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.S I 112 - 1111
XXXX)
( Reaffirmed 2003
, ..
indian 'Standar4 2008
(Reaffirmed!2013)!
(Reaffirmed 2019)
GLOSSARY OP TERMS -'
ltBLATING TO WBLDING AND
CUITING OF MRTALS
(s....\h a.pllat MARCH lPilI)

tlpe 611'1111 dl(W4

0.,,....., m.
lIu ..... u 0 .. INDIAN ST4"D4.DS
IUrWC IIIIAVAN. • lI4lf4DUa tHAII ZAl'AIl >U.I.O
NBW DBL8IIlIOOl

," -
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IS ~ 812 .. 1957

Indian Standard
GLOSSARY OF TERMS RELATING TO
WELDING .AND CUTTING Of METALS
Stroctural Steel Sectional Committee, BDC 7
CA.i,,";.n
SHRI J. J; GRANDV Director-in-Charge, The Tata Iron & Steel Co. Ltd.,
Jamshedpur
SHRt P. H. KUTAR ( Altel'ntlte Technical. Director, The Tata Iron & Steel Co. Ltd.,
Cilai,,_n ) Jamshedpur
Members
SHRI N. PADMANABHA AVVAR MiniStry of Iron & Steel
SHRI N. C. BAGCHI GoVernment Test House, Calcutta
SHRI S. L.BAZAZ Roads· Wing, Ministry of Transport
SHRI P. C. POClNEN (Alternatt)
MR. H. M. CROWE Durgapur Steel Mills, Durgapur
SHRI S. DAS GUPTA The Tata Iron & Steel Co. Ltd., J amsbedpur
MR. H. HODGKINS.ON (Alte"nate)
SHRI D. S. DESAI (i) Braithwaite, Bum & Jessop Construction Co.
Ltd., Calcutta;
(ii) Institution of ·Engineers (India), Calcutta; and
(iii) Indian Roads Congt'ess, New Delhi
SHRI M. P .. NAGARSHETH Indian Roads Congress, New Delhi
( Alternate )
DIRECTOR Central Building Research Institute (CSIR),
Roorkee
SHRI R. N. DUT'r Iron & Steel Controller, Calcutta
DR. B. D. KALRLKAR Development Wing, Ministry of Commerce &
Industry
SHRI N. KRISHNASWAMI ( A lternale )
SHRI T. KRISHNAPPA Mysore Iron & Steel Works, Bhadravati
SHRI A. S. V ALLISH" VEE ( Alternate )
SHRI S. L. KUMAR Structural Steel Research Subcommittee (EDC 7; 4).
Indian Standards Institution
DR. A. K. MALLIK Indian Iron & Steel Co. Ltd., Bumpur
SHRI T. J. MANICKAM Indian Instit'lte of Architects, Bombay
MR. J. W. MILLER Indian Engineering Association, Calcutta
MR. W. D. HOLTON ( Alternate )
SRRI S. K. MITRA Engineering Association of India; Calcutta
SHRI S. SRINIVASAN ( Alternate )
SHRI K. K. NATHANl Inspection Wing, Directorate General of Supplies &
Disposals (Ministry of Works, Housing &-
Supply)
MR. E. P. NICOLAIDES J. C. Gammon Ltd., Bombay
( Continued on page 2)

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS


MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
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IS: 812 - 1957

(Contd from page 1 )


DR. O. G. F. PAULSSEN Palm Court. Queens Road. Bombay
MR. J. W. RANKIN Bridge & Roof Co. (India) Ltd .• Calcutta
SHRI A. L. RAo Central Public Works Department. New Delhi
REPRESENTATIVE Bhilai Steel Mills. Bhilai
SHRI SUKU SEN Hindustan Steel Private Ltd .• Calcutta
SHRI L. N. MIS itA (Alternate)
COL G. S. SIROTA Engineer-in-Chiefs Branch. Army Headquarters
SHRI R. S. MEIIANDRV ( Alternate)
SHRI K. RAMA VARMAN National Buildings Organization. New Delhi
SHRI L. G. TOYE (Alternate)
SHRI V. VENKATARAMAYYA Railway Board. New Delhi
SHRI K. VYASULU Planning Commission. New Delhi
DR. LAL C. VERMAN ( Ex-officio) Director. Indian Standards Institution
Siaff
SHRI T. V. JOSEPH Officer on Special Duty. Indian Standards Institution
MR. 111. L. GOLDSMITH Resident Engineer of Messrs Ramseyer & Miller
Inc.. Consultants to Iron & Steel Industry.
New York
SHRI B. S. KRISHNAMACH~.R Assistant Director (Structural & Metals). Indian
Standards Institution
Welding Subcommittee, BDC 7: 3
Convener
SHRI D. S. DESAI Braithwaite. Burn & Jessop Construction Co. Ltd.,
Calcutta
llIembers
SHRI B. M. AHUJA Engineer-in-Chiefs Branch. Army Headquarters
SHRI N. C. BAGCHI Government Test House. Calcutta
SHRI P. K. BANERJEE Central Public vVorks Department. New Delhi
SHRI R. G. BHATAWADEKAR Railway Board. New Delhi
SHRI B. N. BOSE Hind Constructions Ltd .• Calcutta
SHRI P. K. CHAUDHURI (Alternate)
DR. D. R. DHANllHOORA The Tata Iron & Steel Co. Ltd .• Jamshedpur
SHRI S. VISWANATHAN ( Alternate) ,
MR. MARTIN EICHLER Tata Locomotive & Engineering Co. Ltd., Tatanagar
SHRI M. K. MOOKERJEE (Alternate) .
SHRI K. P. GANGWAL Asiatic Oxygen & Acetylene Co. Ltd .• Calcutta
SHRI P. K. V. CHALLAM (Alternate)
SIlRI H. N. GHOSAL Philips India Ltd .• Calcutta
SHRI A. M. KAPADIA Structural Engineering vVorks Ltd., Bombay
SHRI S. B. KAPADIA Hindustan Shipyard Private Ltd .• Visakhapatnam
SHRI I. T. MIRCHANDANI J. B. Advani-Ocrlikon Electrodes Ltd., Bombay
SHRI S. V. NADKARNI (Alternate) .
SHRI K. K. NATHANI Inspection Wing. Directorate General of Supplies &
Disposals (Ministry of Works, Housing &
Supply)
SHRI J. V. PATEL New Standard Engineering Co. Private Ltd .•
Bombay
MR. T. R. SHIELDS Indian Oxygen & Acetylene Co. Ltd .• Calcutta
SHRI B. S. SINDHU Institution of Engineers ( India). Calcutta
SHRI K. RAMA VARMAN National Buildings Organization. New Delhi
SHRI L. G. TOYE (Altel'nate)

2
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IS: 812 - 1957

CONTENTS
PAGE

O. FOREWORD 4-
1. SCOPE 7
2. ARRANGEMENT ·-of' 7
PART I WELDING IN GENERAL 8
3. COMMON TERMS 8
PART II WELDING WITH PRESSURE 14-
4. GENERAL TERMS 14
5. TERMS RELATiNG TO EQUIPMENT ..• ~..
15
6. TERMS RELATING TO FORGE WELDING 17
7. TERMS RELATING TO PRESSURE-WELDING 19
8. TERMS RELATING TO RESISTANCE WELDING 20
9. TERMS RELATING TO STUD WELDING 30
10. TERMS RELATING TO THERMIT PRESSURE WELDING 30
PART III FUSION WELDING (WELDING WITHOUT PRESSURE) 31
11. GENERAL TERMS 31
12. TERMS RELATING TO ARC WELDING 4.6
13. TERMS RELATING TO EQUIPMENT ... 50
14. TERMS RELATI~G TO GAS WELDING 54
15. TERMS RELATING TO THERMIT FUSION WELDING 56
PART IV BRAZING AND BRONZE WELDING 57
16. GENERAL TERM 57
17. TERMS RELATING TO BRAZING 57
18. TERMS RELATING TO BRONZE WELDING 58
PART V TESTING 58
19. TERMS RELATING TO TESTING 58
PART VI WELD IMPERFECTIONS 62
20. TERMS RELATING TO WELD IMPERFECTIONS 62
21. TERMS RELATING TO WELD. IMPERFECTIONS ApPROPRIATE FOR
RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION 64
PART VII CUTTING 78
22. GENERAL TERMS 78
23. TERMS RELATING TO ARC CUTTING 79
24. TERMS RELATING TO EQUIPMENT ..• 79
25. TERMS RELATING TO GAS CUTTING RO
PART VIII ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF TERMS 81

3
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IS: 812 - 1957

Indian Standard
GLOSSARY OF TERMS RELATING TO
WELDING AND CUTTING OF METALS

O. FOREWORD
0.1 This Indian Standard was adopted by the Indian Standards Insti-
tution on 11 February 1957, on approval by the Building Division Council
of the draft finalized on 15 June 1956, by the Structural Steel Spctional
Committee.
0.2 In the course of recent years, considerable developments have been
made in the application of welding technique. This has resulted in an
increase in the number of terms used, necessitating standardization of
terminology on more exact basis, so as to avoid ambiguity and ,;oniusion
arising out of misinterpretation of terms. It is hoped that this standard
glossary of terms will help in fixing a more precise meaning to words
which, because of their convenience, have acquired too general a signi-
ficance.
0.3 In a .number of cases information is available where more than one
term is being used for the same purpose. Such alternate terms have
been grouped together. The terms given first! are recommended for use
and the use of terms given in brackets is deprecated.
0.4 Taking into consideration the views of the producers, consumers,
technologists, etc, the Sectional Committee responsible for the preparation
of this standard felt that it should be related to the trade practices followed
in the country in this field. Furthermore, due weightage had to be given
to the need for international co-ordination Mtween standards prevailing
in different countries of the world These considerations led the Sec-
tional Committee to derive assistance from the following standards and
publications:
IRS PRB. 100 (N)
500 : 1945 CODE OF PRltCTICE FOR ELECTRIC ARC
WELDING OF MILD STEEL STRUCTURES. Ministry of Railways,
Government of India.
B.S. 499: 1952 GLOSSARY OF TERMS (WITH SYMBOLS) RELATING TO
THE WELDING AND CUTTING OF METALS. British Standards
Institution.
WELDING HANDBOOK, 3RD ED. ( 1951) American Welding Society,
New York.

4
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WELDING AND CUTTING PROCESSES

I I \ ,'
WELDIXC, WITH PRESSURE FUSlO:\ WELDING CUTTIXG
I (WELDI:\G WIT~OUT PRESSURE)
I I
nESIS!rA~CE I PRESSURE
i I
AHC GAS
I
GAS
I
.\lk
WJ7LDI~G I WELDI~G WELDI~G WELDING CUTTING CUTTI:\G
I
FORCE I I
(FIRE)
WELDI~G Ox\"-
i
Heated
! I Oxygen
cutting
-, -
Press ! 1
I
I'
acetyiene
pressllf('
\\>elding
die
pressurc
\\'('hting
welding Oxy-
acetylene
wcl;ling
Oxy-
hvdrocarhon
- wplding
I
Oxy-hydrogen
Carbon-arc
cutting
, I cutting
! I I ;\Ietal-arc
()'(\'-h~~drogen
I
Oxy-hydrocarbon cutting
Constant
pressure i (;~~~!~~~ I welding ('utting
Constant Constant I
temperature It-mperature '! I I

I
D~"!f",;"
Power I
I i I cutting Gouging
( including I
I
Blacksmith Hamml'r I{oll
spot
welcling ,,·elrlin;.{ \velding I I gouging) I
I
I I I I
Metal, arc Inert-gas Oxygen
I I I I [ shielded arc welding lancing I
Projection Resistance- Percussion Deseaming
I'

( including (shielded)
( in ~ luding butt welding
submerged arc
woodpecker)
welding
welding I welding and
firecracker I
I
Gas-arc
Flash-butt Seam
I
welding) or cutting
Spot
unshield~d
( including welding welding
woodpecker) ( including (bare wire)]
Carbon arc Atomic- Th{ermit
welding step-by-step
welding) welding hydrogen (fusion)
(shielded or welding welding Brazing
I Thermit unshielded) (&hielded) and
I
Stitch
I
Multiple
I
Series
I
Roller spot Stud
(pressure)
welding
bronze
welding
welding spot spot ( including welding
welding welding step-by-step)
welding
: - - -- -- I
With With
consumable non-consumable
dectrodes electrodes

I I
Controlled arc Self-adjusting
( automatic ) arc ( man ual )

FIG 1 CHART SHOWr:-iC DERIVATION OF "'-ELDING AND CUTTING PROCESSES


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IS: 812 - 1957

0.5 This standard defines the terms relating to welding and cutting of
metals. Other Indian Standards being formulated in the field of welding
comprise the following;
a) Scheme of sYJIlbols for welding
b) Specification for covered electrodes for metal arc welding of mild steel
c) Classification and coding of covered electrodes for metal arc
welding of mild steel and of low alloy high-tensile steels
d) Code of practice for use of metal arc welding for general cons-
truction in mild steel
e) Code of practice for training and testing of metal arc welders
f) Code of practice for safety and health requirements in electric
and ga,s welding and cutting operations
g} Code of practice for resistance spot welding for light assemblies
in mild 3t~1
h) Code of practice for use of welding in tubular construction
j) Code of practice for use of welding in pipelines
k} Code of practice for inspection of welds
m} Procedure code for manual metal arc welding of structu:'al steel
n) Code of practice for use of welding in structures subject to
dynamic loading-bridges
0.6 This standard is intended mainly to cover the technical definitions of
terms, and it does not necessarily include all the legal meanings of the te;rms.

1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard defines the terms relating to welding and cutting of
metals.

2. ARRANGEMENT
2.1 For convenience of reference and comparison of terms on related
processes, this glossary has been divided into seven main classes and
each has been dealt with under a separate part of the standard. Parts I
to IV deal with terms relating to welding processes and parts V to VII
are devoted to terms relating to testing, weld imperfections and cutting.
The terms in each part have further been grouped together under suit-
able and convenient sub-classes, and under each part the terms have
been listed in alphabetical order. The terms common to the whole class
have been dealt with under the heading' General Terms' which precedes
other sub-classes.
2.2 A chart show.ing derivation of welding and cutting processes is also
given for reference (see Fig 1).

7
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IS : 8ll - 1951

1.3 An index to ·all the terms defined under Parts I to VII is given in
Part VIII, where all terms including the alternatives mentioned in paren-
theses have been listed in one alphabetical sequence according to IS : 382-
1952 Practice for Alphabetical Arrangement.

PART I WELDING IN GENERAL


3. COMMON TERMS
3.1 As-Welded - The condition of weld metal. welded joints and \h.~
ments after welding prior to any subsequent thermal or mechanical
treatment.
3.1 Butt Weld - A weld in which the weld. metal lies substantially
within the extension of the plartes of the surfaces of the parts joined or
within the extension of the planes of the smaller of the two parts of differ-
ing size (see Fig 2).

FIG 2 EXAMPLES OP BUTT WELDS

3.3 Chipping Gogllles - A protective device enclosing a space in front


of the eyes to shield them from injury during chipping or grinding. They
are fitted with two plain glasses.
3.4 Deposited Metal (Added Metal)
a) In Welding - Filler metal aft~r it becomes part of the weld
b) In Bronze W tiding ()I' in Brazing ~ Filler metal after it become:;
part of the joint.
;4.5 Deposition Efficiency - The ratio of the weight of deposited metal
to the net weight of core wire of electrodes consumed, exclusive of stubs.
3.6 Electrode Holder - A device to hold an electrode and to convey
current to it. It may be part of a welding machine, or a manual device
held by an operator.
3.7 Face Mask - A protective device worn in front of the face to
shield it from injury during welding. It is fitted with welding glass(es)
and plain glass(es).

8
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IS : 812 - 1957

3.S Face Shield (Hand Screen, Hand Shield) - A protective device


held i:n the ha,nd to shield the face and throat from injury during weld-
ing. It is fitted with a window consisting of welding glass and plain glass.
3.9 Faired (Tapered) Member ~ The thicker member of a joint
tapered down to the thickness of the thinner member.
3.10 Filler Metal- Metal to be added in welding or brazing.
3.11 Fixed Shield - An independently mounted device to protect the
whole of the face and throat from injury during welding. It is fitted
with welding glass and plain glass.
3.12 ~ull Penetr!ltion - Welding, using a technique which ensures full
penetration.
3.13 Flux '- Fusible material used in welding Qr oxygen-cutting to dis-
solve and facilitate removal of oxides and other undesirable substances.
Also commonly used to designate covering of covered electrodes.
3.14 Fusion Penetration
a) In Fusion Welding - The depth to which the parent metal hasbeen
fused.
b) In Spot, Seam, or Projection Welding - The distance from the inter-
face tq the edge of the weld nugget, measured in each case on a
cross-sectioll through the centre of the weld and normal to the
surface (see Fig ~).
NOTE ~, Depth penetration' is sometimes used as an alternative term in fusion
welding. but • fusion penetration' is preferred. !

[
i~311 '. . ]:2..1r-
FUIlon ..

;':p:;: 01 FUIlon
I
FIG 3 FUSION PENETRATION

3.15 Vusion Zone - The portion of a weld in which parent metal has
been iused (see Fig 4).
3.16 Heat-Affected Zone - Parent metal metallurgically affected by
the heat of welding (or cutting), but neither melted nor made plastic
(see Fig 4).

9
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Weld
Face
Zone
- FUIlon Zone

FIG 4- VARIOUS ZONES 01" A TYPICAL 'VELD

3.17 Helmet (Hea<,! Screen) - A protective device supported on the


head and arranged to shield the face and throat from injury during
welding, It is fitted with a window consisting of welding glass and
plain glass.
3.18 Ignition Powder - A readily ignitable mixtme, usually of powdered
aluminium and oxidizing material, used for -initiating the reaction in
thermit pressure welding and thermit fusion welding.
3.19 Longitudinal Axis of Weld - A line through the length of a weld,
perpendicular to the cross-section at its centre of gravity (see Fig 5).
3.20 Melt Run - A line of parent metal which. has been melted by
passing a welding flame or arc along the surface of the plate.
3.21 Parent Metal ( Base Metal) - The metal to be joined or cut.
3.22 Plain Glass (Cover Glass) - Clear glass or other transparent
material used to protect the surface of welding glass.
3.23 Peening - The mechanical working of metals by means of hammer
blows.
3.24 Penetration ( Through) Pass - The first run of a multi-run butt
weld, the penetration bead of which can be seen.
3.25 Residual Welding Stress - Stress remaining in a metal part or
structure as a result of welding.
3.26 Strength Weld - A weld designed to be under s'tres,s.
3;27 Stress Relief Heat Treatment - Uniform heating of an assembly
or portion thereof to a suitable temperature below the lower critical
point for sufficient time to reduce the residual stresses followed by uni-
form cooling.
3.28 Stubs - Waste ,ends of electrodes and welding rods.

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IS : 812 - 1957

~
~A.i' ot Weld
FLAT POSITION

"t..
Axis of weld./'

I'·"'"
HORIZONTAL- VElrrlCAL POSITION

m'~"
I
VERTICAL POSITION

~~~
OVERHEAD POSITION
FIG 5 LONGITUDINAL AXIS OF WELDS

3.29 Surfacing - The deposition of filler metal by welding process on to


a metal surface to obtain desired properties.
3.30 Weld - A union between two pieces of metal at faces rendered
plastic or liquid by heat or by pressure, or both. Filler metal may be
used to effect the union.
3.31 Weld Gauge - A device designed ,for checking the shape and size
of welds (see Fig 6).
3.32 Weld Metal- All metal melted and/or made plastic in making a
weld.
3.33 Weld-Metal Zone - The portion of a wtld consisting of weld metal
(sre Fig 4).

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IS: 812 - 1957

Gaug.
SI ..

FIG 6 TYPE OF WELD GAUGE ""


Conca .. lty Gau911i...!o.

3.34 Weld Width - Distance between the toes of the weld.


3.35 Weld Zone - The sum of the weld-metal zone and the heat-
affected zone (see Fig 4 ).
3.36 Welded Joint - For the purposes of design . calculations, a full
strength butt joint is a joint prnduced by a fully penetrated weld or by
fully penetrated welds between parts of equal section aligned and lying
within the included angle of 135 to 1800 in such a manner that the flow
of normal stresses doe~ not undergo any considerable deviation in the
zone of the joint.
3.37 Welder - The operator who perforfJ1<; the welding operation.
NOTE - This term is often used in .the United States of America to describe a
welding machine.

3.38 Welder's Sleeve - Covering to protect the arm during welding.


3.39 Welder's Spats - Coverings to protect the upper part of the feet
and ankles during welding.
3.40 Weldin~ - The making of a weld.
3.41 Welding Apron - An apron, usually of leather or asbestos, used
to protect the welder from harmful radiation and spatter.
3.42 Welding Glass ( Filter Glass ) - A light-filter to protect the eyes
from harmful radiations emanating from an electric arc or a gas flame.
3.43 Welding Gloves - Gloves to protect the hands, or gauntlets to
protect the hands and forearms, from heat and metal splashes due to
welding.
3.44 Welding Goggles - (;oggles with tinted lenses u:>ecl during weld-
ing or oxygen cutting to shield eyes from injury during welding ('r
cutting.

12
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IS : 812 - 1957

3.45 Weldin~ Procedure - A specified course of action to be followed


in welding, including a list of materials and tools to be used. Three
typical examples of welding procedure are given under 3.45.1 to 3.45.3
3.45.1 Arc Welding
a) Classification and size of electrodes,
b) Current and open-circuit voltage,
c) Length of run per electrode, or speed of travel,
d) Number and arrangement of runs in multi-run wclds-,
e) Position of welding,
f) Preparation and set-up of parts,
g) Welding seq~ence, and
h) Pre- or post-heating.
3.45.2 Gas Welding
a) Specification and diameter of filler rod and, if required, specifica-
tion of the flux;
b) Gas pressures and nozzle size;
c} Manipulation and angles of rod and blowpipe and, if required.
correct application of flux;
d) Technique of welding;
e) Edge preparation and, if required, tacking;
f) Position of welding and number of runs;
g) Welding sequence; and
h) Pre- or post-heating.
3.45.3 Resistance Weldin6
a) Electrodes sizes and permissible variations,
b) Particulars of machine settings,
c) Welding sequence, and
d) Particulars of tests required.
3.46 Weldin~ Rod - Filler metal, in wire or rod form, used in gas
welding and brazing processes, and those arc welding processes wherein
the electrode does not furnish the filler metal.
3.47 Welding Sequence - The order and/or direction in which either
welds or runs are made.
3.48 Welding Technique - The manner in which an operator mam-
pulatf's an electrode, a blowpipe or the like.

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IS ~ 812 - 1957

3.49 Welding Thermit - A mixture of iron oxide, finely .divided


aluminium, steel and de-oxidizers. On ignition of the mixture, an exo-
thermic reaction takes place, resulting in the production of molten metal
which acts as a source of heat for the subsequent welding and also as
added metal.
NOTE 1 -'- This is also known as • standard welding thermit . or ( in the USA)
as . forging thermit' to differentiate it from welding thermits containing other
alloying metals or materials added for specific purposes.
NOTE 2 - • Thermit '. as such. is a mixture of metallic oxides and finely divided
aluminium. the heat from the chemical reaction between which produces molten
metal. This material has no applicatiun in welding eXicept as a source of heat.

PART II WELDING WITH PRESSURE

4. GENERAL TERMS
4.1 Faying Surface - That surfac" "f a membE't' which is in contact
with another member to which it is to be joined.
4.2 Gather (Shortening)- The reduction in length accompanying
the production of upset metal.
4.3 Initial Pressure - The first steady or peak pressure, normal to
the surface contact area. applied during a welding cycle.
4.4 Interface - The contact area between faying surfaces.
4.5 Pressure Contact Area - The initial surface contact area of the
components through which pressure is transmitted.
4.6 Sheet Separation - In spot. seam and projection welding, thl: gap
surrounding the weld, between faying surfaces, after the joint has been
welded.
4.7 Upset Metal- Parent metal proud of the normal surfaces of the
work as a result of forging or ptessing.
4.8 Upset Pressure - Pressure producing, or tending to produce, upset
metal.
NOTE - Upset pressure may be expressed a.; force or as pressure per unit of
pressure contact area.
4.9 Welding Pressure - The pressure. at the abutting surfaces of a
workpiece, required to consolidate a weld.
NOTE - In the resistance welding, tJtis is the electrode pressure less the pressure
required to overcome rigidity of the workpiece when bringing the abutting surfaces
into contact.
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IS: 812 - 1957

5. TERMS RELATING TO EQUIPMENT


5.1 Angle Electrode - An electrode in which the tip is not normal to
the axis of the shank (see Fig 7 ).

FIG 7 ANGLE PIG 8 OFFSET FIG 9 VERTICAL


ELECTRODE ELECTRODE ELECTRODE

5.2 Arc Damper (Arc Blow Compensator)- A device for centraliz-


ing an arc in a stud welding tool.
5.3 Arm - A member of a welding machine which conducts current
to an electrode holder, or supports a conductor conveying current to it;
and which is required to withstand the welding pressure.
5.4 *Battery Spot-Welding Machine - A spot-welrljng machine in
which a battery is used to provide the welding current.
5.5 Bolster - An electrode holder intended for mounting on the platen
of a projection-welding machine.
5.6 Burner - A multi-jet blowpipe used to supply the heat for oxy-
acetylene pressure welding.
NOTE - Burners are usually shaped to the section of the parts joined and may
be split to facilitate removal. They are sometimes water-cooled. The term is
sometimes erroneously applied to operatives.
5.7 *Condenser-Discharge Spot-Welding Machine ( Capacitor Spot-
Welding Machine)- A spot-welding machine in which a large momen-
tary current is obtained in the secondary circuit by discharging a capacitor
through the primary circllit.
*These machines are sometimes referred to as ' stored energy machines'.

15
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IS: 812 - 1957

5.8 Electrode Shank - The portion of an electrode intended to be


held by, and to make electrical contact with, an electrode holder.
5.9 Electrode Tip - The portion of an electrode for spot or for 3titch
welding intended to make contact with the workpiece.
5.10 Electrode Wheel- A rotatable electrode of disk form.
5.11 Ferrule - A collar or ring of refractory material, surrounding the
base of the stud during stud welding, to protect and contain the molten
metal and, where required, 'to shape the weld fillet.
5.12 Foot-Operated Weldin~ Machine (Pedal-Operated Weldin~
Machine )- A welding machine in which mechanical pressure is applied
by means of a pedal.
5.13 Gun Weldin~ Machine - A portable spot-welding machine having
a single electrode through which manual pressure is applied directly to
one component of the workpiece; the electrical circuit is completed
thn~ugh a cable connection to the other component of the workpiece.

5.14 Hand~Operated Welding Machine - A welding machine (usually


for flash welding) the operation of which is controlled by hand.
5.15 *Inductor Spot- Weldin~ Machine - A spot-welding machine in
which a large momentary current is obtained in the secondary circuit
by interrupting a direct current in the primary circuit.
5.16 Insert - A small piece of metal, usually hard wearing and/or of
comparatively high resistivity, used as an electrode tip or attached to
a welding ~die and projecting sufficiently beyond it to make contact with
the, workpiece where welding is required.
5.17 Motor-Operated Welding Machine - A welding machine in
which'the travel of the electrodes is obtained, and the mechanical pres-
sure is applied, by means of a motor-driven mechanism.
5.18 Offset Electrode - An electrode in which the centre of the elec-
trode tip is offset from the axis of the electrode shank (see Fig 8).
5.19 Pad Electrode (Flat Electrode)- An electrode in which the
electrode tip islarger than the weld required, the size of the weld being
controlled by the diameter of the other electrode tip.
5.20 Platen - Part of a resistance-welding machine on which welding
dies are mounted and which conveys pressure and welding current to
them.
NOTE - Use of platens is generally confined to projection-welding, flash-welding
and butt-welding machines.

*These machines are sometimes referred to as ' stored energy machines'.

16
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IS : 812 - 1957

5.21 Plier Spot-Welding Machine (Pincer Spot-Welding Machine)-


A portable spot-welding machine in which pressure is applied to the
electrodes by means of a lever system similar to that of pincers.
5.22 Portable-Spot Welding Machine - A spot-welding machine in
which the electrodes, the moving arms and the pressure application
device are connected flexibly to the transformer and control gear so as to
provide a limited amount of portability.
5.23 Power-Operated Welding Machine - A welding machine in
which mechanical pressure is applied pneumatically or hydraulically.
5.24 ResiStance- Welding Electrode ( Electrode )- A replaceable por-
tion of a resistance-welding machine which transmits current, and usu!J.lly
applies pressure, to the workpiece.
5.25 Stud Welding Tool (Stud Welding Gun)- An appliance for
holding and operating the stud during stud welding, and for conveying
pressure and current to it during the weld cycle.
5.26 Vertical Electrode - An electrode in which the electrode tip is
normal to the axis of the electrode shank (see Fig 9).
5.::n Welding Dies - A member usually shaped to the work contour to
cl~mp the parts being welded and conduct the welding cutrent.

6. TERMS RELATING TO FORGE WELDING


6." Blacksmith Welding - A group of welding processes wherein weld
is produced by heating in a forge or other furnace and by applying pres·
sure by manual hammering.
6.2 Double-Glut Butt Joint - A butt joint incorporating two wedge-
shaped gluts (see Fig 10).
6.3 Forge Welding (Fire Welding)- Any wcldin b process in which
the weld is made by hammering or other impulsive pressure while the
surfaces to be united are plastic.

FIG 10 DOUBLE-GLUT BUTT JOINT


FIG 11 SINGLE-GLUT BUTT JOINT
(BEFORE FORGING)
(BEFORE FORGING)

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IS : 812 - 1957

6.4 Glut - Metal, asually in the form of a bar, added during blacksmith
welding to facilitate the making of a joint (see Fig 10, 11 and 12).
6.5 Hammer Welding - Forge welding in which weld is produced by
heating in a forge or other furnace and by applying pressure mechanically.
6.6 Plain Butt Joint (Jumped Joint)- A butt joint in which the
ends to be welded are usually upset before welding, i.e. their area is in-
creased by hammering (see Fig 13).
6.7 Roll Welding - Forge welding in which weld is produced by heat-
ing in a forge or other fUl nace and by applying pressure progressively
by mechanically operated rolls.
6.8 Scarf Joint - A joint in which the weld lies at an angle to the axis of
the parts joined (see Fig 14).
6.9 Single-Glut Butt Jolnt- A butt joint incorporating a blunt-
wedge-shaped glut (see Fig 11).
6.10 Split ,Joint - A double scarf joint in which the tapered end of
each part to be joined is split longitudinally into two halves which are
bent in opposite directions, so that the parts to be joined can be interlocked
to prevent lateral motion during welding (see FIg 15).
6.11 Square Corner Joint - A corner joint incorporating a glut (see
FigJ2 ).
6.12 Tee Butt Joint - A tee-joint in which the end of the stalk of
the tee isupsel before welding (see Fig 16).

FIG 12 SQUARE CORNER JOINT FIG 13 PLAIN BUTT JOINT


(BEFORE FORGING) (BEFORE FORGING)

FIG 14 SCARF JOINT FIG 15 SPLIT JOINT


(BEFORE FORGING) (BEFORE FORGING)

18
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IS : 812 - 1951

tf-/_-<r-->-" -I
FIG 16 TIm BUTT ]OJ:\T FIG 17 TEE SPLIT ] OINT
(BEFORE FORGING) (BEFORE FORGlI'iG)

FIG 18 VEE JOINT (BEFORE FORGI:\G)

6.13 Tee Split Joint - A tee-joint in which the end of the stalk of
the tee is tapered and welded within a split formed in the table of the
tee (see Fig 17).
6.14 Vee Joint - A double scarf joint formed between a wedge on thc
-end of one part to be joined and a vee notch in the end of the other ( see
Fig 18).

7. TERMS RELATING TO PRESSURE-WELDING


/7.1 Cold Welding (Press Welding)- Pressure-welding In which
pressure alone is used.
7.2 Constant-Pressure Pressure-Welding - Pressure-welding in which
gather occurs during the period of increasing temperature at a constant
pressure.
7.3 Constant-Temperature Pressure-Welding - Pressure-welding in
which gather occurs during the application of suddenly increased pressure
at a substantially constant temperature.
7.4 Deformation - The local percentage reduction in the total thick-
ness of sheets or plates at a pressure-welded lap joint.
7.5 Heated-Die Welding - Pressure-welding in which the surfaces to
be united are made plastic by heat transfer:red from heated press tools of
suitable shape. Such t90l,. are known as ' dies'.

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IS: 812 - 1957

7.6 Heating Time - In pressure-welding, the time, if any, duriI).g "WOlch


the parts to be joined are held together whilst being heated under ledlicgd'
pressure until welding temperature is reached.
7.7 Oxy-Acetylene Pressure-Welding - Pressure-welding in which an
oxy-acetylene flame is used to make plastic the surfaces to be united.
No filler metal is used.
7.8 Pressure-Welding (Solid-Phase Welding )-Any welding pro-
cess in which the weld is made by sustained pressure while the surfaces
to be united are plastic.
7.9 Welding Time - In pressure-welding, the time during which the parts
td,~be joined are maintained at welding temperature under full welding
pressure.

8. TERMS RELATING TO RESISTANCE WELDING


8.1 Back Pressure - The pressure or the force (a) tending to separate
the electrodes, or (b) in a dual-pressure cycle, reducing the electrode
pressure by acting in opposition to the forward pressure.
NOTE - Back pressure mayor may not be present under (a) during the making
of a weld depending on the type of machine.

8.2 Butt-Seam Welding - A modification of seam welding, used for


making butt welds, in which the electrode wheels rotate continuously
but do not lapply the welding pressure.
8.3 *Chill Time - The period of time between the end of welding
current and the start of post-heat current.
8.4 *Cool Time (Off-Time) - In pulsation and seam w~lding, the
period of time between two success~ve heat times in the same weld cycle.
8.5 Cross-Wite. Weld - A resistance weld at the point of contact
between crossed wires or rods with pressure applied continuously.
8.6 *Current-Off Time - The period of time between the cessation
of current in one weld cycieanq. the beginning of current in the next.
8.7 Cycle - An arbitrary unit of time, of duration equal to that of one
cycle of the alternating current supply.
NOTE - The term as here'defined is used in a sense different from that in the
definitions under 8.8 and 8.9.
8.8 Dual-Pressure Cycle - A cyclic alternation, during a weld cycle,
of two different· predetermined electrode pressures.

*For diagrammatic representation. see Fig 19 to 23.

20
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WELD CYCLE

,r---------------,,, r--- I
I
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,,
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::> I TIME (HOl.O TIMl) \ OFF 1''''E I
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TIME ~ I--- CURRENT - OFF TlME.--.~
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I- WELD CYCLE -I
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FIG 19
Pulsation Spot Or Proj!lction Wizlding
TIME AND PRESSURE DIAGRAMS FOR SIMPLE FORMS OF RESISTANCE 'YJo;LDJI'G
--

~

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"'-l
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-
CIt

WELD CYC LE
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Spot Or Projection Welding, Programme Control

~
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Pulsation Spot Or Projection We1ding, Programme Control


FIG 20 TIME AND PRESSURE DIAGRAMS FOR FORMS OF RESISTANCE WELDING WITH PROGRAMME CONTROL
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IS : 811 - 1957

8.9 Duty Cycle - The percentage ratio of duration of current flow


during a period' to the period.
8.10 Edge Distance - The distance between the toe of the weld and the
nearest edge of the workpiece.
8.11 Electrode Contact Area (Clamp Contact Area)- The area
through which current passes from an electrode or a damp to the work-
piece.
8.12 Electrode Pressure - The pressure- transmitted by the electrodes
to the workpiece.
NOTE - This is the forward pressure less any back pressure,
8.13 Fin (Flash)- An extrusion of meta! extending outward beyond
the upset in the form of a fin.
8.14 Flash Welding (Flash-Butt Welding)- A resistance-welding
process wherein coalescence is prodnced. simultaneously over the entire
area of abutting surfaces. by the heat obtained from resistance to the flow
of electric current between the two surfaces. and by thE' application of
pre~sure after heating is substantially completed. Fla-;hing and up-
setting are accompanied by expulsion of ~eta1 from the joint.
8.15 Flashing Allowance (Bum Off)- In making a flash weld, the
length allowed for the total shortening of both c.omponents due to flashing.
8.16 Flashing Current - The current flowing during fla.,hing time.
8.17 *Flashing Time - The period in flash welding from the start of
continuous flashing to the time when upset pressure is applied.
8.'18 *Forge Time - The period of time between the cessation of weld-
ing current and the end of the weld cycle.
8.19 Forward Pressure - The pressure or the force required to move
the electrodes towards each other and to keep them in contact with the
workpiece.
NOTE - Forward pressure is the sum of the pressures required (a) to overcome
anv back pressure, (b) to overcome friction and inertia, and (c) to provide electrode
pressure.
8.20 *Heat Time (On-Time )-lhe duration of each successive welding
current impulse during either pulsation or seam welding.
8.21 *Hold Time - In spot and projection welding, the time during
which force is applied at the point of welding after the last impulse of
current ceases to flow.
In seam, fla"h and upset welding, the time during which force is applied
to the work after current ceases to flow,
·Fot diagrammatic representation, see Fig 19 to 23.
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......
fJ}

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TIME_ L
Spot W~ldin9' Pro9ramm~ Control
I..IN£~ THUS ........ INDICAT( P£AIODS
DURING WHICH THE £L(CTRODlS
N
..... "At IN "OTION (r t ROTATING ON
THE WORIt)
WELD CYCLE

,----- --..:: ------, r----


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FIG 21 TIME AND PRESSURE DIAGRAMS FOR SPOT "rELDING (l'ROGR.HDIE CONTROL) AND SEAM \VELI>ING
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I - - - -- ----WELD CYCLE - - ----t

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TIME_
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!----CURRENT-OFF TIM£---jH£H'....

Step-by-Step Seam Welding UNESTHUS .....-..... INDICATE PAESSUA' PERIODS.


OURING WHICH TH[ [L[eTROg,S ARE INMOT'ON
(i.t,AOTA ,Tlf'IIG ON THE WORK)
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RolIlZr Spot Welding


-
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FIG 22 TDn: AND PRESSURE DIAGRAMS FOR STEl'-By-STEP SEAM \~'ELDING AND ROLLER SPOT \VELDING
....
-c
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....:j
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IS: 812 - 1957

8.22 Machine Stroke - The maximum operational stroke obtainable.


8.23 Mash Weld - A seam or stitch weld, between two components of
equal thickness with a small amount of overlap, so made that the ultimate
thickness of the workpiece at the weld approximates to that of a com-
ponent.
8.24 Multiple-Spot Welding - Spot welding in which, bv the use of
more than two electrodes, two or more welds are made simultaneously
or in an automatically-controlled sequence.
8.25 Operational Stroke - The distance through whi<.:h the electrode(sr-
may travel from rest to the final position during welding.
8.26 Percussion Welding - A resistance-welding process wherein weld
is produced, simultaneously over the entire .area of abutting surfaces, by
the heat obtained from an arc, produced by a rapid discharge of stored
electrical energy, with impact pressure applied during or immediately
following the electrical discharge.
8.27 Pick-Up - Particles of the surface of the workpiece Which adhere
to the surface of the electrodes, or vice versa. (For definition of the
term applicable to gas welding, see 14.13.)
8.28 *Post-Heat Time - The time during which a completed welU
is heated by current for metallurgical reasons.
8.29 *Pre-Heat Time - The time during which pre-heating current
flows. In flash welding, it is the time between the first passage of current
and the start of ,continuous flashing.
8.30 Pre-Heating C;:urrent - Current used to raise graduaUy the tempe-
rature of a workpiece from ambient temperature to a pre-determined
value below welding temperature just hefore the application of welding
current.
8.31 *Pressure-OfI' Time- The period of time between two successive
weld cycles.
8.32 Programme Control - A pre-ddermiued automatic sequence of
operations within a weld cycle.
8.33 Projection Welding - Resistance welding in which throughout
the making of a weld ~he pressure is applied at a small projection or
projections on one or more of the workpieces. The projections collapse
during welding.
8.34 Pulsation Welding ( WOQdpecker Welding) - Spot or projection
welding in which the welding current is interrupte~ one or more times
withou't release of pressure or change of location 6f the electrodes.
*For diagrammatic representation, su Fig 19 to 23.

26
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WELD CYCLE

r--------------, ,r-----
It I
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LlHE~ '01U5. ............. INO'(:"'( P(JI.oos
Sttp-by-Sttp Rolltr Spot Wtlding OVA/NC .H_CM H.E 't.EC 1AOO(S Io"f.
IN "'0"0111 (; .~,AO''''T''''G ON ''''[ WOA.)

UPS" CUClA(NT

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Simplt Flo sh W-.:lding


~
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FIG 23 TIME AND PRESSURE DIAGRAMS FOR STEP-By-STEP HOLLER SPOT \VELDING ,\:-ID SIMPLE FLASH WELDING '''-li
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8.35 Resistance Welding (Upset Welding) - Welding in which pres-


sure is applied between abutting surfaces at some stage in the process,
and in which welding heat is produced by the electrical resistance at, and
adjacent to, these surfaces during the passage of an electric current.
8.36 Resistance-Butt Welding - A resistance-welding process wherein
weld is produced, simultaneously over the entire area of abutting sur-
faces or progressively along a joint, by the heat obtained from resistance
to the flow of electric current through the area of contact of those sur-
faces. Pressure is' applied before heating is started and is maintained
throughout the heating period.
8.37 Roller-Spot Welding - Resistance welding in which press';lre is
applied continuously, and current impulsively, to produce a senes of
intermittent linear welds, the workpiece being between two electrode
wheels or between an electrode wheel and an electrode bar. The elec-
trode wheels apply the pressure, and may be rotated continuously or
stopped during the passage of current.
8.38 Seam Welding - Resistance welding in which pressure is applied
continuously, and current impulsively, to produce a linear weld, the
workpiece being between two electrode wheels, or between an elPCtrode
wheel and an electrode bar. The electrode wheels apply the pressure,
and may be rotated continuously or stopped during the passage of
current.
8.39 Series-Spot Welding - Spot welding in which two or more welds
are made simultaneously in electrical series (see Fig 24).
8.4tJ Spot Welding - A resistance-welding process wherein weld is
produced by the heat obtained from resistance to the flow of electric
current through the work parts held together under pressure by elec-
trodes. The size and shape of the individually formed welds are limited
primarily by the size and contour of the electrodes.

Elac trod~

Work
plccq

Copp ••
packing
piQCCl ~
L ___ J
Elect rode ,
Currli'ht Flow

FIG 24 EXAMPLES OF SERIES-SPOT \VELDING

28
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8.41 *Squeeze Time - The period of time between the application of


pressure by electrodes to the workpiece and the first passage of current.
8.42 *Step Time - The time between successive weld times in roller-
spot welding and in step-by-step roller-spot welding.
!

8.43 Step-By-Step Welding - Seam or roller-spot welding in which


the electrode wheel is stationary during the passage of current and rotates
when no current is flowing.
8.44 Stitch Welding - Spot welding in which successive welds overlap.
8.45 Throat Depth (Throat) - In a resistance-welding machine, the
distance from the centre-line of the electrodes or platen!> to the nearest
point of interference for flatwork or sheets. In the case of a seam-welding
machine with a universal head, the throat depth is measured with the
machine arranged for transverse welding.
8.46 Throat Gap - The minimum unobstructed distance between the
arms of a welding machine.
8.47 Total Allowance - In resistance-butt welding, the upset allowa!'!ce.
I n flash welding, the sum of the flashing and upset allowances.
8.48 Tread - The peripheral surface of an electrode wheel.
8.49 Upset Allowance - The length allowed for the total shortening
of both components due to upset.
8.50 Upset Current Time - The duration of current from the com-
mencement of upset travel.
8.51 *Upset Time - The duration of upset travel.
8.52 Upset Travel- The distance travelled by the moving head of a
resistance-butt or flash welding machine in forging a weld. In resistance-
butt welding, it is the travel from the point where the components are
first brought together to the position where the weld is completed. In
flash welding, it is the travel from the point where the components have
been brought together at the end of flashing to the position where the weld
is completed.
8.53 Wearing Depth - The distance between the tip of an electrode"
or the tread of an electrode wheel, and that part at which further use
becomes impracticable.
8.54 Weld Contact Area - The area through which welding current
passes from one component to another during resistance welding.
8.55 *Weld CYcle - The time required for one complete welding ope-
ration.
*For diagrammatic representation, see Fig 19 to 23.

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8.56 Weld Nugget - The fusion zone of a spot, .projection or seanl


weld (see Fig 25 ).

FIG 25 WELD NUGGET

8.57 Welding Current - The current flowing through the welding


circuit during the making of a weld. In resistance welding, the current
used during preweld or postweld interv~ is excluded.
8.58 "'Weld Time - The total time between the start of welding current
and the end of the welding current during the making of one weld.
NOTE - A seam weld is considered to be one weld.

9. TERMS RELATING TO STUD WELDING


9.1 Lift - The distance, if any, by which the stud is retracted, where
necessary, from the parent metal in order to initiate the arc in stud
welding.
9.2 Stud .Welding - Welding in which fusion is effected by the heat
of an arc ·between one end of a stud and a parent metal surface, and COD-
solidation by the application of pressure.

10. TERMS RELATING TO THERMIT PRESSURE WELDING


rO.l Thermit Combined Weld - A weld used for joining rails. The
heads of the rails are joined by thermit pressure welding, with or with ~
out the interposition of a shim of suitable metal, and the feet and webs of
the rails are joined simultaneously by ~hermit fusion welding.
10.2 Thermit Cmcible - The vessel in which the thermit reaction
takes place in thermit pressure welding and in thermit fusion welding.
It has a hole in the bottom through which the molten metal passes
(see Fig 26).
10.3 Thermit Pressure Welding - A welding process in which the
parts to be joined, when in contact, are heated by means of ignited
welding thermit and are then pressed together to form it weld.

*For dia grammatic re presentation, sec Fig 19 to 23.

30
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'=. Handle / r- Cruci bill COVtr

~~=;:::~

Clamping
Duice Cost 1ron R in9

Cruciblli Co! ing

Thimbl~

~wc:::~c-~r- ;:~s~~: ::~:~~~O;yom-


Mah!:rjol, A, bntos Pod
And Topping Pin

THERMIT CRUCIBLE Topping Pin


(SECTION)
IN POS' -TION OVER MOULD 80X

Mould 80l( Frc;me'

Risers
7"trm~t Collor
,.......--Stction t ,o 8t Welded
Pr..thorotlng ~~~~I!lt
Goh
Prehlloting
Plug

MOULD BOX
(SECTION)

lo'l G 26 , SET Up OF . \I'I'AR _~Tl; S FOR ,\ TUEIOIIT FO RM OF \VELD

PART III FUSION WELDING (WELDING WITHOUl


PRESSURE)

11. GENERAL TERMS


11.1 Angle of Bevel - The angle at which the edge of a component
is bevelled in preparation for making a butt weld. The angle should be
measured as shown in Fig 27 and 28.
11.2 Automatic Welding - Fusion welding in which confrol of the
welding operation is predominantly automatic
11.3 Back·Step Sequence - A longitudinal sequence wherein the weld
bead increments are deposited in the direction opposite to the progress
of welding the joint (sec Fig 29). (S ee also bleek s ~quenee . .)
11.4 Back Weld ---' A weld deposited at the back of a single-buft weld
after the main weld (sec Fig 30).

31
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/ i
FIG 27 EXAMPLES OF INCLUDED ANGLE AND ANGLE OF BEVEL

FIG 28 ROOT RADIPS (1') FIG 29 BACK-STEP SEQUENCE


AND ANGLE OF BEVEL (~)

FIG 30 BACK WELDS

a b c
Continuous Typo

Flat Grooved Ridg.~

Split Typ.

FIG 31 TYPICAL BACKING RINGS

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11.5 Backing lUng - Backing in the form of a ring generally used in


the welding of piping (see Fig 31).
11.6 Backing Strip - A piece of metal placed at a root and penetrated
by weld metal. It may remain as part of the- joint or may be removed by
machining or other means (see 13.6 and Fig 32).
11.7 Balanced Welding - A welding procedure such that deformation
due to shrinkage on cooling is controlled by proper disposal and sequence
'of welds.
11.8 Block Sequence - A combined longitudinal and build-up sequence
for a continuous multiple-pass weld wherein separated lengths are com-
pletely or partially built up in cross-section before intervening lengths
are deposited. (See back-step sequence and ~ee Fig 33.)
11.9 Bead - A single run of weld metal deposited on a surface (see
Fig 34).

tr~------
=
Co .. '

Co . . a
FIo 31 BAClDNG STilIP

U".c'~cd .,oces Iillc .. ~tlct


.. ~po.itlo. or i.Ur",'Uc'"
_'ock.

FIG 33 BLocK SE~UENC£

33
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FIG 34 BEAD "VELDS FIG 35 DouBu;-HEvEL


BUTT "VELD

FIG 36 DOUBLE- J BUTT "VELD FIG 37 DOUBLE-V BUTT WELD

FIG 38 DOUBLE- V BUTT 'VELD

11.10 Close Joint - A preparation in which the components to he


joined are substantially in contact before welding.
11.11 Composite Joint - A joint wherein welding is used in conjunc-
tion with a mechanical joining process.
11.12 Concave Fillet Weld - A fillet weld in which the weld face is
concave.
11.13 Continuous Weld - Welding where the continuity is not broken
by recurring unwelded spaces.
11.14 Convex Fillet Weld - A fillet weld in which the weld face is
convex.
11.15 Convexity - The maximum distance from the face of a convex
fillet weld perpendicular to a line joining the toes.
11.16 Double-Bevel Butt Weld - A butt weld in the preparation vf
which the edge of one component is double bevelled and the fusion face
of the other component is at right angles to the surfaces of the first com-
ponent (see Fig 35).

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11.17 Double-J Butt Weld - A butt weld in the preparation of which


the edge of one component is prepared so that in cross-section the fusion
face is in the form of two opposing J's and the fusion face of the other
component is at right angles to the surfaces of the first component (sc/~
Fig 36).
NOTE--- All preparations covered by terms defined under 11.16, 11.19, 11.55 and
11.58 may Of may not have root faces. Those co\-ered by dcfl11itions under 11.17.
11.18. 11.56 and 11.57 always have root faces.
11.18 Double-U Buft Weld - A butt weld in the preparation of which
the edges of both components are prepared so that in cross-section the
fusion faces form two opposing U's having a common base (see Fig 37).
11.19 Double-V Butt _Weld - A butt weld in the preparation of which
the edges of both components -are double bevelled so that ill cross-section
the fusion faces form two opposing V's ( see Fig 38).
11.20 Downhand Position (Flat Position) - A position in which the
weld slope does not exceed 10° and the weld rotation does not exceed 10°
(see Fig 39).
11.21 Edge Preparation - Squaring, grooving or bevelling an edge in
preparation for fusion welding (see Fig 40).
11.22 Edge Weld - A weld used for 'joining two or more components
in which the edges joined are substantially in the same plane and in
which the weld metal covers a part or all of the edges joined and lies sub-
stantially outside their plane (see Fig 41 ).

U
I~

/
I
t
END VIEW
LIMITS OF SLOPE LIMITS OF ROTATION

FIG 39 DOWNIIAND (FLAT) [-'OS1l'ION

FIG ~O
D D
EXA~IPLES OF EDGE PREPARATION

35
FIG 41
I EDG~; WELD
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...
..17J

t
--
QO

w
I

.U1
.c

ilY 11 "

w
0-

+"
Y
.......--~~ 1 \-1.

x = Throat Thickness
Y = The Effective Throat Thickness
as usually adopted
FIG 42 EXAMPLES OF THROAT THICKNESS
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11.23 Effective Length of Weld - The length of weld throughout


which the correctly proportioned cross-section exists.
11.24 Effective Throat Thickness - A dimension arbitrarily adopted
' as throat tbckness for purposes of design (see Fig 42).
11.25 Full Fillet Weld - A fillet weld whose size is equal to the thick-
ness of the thinner member joined.
11.26 Fillet Weld - A weld of approximately triangular cross-section
joining two surfaces approximately at right angles to each other in a lap
joint, tee joint or comer joint (see Fig 43 and 44 ).
11.27 Fusion Face - The portion Ofa surface, or of an edge, which is
to be fused in making a fusion weld (see Fig 4S ).
11.28- Fusion Welding - Any welding process in which the weld is
made betweeh metals in a state of fusion without hammering or pressure.
11.29 Gap - The minimum distance, intentional or otherwise, at any
cross-section between edges, ends or surfaces to be joined (see Fig 4'6 ).
11.30 Gas Envelope
a) In Atomic Hydrogen Welding - An envelope of gas surrounding all
arc fan.
b) In Gas Welding - An envelope of gas surrounding an inner cone.
c) In Inert Gas or Othel' Types of Arc Welding - An envelope of
gas surrounding an arc.

Toe

Weld Face

Fusion Original Surface


Zone of Work

Root Toe

Fusion
Zone

FIG 43 fiLLET WELD

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LLL
a) Concave b) Convcx c) Mitre

Weld

• Junct

d) In a Corner Joint e) In a Lap Joint

FIG 44 EXAMPLES OF FILLET WELDS FIG 45 FUSION FACE

9=Gclp

FIG 46 EXAMPLES OF GAP

11.31 Horizontal-Vertical Position - A position in which the weld


slope does not exceed 10° and the weld rotation is greater than 10°, but
does not exceed 90° (see Fig 47).
NOTE - The terms 'horizontal-vertical overhand weld' and 'horizontal-
vertical underhand weld' are sometimes erroneously used to describe . the welds
shown respectively in. Fig 47 A and 47B. In the United States. the horizontal-
vertical position is designated as the! horizontal position.

11.32 Inclined Position - A position in which the weld slope exceeds 10°
but not 45° and in which the weld rotation does not exceed 90° (see
Fig 48).
11.33 Included Angle - The angle between the planes of the fusion
faces of parts to be welded (see Fig 27).

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47A 47 B 47C
FIG 47 HORIZONTAL-VERTICAL POSITION
XOTE - The correct terms to be used for Fig 47 A and Fig 47B are respectively
• horizdntal-vertical fillet weld' and' overhead fillet weld '. Figure 47C shows a
. horizontal-vertical butt weld "

SIDE VIEW END VIEW


LIMITS OF SLOPE LIMITS OF ROTATION

FIG 48 INCLINED POSITION

11.34 Intermittent Weld - Welding with a series of welds at specified


intervals along a joint (see Fig 49).
11.35 Leg - A fusion face in a fillet weld ( see Fig 50).
11.36 Leg Length - The distance from the root to the toe of a fillet
weld, measured along the fusion face (see Fig 50).
11.37 Manual Welding - Fusion welding in which the welding device
is held and manipulated by hand.
11.38 Mitre Fillet Weld (Flat Face Fillet Weld) - A fillet weld in
which the weld face is approximately flat.
11.39 Molten Pool- The pool of liquid metal caused by the arc or flame.
11.40 Open Joint - A preparation in which the components to be joined
are sepa.1'ated by a specified gap before welding.
11.41 Overhead Position - A position in which the weld slope does
not exceed 45° and the weld rotation is greater than 90° (see Fig 51 ).

39
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Chain Intnmittent Fill«t W«lding

Stallllllcrcd Intermittent · Fillet Welding

FIG 49 INTERMlTTE:-;T WELD

l-L&9

FIG 50 EXAMPLES OF \VELD FACES, TOES AND LEGS

SIDE VIEW . .
90TO 110
. .
90TO"0
I.IMITS OF SI.OPE

END VIEW
I.I~ITSOF ROTATION

FIG 51 OVERHEAD . POSITION

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11.42 Penetration Bead - Metal protruding through the root of a


fusion butt weld (see Fig 52).
11.43 Plug Weld - A weld made by filling a hole in one component
of a workpiece with filler metal so as to join it to the surface of a conti-
guous component exposed through the hole (see Fig 53 ).
11.44 Reinforcement - Weld metal lying outside the plane joining
the toes (see Fig 54).
11.45 Root of Preparation
a) In the Prepara#ot! of V-, U-, J- and Bevel-Butt Welds- The zone in
the neighbourhood of, and including, the gap.
b) In an OPen Square Butt Weld - The zone between the prepared
edges adjacent to a backing strip.
e) In Parts Assembled for Fillet Welding - The zone in the neighbour-
hood of the actual or projected intersection of the fusion faces
(see Fig 55 ).

~
I
Bllod
FIG 52 PENETRATION BEAD FIG 53 PLUG WELJ;)

x =Rcinforcemllnl
FIG S4 EXAMPLES OF REINFORCEMENT

9.P. 0 , 0
Strip
U,U

[bDO U
FIG SS ROOTS OF TYPICAL \VELD PREPARATIONS
(Arrow-head indicates the root of preparation)

41
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11.46 Root of Weld- The points, as shown in cross,.section, at which


the bottom of the weld' interSects the base metal surfaces (see Fig 56).
11'.47 Root Face (Nose) - The unbevelled or ungrooved portion of a
fusion face at the root (see Fig 57).
11.48 Root Radius'- The radius of the curved portion of the fusion
face in a compOilent prepared for a single-J, single-U, doublo.:J or
double-U weld (see Fig 28-).
11.49 Run (Pass)- The metal deposited during one passa~ ot ,Ute
electrode or blowpipe in the making of a joint.
l1.50 Run-Off Plate(s) - A piece, or pieces, of metal 5,0 pla.uf.!d, as to
enable the full section of weld metal to be maintained up to the end
of a joint.
11.51 Run-On Plate(s} - A piece, or pieces, of metal so placed as to
enable the full'section of weld metal to be obtained at the beginning of a
joint.
11.52 Seal Weld (Sealing Weld) - A weld used to assist in obtaining
a liquid-tight or gas-tight joint (see 11.53 and Fig 58).
11.53 Sealing Run (Backing Run) - The final run deposited on the
root side of a fusion weld (see 11.52).
11.54 Semi-Automatic Welding - Arc welding with equipment which
controls only the filler metal feed. The advance of the welding is usually
manually controlled.

\.
FiG 56 ROOTS OF WELD
(Arrow-head indicates the root of weld)

FIG 57 ROOT FACES


( Arrow-head indicates the root face) FIG 58 SEAL WELD

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11.55 Single-Bevel Butt Weld - A hutt weld in the preparation of


which the edge of one component is bevelled. and the fusion face of the
other component is at ~ight angles to the surfaces of the first component
(~r;r; Fig 59).
11.56 Single-J Butt Weld - A butt weld in the preparation 01 which
the edge of one component is prepared so that in cross-section the fusion
face is in the form of a 'J and the fusion face of the other component is at
I

right angles to the surfaces of the first component (see Fig 60).
11.57 Single-U Butt Weld -- A butt weld in the preparation of which
the edges of both components are prepared so that in cross-section the
fusion faces form a 'U' (see Fig 61 ).
11.58 Single-V Butt Weld - A butt weld in the preparatIOn of which
the edges of both parts are bevelled so that in cross-section the fusion
faces form a ' V' (see Fig 62).
11.59 Size of a Butt Weld - The effective throat thickness of a butt
weld (see Fig 63 ).
11.60 Size of a Fillet Weld - The minimum leg length of a convex
or mitre fillet weld or 1·414 times the effective throat thickness of a
concave fillet weld (see Fig 64).
11.61 Skip Sequence (Wandering Sequence) - A longitudinal se-
quence where continuous weld is obtained by depositing weld increments
at planned intervals.
11.62 Slot Weld - A method of joining two contiguous components
by depositing a fillet weld round the periphery of a hole in one compo-
nentso.as to joil). i' to the surface of the other component exposed through
the hol.e (see Fig 65).

FIG S9 SINGLE-BEVEL BUTT WELD FIG 60 SINGLE- J BUTT\VELD

FIG 61 SINGLE-U BUTT WELD FIG 62 SINGLE- V BCTT WELD

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[ SizO!

Siz~ =1.414 Throat

= \.414 Throat

FIG 64 SIZE OF FILLET \YELD

FIG 63 SIZE of BCTT \YELl) FIG 65 SLOT \YELD

FIG 66 SQUARE BUTT \VELD

11.63 Square Butt Weld - A butt weld in the preparation of which


the fusion faces lie approximately at right angles to the surfaces of the
components to be joined and are st~bstantially parallel to one another
(see Fig 66)
11.64 Tack Weld - A relatively small weld made to hold parts to-
gether to assist assembly or, to maintain alignment of edges during welding.

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tt .65 Throat Thickness - The mimmum thickness of weld metal in


a fusion weld measured as under (see Fig 42):
a) For a Fillet Weld or a V-, U-,J- or a Bevel-Btttt vVeld - Along a line
passing through the root.
b) For a Close Square-Butt Weld - In the plane of the abutting faces.
c) For an Opm Square-Blttt Weld - At the centre of the original gap
in a plane, parallel to the fusion faces,
11.66 Toe of Weld (Weld Edge) - The junction between the face
of a weld and the parent metal.
11.67 Vertical Position - Any position in which the weld slope ex-
ceeds 45° and the weld rotation is greater than 90° (see Fig 67 ).
11.68 Weaving - Transverse oscillation of the arc end of an electrode
or of a blowpipe nozzle during the deposition of weld metal ( see Fig 68 ).
11.69 Weld Face - A surface of a fusion weld exposed on the side
from which the weld .has been made (see Fig 50).
11.7" Weld Junction - The boundary between tlw fusion zone and
the heat-affected zone (see Fig 4).
11.71 Weld Rotation - The angle between the upper portion of the
vertical reference plane passing through the line of a weld foot, and a
line drawn through the same root intersecting the weld surface at a point
equidistant from either to(· of the weld (sec Fig 69-71 ).

U
II~

. .
o TO 1'0

SIDE VIEW
LIMITS OF SLOPE

w
n
PLAN VIEW
LIMITS OF ROTATION

FIG 67 VERTICAl. POSITION

45
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Start
~

--.
Start

-.
Start

Start
~

FIG 68 WEAVE MOTIONS

11.72 :Weld Slope - The angle between the line of the root of a weld
and the horizontal (see Fig 69-71 ).

12. TERMS RELATING TO ARC WELDING


, 12.1 Arc Fan - The characteristic fan-shaped flame produced in the
neighbourhood of the atomic hydrogen arc.
12.2 Arc Voltage - The voltage across the welding arc.
12.3 Arc Welding - Fusion welding in which heat for welding is ob-
tained from an electric arc or arcs.
12.4 ArCing Time FaCtor - The ratio of arcing time to the total time
the supply is available for the arc.
12.5 Atomic-Hydrogen Welding - Arc welding in which hydrogen,
passing through an arc between two non-consumable electrodes, is

46
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,
0
ROTATIQN OF WELD 150

ROTATION C,F WELD ~SO ROTATION OF WELD 9 O·

1'1<; 1\9 j)/o\GR .HIS To . ILLl:STRyft: "·I'.LI) I{OL\TIO;\

FIG 70
~ ~LOP£

*
D\.\GR.\)I TO ILIX,;TRATE \\"ELD SI.OPE

atomized and thell recombined therehy to supply thl' heat for welding.
Shielding is obtained from hydrogen . Pressure ma~' or mav not he
applied and filler metal mayor may not be used.
12.6 Bare Metal-Arc Welding - An arc welding process \\'herein weld
is produced with an electric arc between a bare or lightly-coated metal
electrode and the work and no shielding is used. Pressure i::; not used
and filler metal is obtained from the electrode. .
12.7 Burden - The layer of melt and fused metal above the welding
zone in submerged-arc welding.

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r--- 9 o"
,...</
.'

~
I
_~i
~ 1

SECTION XX
SECTION X X ELEVATION
SLOPE 0·, ROTATION O· SLOPE 35·~ ROTATION 90·

~OO

~.
X

-8- 1
X
SECTION XX

SLOPE O. ROTATION 90
. SECTION XX
SLOPE 0 , ROTATION 60·

FIG 71 EXAMPLES OF • SLOPE' AND' ROTATION'

12.8 Carbon-Arc Welding - Arc welding with a carbon electrode or


electrodes. Filler metal may be used.
12.9 Continuous Te$t Current - The maximum current that an arc-
welding se~ can supply continuously at the rated welding load voltage
without exceeding a specified temperature-rise.
12.10 Controlled-Arc Welding - Metal-arc welding in which the rate
of feed of the electrode is controlled by the arc voltage.
12.11 Controlled Tungsteq-Arc Welding - Inert-gas tungsten-arc
welding in which the arc length is controlled by the arc voltage.
12.12 Electrode Negative ----Direct-current arc welding in which the
electrode is connected to the n~gative pole of the supply (see Fig 72).
NOTE - This has sometimes ~en known in British practice as • reversed
polarity' and in American practice ~s . straight polarity ' Both these terms arc
deprecated.
12.13 Electrode Positive - Direct-current arc welding in which the
electrode is connected to the positive pole of the supply (see Fig 73 ).
NOTE - This has sometimes been known in British practice as, ' straight
polarity' and in American practice as • reversed polarity '. Both these terms ar"
deprecated.

48
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::;:~=\,======'II POlltin:
Welding
Generator
Ncgatiu

FIG 72 ELECTRODE NEGATIVE

_j:~~~=e::=::==:=(~ eN.gati
' Weldlng..
G~ncrator
Positin

FIG 73 ELECTRODE POSITIVE

12.14 Firecracker Welding - Shielded-arc welding in which an elec-


trode i's laid on the parent metal. An arc is st~rted between one end of
the electrode and the work and travels along the work as the electrode
melts. The electrode is shielded or is enveloped in a. suitable flux.
12.15 Fused Melt - Glass-like materi~l formed from melt during sub-
merged-arc welding.
12.16 Inert-Gas Arc Welding - Shielded-arc welding in which the
shielding medium is an inert gas, as in argon-arc welding and helium-
arc welding.
12.17 Inert-Gas Metal-Arc Welding - Inert-gas arc welding .using
a consumable electrode.
12.18 Inert-Gas Tungsten-Arc Welding - Inert-gas arc welding with
a non-consumable electrode of tungsten.
12.19 Maximum Welding Current - The maximum current permitted
by the current regulator to be drawn from a single welding point at a
specified welding load voltage.
12.20 Metal-Arc Welding - Arc welding with a metal electrode or
electrodes the melting of which provides the filler metal.
12.21 Metal-Run-Out -Molten metal inadvertently lost from a weld
by gravitational flow through a joint.
NOTE - The term is used mainly in submerged-arc welding, where the effect
arises from incorrect edge preparation.

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12.22 Nominal Hand-Welding Current - The maximum permissible


current to be drawn from a single welding point when working continuously
with an arcing time factor of 0·75.
12.23 Open-Circuit Voltage - The voltage between the output ter-
r11inals of a welding set ready to weld, but carrying no current.
12.24 Self-Adjusting Arc Welding - Metal-arc welding in which an
electrode is fed at a constant speed ,,"hile the arc length is maintained sub-
stantially constant by the inherent electrical characteristics of the welding
current circuit.
12.25 Shielded-Arc Welding - Arc welding in which the arc and the
weld metal are protected from the atmosphere by a shielding medium.
12.26 Striking Voltage - The minimum voltage at which an arc may
b.e struck.
12.27 Submerged-Arc Welding - Arc welding in which a bare wire
electrode is used; the arc is enveloped in a powdered flux, some of which
fuses to form a removable covering of slag on the weld.
12.28 Test Load Factor - A function of the arcing time factor used
to obtain the continuous test current.
12.29 Time of Recovery - The time required, after a disturbance has
taken place in a circuit, for either the current or the voltage, or both, to
1'<'co\"er to a specified percentage of their yalues before the disturbance.
12.30 Welding Load Voltage -- The voltage between the output
terminals of an arc-welding set (i.e. those to which the electrode and
retnrn ]t'ads are connected) when a specified current is flowing.

13. TERMS RELATING TO EQUIPMENT


13.1 Air-Acetylene Blowpipe (Bunsen Type )-- A blowpipe incor-
poratillg an injector to produce a flame suitable for lead-burning or
solderilig·
13.2 Air-Acetylene Blowpipe ( High Temperature Type) - A blow-
pipe incorporating an injector \\'ith a hoorled head to produce a flame
~llitabk for brazing.

13,3 An:- Welding Electrode (Electrode) --- -.\ rod of metal (which
may be llsed as filler metal), or a roc! of carbon, between one end of which
and either the ,,,ork or another electrode, the arc i" formed.
13.4 Arc-Welding Set (Arc-Welding Plant) - Apparatus for pro-
viding and controlling electrical energy for a single welding arc (single-
operator welding set) or for two or more welding arcs (multi-operator
welding set).

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13.5 Atomic-Hydrogen Torch .' - An electrodc holder carry.ng the


electrodes and incorporating a means of supplying hydrogen to the arc
in atomic-hydrogen welding.
13.6 Backing Bar-- Backing piece of metal or other material used to
assist in making a weld but not intended to become part of the weld ( see
also 11.6).
13.7 Bare Electrode- A filler-metal electrode, used in arc \\"elding,
consisting of a metal wire with no coating other than that incidental to
the drawing of the wire.
13.8 Cast-Iron Thermit - Welding thermit with the addition of ierro-
silicon for the thermit fusion welding of cast-iron.
13.9 Constant-Voltage Welding Generator - A ~lirect-current welding
generator forming part of an arc-welding set and having a terminal
voltage which remains substantially constant· from Ifull load to no load.
13.10 Consumable Electrode - .\.11 arc-welding electrode which pro-
vides filler metal.
13.U Cored Electrode -- A metal electrode with a core of flux and/or
other materials to modify the properties of the wrId metal and to facili-
tate welding .
.'\OTE ._- The term 'ilux' ill this q~ntcxt is used in ib ordinary engineerin~
sense. The core is so;netimcs looselv' described as tll1X, whether or not other
l11ateriab are prescnt. . ~.

13.12 Covered Electrode - A filler-metal electrode, used in arc weld-


ing, consisting of a metal core wire with a relatively thick covering to
modify the properties of the weld metal and to facilitate welding.
13.13 Covered Filler Rod (Coated Filler Rod) - A filler rod with
a covering of flux and/or other material to modify the properties of
the filler metal.
.'\OTE-- The term 'tlux' in this context is used in its ordinary engille('rill~
sellse. The cO\'cring is sometimc3 loosely described as fiux. whether or not ~ther
materials arc present. '

13.14 Drooping-Characteristic Welding Generator- A direct-currcnt


welding generator forming part of an arc-welding set and having a.
terminal voltage which drops automatically from the open-circuit volt-
age to the arc voltage when an arc is struck.
13.15 Dual-Gas Economizer - An auxiliary device for temporarily
cutting off the supply of gas and oxygen, except for that to a pilot jet.
XOTE It is actuated by depressing a lever, which generally takes the form
of a hook upon which the blowpipe is hung; it obviates resetting the flame after
interruptions of welding.

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13.16 Fillet Weld Extension - A device for attachment to the weld-


ing head df a submerged-arc welding machine to enable fillet welds to be
made.
U. t 7 Fillet Weld Guide - A fillet weld extension fitted with a guide
wheel.
13.~8 Fitted Hose - A length of hose each end of which is fitted with
a hose coupling .nipple and a hose coupling nut.
13.19 HF Unit (HF Ionizer)- A high frequency electrical oscillator
used to enable an arc to be struck without contact between the electrode
and the workpiece.
13.20 Hooded Head - A tub1.\lar device with an injector fitted into
one end and series of apertures in the base of the tube wall through which
a stream of air is induced.
13.21 Hose Coupler - A metal component, consisting of a hexagonal
centre portion with threaded ends, for connecting two lengths of fitted
hose.
13.22 Hose Coupling Nipple - A metal component, one end of which
is secured in the tail piece by the hose coupling nut and the other end
inserted into the hose.
13.23 Hose Coupling Nut - A nut, provided with a shoulder on one
face, used for securing the hose coupling nipple in position in the threaded
hose connection.
13.24 Hydrogen Valve - An electrically operated on-off valve used
in atomic-hydrogen welding to allow hydrogen to flow only when an
arc is struck. .
13.25 Inert-Gas Shield - A tube, usually of refractory material, which
forms the nozzle of an inert-gas shielded-arc torch and confines the gas to
the immediate neighbourhood of the arc.
13.26 Inert-Gas Shielded-Arc Torch - A combined electrode holder
and gas tube so arranged as to enable an electric arc to be formed in an
inert-gas envelope.
13.27 Lightly Coated Electrode - A filler-metal electrode, used in
arc welding, consisting of a metal wire with a light coating applied sub-
sequent to the drawing operation, primarily for stabilizing the arc.
13.28 Melt - The powdered flux used in submerged-arc welding.
13.29 Melt Distributing Assembly - A system of channels and guides,
attached to the welding head of a submerged-arc welding machine, for
conveying the melt and securing an even and sufficient burden.

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13.30 Melt Hopper - A hopper, attached to a submerged-arc welding


machine, for storing the melt and feeding it to the melt distributing
assembly.
13.31 Non-Consumable Electrode - An arc welding electrode which
does not provide filler metal.
13.32 Pre-Heating Gate - An opening in a mould to facilitate pre-
heating of parts to be joined by thermit fusion welding ( see Fig 26 ).
13.33 Plugging Material- Refractory material placed on top of the
tapping pin to prevent its trielting.
13.34 Sheathed Electrode - A covered electrode with an external
sheath, usually of metal.
13.35 Spacer Strip - A metal strip or bar inserted in the root of a
joint prepared for a groove weld to serve as a backing and to maintain
root opening during welding (see Fig 74-).

FIG 74 SP.\CER STRIP

13.36 Stone - A ring of refractory material, usually pressed magnesite,


built into the bottom of a thermit crucible for the reception of a thimble.
13.37 Tapping Pin - A metal plug closing the hole in a thimble (see
Fig 26).
13.38 Thimble - A renewable . ring of refractury material (usually
magnesite) inserted in a stone, through the centre oi which the molten
metal passes (see Fig 26).
13.39 Threaded Hose Connection - The threaded component (inlet
or outlet) on a welding or cutting appliance into which the bull-nose end
of the hose coupling nipple is inserted.
13.40 Wax Pattern - Wax introduced between parts to be joined by
means of thermit fusion welding. It forms the foundation for .t he mould
and is removed by the pre-heating operation.
13.41 Welding Blowpipe "7 A device used in gas wefding for control-
ling the admixture of gases so as to produc~ a flame suitable for welding.

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13.42 Welding Head - A device used for automatic arc welding and
comprising an electrode feed m~chanism and means for conveying ('.ur-
rent to the electrode(s). It may include electrode straightening gear and
the head may be stationary and the work in m:>tion"9r vice versa.
13.43 Welding Regulator - A valve, for attachmeirf to a gas cylinder
or pipeline, to reduce the pressure to the working-pressure of the blowpipe.
NOTE - After adju-;tment by the operator, the valve maintains the working-
pressure automatically.

14. TERMS RELATING TO GAS WELDING


14.1 All-Position Rightward Welding - A variation of rightward
welding in which the flame is approximately normal to the molten pool
(see Fig 75).

FIG 75 ALL-POSITION RIGHTWARD \VELDING

14.2 Backfire - The momentary recession of the flame into the blow-
pipe followed by immediate re-appearance or complete extinguishment
of the flame, usually accompanied by an explosive sound.
14.3 Carburizing Flame - A reducing flame in which gas Or gases burnt
are carbonaceous.
NOTE - In an oxy-acetylene carburizing flame the inner cone is not sharply
defined and is surrounded by a quantity of unburned ga3 known as a ' feather
14.4 Flame Snap-Out - Harmless unintentional extinction of a gas
welding flame, sometimes accompanied by a minor explosion.
14.5 Flashback - Dangerous rt:trogression of a gas welding flame beyond
the b:owpipe body into the hose; with subsequent explosion.
NOTE - The violence of the explosion depend3 upon where it occllrs.
14.6 Full-Fusion Welding - A name given to gas ( fusion) welding
to distinguish it from surface-fusion (semi-fusion) welding and non-
fusion weldiTl~.
14.7 Gas Welding - A group of welding processes wherein weld is
.produced by heating with a gas flame or flames. with or without the
application of pressure and with or without the use of filler metal.

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14.8 Inner Cone - The inner part of a gas welding flame adjacent to
the blowpipe nozzle (see Fig 76).
14.9 Leftward Welding (Forward Welding)- Welding in which the
flame is directed towards the unwelded part of the joint (see Fig 77).
14.10 Neutral Flame - A gas flame wherein the portion used is neither
oxidizing nor reducing (see Fig 78).
NOTE - In an oxy-acetylene neutral flame the quantitie, of gas and admixed
oxygen are generally approximately equal and the inner cone is sharply defined,
except for a haze or mistiness at its extremity.
14.11 Non-Fusion Welding - A term applied to the deposition, by
the oxy-acetylene process, of filler metal on parent metal without fusion
of the latter.
14.12 Oxidizing Flame - A gas flame wherein the portion used has
an oxidizing effect due to the existence of excess of oxygen over fuel
gas (see Fig 79).
14.13 Pick-Up - That property of a flux which causes some of it to
adhere to the heated end of a filler rod, i.e. the property which gives rise

FIG 76 COMPOSITION DIAGRAM SHOWING INNER CONES OF VARIOUS FLAMES


NOTE --:- N = Neutral Flame, it Nand 2 N are rehcing flames for non-fusion
welding and for the welding of some non-ferrous metals (see 14.11).

..
OlrCCtiOn
of Weld

p Whit. to IIlu. Co.,


'Ncarl, Colourlns
IIluloh to O,ang.

FIO"'_ a •••eft without -F1(l:II"t al ••In with


W.lde,'o G09gl.. W.I4.,,, Goggl ••

FIG 77 LEFTWARD WELDING FIG 78 NEUTRA,L FLAME

Cone
\Whlte
~i>UrplI'h
~~~ng. to

Flornl. 01 Iccn without Flame: 01 I.n wit"


WlkI.,... G09~lu W1il:Id~r'l Goggle.

FIG 79 OXIDIZING FLAME

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to the 'tuft 'which is applied to the molten pool. (For dennitionof


the term appricab1e to resistance welding. see 8.27.)
14.14 Reducing Flame - A gas flame wherein the portion used has
reducing effect due to the existence of excess of fuel gas over oxygen
(see Fig 80 ).
14.15 Rightward Welding ( Backward. Welding.>~ Weldin~ in which
the flame is directed towards the welded part of the ]0111t (see Flg 81 ).
NOTE --- The lise of the term' backhand welding' in this connection is depre-
cated.

Dlrtc:tlon
'nUtlle Whiter Cone 1&con" of Weld
Whttol or Colourl.n
Oron", to 81~'s"
:Hucln t 10ft.
..-.-= • •
~~~~ ~·M~~'~-i·-·"~·-
!rIa"" 0' lun without Flaml O' U4/:n with
W4I:ldcr', GO~9I-l1 Welde,,-, Gat,ln

FIG 80 REDUCING FLAME FIG 81 RIGHTWARD \VELnING

14.16 Surface-Fusion Welding (Semi-Fusion Weldin~ ) - Gas


welding in which a carburizing flame is used to melt the surface of
the parent metal, which then unites with molten metal from a suitable
filler rod.
~OTE - This application is used for Linde welding. hard surfacing, building-up
and the like.

14.17 Sustained Backfire - Possibly harmful retrogression of a gas


welding flame into the blowpipe neck or body, the flame remaining
alight.
NOTE - It is usually accompanied by popping or squealing and sometimes
there is it small pointed flame ~t the nozzle.

15. TERMS RELATING TO THERMIT FUSION WELDING


15.1 Collar - Weld metal projecting around the periphery of weld
made by thermit fusion welding (see Fig 26). _
NOTE - It has the effect of supplying sufficient metal for feeding the main
section on cooling and also of ensuring fusion at the extreme edges of the parts
being joined.

15.2 Thermit Fusion Weldini1- A fusion welding process in which


\velding heat is obtained from welding thermit. and the molten metal
acts as added metal. The parent metal is pre-heated.

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PART IV BRAZING AND BRONZE WELDING

16. GEN~RAL TERM


16.1 Stoppin~-Olf A~ent - Lamp-black, graphite, or similar material
placed on a workpiece around the joint to prevent molten filler metal from
adhering to adjacent surfaces.

17. TERMS RELATI~G TO BRAZING


17.1 Brazin~ - A process of joining metals in which molten filler metal
is drawn by capillary attraction into the space between closely adjacent
sui-faces of the parts to be joined. In general, the melting point of the
filler metal is above 500°C.
17.2 Brazin~ Alloy - Filler metal used in brazing.
17.3 Dip Brazin~ - A process in which a workpiece is partially or
totally immersed in a bath of molten filler metal which is covered by a
layer of molten flux.
17.4 Flame Brazin~ (Torch Brazin~)- A process in which heat for
brazing is obtained from a gas flame from a manually operated blowpipe
or torch.
17.5 Furnace Brazin~ - A process in which brazing heat is obtained
by putting a complete workpiece into a furnace which may contain a pro-
tective atmosphere.
17.6 Induction Brazin~ - A process in which brazing heat is obtained
by inducing 'high-frequency electric current within the material in the
neighbourhood of the joint. A protective atmosphere may be used.
17.7 Resistance Brazin~ - A process in which brazing heat is ob-
tained by
a) the passage of an electric current between the parts to be joined,
as in resistance welding, or
b) the passage of an electric current through two carbon electrodes
and the parts to be joined. The greater part of the brazing heat
is generated in the electrodes and conducted to the joint.
17.8 Salt Bath Brazin~ - A process in which brazing heat is obtained
by immersing a complete workpiece in a bath of molten salt of suitable
melting point. The salt used should act as a flux.
17.9 Spelter - A brazing alloy consisting noqtinally of 50 percent copper
and 50 percent zinc.
NOTE - The term' spelter' is not used here in the ordinary metallurgical sense.

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18. TERMS RELATING TO BRONZE WELDING


18.1 Bell Butt Joint - A joint between two pipes of the same dia-
meter, in which one pipe end is swaged out to receive the end of the
other pipe (see Fig 82).
18.2 Branch Tee Saddle Joint - A joint between a branch pipe set
at 90° to a main pipe, the end of the branch pipe being shaped to fit
snugly against the main pipe (see Fig 83 ).
18.3' Bronze Filler Metal:""'- A filler metal used for bronze welding,
consisting basically of copper and zinc. It may also contain nickel,
manganese, and/or other metals.
NOTE - The term' bronze' is not used here in the ordinary metallurgical sense,
18.4 Bronze Welding - A method of joining metals by means of the
deposition of molten copper-rich filler metal on the parts to be joined,
without necessarily fusing them. In general, the melting point of the
filler metal is above 850°C.
NOTE --':- The meaning now attached to the term is quite arbitrary. since bronze
is not used and the process is not necessarily welding. Bronze welding, unlike
brazing (qv), does not depend upon capillary attraction,
18.5 Diminishing Bell Butt Joint - A joint between two pipes of
different diameters, in which the end of the smaller pipe is swaged olit
to fit the bore of the larger pipe (see Fig 84).
18.6 Short Bell Branch Joint - A branch joint in which the metal
round a hole in a main pipe is swaged out to receive the end of a branch
pipe (see Fig 85).
18.7 Weldable Fitting - A specially shaped component of suitable
copper, alloy, fitted to copper or copper-alloy pipe to facilitate joining
them by bronze welding.

PART V TESTING
19. TERMS RELATING TO TESTING
19.1 AU-Weld Test Piece - A block of metal consisting ot one bead
or of a number of beads fused together. It may, or may not, include
portions of parent metal.
19.2 All-Weld Test Specimen - An all-weld test piece after prepara-
tion for testing.
NOTE ' - Some test specimens may have portions of parent metal at their ends
to facilitate gripping during testing, but all parent metal is remO\'ed from the
portion under test.
19.3 Cruciform Test Piece - A flat plate to which two other· flat
plates or bars are welded at right angles. It may be of Type A or
Type B as shown.in Fig 86.

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End. Cllamtcr~d
~~r:;'"
~O:j
-t(lZTZZl-~~~:~:j-
.Main Plp~ 7
FIG 82 BELL BUTT JOINT FIG 83 BRANCH TEE SADDLE JOINT

Branch Pip~
chamtcr~d 7

/1
Tatt~ up
Sw~d out
Main Pipe
FIG 84 DIMDHSHING BELL BUTT JOINT FIG 85 SHORT BELL BRANCH JOINT

86 (A) Test Piece -Type A 86 (8) Test Piece-Type B


FIG 86 CRUCIFORM TEST PIECES

19.4 Cruciform Test Specimen - A portion cut from a cruciform


test piece of Type A (see Fig 86) and prepared for testing a" shown in
Fig 87 or the whole of a test piece of Type B (see Fig 86).
19.5 Flattening Test ( In Bronze Welding) - A test in which a bronze
welded pipe joint (see 18.1, 18.2, 18.5 and 18.6) is flattened until the
internat walls are substantially in contact.

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19.6 Free Bend Test - A bend test made by pre-setting the ends of
a specimen to prQmote bending, and by concluding the test without
using a former.
19.7 Guided Bend Test - A bend test made by bending the specimen
round a former.
19.8 Hot Cracking Test - A test designed to indicate the cracking
propensities of metal while it is solidifying after it has been deposited
from an electrode.
19.9 Normal Bend Test (Face Bend Test) - A bend test in which
a specified side of the weld specimen is adjacent to the bending former,
namely:
a) the side containing the root or to which the root is nearer, or
b) the side other than that containing the last-made run when the
root is central, or
c) the inner side of a pipe or tube in welds made with pressure.
19.1&Notch-Break Specimen (Nick-Break Specimen) - A test
specimen in which small notches are cut to promote fracture in a pre-
determined position for inspection of the interior of the weld.
19.11 Reverse Bend Test - A bend test in which the side other than
that specified for a normal bend test is adjacent to the bending former.
19.12 Shear-Test Piece - A test piece incorporating an agreed number
( usually not more than three) of spot or projection welds (see Fig 88).
19.13 Shear-Test Specimen - A shear-test piece preparpd for testing
in a tensile testing machine by drilling out or otherwise rendering ineffec-
tive those welds not to be tested.

,
I
I , I
L_~ I J.. ____ J.'
I I ,,'
L_.J,.oo"

FIG 87 ;\IETHOD OF OBTAINING CRVCIFOR)I TEST SPECIMEN

?\OTE - The test is a tensile test of the fillet welds in which the free ends
of the parts welded on are gripped in tensile testing machhre.

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19.14 Slug Test - A test of a spot weld or of a projection weld in


which the plates cOntaining the weld are forced apart by bending one
plate until the two separate.
Non: - In a good weld, the weld m,etal adheres to one of the plates and is called
a slug.
19.15 Test Piece - Components welded together in accordance with
a specified welding procedure.. or a portion detached from a welded
structure, for test.
19.16 Test Specimen - A . portion detached from a test piece and
prepared as required for testing.
19.17 Tongue-Bend Test Specimen - A portion so cut in two straight
lengths of pipe butt-welded together as to produce a tongue containing
a portion of the weld. The cuts are made sO that the tongue is ·parallel
to the axis of the pipes and the weld is tested by bending the tongue
round a former (see Fig 89) .
. i,9.18 Transverse Bend Specimen - A test specimen for a bend test,
which is tran~versely bisected by the portion of the weld included in it.
19.19 Transverse Tensile Specimen ~ A test specimen for a tensile
test, which is transversely bisected by the portion of the weld included
in it.
19.20 U-Tensile Test - A method of tensile testing spot or projection
welds. After welding the test plates are bent as shown in Fig 90 and the
specimen is then pulled apart.

FIG 88 SHEAK-TEST PIECE

TOIl, •• ~. .t
., Pres
8'." or

:"-31
.....

I jf-:
FIG90 U-TE.sILB
FIG 89 TONGUE-BEND TEST Snc:ua. TaT SPBCDlBlf

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PART VI WELD IMPERFECTIONS

20. TERMS RELATING TO WELD IMPERFECTIONS


20.1 Blowhole - A large cavity due to entrapped gas.
XOTE - This term is cO:1Veniently applied to cavities exceeding 1·6 mm (or
-r\- in.) in diameter.

20.2 Capillary Pipe - A fine pipe extending along 1:he junction of


weld and parent metal.
NOTE - The defect is caused by faults in the parent metal (e.g. laminations
or layers of segregation) mostly occurring along the whole length of the metal
concerned.

20.3 Crack - A discontinuity produced either by tearing of the metal


while in a plastic condition (hot crack or hot tear) or by fracture when
cold (cold crack or cold tear).
20.4 Crater - A depression left in weld metal where the arc was broken
or theflalRe was removed.
20.5 Edge of Plate Melted Off - An imperfection in a fillet weld due
to a free edge of a plate being melted off and insufficiently built up
(see 21.1.3 ).
20.6 End Crater ---'- A crater at the end of a weld or at the end of a
joint (see 21.1.2.1 ).
20.7 Exposed Inclusion - An inclusion near the surface, exposed, but
not completely removed, by dressing.
20.8 Exposed Porosity - Porosity near the surface, exposed, but not
completely removed, by dressing.
20.9 Gas Pore - A small cavity due to entrapped gas.
NOTE - This term is conveniently applied to cavities not exceeding 1·6 min (or
-r\- in.) in. diameter.

20.10 Inclusion - Slag or other foreign matter entrapped during welding.


20.11 Incomplete Inter-Run Penetration - A gap occurring in a
multi-run weld where the weld metal fails to fill a crevice formed by a
previous run or runs. The crevice is usually at the toes of the underlying
run or runs (see 21.2.6 ).
20.12 Incomplete Root Penetration - A gap left by failure of weld
metal to fill the root (see 21.2.7).

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20.13 Incorrect Profile (Incorrect Contour) - A departure of the


shape and/or size of an otherwise correctly formed weld from that specified.
20.14 Lack of Fusion - Lack of union in a weld.
NOTE - Lack of union in a weld may be
a) between deposited metal and parent metal, or
b) between parent metal and parent metal, or
c) between deposited metal and deposited metal (see 21.2.8 (Illd Fig 91)
20.15 Lack of Inter-Run Fusion - Lack of union between adjacent
runs of weld metal in a mu1ti~run weld (see 21.2.8).
20.16 Lack of Root Fusion - Lack of union between weld metal and
parent metal, or between the adjacent faces of the paren.t metal at the
root (see 21.2.8).
20.17 Lack of Side Fusion - Lack of union between weld metal and
parent metal at a side of a weld outside the root (see . 21.2.8).
20.18 Overlap - An imperfection at a toe or root of a weld caused by
metal flowing on to the surface of the parent metal without fusing to the
latter (see 21.1.10).
20.19 Pipe - An elongated or tubular cavity in weld metal due to
entrapped gas (see 21.2.9).
20.20 Porosity - A group of gas pores (see 21.2.10).
NOTE -Porosity may be conveniently differentiated according to size as fine,
medium, or coarse, and may occur as clusters or chains, or may be scattered.
20.21 Root Concavity - An intermittent broad groove, or series of
cavities, occurring in submerged-arc welding in the penetration bead,
or- in the root, qf a weld.
NOTE - The imperfection occurs when a copper backing-har is used, and is
caused by fused flux powder trickling through the irregular abutting faces of the
parent metal and the copper backing-bar.

Lock of
Fusion

FIG 91 LACK OF FUSIO~

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20.22 Root Groove - A shallow 5:roove occurring tortuitously in the


root of a butt weld during welding (see 21.1.13 ).
20.23 Shrinkage Groove - A shallow groove in the parent metal
along each side of a penetration bead.-
20.24 Undercut - A groove cut into .the base metal along the toe of
a weld and left unfilled by the weld metal ( see 21.1.18 ).
lp.25 Vnderfiushing - A reduction in metal thickness due to excessive
dressing (see 21.1.19). -

21. TERMS RELATING TO WELD IMPERFECTIONS


APPROPRIATE FOR RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION

21.0 Introduction

21.0.1 The terms given under 21.1 and 21.2 are intended to be
comprehensive, with the exception of those relating to characteristic
defects confined to specialized methods, such as flash butt welding
or spot welding, in which radiographic inspection is not yet in general
use.
21.0.2 Since the terms primarily concern radiographic inspection
of welds, the definitions .have been amplified by means of diagrams and
illustrative radiographs. The radiographs have been selected with the
one object of illustrating the salient features of the defects, and the
examples have been chosen to facilitate their reproduction in -half-
tone blocks. Consequently, the faults are rather more marked than is
usual, in order to compensate for losses in the printing process; The
radiographer will appreciate that the image of a given defect on a photo-
graphic film becomes more ill-defined and more indistinct as the thickness
of metal increases, or if salt intensifying screens are used instead of
metal screens, etc. Moreover, the sharply defined contours of a blowhole,
or a pipe viewed end-on, may be blurred and diffused by halation, so
that interpretation may be more difficult than these illustrations would
suggest.
21.0.3 Not only is interpretation more difficult when these condi-
tions are present, but it is also complicated by the fact that· defects of
more than one kind often occur together: porosity is often mixed with
fine inclm;ions; incomplete penetration or lack of fusion may be accom-
paniedby inclusions, or may be partially obscured by ovy:rlying defects
in other runs of the weld; cavities may be partially filled with foreign matter,
while inclusions sometimes have cracks radiating from sharp edges and
corners.
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21.0.4 In some of the terms, the radiographic shadows are .eharac-


teristic of a particular defect (e.g. crack, blowhole); iI) others, the first
interpretation is not free from ambiguity (e.g. lack of side fusion may be
indistinguishable from capillary piping; undercut from a line inclusion).
Tube-shift or stereo-radiographic exposures as also the position of the
image relative to the centre-line of the weld may assist in resolving the
ambiguity. For the sake of completeness a few imperfections, sueh as
overlap, which cannot in general be detected radiographically, havf; also
been included. Other surface imperfections in the weld or adjacent metal,
which are readily seen by visual surface inspection, have also been in-
cluded since they may be revealed in the radiograph. They would bere-
moved in the final surface dressing where this is required by specification,
but if their elimination is incomplete they are liable, in the first exami-
nation of the radiographs, to be interpreted erroneously, as internal
defects, and are therefore of significance in radiographic inspection.
21.0.5 The terms are defined under the following two headings:
a) Surface imperfections in the weld or adjacent metal, and
b) Internal defects in the weld or adjacent metal.
21.0.6 This distinction between surface imperfections and internal
defects has been drawn because of the different standards of acceptance
which would normally be applied in the two cases.
21.0.7 Surfa.ce imperfections are generally removed in the final
dressing of the surface of the weld where this is required by specification,
but, if their elimination is incomplete, they are liable to be interpreted
errol1eously as internal defects in the first examination of the radiographs.
Where visual inspection of the surface is impracticable, surface imperfec-
. tions may be distinguished from internal defects by stereo-radiography
or tube-shift methods.

21.1 Surface Imperfections in the Weld or Adjacent Metal


21.1.1 Chipping Mark - An indentation resulting from chipping in
preparation or dressing. It gives rise to a dark shadow of corresponding
shape in the radiograph.
21.1.2 Crater - A depression' left in a weld where the arc was
broken or the flame was removed. It appears in the radiograph as a
dark shadow varying in density and shape with the dimensions of the
imperfection.
21.1.2.1 End crater - A crater at the end of a weld or joint. It
gives a radiographic image similar to that of a crater.
21.1.3 Edge of Plate Melted Off-An imperfection in a fillet weld
due to a free edge of a plate being melted off and insufficiently built up.

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It appears in the radiograph as a dark ribbon with diffuse edges corres-


ponding in position to the toe of the weld (see Fig 92).
21.1.4 Excessive Penetration Bead (Excessive Under-Bead)- Exces,.;
of metal protruding through the root in a fusion butt weld. It appears
in the radiograph as a continuous or intermittent light irregular band within
the image of the weld (see Fig 93 ).
21.1.5 Exposed Inclusion - An inclusion near the surface, exposed,
but not completely removed, by dressing. The radiographic image ;,.;
similar to that given by an inclusion situated wholly within the metal
(see also 21.2.5).
21.1.6 Exposed Porosity - Porosity hear the surface. .ell:pose(~.
but not completely removed, by dressing. The radiographic Image IS
similar to that given by porosity situated wholly within the metal
(see also 21.2.10).
21.1.7 Grinding Scratch - A groove in the surface of parent meta.!
or of a weld made by a grinding wheel or surfacing tool. A grinding
scratch, if of sufficient depth, may give a radiographic appearance similar
to that of a welding defect.
21.1.8 Incompletely Filled Groove - A continuous or intermittent
channel in a butt-weld face where the thickness of the throat is less than
that of the parent metal. It appears in the radiograph as a dark area
corresponding to the size and shape of the defect, When present at a
fusion face, the radiographic appeamnce is similar to that of undercut.
except that the edge of the image corresponding to the edge of the fusion
face preparation is straight (see Fig 94).
21.1.9 Incorrect PrOfile (Incorrect Contour)- A departure of the
shape and/or size of an otherwise correctly formed weld from that specified.
The presence of this defect may sometimes be inferred from the variation
in density of the radiograph in the region of the weld.
21.1.10 Overlap - An imperfection at a toe or root of a weld
caused by an overflow of weld metal on to the surface of the parent
metal without fusing to the latter. Visual and radiographic examina-
tion may give an exaggerated impression of the width of the reinforcc~
ment fused to the parent plates. I t is not possible to detect overlap

FIG 92 EDGE OF FIG 93 EXCESSIVE FIG 94 INCOMPLETELY


PLATE MELTED OFF PENETRATION BEAD' FILLED GROOVE

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radiographically, but it may usually be revealed in steel welds by magnetic


crack detectors (see Fig 95 ).
21.1.11 Peening Mark - An indentation, due to a peening blow,
in the weld or parent metal. It gives rise to a dark shadow of correspond-
ing shape in the radiograph.
21.1.12 Root Concavity - An intermittent broad groove or series of
concavities in an under-bead, or in the root of a weld. It appears in the
radiograph as a series of dark areas along the centre of the weld seam
varying in density according to the depth of the imperfection. It is
usually intermittent (see Fig 96).
NOTE - The imperfection occurs in submerged-arc welds when a copper-backing
plate is used amI is caused by fused flux powder trickling through the irregular
abutting faces of the parent metal and becoming entrapped between the weld
'metal all~ ,the copper-backing plate.

FIG 95 OVERLAP

FIG 96 ROOT CONCAVITY

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21.1.13 Root Groove - A shallow groove in the root of a butt weld


formed during· welding. The. edges of the groove are smoothly continuous
with the metal surface on both sides. It may be present even though
[ull fusion has occurred. It appears in the radiograph as a dark band
varying in density according to the depth of the groove (see Fig 97 ).
21.1.14 Shrinkage Groove - A shallow groove in the parent metal
along each side of an under-bead in a butt weld. The radiograph shows
each groove as a dark band varying in density according to its depth
(see Fig 98 and 99).
NOTE - :rhe imperfection occurs in 'gas welding and is caused by plastic
deformation and/or oxidation of the parent metal adjacent to the roots of the
weld.

21.1.15 Spatter (Splatter, Splash, Spitting)- Globules of metal ex-


pelled during arc welding on to the surface of parent metal or of a weld.
Spatter appears in the radiograph as small light rounded area ( see Fig 100).
21.1.16 StJrjace Pitting - An imperfection in the surface of the
parent metal usually in the form of small depressions which may be so

FIG 97 ROOT GROOVE

FIG 98 MACROGRAPH OF SHRINKAGE GROOVES

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FIG 99 RADIOGRAPH OF SHRINKAGE GROOVES

FIG 100 SPATTER

close to a weld as to be mistaken for a welding defect. The imperfection


appears in the radiograph as small dark images (see Fig 101).
21.1.17 Tom Surface - A surface irregularity due to the removal
of tack-welded jigs and the like. The radiographic appearance corres-
ponds in outline to that of the affected area and may be either light or
dark, depending on whether the tack or the parent metal has been torn.

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FIG 101 SURFACE PITTING

FIG 102 UNDERCUT

21.1.18 Undercut - A groove or channel along a toe of a weld


caused by wastage of the parent metal. It appears in the radiograph
as a dark line, sometimes broad a:nd diffuse, in a po::.ition corresponding
to the toe of the weld (see Fig 102 and 103).
21.1.19 Underflushing (Excessive Dressing, Excessive Grinding)- A
reduction in metal thickness due to excessive dressing. The imperfection

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FIG 103 EXAMPLES OF UNDERCUT


(Arrow-head indicates the undercut)

FIG 104 UNDERFLUSHING

produces a characteristic appearance of extended dark areas with diffuse


edges (see Fig 104).
21.2 Internal Defects in the Weld or Adjacent Meta)
21.2.1 Blowhole (Void, Gas Pocket)- A large cavity due to en-
trapped gas. It appears in the radiograph as a dark shadow of rounded
contour (see Fig 105).

* NOTR-- This term is conveniently applied to cavities exceeding 1·6 mm (or


in.) in diameter.

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FIG 105 BLOWHOLES

FIG 106 MACROGRAPH OF CAPILLARY PIPES

21.2.2 Capillary Pipe - A fine pipe extending along the junction


of a weld and parent metal. It appears in the radiograph as a straight,
dark, rather diffuse line which may be either continuous or intermittent
(see Fig 106 and 107).
NOTE - - The defect is caused by faults in the .parent metal ( e.g. lamination
or layers of segregation), mostly occurring along the whole length of the metal
coneerfied.

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FIG 107 RADIOGRAPH OF C\PIlL\RY PI,PES

FIG 108 CRACK

21.2.3 Crack (Hot Tear, Springing)- A discontinuity produced


eithet< by tearing of the metal while in a plastic condition (hot crack),
or 6y fracture when cold (cold crack). H.adiographlcally, the former
is revealed as a fine dark line wandering in direction and -tapered at the
ends; often discontinuous, when the segments are roughly parallel but
slightly displaced and possibly overlapping. A cold fracture gives, in
general, a shadow which is finer, . straighter, continuous and free from
bifurcations (see Fig 108).
NOTE 1 - The detection of a crack, or part of it, is dependent on its orienta-
twn relative to the X-ray beam and accordingly it may not be equally well

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revealed along its entire iength. As the orientation diverges from the optimum
direction :for detection, the radiographic shadow becomes broadened and increas-
ingly difficult to recognize.
NOTE 2 - Cracks may be further differentiated as longitudinal, transverse,
crater, centre line, fusion zone, under-bead, weld metal, or parent metal cracks,
and it is helpful to include such descriptions in radiographic reports.

21.2.4 Gas Pore - A small cavity due to entrapped gas. The


radiographic appearance is a sharply defined dark shadow of circular
contour (see also 21.2.10).
NOTE - This term is conveniently applied to cavities not exceeding 1,6 mm ( or
Tr in.) in diameter.

21.2.5 Inclusion (Slag, SlJt{5 Trap)- Slag or other foreign matter


entrapped during welding. Tne defect is usually more irregular in shape
than a gas cavity. The radiographic image is, in general, of lower con-
trast than that of a gas cavity of the same dimensions. The inclusions
are more generally encountered in the following forms (see Fig 109):
a) Large isolated inclusion - This appears in the radiograph as a
dark shadow of irregular c~ntour.
b) Cluster of small inclusions - This appears in the radiograph as
a group of dark ill-defined spots.
c) Line inclusion - This appears in the radiograph as a dark shadow
with wavy edges along the weld, often occurring in a long, conti-
nuous run. It· is sometimes found along both edges of a run of
welding in roughly parallel lines, rather like tram lines or wagon

FIG 109 INCLUSIONS

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tracks. It may also appear as a series of dashes somewhat
similar to characters in the Morse alphabet (see Fig 110).
NOTE - The defect may be accompanied by fine cracks, although these are
not always revealed in the radiograph.
21.2.6 Incomplete Inter-Run Penetration (Lack of Inter-Penetration )-
A gap occurring in a multi-run weld where the weld metal fails to fill a
crevice formed by a previous run or runs (usually at the toes of the under-
lying r~n or ru~s}. ~t appears in the radiograph as a dark, }ntermit!ent
or contmuous lme WhICh may have both edges wavy or one t)dgestralght
and the other wavy (see Fig 111).
21.2.7 Incomplete Root Penetration (Lack of Root Penetration, Non-
Penetration)- A gap left by failure of the weld metal to fill the root.
It appears in the radiograph as a dark continuous or intermittent line
which may have both edges straight or one edge straight and the other
wavy (see Fig 112).
21.2.8 Lack of Fusion (Lack of Adhesion, Non-Adhesion, Adhesion)-
Lack of union in a weld between weld metal and parent metal, or between

FIG 110 LINE INCLUSIONS

FIG 111 INt:OMPLETE INTER-RUN PENETRATION

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FIG 112 INCOMPLETE ROOT PENETRATION

FIG 113 LACK OF SIDE FUSION FIG 114 LACK OF ROOT FUSION

parent metal and parent metal, or between weld metal and weld metal.
Its radiographic detection depends on its orientation with respect to the
X-ray beam .. It occurs in the following forms:
a) Lack of side fusion - Lack of union between weld metal and
parent metal at a side of a weld outside the root. When revealed
in the radiograph, it appears as a dark, straight line, of low in-
tensity, with sharply defined edges (see Fig 113).
b) Lack of root fusion - Lack of union between weld metal and parent
metal, or between the adjacent faces of the parent metal at the
root. When revealed in the radiograph, it has a similar appear-
ance to that of lack of side fusion (see ~ig 114 and 115 ).
c) Lack of inter-run fusion - Lack; of union between adjacent runs
of weld metal in a multi-run weld. When revealed in the radio-
graph, it appears as a faint line with sharply defined· edges (see
Fig 116).
21.2.9 Pipe (Worm Hole)- An elongated or tubular cavity due to
entrapped gas. It appears in the radiograph as a dark shadow of which
the shape depends on the orientation of the defect. If the pipe is end-on

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to the X-rays, a very clark rounded shadow is produced, often showing


halation at the edges; if it is at an ,tngl~ to the X-rays , ;:m elongated
shaclow is produced (sec Fig 117) ,

FIG 115 LAcK OF HOOT Ft'SlO:-<

L~ (""}

h,; 116 LACK OF INTER-I\l'/; FvslO:">:

FIG 117 PIPES

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21.2.10 Porosity - A group of gas pores. Porosity has a radio-
graphic appearance of dark shadows of circular contour (see 21.2.4 and
Fig 118).
NOTE - Porosity may conveniently be differentiated according to size as fine, .
medium or coarse. It may occur as clusters or chains or may be scattered.

PART VII CUTTING

22. GENERAL TERMS


22.1 Cutting OxYllen - Oxygen used at a relatively high pressure for
gas cutting.
22.2 Drag - A component of the distance between the two ends of a
drag line, measured as shown in Fig 119.

FIG 118 POROSITV

FIG 119 DRAG AND KERF

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22.3 Drag Lines - The serrations left on the face of the cut by the gas
cutting or arc cutting.
22.4 Gas Cutting - The cutting of metal by the chemical action of
oxygen with or without other materials.
NOTE - The metal is raised to ignition temperature progressively and then
cut by a jet of oxygen which also removes molten material from the cut.

22.5 Kerf - Gap left after cutting (see Fig 119).


22.6 Stack Cutting - The gas cutting of a stack of plates usually
clamped together.

23. TERMS RELATING TO ARC CUTTING


23.1 Carbon-Arc Cutting - The cutting of metal by melting a narrow
strip with the heat of an arc between a carbon electrode and th~ metal
to be cut.
23.2 Metal-Arc Cutting - The cutting of metal by melting a narrow
strip with the heat of an arc between a metal electrode and the metal to
be cut.

24. TERMS RELATING TO EQUIPMENT


24.1 Cutting Blowpipe - A device used in gas cutting for cuntrolling
the gases used to produce ignition temperature and for controlling and
directing the stream of cutting oxygen.
NOTE - A cutting blowpipe is sometimes erroneously called a cutter or burner.

24.2 Cutter Guide - A device, attached to a manual cutting blow-


pipe, for maintaining the nozzle at a constant distance from the surface
of the metal to be cut and assisting the operator in cutting to a required
shape.
24.3 Floating Head - A holder for the blowpipe in a gas-cutting
machine; it permits vertical movement of the blowpipe.
NOTE - In conjunction with a device riding on the surface of the work, it
enables a constant distance to be maintained between the blowpipe nozzle and
the work.

24.4 Gouging Blowpipe - A cutting blowpipe designed for gouging.


NOTE - It is sometimes erroneously called a gouging cutter.

24.5 Oxygen Lance - A steel tube used for oxygen lancing. It may
be packed with steel wires which, with the tube, are consumed in the
process.

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24.6 Oxygen-Lance Holder - A device for holding an oxygen lance


and for controlling the flow of oxygen through it.

25. TERMS RELATING TO GAS CUTTING


25.1 Deseaming ( Scarfing )- The removal of surface defects from cold
ingots, blooms, billets and slabs by means of manual gas cutting.
25.2 Desurfacing - The removal of surface laver,:; from hot blooms,
billets and slabs by means of a gas-cutting machine.
25.3 Gouging - The forming of a groove by means of gas cutting, using
a special blowpipe .
. 25.4 Oxygen-Arc Cutting - Cutting in which ignition temperature is
produced by an electric arc, anel oxygen is conveyed through the centre
of a c()\:,ered electrode, the latter being consumed in the process.
25.5 Oxygen Lancing - Cutting or boring holes in metals or other
materials by means of an oxygen lance.
NOTE -- The end of the oxygen lance is first brought to ignition temperature
and oxygen is thcn passcd through it whilst the lance is pressed against the metal
or other material.
25.6 Pre-Heating Oxygen - Oxygen used at a ' relatively low pressure
in conjunction with fuel gas for raising to ignition temperature the metal
to be cut by gas cutting.
25.7 Pow4er Cutting- Gas clltting in which powder is used in addition
to the cutting oxygen.
25.8 Spot .Gouging - Gouging in which the groove is short.

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PART VIII ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF TERMS

Clause Clause
No. No.

A B

Added Metal 3.4 l;3ackfire .. . 14.2


Adhesion, Lack of ... 21.2.8 Backfire, Sustained .. . 14.17
Agent, Stopping-Off 16.1 Backing Bar 13.6
Air-Acetylene Blowpipe: Ring .. . 11.5
Bunsen Type 13.1 Run .. . 11.53
High Temperature Type 13.2 Strip .. . 11.6
Allowance, Flashing 8.15 :Sack Pressure 8.1
Total 8.47 Back-Step Sequence 11.3
Upset 8.49 Backward ( Backhand) Welding 14.15
Alloy, Brazing 17.2 Back Weld 11.4
All-Position Rightward Welding 14.1 Balanced Welding ... 11.7
All-Weld Test Piece 19.1 Bar, Backing 13.6
All-Weld Test Specimen 19.2 Bare Electrode 13.7
Angle Electrode 5.1 Bare Metal-Arc \Velding 12.6
Angle, Included 11.33 Base Metal 321
Angle of Bevel 11.1 Battery Spot-\Velding Machine ... 5.4
Apron, Welding 3.41 Bead 11.9
Arc Blow Compensator 5.2 Bead, Excessive Penetration 2;.1.4
Nrc Cutting, Carbon- 23.1 Penetration 11.42
Metal- 23.2 Bell Branch Joint, Short 18.6
Oxygen·· 25.4 Bell Butt Joint 18.1
Arc Damper 5.2 Bend Specimen, Transverse 19.18
Fan 12.1 Bend Test, Face 19.9
Arcing Time Factor 12.4 Free '" 19.6
Arc Voltage 12.2 Guided 19.7
Welding 12.3 Normal 19·9
-Welding Electrode 13.3 Reverse 19.11
-Welding Plant 13.4 Bend Test Specimen, Tongue 19.17
-Welding Set 13.4 Bevel, Angle of 11.1
Arc Welding, Carbon- 12.8 Blacksmith Welding 6.1
Controlled- 12.10 Block Sequence 11.8
Controlled TlIngsten- 12.11 Blowhole 20.1. 21.2.1
Inert-Gas 12.16 Blowpipe, Air Acetylene:
Metal-... 12.20 Bnnsen Type 13.1
SelfcAdjusting 12.24 High Temperature Type 13.2
Shielded- 12.25 Blowpipe, Cutting 24.1
Submerged- 12.27 Gouging 24.4
Area, Clamp Contact 8.11 Welding 13.41
Electrode Contact 8.11 Bolster .. : 5.5
Pressure Contact ... 4.5 Branch Joint, Short Bell 18.6
Weld Cqntact 8.54 Branch Tee Saddle Joint 182
Arm 5.3 Brazing ... 17.1
As-Welded 3.1 Brazing Alloy 17.2
Assembly, Melt Distributing 13.29 Brazing, Dip 17.3
Atomic-Hydrogen Torch 13.5 Flame 17.4
Welding 12.5 Furnace 17.5
Automatic Welding ... 11.2 Induction 17.6

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Clause Clause
No. No

Brazing, Dip (Contd): Constant-Temperature Pressure-


Resistance 17.7 Welding 7.3
Salt Bath ·17.8 Constant-Voltage Welding Gene-
Torch 17.4 rator 13.9
Bronze Filler Metal ... 18.3 Consumable Electrode 13.10
Bronze Welding 18.4 Contact Area, Clamp 8.11
Burden .. . 12.7 Electrode 8.11
Burner .. . 5.6 Pressure 4.5
Burn-Off 8.15 Weld ... 8.54
Butt Joint, Bell 18.1 Continuous Test Current 12.9
Diminishing Bell 18.5 Continuous Weld 11.13
Double-Glut 6.2 Contour, Incorrect ... 20.13, 21.1.9
Plain .,. 6.6 Control, Programme 8.32
Single-Glut 6.9 Convex Fillet Weld .. , 11.14
Tee 6.12 Convexity 11.15
Butt Seam Welding 8.2 Cool Time 8.4
Butt Weld 3.2 Cored Electrode 13.11
Butt Weld, Double-Bevel 11.16 Corner Joint, Square 6.11
Double-J 11.17 Coupler, Hose 13.21
Double-U 11.18 Coupling Nipple, Hose 13.22
Double-V 11.19 Coupling Nut, Hose 13.23
Single-Bevel 11.55 Cover Glass 3.22
Single- J 11.56 Covered Electrode ... 13.12
Single-U 11.57 Filler Rod 13.13
Single-V 11.58 Cl'ack 20.3, 21.2.3
Size of 11.59 Cracking Test, Hot .. , 19.8
Square 11.63 Crater 20.4. ?1.1.2
Crater, End 20.6, 21.1.2.1
c Cross-Wire Weld
Crucible, Thermit
8.5
10.2
Capacitor Spot-Welding Machine 5.7 Cruciform Test Piece 19.3
Capillary Pipe 20.2 Test Specimen 19.4
Carbon-Arc Cutting 23.1 Current, Continuous Test 12.9
Welding 12.8 Flashing 8.16
Carburizing Flame ... 14.3 Maximum Welding 12.19
Cast-Iron Thermit ... 13.8 Nominal Hand-Welding 12.22
Chill Time 8.3 Current-Off Time 8.6
Chipping Goggles, Mark 3.3, 21.1.1 Current, Pre-Heating 8.30
Clamp Contact Area ,.8.11 Current Time, Upset 8.50
Close Joint 11.10 Current, Welding 8.57
Coated Filler Rod .i3.13 Cutter, Gouging 24.4
Cold Welding 7.1 Cutter Guide 24.2
Collar 15.1 Cutting Blowpipe 24.1
Combined Weld, Thermit 10.1 Cutting, Carbon-Arc 23.1
Compensator, Arc Blow 5.2 Gas 22.4
Composite Joint 11.11 Metal-Arc ·23.2
Concave Fillet Weld 11.12 Cutting Oxygen 22.1
Concavity, Root 20.21. 21.1.12 Cutting, Oxygen-Arc 25.4
Condenser-Discharge Spot-Weld- Powder 25.7
ing Machine 5.7 Stack .. , 22.6
Cone, Inner 14.8 Cycle .. , 8.7
Connection, Threaded Hose 13.39 Cycle, Dual-Pressure 8.8
Constant-Pressure Pressure-Weld- Duty 8.9
ing ... 7.2 Weld .. , 8.55

82
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IS: 811- 1957

Clause Claus8
No. No.

D Electrode.' Non-Consumable 13.31


Offset 5.18
DaJQper. Arc 5.2 Pad ... 5.19
DeforJllation 7.4- Electrode Positive ... 12.13
Deposited Metal 3.4- Pressure 8,12
Deposition Efficiency 3.5 Electrode. Resistance Welding '" 5.24
Depth Penetration 3.14- Electrode Shank 5.8
Depth. Throat 8.4-5 Electrode. Sheathed 13,34
Wearing 8.53 Electrode Tip 5.9
Deseaming 25.1 Electrode. Vertical 5.26
Desurfacing 25.2 Electrode Wheel 5.10
Die Welding. Heated- 7.5 End Crater 20.6. 21.1.2.1
Dies. Welding 5.27 Envelope, Gas 11.30
Diminishing Bell Butt Joint 18.5 Excessive Dressing ... '" 21.1.19
Dip Brazing 17.3 Grinding '" 21.1.19
Distance. Edge 8.10 Penetration Bead ... 21.1.4
Distributing Assembly. Melt 13.29 Under-Bead: '" 21.1.4
Double-Bevel Butt Weld 11.16 Exposed Inclusion ... 20.7. 21.1.5
D<,uble-Glut- Butt Joint 6.2 Porosity 20.8. 21.1.6
Double-J Butt Weld 11.17 Extension. Fillet Weld 13.16
Double-U Butt Weld 11.18
Double-V Butt Weld 11.19 F
Downhand Position 11.20
Drag 22.2 Face Bend Test 19.9
Drag Lines 22.3 Face. Fusion 11.27
Dressing. Excessive ... ... 21.1.19 Face Mask, 3.7
Drooping-Characteristic Welding Face. Root 11.47
Generator '" 13.14- Face Shield 3.8
Dual-Gas Economizer 13·15 Face. Weld '" 11.69
Dual-Pressure Cycle 8.8 Factor. Arcing Time 124
Duty Cycle ' 8.9 Test Load. 12.28
Fair~d ( Tapered) Member 3.9
E Fan. Arc 12.1
Economizer. Dual-G~ 13.1-5 Faying Surface 4.1
Edge: Ferrule ... 5.11
Distance ... 8.10 Filler Metal 3.10
Of Plate Melted Off 20.5. 21.1.3 Filler Metal. Bronze. - 18,3
Preparation 11.21 Filler Rod. Covered ( Coated) 13.13
Weld ... 11.22 Fillet Weld ' 11.26
Edge. Weld 11.66 Fillet Weld. Concave 11.12
Effective Length of Weld 11.23 Convex ... 11.14
Throat Thickness 11.24- Fillet Weld Extension 13.16
Electrode 5.24.13.3 Fillet Weld. Flat Face 11.38
Electrode. Angle 5.1 Full ... 11.25
Arc Welding 13.3 Fillet Weld Guide .. . 13.17
Bare ... 13.7 Fillet Weld. Mitre .. . 11,38
. Consumable 13.10 Size of .. . 11.60
Electrode Contact Area 8.11 Filter Glass (Welding Glass) 3.42
Electrode. Cored 13.11 Fin 8.13
Covered 13.12 Fire Welding ... 6,3
Flat ... 5.19 Firecracker \Velding 12.14
Electrode Holder 3.6 Fitted Hose 13.18
Electrode. Lightly Coated 13.27 Fittings. Weldable 18.7
Electrode Negative ... 12.12 Fixed Shield 3.11

83
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IS: 812 - 1957 103.173.209.13 [for non-commercial use only].

Clause Clause
No. No.

Flame Brazing 17.4 Generator:


Flame, 9arburizing .. . 14.3 Constant-Voltage Welding 13.9
Neutral .. . 14.10 Drooping-Characteristic Weld-
Oxidizing 14.12 ing 13.14
Reducing 14.14 Glass, Cover 3.22
Flame Snap Cut 14.4 Filter ... 3.42
Flash 8.13 Plain ... 3.22
Flashback 14.5 Welding 3.42
Flash-Butt Welding 8.14 Gloves, Welding 3.43
Flashing Allowance ... 8.15 Glut 6.4
Current 8.16 Goggles, Chipping 3.3
Time ... 8.17 Welding 3.44
Flash Welding 8.14 'Gouging 25.3
Flat Electrode 5.19 Gouging Blowpipe ( Cutter) 24.4
Flat Face Fillet Weld 11.38 Gouging, Spot 25.8
Flat Position 11.20 Grinding, Excessive ... 21.1.19
Flattening Test 19.5 Grinding Scr;l.tch '" 21.1.7
Floating Head 24.3 Groove, Incompletely Filled ... 21.1.8
Flux 3.13 Root ... 20.22, 21.1.13
Foot-Operated Welding Machine 5.12 Shrinkage 20.23,21.1.14
Forge Time 8.18 Guide, Cutter 24.2
Welding 6,3 Fillet Weld 13.17
Forward Pressure 8.19 Guided Bend Test 19.7
Welding 14.9 Gun, Stud Welding ... 5.25
Free Bend Test 19.6 Gun Welding Machine 5.13
Full Fillet Weld 11.25
FullrFusion Welding 1M H
Full Penetration 3.12 Hammer Welding ... 6.5
Furnace Brazing 17.5 Hand-Operated Welding Machine 5.14
Fused Melt 12.15 Hand Screen ( Shield) 3.8
Fusion Face 11.:l7 Hand-\Velding Current, Nominal 12.22
Fusion, Lack of 20.14, ~1.2.8 Head, Floating 24.3
Fusion Penetration '" 3.14 Hooded 13.20
Fusion Welding 11.28 Head Screen . J.17
Fusion Welding, Full- 14.6 Head, Welding 13.42
Non- .. . 14.11 Heat-Affected Zone ... 3.16
Semi- .. . 14.16 Heat Time 8.20
Surface- 14,16 Heat Treatment, Stress Relief 3.27
Thermit 15.2 Heated-Die Welding 7.5
Fusion Zone 3.15 Heating Time ·7.6
Helmet ... 3.17
G HF Unit ( HF Ionizer) 13.t9
Hold Time . 8.21
Gap 11.29 Holder, Electrode 3.6
Gap, Throat 8.46 Oxygen-Lance 24.6
Gas Cutting 22.4 Hole, Worm 21.2.9
Gas Economizer, Dual- 13.15 Hooded Head 13.20
'Gas Envelope 11.30 Hopper, Melt 13.30
Pocket 21.2.1 Horizontal-Vertical Position 11.31
Pore ... 20.9, 21.2.4 Hose Connection, Threaded 13.39
Welding 14.7 Hose Coupler 13.21
Gate, Pre-Heating 13.32 Hose Coupling:
Gather... . 4.2 Nipple 13.22
Gauge, Weld 3.31 Nut 13.23

84
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IS: 812 - 1957

Clause Clause
No . No.

H',se. Fitted 13.18 Joint. Bell Butt (Contd) :


Hot Cracking Test 19.8 Tee Butt 6.12
Tear ... 21.2.3 Tee Split 6.13
Hydrogen Torch. AtuTl1it: 13.5 Vee 6.14-
Hydrogen Valve 13.24- Welded 3.36
Hydrogen Welding. Atomic- 12.5 Jumped Joint 6.6
Junction. Weld 11.70
I
K
Ignition Powder 3.18
Inclined Position 11.32 Kerf
Included Angle 11.33
Inclusion 20.10. 21.2.5 L
Inclusion. Exposed 20.7. 21.1.5 Lack of Adhesion ... 21.2.8
Incomplete Inter-Run Pene- Lack of Fusion 20.14. 21.2.8
tration 20.11. 21.2.6 Inter-Penetration ... 21.2.6
Incomplete Root Penetra- Inter-Run Fusion 20.15.21.2.8
tion ... 20.12.21.2.7 Root Fusion 20.16.21.2.8
Incompletely Filled Groove .. . 21.1.8 Root Penetration ... 21.2.7
Incorrect Contour .. , 20.13. 21.1.9 Side Fusion 20.17. 21.2.8
Profile 20.13. 21.1.9 Lance. Oxygen 24.5
Induction Brazing .. , 17.6 Lance Holder. Oxygen- 24.6
Inductor Spot-Welding Machine 5.15 Lancing. Oxygen 25.5
Inert-Gas P.rc Welding 12.16 Leftward Welding 14.9
Met;u-Arc Welding 12.17 Leg 11 .35
Shield 13 .25 Leg Length 11.36
Shielded-Arc Torch 13.26 Length. Effective 11.23
Tungsten-Arc Welding 12.18 Leg 11.36
Initial Pressure . 4.3 Lift 9.1
Inner Cone 14.8 Lightly Coated Electrode 13.27
Insert 5.16 Lines. Drag . 22.3
Interface 4.4 Load Factor. Test ... 12.28
Intermittent Weld 11.34- Load Voltage. Welding 12.30
Inter-Run Fusion. Lack of 20.15. 21.2.8 Longitudinal Axis of Weld 3.19
Inter-Run Penetration. Incom-
plate 20.11 . 21.2.6 M
Ionizer ( HF ) 13.19
Machine.Battery Spot-Welding SA
J Capacitor Spot-Welding 5.7
Condenser-Discharge Spot-Weld-
J oint. Bell Butt 18.1 ing 5.7
Branch Tee Saddle 18.2 Foot-Operated Welding 5.12
Close ." 11.10 Gun Welding 5.13
Composite 11.11 Hand-Operated Welding 5.14
Diminishing Bell Butt 18.5 Iriductor Spot-Welding 5.15
Double-Glut Butt 6.2 Motor-Operated Welding 5.17
Jumped 6.6 Pedal-Operated Welding 5.12
Open ... 1t.40 Plier ( Pincer) Spot-Welding 5.21
Plain Butt 6.6 Portable Spot-Welding 5.22
Scarf ... 6.8 Power-Operated Welding 5.23
Short Bell Branch 18.6 Stored Energy 5.4
Single-Glut Butt 6.9 Machine 'Stroke 8.22
Split ... 6.10 Manual Welding 11.37
Square Corner 6.11 Mark. Chipping 21.1 .1

8S
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IS: S12 - 1'157

Clause Clause
No. No.

Mark, Peening 21.1.11 Oxy-Acetylene Pressure Welding 7.7


Mash Weld ... 8.23 Oxygen-Arc Cutting 25.4
Mask, Face 3.7 Oxygen, Cutting 22.1
Material, Plugging 13.33 Oxygen Lance 24.5
Ma:dmum Welding Current 12.19 Oxygen-Lance Holder 24.6
Melt 13.28 Oxygen Lancing 25.5
Melt Distributing Assembly 13.29 Oxygen, Pre-Heating 25.6
Melt, Fused 12.15
Melt Hopper 13.30 P
Run ... 3.20
Metal, Added 3.4 Pad Electrode 5.19
Metal-Arc Cutting 23.2 Parent Metal 3.21
Welding 12.20 Pass 11.49
Metal-Arc Welding, Inert-Gas 12.17 Pattern, Wax: ... 13.40
Metal, Base 3.21 Pl'dal-Operated Welding Machine 5.12
Bronze Filler 18.3 Peening ... 3.23
Deposited 3.4 Peening Mark 21.1.11
Filler 3.10 Penetration Bead 11.42
Parent 3.21 Penetration Bead, Excessive 21.1.4
Metal-Run-Out 12.21 Penetration, Depth ... 3.14
Metal, Upset 4.7 Penetration, Full 3.12
Weld ... 3.32 Fusion 3.14
Mitre Fillet Weld 11.38 Incomplete Inter-Run 20.11,21.2.6
Molten Pool 11.39 Incomplete Root ... 20.12, 21.2.7
Motor-Operated Welding Machine 5.17 Penetration ( Through) Pass 3.24
Multiple-Spot Welding 8.24 Percussion Welding ... 8.26
Pick-Up 8.27, 14.13
Piece, All-Weld Test 19.1
N Cruciform Test 19.3
Negative, Electrode 12.12
Shear-Test 19.12
Neutral Flame 14.10 Test ... 19.15
Nick-Break Specimen 19.10
Pin, Tapping 13.37
Nipple, Hose COt· piing 13.22
Pincer Spot-Welding Machine 5.21
Nominal Hand-W'llding Current 12.22
Pipe 20.19,21.2.9
Plpe, Capillary 20.2, 21.2.2
Non-Consumable Electrode 13.31 Pitting, Surface 21.1.16
Non-Fusion Welding 14.11 Plain Butt Joint 6.6
Normal Befid Test ... 19.9 Plain Glass 3.22
Nose 11.47 Plant, Arc-Welding ... 13.4
Notch-Break Specimen 19.10 Plate Melted Off, Edge Of 20.5, 21.t.3
Nugget Weld 8.56 Platen ... 5.20
Nut, Hose Coupling 13.23 Plates, Run-Off 11.50
Run-On 11.51
o Plier Spot-Welding Machine 5.21
Plug Weld 11.43
Offset Electrode 5.18 Plugging Material 13.33
Off-Time 8.4 Pocket, Gas 21.2.1
On-Time 8.20 Polarity, Reversed 12.12, 12.13
Open-Circuit Voltage 12.23 Straight 12.12, 12.13
Open Joint 11.40 Pool, Molten 11.39
Operational Stroke 8.25 Pore, Gas 20.9,21.2.4
Overhead Position 11.41 Porosity 20.20. 21.2.10
Overlap ... 20.18, 21.1.10 Porosity, Exposed 20.8,21.1.6
Oxidizing Flame 14.12 Portable Spot-Welding Machine 5.22

86
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IS: 812- 1957


Clause Clause
No. No.

Positioll. Downhand ( Flat) 11.20 Rod, Coated ( CO\·ered ) Filler 13.13


HQrizontal-Vertical 11.31 Rod. Welding 3.46
Inclined 11.32 Roller-Spot Welding 8.37
Overhead 11.41 Rell Welding 6.7
Vertical 11.67 Root Conc.avitv 20.21.20.1.12
Positive. Electrode 12.13 Face ... . 11.47
Post-Heat Time 8.28 Fusion. Lack of 20.16. 21.2.8
Powder Cutting 25.7 Groove 20.22, 21.1.13
Powder. Ignition ... 3.18 Of Preparation 11.45
Power-Operated \Velding Machine 5.23 Of Weld 11.46
Pre-Heat Time 8.29 Penetration, Incomplete 20.12. 21.2.7
Pre-Heating Current 8.30 Radius 11.48
Gate ... 13.32 Rotation. Weld 11.71
Oxygen 25.6 Run 11.49
Preparation. Edge .. . 11.21 Run. Backing 11.53
Pressure. Back .. . 8.1 Melt ... 3.20
Pressure Contact Area 4.5 Sealing 11.53
Cycle. Dual- 8.8 Run-Off Plates 11.50
Pressure. Electrode ... 8.12 Run-On Plates 11.51
Forward 8.19 Run-Out, Metal 12.21
Initial 4.3
Pressure-Off Time
Pressure. Upset
8.31
4.8
s
Welding 4.9 Saddle Joint. Branch Tee 18.2
Pressure-Welding 7.8 Salt Bath Brazing 17.8
Pressure.Weiding. Constant-Pres- Scarfing ... 25.1
sure ... 7.2 Scarf Joint 6.8
Constant-Temperature 7.3 Scratch. Grinding 21.1.7
Oxy-Acetylene 7.7 Screen. Hand 3.8
Thermit 10.3 Head ... 3.17
Press Welding 7.1 Sealing Run 11.53
Procedure. Welding 3.45 Weld ... 11.52
Profile. Incorrect 20.13. 21.1.9 Seal Weld 11.52
Programme Control 8.32 Seam Welding 8.38
Projection Welding ... 8.33 Self-Adjusting Arc Welding 12.24
Pulsation Welding 8.34 Semi-Automatic Welding 11.54
Semi-Fusion Welding 14.16
R Sequence. Back-Step 11.3
Block 11.8
Radius. Root 11.48 Sequence. Welding ... 3.47
Recovery. Time of 12.29 Series-Spot Welding. 8.39
Reducing Flame 14.14 Set, Arc-Welding 13.4
Regulator. Welding ... 13.43 Shank, Electrode 5.8
Reinforcement 11.44 Shear-Test 'Piece 19.12
Residual Welding-Stress 3.25 Test Specimen 19.13
Resistance Brazing ... 17.7 Sheathed Electrode ... 13.34
Resistance-Butt Welding 8.36 Sheet SevaratiQn 4.6
Resistance Welding 8.35 Shield. Face 3.8
Resistance Welding Electrode 5.24 Fixed .. . 3.11
Reverse Bend Test .. . 19.11 Hantt .. . 3.8
Reversed Polarity .. . 12.12. 12.13 Inert-Gas 13.25
Rightward Welding 14.15 Shielded-Arc Torch. Inert-Gas 13.26
Rightward Welding. All-Position 14.1 Shielded-Arc Welding 12.25
Ring. Backing 11.5 Short Bell Branch Joint 18.6

87
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IS : 812 - 1957

Clause Clause
1\'0. No .

Shortening 4.2 Stone 13.36


Shrinkage Groove 20.23, 21.1.14 Stopping-Off Agent ... 16.1
Side Fusion, Lack of 20.17,21.2.8 Stored Energy Machines 5.4
Single-Bevel Butt Weld 11.55 Straight Polarity 12.12, 12.13
Single-Glut Butt Joint 6.9 Strength Weld 3.26
Single-J Butt Weld 11.56 Stress Relief Heat Treatment 3.27
Single-V Butt Weld 11 .57 Stress Residual-Welding 3.25
Single-V Butt Weld 11.58 Striking Voltage 12.26
Size of Butt Weld ... 11.59 Strip, Backing 11.6
Of Fillet W eld 11.60 Strip, Spacer 13.35
Skip Sequence (Wandering Se- Stroke, Machine 8.22
quence) 11.61 Operational 8.25
Slag 21.2.5 Stubs 3.28
Slag Trap 21.2.5 Stud Welding 9.2
Sleeve, Welder's 3.38 Stud Welding Gun (Tool) 5.25
.Slope, Weld 11.72 Submerged-Arc Welding 12.27
Slot Weld 11.62 Surface, Faying 4.1
Slug Test 19.14 Surface-Fusion Welding 14.16
Snap-Out, Flame 14.4 Surface Pitting ... 21.1.16
Solid-Phase Welding 7.3 Surfacing 3.29
Spacer Strip 13.35 Surface, Torn ... 21.1 .17
Spats, \~'elder's 3.39 Sustained Backfire 14.17
s patter ... ... 21.1.15
Specimen, All-Weld Test . 19.2 T
Cruciform Test 19.4
Xotch-Break ( Nick-Break) 19.10 Tack Weld 11.64-
She:J<'-Test 19.13 Tapered ( Faired) Member 3.9
Test ... 19.16 Tapping Pin 13.37
Tongue-Bend Test 19.17 Tear, Hot 21.2.3
Transverse Bend . .. 19.18 Technique, Welding 3.48
Transverse Tensile 19.19 Tee Butt Joint 6.12
Spelter .. . 17.9 Tee Saddle Joint, Branch 18.2
Spitting .. . ... 21.1.15 Tee Split Joint 6.13
Splash .. . ... 21.1.15 Tensile Specimen, Transverse 19.19
Splatter .. . ... 21.1.15 Test Current, Continuous 12.9
Split Joint 6.10 Test, Face Bend 19.9
Split Joint, Tee 6.13 Flattening 19.5
Spot Gouging 25.8 Free Bend 19·6
Spot Welding 8.40 Guided Bend 19.7
Spot-Welding Machine : Hot Cracking 19.8
Battery 5.4 Test Load Factor 12.28
Capacitor 5.7 Test, Normal Bend 19.9
Condenser-Discharge 5.7 Test Piece 19.15
Inductor 5.15 Test Piece, All-Weld 19.1
Pincer ( Plier ) 5.21 Cruciform 19.3
Portable 5.22 Shear ... 19.12
Springing 21.2,3 Test, Reverse Bend .. . 19.11
Square Butt Weld 11.63 Test Specimen 19.16
Corner Joint 6.11 Test Specimen, All-Weld 19.2
Squeeze Time 8.41 Cruciform 19.3
Stack Cutting 22.6 Shear '" 19.13
Step-by-Step Welding 8.43 Tongue-Bend 19.17
Step Time 8.42 Test, Slug 19.14
Stitch Welding 8.44 Test, V-Tensile 19.20

88
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IS: 812 - 1957


Clause Clause
No. No .

Thermit. Cast-Iron '" 13.8 Underfiushing 20.25.21.1.19


Thermit Combined Weld 10.1 Unit. HF 13.19
Crucible 10.2 Upset Allowance 8.49
Fusion Welding ... 15.2 Current Time 8.50
Pressure Welding 10.3 Metal ... 4.7
Thermit. Welding ... 3.49 Pressure 4.8
Thickness. Effective Throat 11.42 Time ... 8.51
Throat 11 .65 Travel 8.52
Thimble 13.38 Welding 8.35
Threaded Hose Connection 13.39 U-Tensile ·Test 19.20
Throat ( Throat Depth) 8.45
Throat Gap 8.46 v
Throat Thickness 11.65
Throat Thickness. Effective 11.24 Valve; Hydrogen 13.24
Time. Chill 8.3 V.Butt Weld. Double- 11.19
Cool ... 8.4 Single- 11.58
Current-Off 8.6 Vee Joint 6.14
Time Factor. Arcing 12.4 Vertical Electrode 5.26
Time. Flashing 8.17 Position 11.67
Forge .. , 8.18 Void 21.2.1
Heat .. , 8.20 Voltage. Arc 12.2
Heating 7.6 Open-Circuit 12.23
Hold .. . 8.21 Striking 12.26
Off- 8.4 Welding Load 12.30
Time of Recovery 12.29
Time. On-
Post-Heat
8.20
8.28
w
Pre-Heat 8.29 Wandering Sequence 11.61
Pressure-Off 8.31 Wax Pattern 13 .4Q
Squeeze 8.41 Wearing Depth 8.53
Step 8.42 Weaving 11.68
Upset .. . 8.51 Weld 3.30
Upset-Current 8.50 Weld. Back 11.4
Weld .. , 8.58 Butt '" 3.2
Welding 7.9 Concave Fillet 11.12
Tip. Electrode 5.9 Weld Contact Area ... 8.54
Toe of Weld 11.66 Weld. Continuous 11.13
Tongue-Bend Test Specimen 19.17 Convex Fillet 11 .14
Tool. Stud-Welding ... 5.25 Cross-Wire 8.5
Torch, Atomic-Hydrogen 13.5 Weld Cycle 8.55
Torch Brazing 17.4 Weld. Double-Bevel Butt 11.16
Torch. Inert-Gas Shielded-Arc 13.26 Double-J Butt 11.17
Torn Surface . .. 21.1.17 Double-U Butt 11.18
Total Allowance 8.47 Double-V Butt 11.19
Transverse Bend Specimen 19.18 Weld Edge 11 .66
Tensile Specimen ... 19.19 Weld. Edge 11.22
Travel. Upset 8.52 Effective Length of 11.23
Tread .. , 8.48 Weld Extension. Fillet 13.16
Tungsten-Arc'Velding. Inert-Gas 12.18 Weld Face 11.69
Weld. Fillet 11.26
u Flat Face Fillet 11.38
Full Fillet 11.25
Under-Bead. Excessive ... 21.1 .4 Weld Gauge 3.31
Undercut 20.24.21.1 .18 Guide. Fillet 13.17

89
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IS: 812 - 1957


Clause Clause
.lva.'

Weld. Intermittent ... 11.34 Welding Current 8.57


Weid Junction i1.70 Current, Maximum 12.i9
Weld. Longitudinal Axis of 3.19 Current, Nominal Hand 12.22
Mash ... 8.23 Welding Dies 5.27
Weld Metal 3.32 Electrode, Arc 13.3
Metal Zone 3.33 Electrode, Resistance 5.24
Weld. Mitre Fillet 11.38 Welding. tire 6.3
\Veld :N ugget 8.56 Firecracker 12.14
Weld. Plug 11.43 Flash ( Flash Butt) 8.14
Root of 11.45 Forge ... 6.3
\Veld Rotation 11.71 forward' 14.9
Weld. Seal ( Sealing) 11.52 Full-Fusion 14.6
Single-Bevel Butt 11.55 Fusion 11.28
Single- J Butt 11.56 Gas... '" 14.7
Single-U Butt 11.57 Welding Generator. Constant-
Single-V Butt 11.58 Voltage 13.9
Weld. Size of Butt 11.59 Drooping Characteristic 13.14
Size of Fillet 11.60 Welding Glass 3.42
Weld Slope 11.72 Gloves 3.43
Weld. Slot 11.62 Goggles 3.44
Square Butt 11.63 Gun, Stud 5.25
Strength 3.26 Welding, Hammer 6.5
Tack 11.64 Welding Head 13.42
Weld. Thermit. Combined 10.1 Welding, Heated-Die 7.5
Weld Time 8.58 Inert-Gas Arc 12,.16
Weld. Toe of 11.66 Inert-Gas Metal-Arc 12.17
Weld Width 3.34 Inert-Gas Tungsten-Arc 12.18
Zone 3.35 Leftward 14~9
Weldable Fittings 18.7 Welding Load Voltage 12.30
Welded Joint 3.36 Welding Machine, Foot-Operated 5.12
Welder 3.37 Gun ... 5.1~
Welder's Sleeve 3.38 Hand-Operated 5.14
Welder's Spats 3.39 Motor-Operated ... 5.17
Welding 3.40 Pedal-Operated 5.12
Welding. All-Position Right- Power-Operated 5.23
ward 14.1 ( See also Spot-Welding Machine)
Welding Apron 3.41 Welding, Manual u.n
Welding. Arc 12.3 Metal-Arc 12.20
Atomic-Hydrogen ... 12.5 Multiple-Spot 8.24
Automatic 11.2 Non-Fusion 14.11
Backward ( Backhand) 14.5 Oxy-Acetylene Prt:ssure 7.7
Balanced 11.7 Percussion 8.26
Bare Metal-Arc 12.6 Welding Plant, Arc '" 13.4
Blacksmith 6.1 Welding, Press 7.1
Welding .Blowpipe 13.41 Welding Pressure 4.9
Welding, Bronze 18.4 Welding, Pressure '" 7.8
Butt-Seam 8.2 Welding Procedure '" 3.45
Carbon-Arc 12.8 Welding. Projection 8.33
Cold ... 7.1 Pulsation 8.34
Constant-Pressure Ptessure- 7.2 Welding Regulator '" 13.43
Constant-Temperature Pres- Welding. Resistance 8.35
sure- 7.3 Resistance-Butt 8.36
Controlled-Arc 12.10 Rightward 14.15
Controlled Tungsten-Arc 12.11 Welded Rod 3.46

90
Free Standard provided by BIS via BSB Edge Private Limited to Damanjeet Singh -
Thane(damanjeetsw89@gmail.com) 103.173.209.13 [for non-commercial use only].

IS: 812 - 1957

Clause Gla,u,sc
No. No.

Welding. Roll 6.7 Welding. Stud 9.2


Roller-Spot 8.37 Welding. Submerged-Arc 12.27
Seam '" 8.3b Surface-Fusion 14.16
Self-Adjusting Arc 12.24 Welding Technique .. . 348
Semi-Automatic ... 11.54 Thermit 349
Semi-Fusion 14.16 'Velding. Thermit Fusion 15.2
Welding Sequence ... 3.47 Thetmit Pressure ... 10.3
Welding. Series-spot 8.39 Welding Time 7.9
Welding Set. Arc 13.4 Tool. Stud 5.25
Welding. Shielded-Arc 12.25 ·Welding. Upset 8.35
Solid Phase 7.8 ,~roodpecker 8.34
Spot '" 8.40 Vvheel. Electrode 510
Step-by-Step 8.43 Width. Weld 334
Stitch 8.44 'Voodpecker ~relding 8.34
Welding Stress. Residual 3.25 'Vorm Hole 21.29

91
Free Standard provided by BIS via BSB Edge Private Limited to Damanjeet Singh -
Thane(damanjeetsw89@gmail.com) 103.173.209.13 [for non-commercial use only].

'"

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