
Pepperdine law students and we hope that the addition of this visual
ix
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x PREFACE
simulation of advocacy in practice will prove helpful and instructive. The

student efforts are not perfect and indeed are not intended to represent
the perfect example of good advocacy, to the extent there is such a thing,
but provide another means of thinking deeply about the art and science
of trial advocacy.
Our best wishes to you in your pursuit of success and meaning in this
honorable profession.
Tim Perrin
Harry Caldwell
Carol Chase
October 2010
Malibu, California
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Authorities ......................................................................... xxxi
Chapter One: Introduction To Trial Advocacy.......................... 1

I. ART & SCIENCE .............................................................................. 2
II. THE ADVERSARY SYSTEM ................................................................. 3
A. Fallible Participants ............................................................. 3
B. Gladiators & Gunslingers? ................................................... 4
C. Officers of the Court ............................................................. 5
III. COURTROOM ETIQUETTE .................................................................. 6
IV. TRIALS ........................................................................................... 8
A. The Pretrial Process and Trial Preparation ....................... 8
B. Settlement or Trial? ............................................................. 9
C. Jury Selection ....................................................................... 10
D. Opening Statements ............................................................. 11
E. The Cases-in-Chief ............................................................... 11
F. The Rebuttal Cases .............................................................. 12
G. Closing Arguments ............................................................... 13
H. Jury Instructions .................................................................. 13
I. Verdicts and Post-Trial Motions .......................................... 14
V. PERSUASION ................................................................................... 14
A. Keys for Messengers ............................................................. 15
1. Credibility ...................................................................... 15
a. Look and Act Like an Expert .................................. 16
b. Demonstrate Fairness and Objectivity ................... 17
i. Keep Your Promises ......................................... 17
ii. Disclose Weaknesses ......................................... 17
iii. Make Appropriate Concessions ........................ 18
iv. Avoid Weak Arguments ..................................... 18
v. Use Plain English ............................................. 18
vi. Avoid Gimmicks or Tricks ................................ 19
vii. Avoid Ostentatious Dress ................................. 19
2. Likeability ........................................................................ 20
3. Charisma ......................................................................... 21
B. Keys for the Message ............................................................. 22
1. Primacy ............................................................................ 22
2. Recency ............................................................................. 23
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xii TABLE OF CONTENTS
3. Pathos ............................................................................... 24
4. Simplicity ......................................................................... 26
5. Imagery ............................................................................ 27
a. The Importance of Technology .................................. 27
b. The Use of Technology in the Courtroom ................ 28
i. Forms of Technology ........................................... 29
ii. Choosing the Best Equipment ........................... 31
6. Frequency ......................................................................... 31
7. Logic and Coherence ........................................................ 33
Chapter Two: Case Development .................................................... 35

I. OVERVIEW & OBJECTIVES .................................................................. 35
II. DEVELOPING THE CASE FOR TRIAL ...................................................... 36
A. Assess Legal Requirements .................................................... 36
B. Sift Important Evidence from Unimportant .......................... 37
C. Construct Legal and Factual Theories .................................. 38
1. Legal Theories ................................................................... 39
2. Factual Theories ............................................................... 39
a. Consistent with the Facts .......................................... 39
b. On a Favorable Battle Site ........................................ 40
Illustration of Theory Development.................. 41
c. Consistent with Other Claims or Defenses .............. 42
Illustration of Arguing Liability
and Damages ................................................. 44
D. Develop a Case Theme ............................................................ 45
1. Meaning and Resonance................................................... 45
2. Finding the Right Theme ................................................. 45
Illustrations of Themes .............................................. 46
III. MAINTAINING CONTROL OVER THE CASE AT TRIAL............................... 47
Chapter Three: Motions .................................................................... 51

I. OVERVIEW AND PURPOSE OF MOTIONS ................................................ 52
II. EVIDENTIARY MOTIONS ...................................................................... 52
A. Motions in Limine ................................................................... 53
1. Considerations in Deciding Whether to Make
Motions in Limine ...................................................... 53
a. Reasons Not to File Motions in Limine ..................... 54
b. Reasons to File Motions in Limine ............................ 54
Illustration of Cross-Examination with
No Disclosure ................................................. 55
Illustration of Direct Examination with
Disclosure ...................................................... 55
2. Bringing Motions in Limine ............................................. 57
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TABLE OF CONTENTS xiii
3. Typical Motions in Limine................................................ 58

a. Boilerplate Motions in Limine ................................... 58
Illustrations of Boilerplate Motions
in Limine........................................................ 58
b. Case-Specific Motions in Limine in Civil Cases ....... 59
Illustrations of Case-Specific Motions
in Limine in Civil Cases................................ 60
c. Case-Specific Motions in Limine
in Criminal Cases................................................ 61
Illustrations of Case-Specific Motions
in Limine in Criminal Cases ........................ 61
4. Arguing Motions in Limine .............................................. 62
a. Clear and Concise Arguments ................................... 63
Illustration of Introduction of Motion
in Limine...................................................... 63
b. Persuasive Organization............................................ 64
c. Connect Arguments to Central Issues ...................... 64
Illustration of Argument in Opposition to
Motion in Limine ........................................... 65
d. Rebuttal of Opponent’s Arguments;
Distinguishing Adverse Authority ..................... 66
e. Watching and Listening for Cues from
the Judge ............................................................. 66
5. Effect of an Adverse Ruling on a Motion
in Limine .................................................................... 66
B. Evidentiary Motions at Trial ................................................. 67
III. MOTION FOR EXCLUSION OF WITNESSES .............................................. 68
IV. MOTIONS FOR DIRECTED VERDICT, JUDGMENT AS A MATTER
OF LAW, OR FOR A NEW TRIAL ..................................................... 68
A. Motions for Directed Verdict or Judgment
as a Matter of Law............................................................ 69
B. Motions for Mistrial or for a New Trial ................................. 69
1. Motion for a New Trial ..................................................... 69
2. Motion for a Mistrial ........................................................ 70
Chapter Four: Jury Selection .......................................................... 71

A. Preconceptions and First Impressions ................................... 73
B. Who You Want and What You Want Them to Do .................. 74
II. THE MECHANICS OF VOIR DIRE .......................................................... 75
A. Jury Questionnaires ............................................................... 75
B. Beginning the Process ............................................................ 76
C. Hardship Questioning............................................................. 77
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xiv TABLE OF CONTENTS
D. Questioning by the Judge ....................................................... 77

E. Questioning by the Advocates ................................................ 77
Illustration of the Advocate Introducing Himself
and His Client ............................................................ 77
F. Challenges to Prospective Jurors ........................................... 78
Illustration of Thanking and Excusing
a Prospective Juror .................................................... 78
1. Challenges for Cause ........................................................ 79
Illustration of Voir Dire Questioning
to Firm Up a Challenge for Cause ...................... 79
Illustration of Rehabilitating
a Challenged Juror .............................................. 80
2. Peremptory Challenges ..................................................... 81
G. Swearing in the Jury .............................................................. 81
H. Selecting Alternate Jurors ..................................................... 81
III. PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS........................................................... 82
A. Evaluate the Case for Emotional or
Prejudicial Undercurrents ............................................... 82
Illustration of Probing Juror Attitudes Concerning
Local Events or Sentiments....................................... 83
B. Consider Common Attitudes and Experiences Desired
in Prospective Jurors ........................................................ 83
IV. THE THREE PHASES OF THE QUESTIONING PROCESS ............................ 86
A. First Phase—Preliminary Matters ........................................ 87
1. Methodology and Purpose ................................................ 87
Illustration of Overview of Case
and Explanation of Voir Dire .............................. 88
2. Specific Background Inquiries ......................................... 89
3. Familiarity with the Case or the Parties .......................... 89
4. Prior Jury Experience ....................................................... 90
Illustration of Questioning as to Prior Jury
Experience ........................................................... 90
Illustration of Questioning on Burden
of Proof ................................................................. 90
5. Law Enforcement Contacts ............................................... 91
6. Prior Contacts with Professionals .................................... 91
B. Second Phase—Insights into Case-Specific Attitudes .......... 91
1. Prior Brushes with the Law ............................................. 92
Illustration of Questioning to Elicit Negative
Contacts with Law Enforcement ........................ 92
2. Attitudes Toward Professions Involved in the Case......... 93
Illustration of Questions About
Attitudes Toward Doctors ................................... 93
3. Attitudes About Race, Gender, or Ethnicity ..................... 94
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Illustration of Voir Dire on Attitudes

About Race ........................................................... 95
C. Third Phase—Indoctrination & Commitment ...................... 96
1. Why Discuss Damages if There is No Liability? .............. 97
Illustration of Preemptive Strike
as to Damages ...................................................... 98
2. Where There’s Smoke, There’s Fire .................................. 98
Illustration of Eliciting Juror’s Attitude
Concerning Bias Based on
the Fact of Defendant’s Arrest ............................ 99
3. “If He Didn’t Do It, Why Won’t He Take the Witness
Stand and Tell Us?” ................................................... 99
Illustration of Dealing with Presumption
of Guilt if Criminal Defendant Does
Not Testify ............................................................ 100
4. Reasonable Doubt is Not Proof Beyond All Doubt ........... 100
Illustration of Dealing with Reasonable Doubt
from the Prosecutor’s Perspective ...................... 101
V. PRINCIPLES OF VOIR DIRE QUESTIONING............................................. 101
❖ Principle Number One: Reduce Barriers ............................... 101
❖ Principle Number Two: Ask Open-Ended Questions ............ 102
Illustration of Open-Ended Questioning ......................... 102
❖ Principle Number Three: Facilitate a Group Discussion ...... 103
Illustration of Questioning that Facilitates a Group
Discussion................................................................... 103
❖ Principle Number Four: Focus First on One; Then the
Group................................................................................. 104
❖ Principle Number Five: Avoid “Blue Sky” Questions ............ 104
Illustration for Giving Context to the Line
of Questioning ............................................................ 104
❖ Principle Number Six: Disclosure Begets Disclosure............ 105
❖ Principle Number Seven: Raise Material
Weaknesses ....................................................................... 105
Illustration of “Pricking the Boil” .................................... 106
❖ Principle Number Eight: Avoid Excluding or
Embarrassing Anyone ...................................................... 107
❖ Principle Number Nine: Ask the Global, Catch-all
Question Last.................................................................... 107
Illustration of Closing Question ...................................... 108
VI. OBJECTIONS AND OBJECTION STRATEGY AT VOIR DIRE ......................... 108
A. Asking the Jury to Prejudge the Evidence ............................ 108
B. Arguing the Law or Facts; Attempting to
Indoctrinate the Jurors on the Law................................. 108
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xvi TABLE OF CONTENTS
C. Asking a Question That is Not Related to

an Intelligent Exercise of a Peremptory
Challenge or Challenge for Cause ................................... 109
D. Introducing Prejudicial or Inflammatory Material ............... 109
E. Excluding Prospective Jurors Based on Race or Gender ...... 109
Illustration of a Batson Objection.................................... 110
F. Challenging the Systematic Exclusion of Identifiable
Groups from Jury Service ................................................ 110
Chapter Five: Opening Statement .................................................. 113

I. OVERVIEW AND PURPOSE ................................................................... 115
A. Of Roadmaps and Jigsaw Puzzles .......................................... 117
B. The Prohibition on Argument ................................................ 117
II. PREPARING THE OPENING STATEMENT ................................................. 118
A. The Opening Statement is Not ............................................... 118
B. Development of a Theme ........................................................ 119
C. Preparing to Tell the Story..................................................... 119
III. CONTENT OF THE OPENING STATEMENT .............................................. 120
A. The Importance of Language.................................................. 121
B. Hook the Jury.......................................................................... 122
Illustration of Grab by Prosecution in Rape
Case ............................................................................ 123
Illustration of Grab by Plaintiff in
Defamation Case ........................................................ 123
Illustration of Thesis Statement at Conclusion
of Grab ........................................................................ 124
C. Personalize the Client............................................................. 124
Illustration of Personalization of Plaintiff ...................... 125
Illustration of Personalization of Corporate
Defendant ................................................................... 126
Illustration of Personalization by Prosecutor ................. 127
D. Tell the Story........................................................................... 128
1. A Logical Structure........................................................... 129
a. Chronology.................................................................. 129
b. Witness-by-Witness .................................................... 129
c. Logical Structure ....................................................... 129
2. An Interesting Story.......................................................... 130
Illustration of Defendant’s Opening Using
Compare and Contrast ........................................ 131
3. A Full and Complete Story ............................................... 132
4. A Persuasive Story Without Argument............................. 133
1st Illustration of Avoiding Argument ...................... 134
2nd Illustration of Avoiding Argument ..................... 135
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E. Disclose Weaknesses ............................................................... 135

1. Whether to Disclose ........................................................... 136
2. When to Disclose ............................................................... 137
3. What to Disclose ................................................................ 137
Illustration of Disclosure of Weakness
in Opening Statement ......................................... 138
F. Create a List ............................................................................ 139
Illustration of a List ......................................................... 139
G. Anticipate the Opponent’s Arguments .................................. 140
Illustration of Discussion of Defendant’s Past
Statements ................................................................. 141
H. Respond to the Opponent’s Assertions .................................. 142
I. End Strong .............................................................................. 142
Illustration of Conclusion of Defense Opening
Statement ................................................................... 143
IV. PRINCIPLES FOR EFFECTIVE OPENING STATEMENTS .............................. 143
❖ Principle Number One: No Wind-up, No Throat
Clearing ............................................................................ 143
Illustration of Grab by Prosecution ................................. 145
❖ Principle Number Two: Use Pictures, Lists,
Timelines, and Exhibits ................................................... 145
❖ Principle Number Three: Avoid Unnecessary
Clutter and Detail ............................................................ 148
❖ Principle Number Four: Avoid Promising
Too Much ........................................................................... 148
❖ Principle Number Five: Never Waive or Reserve
the Opening ...................................................................... 149
❖ Principle Number Six: No Scripts, No Podium,
No Reading........................................................................ 149
1. Where to Stand.................................................................. 150
2. Where to Look.................................................................... 151
3. Where to Go ....................................................................... 152
4. What to Do with Your Hands ........................................... 152
❖ Principle Number Seven: Keep the Opening as Short
as Reasonable Under the Circumstances ........................ 153
V. THE LAW OF OPENING STATEMENT ..................................................... 153
A. The Rule Against Argument................................................... 153
1. The Tests for Argument .................................................... 154
a. The Witness and Inference Tests .............................. 154
b. The Tools of Argument .............................................. 155
2. Strategies for Avoiding and Overcoming Argument
Objections ................................................................... 156
a. Use Caution When Characterizing People,
Events, or Evidence............................................. 156
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Illustration Comparing Argumentative

with Non-Argumentative Phrasing .............. 156
b. Argue Through Themes and Theories ...................... 157
c. Support Conclusions with an Expert’s
Opinion Testimony .............................................. 157
d. Avoid an Argumentative Tone ................................... 157
e. Preface Argumentative Comments with a
Predictive Phrase ................................................ 158
Illustration of Objection for Improper
Argument ....................................................... 158
B. Reference to Inadmissible or Excluded Evidence.................. 159
Illustration of Objection for Reference
to Inadmissible Evidence ........................................... 159
C. Discussion of the Law ............................................................. 160
Illustration of Proper Discussion of Law ......................... 160
Illustration of Objection for Improper
Discussion of Law....................................................... 161
D. The Advocate’s Personal Beliefs or Opinions ........................ 161
Illustration of Improper Vouching ................................... 162
E. The Ethical Considerations for Opening Statement ............. 162
F. Objections, Curative Instructions, and Mistrials .................. 163
1. Good Manners and Lawyer Etiquette .............................. 163
2. Curative Instructions and Mistrials ................................ 164
Illustration of Curative Instruction .......................... 164
VI. THE LEGAL REQUIREMENTS OF THE OPENING STATEMENT .................... 165
Chapter Six: Direct Examination ................................................... 167

I. OBJECTIVES AND OBSTACLES .............................................................. 169
A. Objectives ................................................................................ 169
B. Obstacles ................................................................................. 170
Figure 6.1: Voir Dire ............................................................. 171
Figure 6.2: Opening Statements and Closing
Arguments ......................................................... 171
Figure 6.3: Direct Examination .......................................... 172
II. PREPARING FOR DIRECT EXAMINATION ................................................ 172
A. Preparing the Witness ........................................................... 173
1. Fact-Gathering ................................................................. 173
2. Preparing Witnesses for Deposition or Trial ................... 173
a. Preparation by Themes or Topics ............................. 174
b. Removing the Mystery about Testifying .................. 175
c. Testimonial Tips and Traps ...................................... 175
d. Preparing for Cross-Examination ............................ 176
e. The “Have you talked to your lawyer?” Question .... 177
f. Rule 612 and Production of Preparation
Materials ............................................................. 177
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g.
The Rules of Ethics and Common Sense
in Witness Preparation ....................................... 178
B. Preparing the Examination ................................................... 178
1. Proof of the Claim or Defense .......................................... 178
2. Order of Witnesses ............................................................ 179
3. Selection of Witnesses ....................................................... 180
C. Structuring the Testimony ..................................................... 181
III. PRINCIPLES FOR EFFECTIVE DIRECT EXAMINATIONS ............................. 182
❖ Principle Number One: Ask Clear and Understandable
Questions .......................................................................... 182
1. Ask Open-Ended Questions .............................................. 182
2. Ask Easily Understood Questions .................................... 183
3. Use the “Double Direct” to Gain Repetition ..................... 184
Illustration of Double Direct Examination ............... 184
❖ Principle Number Two: Use Blocking and Headlining ......... 184
1. The Jury’s View of the Direct Examination ..................... 184
2. The Theory Behind Blocking and Headlining................. 185
3. Headlining and the Prohibition on Leading Questions ... 186
4. Transitioning From One Block to the Next ...................... 186
5. Advantages of Blocking and Headlining ......................... 187
Illustration of Blocking and Headlining ................... 187
❖ Principle Number Three: Personalize Witnesses to Build
Rapport Between Witnesses and Jurors ......................... 190
1. Overview of Personalization and Rapport Building ....... 190
2. The Relevance of Background Material ........................... 190
3. Advantages of Personalization ......................................... 191
Illustration of Personalization and Rapport
Building................................................................ 191
❖ Principle Number Four: Incorporate Pathos ......................... 193
Illustration of “The Feelings Question” ........................... 194
❖ Principle Number Five: Set the Stage ................................... 195
Illustration of Staging ...................................................... 196
❖ Principle Number Six: Fully Develop the Action Sequence..... 198
1. Telling the Story................................................................ 199
2. “Freezing” the Action for Important Points ...................... 199
Illustration of “Freezing” the Action for
Important Points ................................................. 200
3. Filling in the Gaps in the Story........................................ 201
Illustration of Filling in the Gaps in the Story ........ 201
4. Using Demonstrative Aids to Tell the Story Again .......... 202
❖ Principle Number Seven: Emphasize Important
Testimony .......................................................................... 202
Illustration of Double Direct Examination ..................... 203
Illustration of “Parking” on Important Testimony.......... 204
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xx TABLE OF CONTENTS
❖ Principle Number Eight: Use Exhibits

and Demonstrative Aids ................................................... 206
1. Demonstrative Aids Explain, Illustrate,
and Reinforce Witness Testimony .............................. 207
2. Demonstrative Aids Increase Juror Retention ................. 207
3. Demonstrative Aids Make the Complex
Understandable .......................................................... 207
4. Demonstrative Aids Organize Witness Testimony ........... 208
❖ Principle Number Nine: Disclose Material
Weaknesses ....................................................................... 208
1. Disclosure Enhances Credibility ...................................... 208
2. Disclose Only Material Weaknesses ................................. 209
3. Integrating Problematic Facts .......................................... 209
4. Mitigating Damaging Evidence ....................................... 210
5. How to Make the Disclosure During
the Direct Examination .............................................. 211
a. The Conventional Disclosure ..................................... 211
Illustration of Conventional Disclosure ............ 212
b. The Challenge Question ............................................ 214
Illustration of the Challenge Question ............. 215
6. When to Make the Disclosure on Direct Examination ..... 217
❖ Principle Number Ten: Adopt a Winning Attitude
and Demeanor................................................................... 218
1. Do Not Rely on Notes ........................................................ 218
2. Listen to the Answers ........................................................ 219
3. Do Not Echo the Answer ................................................... 220
4. Stand Close to the Jury Box ............................................. 220
IV. REDIRECT EXAMINATION .................................................................... 220
Illustration of Rehabilitation on Redirect Examination ....... 222
V. SPECIAL WITNESSES .......................................................................... 223
A. The Forgetful Witness............................................................. 223
1. Jogging the Memory with Leading Questions ................. 223
Illustration of Use of Leading Questions
to Jog Memory ..................................................... 224
2. Refreshing Recollection .................................................... 224
Illustration of Refreshing Recollection ..................... 225
3. When Memory Fails, Past Recollection Recorded ............ 225
Illustration of Past Recollection Recorded ................ 226
B. The Adverse Witness .............................................................. 226
Illustration of Examination of Adverse Witness ............. 228
C. The Child Witness................................................................... 229
1. Competency of Child Witnesses ........................................ 229
2. Accommodations for Child Witnesses .............................. 229
Illustration of Direct Examination of a Child
Witness ................................................................. 231
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Chapter Seven: Trial Exhibits and Demonstrative

Evidence ....................................................................................... 233
I. OVERVIEW AND PURPOSE OF EXHIBITS ................................................ 235

Figure 7.1: Diagram of Intersection ........................................... 235
A. Exhibits Explain and Clarify Testimony ............................... 236
B. Exhibits Reinforce Testimony and Enhance Juror
Retention ............................................................................... 237
C. Exhibits Heighten and Maintain Juror Interest ................... 238
D. Exhibits Satisfy Juror Expectations ...................................... 238
II. TYPES OF EXHIBITS AND DEMONSTRATIVE AIDS ................................... 239

A. Real Evidence .......................................................................... 239
B. Documentary Evidence ........................................................... 239
C. Demonstrative Evidence ......................................................... 240
III. ADMISSION OF EXHIBITS AND DEMONSTRATIVE AIDS ............................ 240

A. Foundational Requirements ................................................... 240
B. Special Considerations for Electronic Evidence .................... 241
C. Laying Foundations and Introducing Exhibits ..................... 242
1. Describe the Exhibit .......................................................... 242
Illustration of Describing Exhibit ............................. 242
2. Mark the Exhibit for Identification Purposes .................. 242
Illustration of Marking Exhibit ................................. 243
3. Show Exhibit to Opposing Counsel .................................. 243
Illustration of Showing Exhibit
to Opponent ......................................................... 243
4. Give Exhibit to Witness, Lay Foundation ........................ 243
Illustration of Laying Foundation ............................. 244
5. Move Exhibit into Evidence .............................................. 244
Illustration of Moving Exhibit into Evidence ........... 244
Illustration of Voir Dire Questioning
about Foundation................................................. 245
6. Publish Exhibit to the Jury .............................................. 245
Illustration of Publication of Real Evidence ............. 246
Illustration of Publication of Enlarged
Documentary Exhibit .......................................... 247
D. Foundations for Specific Types of Exhibits............................ 247
1. Real Evidence.................................................................... 247
Illustration of Establishing the Chain
of Custody ............................................................ 248
2. Documentary Evidence ..................................................... 250
a. Authentication of Business Records ......................... 251
Illustration of Business Record Authenticated
by Custodian of Records ............................. 252
b. Authentication of E-mail Messages .......................... 253
c. Authentication by Lay Witness Opinion ................... 254
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xxii TABLE OF CONTENTS
Illustration of Authentication of a Will

with Lay Witness Opinion Testimony ........ 254
d. Authentication by the Reply Doctrine ...................... 255
Illustration of Letter Authenticated
by the Reply Doctrine.................................. 255
e. Summaries ................................................................. 256
Illustration of Expert Witness Testimony
Utilizing a Summary................................... 257
3. Demonstrative Evidence and Visual Aids ....................... 258
a. Charts, Drawings, Diagrams, and Maps .................. 258
Illustration of Laying a Foundation
for a Diagram .............................................. 259
b. Photographs ............................................................... 260
Illustration of Authentication
of Photographs ............................................. 260
c. Videotapes .................................................................. 261
Illustration of Videotape Authentication.......... 261
d. Tape Recordings ......................................................... 262
Illustration of Authentication of Audiotape
Recording ..................................................... 263
e. Computer Animation ................................................. 264
Illustration of Authentication of Computer
Animation .................................................... 265
f. Models and Other Demonstrative Objects ................ 266
Illustration of Authentication of Demonstrative
Evidence of Murder Weapon ....................... 267
g. Demonstrations .......................................................... 268
Illustration of In-Court Demonstration ............ 268
h. Visual Aids ................................................................. 270
E. The Timing of Offering and Publishing Exhibits .................. 270
1. When to Offer Exhibits ..................................................... 270
Illustration of Offering Exhibits into Evidence ........ 271
2. When to Publish Exhibits ................................................. 272
IV. PRINCIPLES FOR MAXIMIZING THE USEFULNESS AND PERSUASIVE

IMPACT OF EXHIBITS .................................................................... 273
❖ Principle Number One: Keep Demonstrative
Exhibits Simple, Clear, and Easily
Understandable ................................................................ 273
❖ Principle Number Two: Disclose One Piece
of Information at a Time .................................................. 273
❖ Principle Number Three: Keep Exhibits Proportionate
to the Case and Opponent ................................................ 274
❖ Principle Number Four: Do Not Rely on Exhibits
to the Exclusion of Advocacy ............................................ 274
❖ Principle Number Five: Be Careful of Overselling................ 274
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❖ Principle Number Six: Anticipate Evidentiary Hurdles ....... 275

❖ Principle Number Seven: Practice, Practice, Practice .......... 275
❖ Principle Number Eight: Ensure that Exhibits
can be Seen by Jurors....................................................... 275
Chapter Eight: Cross-Examination ................................................ 277

II. PREPARATION .................................................................................... 280
A. Brainstorming: Identifying Potential Areas of Inquiry ........ 280
B. Honing: Making the Final Cut ............................................... 281
C. Organizing: Ordering the Cross-Examination Points ........... 282
D. Deciding: Choosing Whether to Cross-Examine
the Witness ....................................................................... 284
III. PRINCIPLES FOR EFFECTIVE CROSS-EXAMINATION ................................ 285
❖ Principle Number One: Wear the White Hat ........................ 285
❖ Principle Number Two: Ask Only Leading Questions .......... 285
❖ Principle Number Three: One Fact, One Question ............... 286
Illustration of Multiple Fact Question ............................ 287
Illustration of One Fact, One Question ........................... 287
Illustration of Emphasizing Damaging Testimony ......... 288
❖ Principle Number Four: Maintain Control
by Repeating the Question ............................................... 289
1. The Wrong Approaches ..................................................... 289
a. The Admonition.......................................................... 289
b. The Interruption ........................................................ 290
c. The Objection ............................................................. 291
2. The Right Approach: Repeat the Question ....................... 291
Illustration of Repeating the Question ..................... 292
❖ Principle Number Five: Maintain Control
by Listening to the Answers ............................................ 292
Illustration of Nailing Down an Equivocal Witness ....... 294
Illustration of Impeachment by Common Sense ............. 294
❖ Principle Number Six: Do Not Ask Questions that
Lose Control ...................................................................... 295
Illustration of Use of Characterization ........................... 296
Illustration of Walking Witness Up the Ladder.............. 296
Illustration of Asking One Question Too Many .............. 298
❖ Principle Number Seven: Be Protected on
Every Question ................................................................. 299
❖ Principle Number Eight: Argue Using Cross-Examination
Questions .......................................................................... 300
Figure 8.1: Cross Examination ............................................ 301
Illustration of Arguing Using Cross-Examination
Questions ............................................................. 302
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xxiv TABLE OF CONTENTS
IV. IMPEACHMENT ................................................................................... 304

A. Bias, Prejudice, Interest, or Motive ....................................... 305
Illustration of Impeachment by Bias ............................... 305
Illustration of Impeachment of Expert for Bias .............. 306
B. Inadequate Observation or Lack of Perception ..................... 307
Illustration of Impeachment Based on
Lack of Perception ...................................................... 308
C. Faulty Memory ........................................................................ 309
Illustration of Impeachment Based
on Lack of Memory..................................................... 309
D. Conduct Inconsistent with Events ......................................... 310
Illustration of Impeachment by Conduct ........................ 310
E. Criminal Record ...................................................................... 311
Illustration of Impeachment by Prior Conviction ........... 312
F. Nonconviction Misconduct ...................................................... 313
Illustration of Impeachment by Nonconviction
Misconduct ................................................................. 313
G. Impeachment by Omission ..................................................... 314
Illustration of Impeachment by Omission ....................... 315
H. Prior Inconsistent Statements ............................................... 316
Illustration of Impeachment by Prior
Inconsistent Statement.............................................. 317
Illustration of Refreshing Recollection/Impeachment
by Prior Inconsistent Statement ............................... 319
I. Impeachment by Common Sense or Contradiction ............... 320
Illustration of Impeachment by Common Sense
or Contradiction ......................................................... 321
Chapter Nine: Objections ................................................................. 323
II. PROCEDURAL REQUIREMENTS FOR OBJECTIONS

AND OFFERS OF PROOF ................................................................ 326
A. Requirements for Objections .................................................. 326
B. Requirements for Offers of Proof ........................................... 326
III. PRINCIPLES OF OBJECTION STRATEGY AND PROTOCOL .......................... 327

❖ Principle Number One: Keep Objectionable
and Harmful Evidence from the Jury ............................. 327
❖ Principle Number Two: Anticipate Objections ...................... 328
❖ Principle Number Three: View Oral Argument
as the Last, Best Chance for Admission
or Exclusion of Evidence .................................................. 329
❖ Principle Number Four: Prepare Witnesses
for Objections .................................................................... 330
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❖ Principle Number Five: Avoid Unnecessary Sidebar

Conferences ....................................................................... 330
❖ Principle Number Six: Do Not Address Opposing
Counsel.............................................................................. 330
❖ Principle Number Seven: Avoid Speaking or Standing
Objections.......................................................................... 331
Illustration of a Standing Objection ................................ 331
❖ Principle Number Eight: Concede Appropriate
Objections.......................................................................... 331
❖ Principle Number Nine: Avoid Being Overly Aggressive ...... 332
❖ Principle Number Ten: Limiting Instructions
Cure Nothing .................................................................... 332
IV. OBJECTIONS ...................................................................................... 333
A. Objections to Inadmissible Evidence ..................................... 333
1. Irrelevant; Unfairly Prejudicial ........................................ 333
Illustration of Irrelevant Line of Questioning .......... 334
2. Hearsay ............................................................................. 334
Illustration of Testimony Eliciting
Hearsay ................................................................ 335
3. Lacks Foundation ............................................................. 335
Illustration of Foundational Concern ....................... 335
4. Calls for Speculation ........................................................ 336
Illustration of a Question that Calls
for a Witness to Speculate................................... 336
5. Impermissible Opinion Testimony ................................... 336
Illustration of Impermissible Lay Opinion
Testimony ............................................................. 337
Illustration of Impermissible Expert Witness
Testimony ............................................................. 337
6. Best Evidence .................................................................... 337
Illustration of Best Evidence Concern ...................... 338
7. Privileged .......................................................................... 338
Illustration of a Question Invoking Privilege ........... 338
8. Cumulative........................................................................ 339
Illustration of Objection for Cumulative
Evidence ............................................................... 339
9. Impermissible Character Evidence .................................. 339
Illustration of a Question Eliciting
Impermissible Character Evidence .................... 339
Illustration of a Question Eliciting Evidence
of a Prior Act to Show Motive ............................. 340
10. Beyond the Scope .............................................................. 340
Illustration of a Question that Asks the Witness
to Go Beyond the Scope of the Previous
Examination ........................................................ 341
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xxvi TABLE OF CONTENTS
11. Improper Impeachment .................................................... 341

Illustration of a Question that Seeks to
Improperly Impeach ............................................ 341
B. Objections to the Form of the Question ................................. 342
1. Leading ............................................................................. 342
Illustration of a Leading Question ............................ 342
Illustration of Leading a Witness While
Laying a Foundation............................................ 343
2. Argumentative................................................................... 343
Illustration of an Argumentative Question .............. 343
3. Calls for a Narrative ......................................................... 343
Illustration of a Question that Calls for
a Narrative Response .......................................... 344
4. Nonresponsive Answer ...................................................... 344
Illustration of a Nonresponsive Answer ................... 345
5. Compound ......................................................................... 345
Illustration of a Compound Question ........................ 345
6. Misstates the Evidence...................................................... 345
Illustration of a Question that Misstates
the Evidence......................................................... 346
7. Assumes Facts Not in Evidence ........................................ 346
Illustration of a Question that Assumes Facts
Not in Evidence.................................................... 346
8. Asked and Answered......................................................... 347
Illustration of an Asked and Answered
Question ............................................................... 347
9. Unintelligible, Vague, or Confusing ................................. 347
Illustration of an Unintelligible Question ................ 347
Chapter Ten: Expert Witnesses ....................................................... 349

I. OVERVIEW: THE UNIQUE ROLE OF EXPERTS ........................................ 351
II. A PRIMER ON THE EVIDENTIARY REQUIREMENTS FOR EXPERT
WITNESS TESTIMONY ................................................................... 353
A. Who is an Expert? ................................................................... 353
B. What Can an Expert Say? ...................................................... 354
1. Daubert, Kumho Tire, and Evidentiary
Reliability ................................................................... 354
2. Reliability Under Rule 702............................................... 355
3. Opinions on the Ultimate Issue ........................................ 356
C. What Can an Expert Rely on in Forming Opinions? ............ 357
D. When Can Experts Give Their Opinions?.............................. 358
E. Prepare Your Expert Well Before Trial Begins ..................... 359
III. THE STRUCTURE AND CONTENT OF THE DIRECT EXAMINATION
OF EXPERTS ................................................................................ 359
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A. The Challenges and Opportunities of Experts ...................... 359

B. The Content of the Direct Examination ................................ 360
1. Personalization ................................................................. 360
Illustration of Personalization of Expert .................. 361
2. The Preview Question ....................................................... 361
Illustration of Preview Question ............................... 362
3. Professional Qualifications .............................................. 362
a. Show Genuine Interest in the Expert’s
Qualifications ...................................................... 363
b. Cover the Qualifications
Comprehensively ................................................. 364
c. Link the Expert’s Qualifications to the Issues
in the Case ........................................................... 364
Illustration of Linkage of Expert
Qualifications to Testimony ........................ 365
d. “Prick the Boil” of the Expert’s Payment
or Other Biases.................................................... 366
Illustration of Qualifications Block for
a Medical Examiner .................................... 366
4. The Basis........................................................................... 369
a. Prepare the Way for the Expert’s Opinion ................ 370
b. From General to Specific ........................................... 370
c. Disclose the Content of the Underlying
Facts or Data ....................................................... 371
Illustration of Basis Block for an Economist
in a Personal Injury Case ........................... 372
5. Opinions ............................................................................ 374
Illustration of Medical Examiner Opinion
Block ..................................................................... 375
6. Reasons ............................................................................. 376
Illustration of Reasons Block .................................... 376
7. Multiple Opinions/Rebutting the Opposing
Expert’s Opinions ....................................................... 377
IV. PRINCIPLES FOR EFFECTIVE DIRECT EXAMINATIONS OF EXPERTS........... 378
❖ Principle Number One: Use Plain Language ........................ 378
❖ Principle Number Two: Disclose Payment and Other
Bases for Bias ................................................................... 379
Illustration of Disclosure of Payment .............................. 379
❖ Principle Number Three: Use Visual and
Demonstrative Aids .......................................................... 380
❖ Principle Number Four: Use Lists ......................................... 382
Illustration of Expert’s Use of a List ............................... 383
❖ Principle Number Five: Know the Preference
of the Trial Judge About Whether to Tender
Experts (And Do Not Tender Unless You Have To) ........ 384
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xxviii TABLE OF CONTENTS
❖ Principle Number Six: Keep it Simple; Use Metaphors

and Analogies to Explain and Clarify the Testimony..... 385
❖ Principle Number Seven: Refuse to Treat Experts as
Commodities ..................................................................... 386
V. THE CROSS-EXAMINATION OF EXPERTS ............................................... 388
A. Special Challenges in the Cross-Examination
of Experts .......................................................................... 388
B. Potential Areas of Inquiry ...................................................... 388
1. Constructive Facts and Areas of Agreement .................... 388
2. Attacking Qualifications................................................... 389
a. Precluding the Testimony: Voir Dire of Experts ....... 390
Illustration of Voir Dire Examination ................ 390
b. Attacking Weight ....................................................... 392
i. Contrasting Credentials ...................................... 392
Illustration of Cross-Examination
of Experts (Contrasting Expert
Credentials) .......................................... 392
ii. The All-Purpose Expert....................................... 393
of the All-Purpose Expert..................... 394
3. Attacking Motivation—Bias or Prejudice: Fees,
Relationships, Preconceptions ................................... 396
Illustration of Linkage of Expert’s Payment ............ 397
4. Attacking the Expert’s Basis ............................................. 399
a. Unsupported Assumptions ........................................ 399
Illustration of Attacking Expert Economist’s
Assumptions ................................................ 400
b. Lack of Personal Knowledge ...................................... 401
Illustration of Attacking Expert’s Lack
of Personal Knowledge ................................ 402
c. Inadequate Preparation............................................. 402
on Expert’s Inadequate Preparation .......... 403
d. Mistakes or Errors of Computation, Reporting,
Recording, or Analyzing ...................................... 405
Illustration of Attacking Miscalculation
in Forming an Opinion ................................ 405
5. Attacking Opinions ........................................................... 409
Illustration of Attack on Expert’s Flawed
Methodology ......................................................... 411
C. Tools for Cross-Examination of Experts ................................ 415
1. Learned Treatises ............................................................. 415
Illustration of Use of Learned Treatise
on Cross-Examination ......................................... 417
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2. Hypothetical Questions ..................................................... 418

Illustration of Use of Hypothetical Question
on Cross-Examination ......................................... 419
3. Past Writings or Testimony—Inconsistencies .................. 420
4. Impeachment by Omission ............................................... 421
Chapter Eleven: Closing Argument ................................................ 423

I. OVERVIEW AND PURPOSE OF THE CLOSING ARGUMENT ......................... 425
II. THE STRUCTURE OF THE CLOSING ARGUMENT ..................................... 426
A. Deliver a Powerful Introduction ............................................. 427
1st Illustration of the Grab .............................................. 427
2nd Illustration of the Grab ............................................. 428
B. Present the Law ...................................................................... 428
1. Jury Instructions .............................................................. 429
2. Sources of Jury Instructions ............................................ 430
3. Making the Law Understandable..................................... 431
Illustration Explaining Strict Liability
Instruction ........................................................... 433
Illustration Explaining Witness Credibility
Instruction ........................................................... 434
C. Integrate the Law Into the Facts ........................................... 435
Illustration Integrating the Facts into the Law ............. 435
D. Use a List to Emphasize the Key Points ................................ 437
Illustration of the Use of a List........................................ 438
E. Exploit Opposing Party’s Weaknesses ................................... 439
1st Illustration Using a Rhetorical Question
to Exploit a Weakness ................................................ 439
2nd Illustration Using a Rhetorical Question
to Exploit a Weakness ................................................ 439
F. Confront, Integrate, and Mitigate Contrary Evidence .......... 440
Illustration of Confronting and Mitigating
Harmful Evidence ...................................................... 440
G. Conclude: Clearly and Precisely Tell the Jury
What You Want Them to Do ............................................ 441
III. PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE CLOSING ARGUMENTS ................................. 442
❖ Principle Number One: Build and Maintain
Credibility ......................................................................... 442
❖ Principle Number Two: Integrate the Case Theme .............. 445
❖ Principle Number Three: Engage in a Horizontal
Dialogue with the Jury .................................................... 445
❖ Principle Number Four: Employ the Tools
of Argument ...................................................................... 447
1. Recall, Do not Rehash....................................................... 447
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xxx TABLE OF CONTENTS
Illustration of Selective Recall .................................. 448

2. Use Rhetorical Questions.................................................. 449
3. Use Analogies, Anecdotes, and Stories............................. 449
Illustration of an Anecdote as a Tool
of Argument ......................................................... 451
Illustration of an Analogy as a Tool
of Argument ......................................................... 452
4. Appeal to Common Sense ................................................. 453
Illustration of the Use of Common
Sense as a Tool of Argument ............................... 454
❖ Principle Number Five: Use Demonstrative
Aids and Exhibits ............................................................. 455
❖ Principle Number Six: Recognize the Limits
of Your Audience ............................................................... 456
1. Be Brief.............................................................................. 456
2. Keep it Simple ................................................................... 457
❖ Principle Number Seven: Adopt a Persuasive Style.............. 458
1. Understand and Utilize Non-Verbal
Communication .......................................................... 458
2. Eliminate Barriers to Your Message ................................ 459
❖ Principle Number Eight: Display Passion
and Conviction; Invoke Both Logic and Emotion ............ 461
Illustration of Logic Tempered with Conviction
and Emotion ............................................................... 461
❖ Principle Number Nine: Take the Rebuttal Seriously .......... 464
IV. LIMITATIONS ON CLOSING ARGUMENT ................................................. 465
A. Prohibitions on Closing........................................................... 466
1. Avoid Misstating the Evidence ......................................... 466
2. Avoid Personal Opinion .................................................... 466
3. Avoid “Golden Rule” Arguments ...................................... 466
4. Avoid Any Reference to Excluded Evidence ..................... 467
5. Avoid Disparaging Opposing Counsel or the
Opposing Party ........................................................... 467
6. Avoid Racial, Religious, Ethnic, or Economic Bias......... 468
7. Avoid Grandiose Assertions ............................................. 468
Illustration of the Successful “Send
a Message” Theme ............................................... 468
8. Avoid Comment on a Criminal Defendant’s
Failure to Testify or to Produce Evidence .................. 469
Illustration of Prosecutor’s Comment
on Defendant’s Failure to Testify ....................... 469
9. Avoid Urging Jury Nullification ...................................... 469
B. Objection Strategy on Closing ................................................ 469
Appendix: Federal Rules of Evidence ............................................ 471
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TABLE OF AUTHORITIES
FEDERAL, STATE, AND PROFESSIONAL

RESPONSIBILITY RULES
A.B.A. Model R. Prof. Conduct 3.3(a)(2) ................................................... 178
A.B.A. Model R. Prof. Conduct 3.3(a)(4) ................................................... 178
A.B.A. Model R. Prof. Conduct 3.4(b)........................................................ 178
A.B.A. Model R. Prof. Conduct 3.4(e) ........................................................163
Cal. Code Civ. Proc. § 231 ............................................................................81
Cal. Evid. Code § 801 .................................................................................134
Cal. Evid. Code § 1341 ............................................................................... 417
1 Cal. Jury Instructions, Crim. § 2.21.2 (1996) ........................................434
1 Cal. Jury Instructions, Crim. § 2.01 (1996) ...........................................432
Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 26(a)(2)(B) .....................................................................420
Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 26(b)(3) .......................................................................... 177
Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 47 .....................................................................................79
Fed. R. Crim. Proc. 24 ..................................................................................79
Fed. R. Crim. Proc. 24(b) .............................................................................81
Fed. R. Evid. 103 ..........................................................................................67
Fed. R. Evid. 103(a) ....................................................................................326
Fed. R. Evid. 105 ........................................................................................332
Fed. R. Evid. 401 ..........................................................................65, 333, 360
Fed. R. Evid. 402 ........................................................................................333
Fed. R. Evid. 403 .................................................... 61, 64, 339, 341, 347, 356
Fed. R. Evid. 404 ........................................................................................339
Fed. R. Evid. 404(b) ........................................................................61, 65, 340
Fed. R. Evid. 407 ........................................................................................334
Fed. R. Evid. 408 ..................................................................................60, 334
Fed. R. Evid. 410 ..................................................................................61, 334
Fed. R. Evid. 411 ..................................................................................60, 334
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xxxii TABLE OF AUTHORITIES
Fed. R. Evid. 412 ........................................................................................334

Fed. R. Evid. 601 ........................................................................................229
Fed. R. Evid. 602 ........................................................................335, 336, 352
Fed. R. Evid. 608 ........................................................................................341
Fed. R. Evid. 608(b) ....................................................................................313
Fed. R. Evid. 609 .......................................................................... 63, 311, 341
Fed. R. Evid. 609(a)(1) .........................................................................62, 311
Fed. R. Evid. 609(a)(2) ...............................................................................312
Fed. R. Evid. 609(b) ....................................................................................312
Fed. R. Evid. 610 ........................................................................................341
Fed. R. Evid. 611 ........................................................................183, 340, 347
Fed. R. Evid. 611(c) ............................................ 182, 186, 223, 227, 253, 342
Fed R. Evid. 612 ..........................................................................177, 178, 225
Fed. R. Evid. 613(a) .................................................................................... 317
Fed. R. Evid. 615 ..........................................................................................68
Fed. R. Evid. 701 ................................................................254, 263, 336, 352
Fed. R. Evid. 702 ............................... 134, 336, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 362,
369, 389, 390, 396, 409–411
Fed. R. Evid. 703 ........................................................ 352, 353, 357, 358, 371
Fed. R. Evid. 704 ................................................................................353, 357
Fed. R. Evid. 704(a) ....................................................................................352
Fed. R. Evid. 705 ................................................................................353, 358
Fed. R. Evid. 706 ........................................................................................353
Fed. R. Evid. 801 ........................................................................................334
Fed. R. Evid. 801(d)(1)(C) ..........................................................................221
Fed. R. Evid. 802 ........................................................................................334
Fed. R. Evid. 803 ................................................................................334, 415
Fed. R. Evid. 803(5) ....................................................................................225
Fed. R. Evid. 803(6) ....................................................................................251
Fed. R. Evid. 803(18) .......................................................................... 415, 416
Fed. R. Evid. 804 ........................................................................................334
Fed. R. Evid. 805 ........................................................................................334
Fed. R. Evid. 806 ........................................................................................334
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TABLE OF AUTHORITIES xxxiii
Fed. R. Evid. 807 ........................................................................................334

Fed. R. Evid. 901 ........................................................................................335
Fed. R. Evid. 901(a) ............................................................................240, 248
Fed. R. Evid. 901(b)(1) ...............................................................................250
Fed. R. Evid. 901(b)(2) .......................................................................250, 254
Fed. R. Evid. 901(b)(3) ...............................................................................250
Fed. R. Evid. 901(b)(4) .......................................................................250, 255
Fed. R. Evid. 901(b)(7) ...............................................................................250
Fed. R. Evid. 901(b)(8) ...............................................................................250
Fed R. Evid. 902 .........................................................................................250
Fed. R. Evid. 902(11) ..................................................................................251
Fed. R. Evid. 1001 ......................................................................................338
Fed. R. Evid. 1002 ..............................................................................240, 338
Fed. R. Evid. 1003 ..............................................................................251, 338
Fed. R. Evid. 1004 ......................................................................................338
Fed. R. Evid. 1005 ......................................................................................338
Fed. R. Evid. 1006 ......................................................................................338
Fed. R. Evid. 1007 ......................................................................................338
UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT CASES

Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 (1986) .....................................................109
Best v. District of Columbia, 291 U.S. 411 (1934) .....................................165
Daubert v. Merrill Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc.,
509 U.S. 579 (1993) ....................................................354, 355, 369, 389
JEB v. Alabama, 511 U.S. 127 (1994) .........................................................85
Krulewitch v. United States, 336 U.S. 440 (1949) .....................................333
Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael,
526 U.S. 137 (1999) ............................................................354, 355, 411
Ohler v. United States, 529 U.S. 753 (2000) ................................................66
United States v. Dinitz, 424 U.S. 600 (1976) .............................................154
UNITED STATES CIRCUIT COURT CASES

Frye v. United States, 293 F. 1013 (D.C. Cir. 1923) ...................................354
Hanley v. United States, 416 F.2d 1160 (5th Cir. 1969) ............................165
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xxxiv TABLE OF AUTHORITIES
Morgan v. Koch, 419 F.2d 993 (7th Cir. 1969) ...........................................165

Sorenson v. Shaklee Corp., 31 F.3d 638 (8th Cir. 1994) ............................410
United States v. Downing, 753 F.2d 1224 (3d Cir. 1992) ..........................355
United States v. Tranowski, 659 F.2d 750 (7th Cir. 1981) ........................410
Webb v. United States, 191 F.2d 512 (10th Cir. 1951)................................165
STATE COURT CASES

Brown v. State, 933 P.2d 187 (Nev. 1997) ..................................................154
Daly v. Bergstedt, 126 N.W.2d 242 (Minn. 1964) ......................................410
Estate of Silkwood v. Kerr-McGee Corp., Cause No. 76-0888
(D. Ct. Okla. 1979) ...............................................................................46
Fields v. Commonwealth, 343 S.E.2d 379 (Vir. Ct. App. 1986) ................154
Hill v. State, 144 Tex. Crim. 415 (1941) ....................................................467
People v. Simpson, Cause No. BA097211, 1991 WL 394321
(Cal. Super. Ct. 1995) ........................................................................405
State v. Phillip Morris, Inc., No. C1-94-8565, 1998 WL 36940
(Minn. Dist. Ct. 1988) ..........................................................................46
State v. Sanchez, 923 P.2d 934 (Haw. Ct. App. 1996) ...............................154
State v. Thurlo, 830 S.W.2d 891 (Mo. Ct. App. 1992) ...............................165
Thompson v. State, 381 A.2d 704 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 1978)....................154
United States v. Nichols, No. 96-CR-68, 1997 WL 677907
(D. Colo. 1997) .....................................................................................46
STATUTES
28 U.S.C. § 1861 .........................................................................................111
28 U.S.C. § 1870 ...........................................................................................81
SECONDARY AUTHORITIES
3 The Great Ideas 645 (Mortimer J. Adler ed. 1985) ..................................14
5 J. Wigmore, Evidence § 1367 (Chadbourn rev. 1974) ............................278
American Heritage Dictionary, at 937 (3rd ed. 1992) ..............................435
Bugliosi, Vincent & Gentry, Curt, Helter Skelter, at 407–12
(W.W. Norton & Co. 1994) (original publication date 1974) ............436
Cacioppo, John T. & Petty, Richard E., Effects of Message Repetition
and Position on Cognitive Response, Recall, and Persuasion,
37 J. Personality & Soc. Psych. 97, at 105–07 (1979).........................32
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TABLE OF AUTHORITIES xxxv
Caldwell, H. Mitchell, Name Calling at Trial: Placing Parameters

on the Prosecutor, 8 Am. J. Trial Advocacy 385 (1986)....................467
Caldwell, H. Mitchell et al., The Art and Architecture
of Closing Argument, 72 Tulane L. Rev. 1 (2002) ......................42, 423
Caldwell, H. Mitchell et al., Primacy, Recency, Ethos & Pathos:
Integrating Principles of Communication into the Direct
Examination, 76 Notre Dame L. Rev. 423 (2001) ..................... 187, 382
Coleman, Howard & Swenson, Eric, DNA in the Courtroom:
A Trial Watcher’s Guide, at 3............................................................386
Colley, Michael F., “The Opening Statement: Structure,
Issues, Techniques,” Trial, at 54 (Nov. 1982) ...........................116, 425
Darrow, Clarence, “Attorney for the Defense,” Esquire,
May 1936, at 3, 211 ..............................................................................84
Duff, John J., Abraham Lincoln: Prairie Lawyer, at 350 (1996) .............237
Graham, Michael H., Expert Witness Testimony and the Federal
Rules of Evidence: Insuring Adequate Assurance
of Trustworthiness, 1986 U. Ill. L. Rev. 43 .......................................353
Gross, Samuel P., Expert Evidence, 1991 Wis. L. Rev. 1113 ....................134
Gross, Samuel R. & Syverud, Kent D., Don’t Try: Civil Jury Verdicts
in a System Geared to Settlement, 44 UCLA L. Rev. 1 (1996) .........352
Hill, Frederick Trevor, Lincoln the Lawyer, at 216–17 .............................451
Imwinkelried, Edward J., Evidentiary Foundations,
at 59–69 (4th ed. 1998) ..............................................................254, 265
King, Stephen, On Writing, at 214 (2000) ...................................................45
Landsman, Stephen, The Civil Jury in America,
62 Law & Contemp. Prob., at 285, 287, and 295 (1999).....................44
Lief, Michael S. et al., Ladies and Gentlemen
of the Jury, (Scribner 1998)................. 41, 425, 428, 432, 452, 461, 468
McElhaney, James W., McElhaney’s Trial Notebook,
(2nd ed. 1987)...............................................................................43, 453
Neitzel, Michael T. & Dillehay, Ronald C., Psychological
Consultation in the Courtroom, at 143 (1986) ............................20, 124
Pennington, Nancy & Hastie, Reid, “The Story Model
for Juror Decision Making,” in Inside the Juror:
The Psychology of Juror Decision Making, at 192,
194, and 217 (R. Hastie, ed.1993)......................................................120
Perrin, L. Timothy, From O.J. to McVeigh: The Use of Argument
in the Opening Statements, 48 Emory L.J. 107 (1998).................... 153
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xxxvi TABLE OF AUTHORITIES
Reike, Richard D. & Stutman, Randall K., Communication

in Legal Advocacy, at 109 (1990).........................................................15
Roberts, Margaret, Trial Psychology, at 23 (1987) ...................... 22, 73, 425
Spence, Gerry, How to Argue and Win Every Time, at 47 (1995) ...... 17, 443
Standing, Lionel et al., Perception and Memory for Pictures:
Single-Trial Learning of 2500 Visual Simuli,
19 Psychonomic Sci. 73 (1970) ........................................................... 26
Stern, Herbert J., Trying Cases to Win (1991) ...................................18, 122
Wellman, Francis L., Day in Court, at 125 (1914) ..................................... 84
Wyer, Robert S. & Small, Thomas K., “The Processing
of Social Stimulus Information: A Conceptual
Integration,” in Person Memory: The Cognitive Basis
of Social Perception, at 227, 254–255 ................................................ 23
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Copyright © 2011 Carolina Academic Press, LLC. All rights reserved.

THE ART & SCIENCE

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LEXISNEXIS LAW SCHOOL

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THE ART & SCIENCE

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to

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–L. Timothy Perrin

–H. Mitchell Caldwell

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The authors gratefully acknowledge the generous support they have

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simulation of advocacy in practice will prove helpful and instructive. The

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Table of Authorities ......................................................................... xxxi

Chapter One: Introduction To Trial Advocacy.......................... 1

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xii TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Two: Case Development .................................................... 35

Chapter Three: Motions .................................................................... 51

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TABLE OF CONTENTS xiii

3. Typical Motions in Limine................................................ 58

Chapter Four: Jury Selection .......................................................... 71

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xiv TABLE OF CONTENTS

D. Questioning by the Judge ....................................................... 77

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Illustration of Voir Dire on Attitudes

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xvi TABLE OF CONTENTS

C. Asking a Question That is Not Related to

Chapter Five: Opening Statement .................................................. 113

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TABLE OF CONTENTS xvii

E. Disclose Weaknesses ............................................................... 135

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xviii TABLE OF CONTENTS

Illustration Comparing Argumentative

Chapter Six: Direct Examination ................................................... 167

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TABLE OF CONTENTS xix

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❖ Principle Number Eight: Use Exhibits

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TABLE OF CONTENTS xxi

Chapter Seven: Trial Exhibits and Demonstrative

I. OVERVIEW AND PURPOSE OF EXHIBITS ................................................ 235

II. TYPES OF EXHIBITS AND DEMONSTRATIVE AIDS ................................... 239

III. ADMISSION OF EXHIBITS AND DEMONSTRATIVE AIDS ............................ 240

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xxii TABLE OF CONTENTS

Illustration of Authentication of a Will