Indian: Standar4
Indian: Standar4
Indian: Standar4
.S I 112 - 1111
XXXX)
( Reaffirmed 2003
, ..
indian 'Standar4 2008
(Reaffirmed!2013)!
(Reaffirmed 2019)
GLOSSARY OP TERMS -'
ltBLATING TO WBLDING AND
CUITING OF MRTALS
(s....\h a.pllat MARCH lPilI)
0.,,....., m.
lIu ..... u 0 .. INDIAN ST4"D4.DS
IUrWC IIIIAVAN. • lI4lf4DUa tHAII ZAl'AIl >U.I.O
NBW DBL8IIlIOOl
," -
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IS ~ 812 .. 1957
Indian Standard
GLOSSARY OF TERMS RELATING TO
WELDING .AND CUTTING Of METALS
Stroctural Steel Sectional Committee, BDC 7
CA.i,,";.n
SHRI J. J; GRANDV Director-in-Charge, The Tata Iron & Steel Co. Ltd.,
Jamshedpur
SHRt P. H. KUTAR ( Altel'ntlte Technical. Director, The Tata Iron & Steel Co. Ltd.,
Cilai,,_n ) Jamshedpur
Members
SHRI N. PADMANABHA AVVAR MiniStry of Iron & Steel
SHRI N. C. BAGCHI GoVernment Test House, Calcutta
SHRI S. L.BAZAZ Roads· Wing, Ministry of Transport
SHRI P. C. POClNEN (Alternatt)
MR. H. M. CROWE Durgapur Steel Mills, Durgapur
SHRI S. DAS GUPTA The Tata Iron & Steel Co. Ltd., J amsbedpur
MR. H. HODGKINS.ON (Alte"nate)
SHRI D. S. DESAI (i) Braithwaite, Bum & Jessop Construction Co.
Ltd., Calcutta;
(ii) Institution of ·Engineers (India), Calcutta; and
(iii) Indian Roads Congt'ess, New Delhi
SHRI M. P .. NAGARSHETH Indian Roads Congress, New Delhi
( Alternate )
DIRECTOR Central Building Research Institute (CSIR),
Roorkee
SHRI R. N. DUT'r Iron & Steel Controller, Calcutta
DR. B. D. KALRLKAR Development Wing, Ministry of Commerce &
Industry
SHRI N. KRISHNASWAMI ( A lternale )
SHRI T. KRISHNAPPA Mysore Iron & Steel Works, Bhadravati
SHRI A. S. V ALLISH" VEE ( Alternate )
SHRI S. L. KUMAR Structural Steel Research Subcommittee (EDC 7; 4).
Indian Standards Institution
DR. A. K. MALLIK Indian Iron & Steel Co. Ltd., Bumpur
SHRI T. J. MANICKAM Indian Instit'lte of Architects, Bombay
MR. J. W. MILLER Indian Engineering Association, Calcutta
MR. W. D. HOLTON ( Alternate )
SRRI S. K. MITRA Engineering Association of India; Calcutta
SHRI S. SRINIVASAN ( Alternate )
SHRI K. K. NATHANl Inspection Wing, Directorate General of Supplies &
Disposals (Ministry of Works, Housing &-
Supply)
MR. E. P. NICOLAIDES J. C. Gammon Ltd., Bombay
( Continued on page 2)
2
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CONTENTS
PAGE
O. FOREWORD 4-
1. SCOPE 7
2. ARRANGEMENT ·-of' 7
PART I WELDING IN GENERAL 8
3. COMMON TERMS 8
PART II WELDING WITH PRESSURE 14-
4. GENERAL TERMS 14
5. TERMS RELATiNG TO EQUIPMENT ..• ~..
15
6. TERMS RELATING TO FORGE WELDING 17
7. TERMS RELATING TO PRESSURE-WELDING 19
8. TERMS RELATING TO RESISTANCE WELDING 20
9. TERMS RELATING TO STUD WELDING 30
10. TERMS RELATING TO THERMIT PRESSURE WELDING 30
PART III FUSION WELDING (WELDING WITHOUT PRESSURE) 31
11. GENERAL TERMS 31
12. TERMS RELATING TO ARC WELDING 4.6
13. TERMS RELATING TO EQUIPMENT ... 50
14. TERMS RELATI~G TO GAS WELDING 54
15. TERMS RELATING TO THERMIT FUSION WELDING 56
PART IV BRAZING AND BRONZE WELDING 57
16. GENERAL TERM 57
17. TERMS RELATING TO BRAZING 57
18. TERMS RELATING TO BRONZE WELDING 58
PART V TESTING 58
19. TERMS RELATING TO TESTING 58
PART VI WELD IMPERFECTIONS 62
20. TERMS RELATING TO WELD IMPERFECTIONS 62
21. TERMS RELATING TO WELD. IMPERFECTIONS ApPROPRIATE FOR
RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION 64
PART VII CUTTING 78
22. GENERAL TERMS 78
23. TERMS RELATING TO ARC CUTTING 79
24. TERMS RELATING TO EQUIPMENT ..• 79
25. TERMS RELATING TO GAS CUTTING RO
PART VIII ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF TERMS 81
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Indian Standard
GLOSSARY OF TERMS RELATING TO
WELDING AND CUTTING OF METALS
O. FOREWORD
0.1 This Indian Standard was adopted by the Indian Standards Insti-
tution on 11 February 1957, on approval by the Building Division Council
of the draft finalized on 15 June 1956, by the Structural Steel Spctional
Committee.
0.2 In the course of recent years, considerable developments have been
made in the application of welding technique. This has resulted in an
increase in the number of terms used, necessitating standardization of
terminology on more exact basis, so as to avoid ambiguity and ,;oniusion
arising out of misinterpretation of terms. It is hoped that this standard
glossary of terms will help in fixing a more precise meaning to words
which, because of their convenience, have acquired too general a signi-
ficance.
0.3 In a .number of cases information is available where more than one
term is being used for the same purpose. Such alternate terms have
been grouped together. The terms given first! are recommended for use
and the use of terms given in brackets is deprecated.
0.4 Taking into consideration the views of the producers, consumers,
technologists, etc, the Sectional Committee responsible for the preparation
of this standard felt that it should be related to the trade practices followed
in the country in this field. Furthermore, due weightage had to be given
to the need for international co-ordination Mtween standards prevailing
in different countries of the world These considerations led the Sec-
tional Committee to derive assistance from the following standards and
publications:
IRS PRB. 100 (N)
500 : 1945 CODE OF PRltCTICE FOR ELECTRIC ARC
WELDING OF MILD STEEL STRUCTURES. Ministry of Railways,
Government of India.
B.S. 499: 1952 GLOSSARY OF TERMS (WITH SYMBOLS) RELATING TO
THE WELDING AND CUTTING OF METALS. British Standards
Institution.
WELDING HANDBOOK, 3RD ED. ( 1951) American Welding Society,
New York.
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WELDING AND CUTTING PROCESSES
I I \ ,'
WELDIXC, WITH PRESSURE FUSlO:\ WELDING CUTTIXG
I (WELDI:\G WIT~OUT PRESSURE)
I I
nESIS!rA~CE I PRESSURE
i I
AHC GAS
I
GAS
I
.\lk
WJ7LDI~G I WELDI~G WELDI~G WELDING CUTTING CUTTI:\G
I
FORCE I I
(FIRE)
WELDI~G Ox\"-
i
Heated
! I Oxygen
cutting
-, -
Press ! 1
I
I'
acetyiene
pressllf('
\\>elding
die
pressurc
\\'('hting
welding Oxy-
acetylene
wcl;ling
Oxy-
hvdrocarhon
- wplding
I
Oxy-hydrogen
Carbon-arc
cutting
, I cutting
! I I ;\Ietal-arc
()'(\'-h~~drogen
I
Oxy-hydrocarbon cutting
Constant
pressure i (;~~~!~~~ I welding ('utting
Constant Constant I
temperature It-mperature '! I I
I
D~"!f",;"
Power I
I i I cutting Gouging
( including I
I
Blacksmith Hamml'r I{oll
spot
welcling ,,·elrlin;.{ \velding I I gouging) I
I
I I I I
Metal, arc Inert-gas Oxygen
I I I I [ shielded arc welding lancing I
Projection Resistance- Percussion Deseaming
I'
( including (shielded)
( in ~ luding butt welding
submerged arc
woodpecker)
welding
welding I welding and
firecracker I
I
Gas-arc
Flash-butt Seam
I
welding) or cutting
Spot
unshield~d
( including welding welding
woodpecker) ( including (bare wire)]
Carbon arc Atomic- Th{ermit
welding step-by-step
welding) welding hydrogen (fusion)
(shielded or welding welding Brazing
I Thermit unshielded) (&hielded) and
I
Stitch
I
Multiple
I
Series
I
Roller spot Stud
(pressure)
welding
bronze
welding
welding spot spot ( including welding
welding welding step-by-step)
welding
: - - -- -- I
With With
consumable non-consumable
dectrodes electrodes
I I
Controlled arc Self-adjusting
( automatic ) arc ( man ual )
0.5 This standard defines the terms relating to welding and cutting of
metals. Other Indian Standards being formulated in the field of welding
comprise the following;
a) Scheme of sYJIlbols for welding
b) Specification for covered electrodes for metal arc welding of mild steel
c) Classification and coding of covered electrodes for metal arc
welding of mild steel and of low alloy high-tensile steels
d) Code of practice for use of metal arc welding for general cons-
truction in mild steel
e) Code of practice for training and testing of metal arc welders
f) Code of practice for safety and health requirements in electric
and ga,s welding and cutting operations
g} Code of practice for resistance spot welding for light assemblies
in mild 3t~1
h) Code of practice for use of welding in tubular construction
j) Code of practice for use of welding in pipelines
k} Code of practice for inspection of welds
m} Procedure code for manual metal arc welding of structu:'al steel
n) Code of practice for use of welding in structures subject to
dynamic loading-bridges
0.6 This standard is intended mainly to cover the technical definitions of
terms, and it does not necessarily include all the legal meanings of the te;rms.
1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard defines the terms relating to welding and cutting of
metals.
2. ARRANGEMENT
2.1 For convenience of reference and comparison of terms on related
processes, this glossary has been divided into seven main classes and
each has been dealt with under a separate part of the standard. Parts I
to IV deal with terms relating to welding processes and parts V to VII
are devoted to terms relating to testing, weld imperfections and cutting.
The terms in each part have further been grouped together under suit-
able and convenient sub-classes, and under each part the terms have
been listed in alphabetical order. The terms common to the whole class
have been dealt with under the heading' General Terms' which precedes
other sub-classes.
2.2 A chart show.ing derivation of welding and cutting processes is also
given for reference (see Fig 1).
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1.3 An index to ·all the terms defined under Parts I to VII is given in
Part VIII, where all terms including the alternatives mentioned in paren-
theses have been listed in one alphabetical sequence according to IS : 382-
1952 Practice for Alphabetical Arrangement.
8
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[
i~311 '. . ]:2..1r-
FUIlon ..
;':p:;: 01 FUIlon
I
FIG 3 FUSION PENETRATION
3.15 Vusion Zone - The portion of a weld in which parent metal has
been iused (see Fig 4).
3.16 Heat-Affected Zone - Parent metal metallurgically affected by
the heat of welding (or cutting), but neither melted nor made plastic
(see Fig 4).
9
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Weld
Face
Zone
- FUIlon Zone
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~
~A.i' ot Weld
FLAT POSITION
"t..
Axis of weld./'
I'·"'"
HORIZONTAL- VElrrlCAL POSITION
m'~"
I
VERTICAL POSITION
~~~
OVERHEAD POSITION
FIG 5 LONGITUDINAL AXIS OF WELDS
11
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Gaug.
SI ..
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4. GENERAL TERMS
4.1 Faying Surface - That surfac" "f a membE't' which is in contact
with another member to which it is to be joined.
4.2 Gather (Shortening)- The reduction in length accompanying
the production of upset metal.
4.3 Initial Pressure - The first steady or peak pressure, normal to
the surface contact area. applied during a welding cycle.
4.4 Interface - The contact area between faying surfaces.
4.5 Pressure Contact Area - The initial surface contact area of the
components through which pressure is transmitted.
4.6 Sheet Separation - In spot. seam and projection welding, thl: gap
surrounding the weld, between faying surfaces, after the joint has been
welded.
4.7 Upset Metal- Parent metal proud of the normal surfaces of the
work as a result of forging or ptessing.
4.8 Upset Pressure - Pressure producing, or tending to produce, upset
metal.
NOTE - Upset pressure may be expressed a.; force or as pressure per unit of
pressure contact area.
4.9 Welding Pressure - The pressure. at the abutting surfaces of a
workpiece, required to consolidate a weld.
NOTE - In the resistance welding, tJtis is the electrode pressure less the pressure
required to overcome rigidity of the workpiece when bringing the abutting surfaces
into contact.
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6.4 Glut - Metal, asually in the form of a bar, added during blacksmith
welding to facilitate the making of a joint (see Fig 10, 11 and 12).
6.5 Hammer Welding - Forge welding in which weld is produced by
heating in a forge or other furnace and by applying pressure mechanically.
6.6 Plain Butt Joint (Jumped Joint)- A butt joint in which the
ends to be welded are usually upset before welding, i.e. their area is in-
creased by hammering (see Fig 13).
6.7 Roll Welding - Forge welding in which weld is produced by heat-
ing in a forge or other fUl nace and by applying pressure progressively
by mechanically operated rolls.
6.8 Scarf Joint - A joint in which the weld lies at an angle to the axis of
the parts joined (see Fig 14).
6.9 Single-Glut Butt Jolnt- A butt joint incorporating a blunt-
wedge-shaped glut (see Fig 11).
6.10 Split ,Joint - A double scarf joint in which the tapered end of
each part to be joined is split longitudinally into two halves which are
bent in opposite directions, so that the parts to be joined can be interlocked
to prevent lateral motion during welding (see FIg 15).
6.11 Square Corner Joint - A corner joint incorporating a glut (see
FigJ2 ).
6.12 Tee Butt Joint - A tee-joint in which the end of the stalk of
the tee isupsel before welding (see Fig 16).
18
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tf-/_-<r-->-" -I
FIG 16 TIm BUTT ]OJ:\T FIG 17 TEE SPLIT ] OINT
(BEFORE FORGING) (BEFORE FORGlI'iG)
6.13 Tee Split Joint - A tee-joint in which the end of the stalk of
the tee is tapered and welded within a split formed in the table of the
tee (see Fig 17).
6.14 Vee Joint - A double scarf joint formed between a wedge on thc
-end of one part to be joined and a vee notch in the end of the other ( see
Fig 18).
19
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WELD CYCLE
,r---------------,,, r--- I
I
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,,
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,
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I
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I
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on w I
on 0: SQuEEZE
W(LD TIME
FORGE TIME PREUUR(- I
'"
.0: 0:
::> I TIME (HOl.O TIMl) \ OFF 1''''E I
Q. IJ II
TIME ~ I--- CURRENT - OFF TlME.--.~
Simple Spot Stitch Or Projection Welding
tv
I- WELD CYCLE -I
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I
I H£.r~OOLHE ... TCOOlHE ... T
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::>
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on a: SQUEEZE FORGE TIME PRESSURE"
I
w a:
a: ::> TIMIt.
f
WELD TIJr,4[
WELl (HOLD TI ME) ,IOFF TIME I
-
a. u
TIME ___
I. CURRENT OFF TlME-----1
00
FIG 19
Pulsation Spot Or Proj!lction Wizlding
TIME AND PRESSURE DIAGRAMS FOR SIMPLE FORMS OF RESISTANCE 'YJo;LDJI'G
--
<»
~
-u.
c
"'-l
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-
CIt
WELD CYC LE
-
co
t .J
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r- --4..,'_--_ - -....- -.---'\
I \
~FORGE TIME I
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I I
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"'I
a: I- I \ I
::>
UJ z I \ I
oil UJ POST-
U') ;-:"': I \ I
UJ ex SQUEEZE WELD CHilL HEAT HOLD PRESSURE-
I
a: ::> I TIME TIME TI"-If; TIME TIME \ OFF TIME I
a. U
TIME _
I.--- CURRENT-OFF TIME---..l
~
I_ WELD CYCLE -I
r---------------~ r-
I \ I
I \ I r--
a:
UJ
::>
til
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z
I-
UJ
a:
a:
t I
I
I
I
I
HEAT
TIME
'
COOL
TIME
HEAT
1)M£
C~l
TIME
HEAT
TIME
FORGE TIME \
\
\
~
\
I
I
I
I
I
IS : 811 - 1957
oe
....
... WELD CYCLE .1 ~
r--- - _oJ
r-~-----~
\ ....
>t:J
I I- FORGt TIM' '>, -I U1
...
t
I , '-t
~ co:~
1 ,
II> ... I \
II>
.., co: I ' \
I PRf.- ,
co: :::>
... u S~~!~ZE ~~~: ~~~: P~~~~IAT HOL(' TIM' ',I :. . . .a:~~.:.1
TIME_ L
Spot W~ldin9' Pro9ramm~ Control
I..IN£~ THUS ........ INDICAT( P£AIODS
DURING WHICH THE £L(CTRODlS
N
..... "At IN "OTION (r t ROTATING ON
THE WORIt)
WELD CYCLE
... t
~ Z
II> ... 1
1
1
1
r--
H(.' c~ H(A'
TO .... TO ..
r--
TO .... ,....
coo
r- - r--
\
\
\
\ I
1
1
I
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III
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co:
co:
co: :::>
... u
I
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1
l- t- "£1"""
\
\
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.....U •• J
I OF f-TI""I 1,'
II
TIME _ I ---I'TART o.
!---CURRENT-OFF TIME-.jNU' .....
S~am W~ldin9
FIG 21 TIME AND PRESSURE DIAGRAMS FOR SPOT "rELDING (l'ROGR.HDIE CONTROL) AND SEAM \VELI>ING
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"'z
w
;;l ...
..
~
",
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I
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r-------
"[AT
TIM£
.---......
COOL
TIME
:\1;
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---
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00
TIME
H(AT
''''01,
\
\
\
\
\
\
\ I
I
I
I
I
I
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r--
..."... '"V:> I
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\
PRESSURE "
I
I
I WELD T I M[
\ I
I \ OFF TIt.4£ I
TIME_
I ISTART OF
!----CURRENT-OFF TIM£---jH£H'....
r---------------, r-----
II _ _ _ _ _
1....--
I~\ WE ,-011""£ \
I . \
/ .... '
....~:>
a:
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...
t I
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\
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... a:
co: :>
... v I
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TIME Tl ME \
\
OFF TIM[
I
I
,
I \ I
TIME_
I.-CUIIRENT - OFF TIME--l
26
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WELD CYCLE
r--------------, ,r-----
It I
I
I WELO f.U(
--...--.....--.....--..
"
,
,
,,
,
----
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w ...
,,
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-
UPSET CUR""NT T .... ' ~
Elac trod~
Work
plccq
Copp ••
packing
piQCCl ~
L ___ J
Elect rode ,
Currli'ht Flow
28
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~~=;:::~
Clamping
Duice Cost 1ron R in9
Thimbl~
Risers
7"trm~t Collor
,.......--Stction t ,o 8t Welded
Pr..thorotlng ~~~~I!lt
Goh
Prehlloting
Plug
MOULD BOX
(SECTION)
31
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/ i
FIG 27 EXAMPLES OF INCLUDED ANGLE AND ANGLE OF BEVEL
a b c
Continuous Typo
Split Typ.
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tr~------
=
Co .. '
Co . . a
FIo 31 BAClDNG STilIP
33
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U
I~
/
I
t
END VIEW
LIMITS OF SLOPE LIMITS OF ROTATION
FIG ~O
D D
EXA~IPLES OF EDGE PREPARATION
35
FIG 41
I EDG~; WELD
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...
..17J
t
--
QO
w
I
.U1
.c
ilY 11 "
w
0-
+"
Y
.......--~~ 1 \-1.
x = Throat Thickness
Y = The Effective Throat Thickness
as usually adopted
FIG 42 EXAMPLES OF THROAT THICKNESS
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Toe
Weld Face
Root Toe
Fusion
Zone
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LLL
a) Concave b) Convcx c) Mitre
Weld
• Junct
9=Gclp
11.32 Inclined Position - A position in which the weld slope exceeds 10°
but not 45° and in which the weld rotation does not exceed 90° (see
Fig 48).
11.33 Included Angle - The angle between the planes of the fusion
faces of parts to be welded (see Fig 27).
38
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47A 47 B 47C
FIG 47 HORIZONTAL-VERTICAL POSITION
XOTE - The correct terms to be used for Fig 47 A and Fig 47B are respectively
• horizdntal-vertical fillet weld' and' overhead fillet weld '. Figure 47C shows a
. horizontal-vertical butt weld "
39
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l-L&9
SIDE VIEW . .
90TO 110
. .
90TO"0
I.IMITS OF SI.OPE
END VIEW
I.I~ITSOF ROTATION
40
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~
I
Bllod
FIG 52 PENETRATION BEAD FIG 53 PLUG WELJ;)
x =Rcinforcemllnl
FIG S4 EXAMPLES OF REINFORCEMENT
9.P. 0 , 0
Strip
U,U
[bDO U
FIG SS ROOTS OF TYPICAL \VELD PREPARATIONS
(Arrow-head indicates the root of preparation)
41
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\.
FiG 56 ROOTS OF WELD
(Arrow-head indicates the root of weld)
42
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right angles to the surfaces of the first component (see Fig 60).
11.57 Single-U Butt Weld -- A butt weld in the preparation of which
the edges of both components are prepared so that in cross-section the
fusion faces form a 'U' (see Fig 61 ).
11.58 Single-V Butt Weld - A butt weld in the preparatIOn of which
the edges of both parts are bevelled so that in cross-section the fusion
faces form a ' V' (see Fig 62).
11.59 Size of a Butt Weld - The effective throat thickness of a butt
weld (see Fig 63 ).
11.60 Size of a Fillet Weld - The minimum leg length of a convex
or mitre fillet weld or 1·414 times the effective throat thickness of a
concave fillet weld (see Fig 64).
11.61 Skip Sequence (Wandering Sequence) - A longitudinal se-
quence where continuous weld is obtained by depositing weld increments
at planned intervals.
11.62 Slot Weld - A method of joining two contiguous components
by depositing a fillet weld round the periphery of a hole in one compo-
nentso.as to joil). i' to the surface of the other component exposed through
the hol.e (see Fig 65).
43
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[ SizO!
= \.414 Throat
44
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U
II~
. .
o TO 1'0
SIDE VIEW
LIMITS OF SLOPE
w
n
PLAN VIEW
LIMITS OF ROTATION
45
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Start
~
--.
Start
-.
Start
Start
~
11.72 :Weld Slope - The angle between the line of the root of a weld
and the horizontal (see Fig 69-71 ).
46
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,
0
ROTATIQN OF WELD 150
FIG 70
~ ~LOP£
*
D\.\GR.\)I TO ILIX,;TRATE \\"ELD SI.OPE
atomized and thell recombined therehy to supply thl' heat for welding.
Shielding is obtained from hydrogen . Pressure ma~' or mav not he
applied and filler metal mayor may not be used.
12.6 Bare Metal-Arc Welding - An arc welding process \\'herein weld
is produced with an electric arc between a bare or lightly-coated metal
electrode and the work and no shielding is used. Pressure i::; not used
and filler metal is obtained from the electrode. .
12.7 Burden - The layer of melt and fused metal above the welding
zone in submerged-arc welding.
47
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r--- 9 o"
,...</
.'
~
I
_~i
~ 1
SECTION XX
SECTION X X ELEVATION
SLOPE 0·, ROTATION O· SLOPE 35·~ ROTATION 90·
~OO
~.
X
-8- 1
X
SECTION XX
•
SLOPE O. ROTATION 90
. SECTION XX
SLOPE 0 , ROTATION 60·
48
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::;:~=\,======'II POlltin:
Welding
Generator
Ncgatiu
_j:~~~=e::=::==:=(~ eN.gati
' Weldlng..
G~ncrator
Positin
49
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13,3 An:- Welding Electrode (Electrode) --- -.\ rod of metal (which
may be llsed as filler metal), or a roc! of carbon, between one end of which
and either the ,,,ork or another electrode, the arc i" formed.
13.4 Arc-Welding Set (Arc-Welding Plant) - Apparatus for pro-
viding and controlling electrical energy for a single welding arc (single-
operator welding set) or for two or more welding arcs (multi-operator
welding set).
so
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53
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13.42 Welding Head - A device used for automatic arc welding and
comprising an electrode feed m~chanism and means for conveying ('.ur-
rent to the electrode(s). It may include electrode straightening gear and
the head may be stationary and the work in m:>tion"9r vice versa.
13.43 Welding Regulator - A valve, for attachmeirf to a gas cylinder
or pipeline, to reduce the pressure to the working-pressure of the blowpipe.
NOTE - After adju-;tment by the operator, the valve maintains the working-
pressure automatically.
14.2 Backfire - The momentary recession of the flame into the blow-
pipe followed by immediate re-appearance or complete extinguishment
of the flame, usually accompanied by an explosive sound.
14.3 Carburizing Flame - A reducing flame in which gas Or gases burnt
are carbonaceous.
NOTE - In an oxy-acetylene carburizing flame the inner cone is not sharply
defined and is surrounded by a quantity of unburned ga3 known as a ' feather
14.4 Flame Snap-Out - Harmless unintentional extinction of a gas
welding flame, sometimes accompanied by a minor explosion.
14.5 Flashback - Dangerous rt:trogression of a gas welding flame beyond
the b:owpipe body into the hose; with subsequent explosion.
NOTE - The violence of the explosion depend3 upon where it occllrs.
14.6 Full-Fusion Welding - A name given to gas ( fusion) welding
to distinguish it from surface-fusion (semi-fusion) welding and non-
fusion weldiTl~.
14.7 Gas Welding - A group of welding processes wherein weld is
.produced by heating with a gas flame or flames. with or without the
application of pressure and with or without the use of filler metal.
54
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14.8 Inner Cone - The inner part of a gas welding flame adjacent to
the blowpipe nozzle (see Fig 76).
14.9 Leftward Welding (Forward Welding)- Welding in which the
flame is directed towards the unwelded part of the joint (see Fig 77).
14.10 Neutral Flame - A gas flame wherein the portion used is neither
oxidizing nor reducing (see Fig 78).
NOTE - In an oxy-acetylene neutral flame the quantitie, of gas and admixed
oxygen are generally approximately equal and the inner cone is sharply defined,
except for a haze or mistiness at its extremity.
14.11 Non-Fusion Welding - A term applied to the deposition, by
the oxy-acetylene process, of filler metal on parent metal without fusion
of the latter.
14.12 Oxidizing Flame - A gas flame wherein the portion used has
an oxidizing effect due to the existence of excess of oxygen over fuel
gas (see Fig 79).
14.13 Pick-Up - That property of a flux which causes some of it to
adhere to the heated end of a filler rod, i.e. the property which gives rise
..
OlrCCtiOn
of Weld
Cone
\Whlte
~i>UrplI'h
~~~ng. to
55
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Dlrtc:tlon
'nUtlle Whiter Cone 1&con" of Weld
Whttol or Colourl.n
Oron", to 81~'s"
:Hucln t 10ft.
..-.-= • •
~~~~ ~·M~~'~-i·-·"~·-
!rIa"" 0' lun without Flaml O' U4/:n with
W4I:ldcr', GO~9I-l1 Welde,,-, Gat,ln
56
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PART V TESTING
19. TERMS RELATING TO TESTING
19.1 AU-Weld Test Piece - A block of metal consisting ot one bead
or of a number of beads fused together. It may, or may not, include
portions of parent metal.
19.2 All-Weld Test Specimen - An all-weld test piece after prepara-
tion for testing.
NOTE ' - Some test specimens may have portions of parent metal at their ends
to facilitate gripping during testing, but all parent metal is remO\'ed from the
portion under test.
19.3 Cruciform Test Piece - A flat plate to which two other· flat
plates or bars are welded at right angles. It may be of Type A or
Type B as shown.in Fig 86.
58
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End. Cllamtcr~d
~~r:;'"
~O:j
-t(lZTZZl-~~~:~:j-
.Main Plp~ 7
FIG 82 BELL BUTT JOINT FIG 83 BRANCH TEE SADDLE JOINT
Branch Pip~
chamtcr~d 7
/1
Tatt~ up
Sw~d out
Main Pipe
FIG 84 DIMDHSHING BELL BUTT JOINT FIG 85 SHORT BELL BRANCH JOINT
59
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19.6 Free Bend Test - A bend test made by pre-setting the ends of
a specimen to prQmote bending, and by concluding the test without
using a former.
19.7 Guided Bend Test - A bend test made by bending the specimen
round a former.
19.8 Hot Cracking Test - A test designed to indicate the cracking
propensities of metal while it is solidifying after it has been deposited
from an electrode.
19.9 Normal Bend Test (Face Bend Test) - A bend test in which
a specified side of the weld specimen is adjacent to the bending former,
namely:
a) the side containing the root or to which the root is nearer, or
b) the side other than that containing the last-made run when the
root is central, or
c) the inner side of a pipe or tube in welds made with pressure.
19.1&Notch-Break Specimen (Nick-Break Specimen) - A test
specimen in which small notches are cut to promote fracture in a pre-
determined position for inspection of the interior of the weld.
19.11 Reverse Bend Test - A bend test in which the side other than
that specified for a normal bend test is adjacent to the bending former.
19.12 Shear-Test Piece - A test piece incorporating an agreed number
( usually not more than three) of spot or projection welds (see Fig 88).
19.13 Shear-Test Specimen - A shear-test piece preparpd for testing
in a tensile testing machine by drilling out or otherwise rendering ineffec-
tive those welds not to be tested.
,
I
I , I
L_~ I J.. ____ J.'
I I ,,'
L_.J,.oo"
?\OTE - The test is a tensile test of the fillet welds in which the free ends
of the parts welded on are gripped in tensile testing machhre.
60
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TOIl, •• ~. .t
., Pres
8'." or
:"-31
.....
I jf-:
FIG90 U-TE.sILB
FIG 89 TONGUE-BEND TEST Snc:ua. TaT SPBCDlBlf
61
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Lock of
Fusion
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21.0 Introduction
21.0.1 The terms given under 21.1 and 21.2 are intended to be
comprehensive, with the exception of those relating to characteristic
defects confined to specialized methods, such as flash butt welding
or spot welding, in which radiographic inspection is not yet in general
use.
21.0.2 Since the terms primarily concern radiographic inspection
of welds, the definitions .have been amplified by means of diagrams and
illustrative radiographs. The radiographs have been selected with the
one object of illustrating the salient features of the defects, and the
examples have been chosen to facilitate their reproduction in -half-
tone blocks. Consequently, the faults are rather more marked than is
usual, in order to compensate for losses in the printing process; The
radiographer will appreciate that the image of a given defect on a photo-
graphic film becomes more ill-defined and more indistinct as the thickness
of metal increases, or if salt intensifying screens are used instead of
metal screens, etc. Moreover, the sharply defined contours of a blowhole,
or a pipe viewed end-on, may be blurred and diffused by halation, so
that interpretation may be more difficult than these illustrations would
suggest.
21.0.3 Not only is interpretation more difficult when these condi-
tions are present, but it is also complicated by the fact that· defects of
more than one kind often occur together: porosity is often mixed with
fine inclm;ions; incomplete penetration or lack of fusion may be accom-
paniedby inclusions, or may be partially obscured by ovy:rlying defects
in other runs of the weld; cavities may be partially filled with foreign matter,
while inclusions sometimes have cracks radiating from sharp edges and
corners.
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FIG 95 OVERLAP
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revealed along its entire iength. As the orientation diverges from the optimum
direction :for detection, the radiographic shadow becomes broadened and increas-
ingly difficult to recognize.
NOTE 2 - Cracks may be further differentiated as longitudinal, transverse,
crater, centre line, fusion zone, under-bead, weld metal, or parent metal cracks,
and it is helpful to include such descriptions in radiographic reports.
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tracks. It may also appear as a series of dashes somewhat
similar to characters in the Morse alphabet (see Fig 110).
NOTE - The defect may be accompanied by fine cracks, although these are
not always revealed in the radiograph.
21.2.6 Incomplete Inter-Run Penetration (Lack of Inter-Penetration )-
A gap occurring in a multi-run weld where the weld metal fails to fill a
crevice formed by a previous run or runs (usually at the toes of the under-
lying r~n or ru~s}. ~t appears in the radiograph as a dark, }ntermit!ent
or contmuous lme WhICh may have both edges wavy or one t)dgestralght
and the other wavy (see Fig 111).
21.2.7 Incomplete Root Penetration (Lack of Root Penetration, Non-
Penetration)- A gap left by failure of the weld metal to fill the root.
It appears in the radiograph as a dark continuous or intermittent line
which may have both edges straight or one edge straight and the other
wavy (see Fig 112).
21.2.8 Lack of Fusion (Lack of Adhesion, Non-Adhesion, Adhesion)-
Lack of union in a weld between weld metal and parent metal, or between
75
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FIG 113 LACK OF SIDE FUSION FIG 114 LACK OF ROOT FUSION
parent metal and parent metal, or between weld metal and weld metal.
Its radiographic detection depends on its orientation with respect to the
X-ray beam .. It occurs in the following forms:
a) Lack of side fusion - Lack of union between weld metal and
parent metal at a side of a weld outside the root. When revealed
in the radiograph, it appears as a dark, straight line, of low in-
tensity, with sharply defined edges (see Fig 113).
b) Lack of root fusion - Lack of union between weld metal and parent
metal, or between the adjacent faces of the parent metal at the
root. When revealed in the radiograph, it has a similar appear-
ance to that of lack of side fusion (see ~ig 114 and 115 ).
c) Lack of inter-run fusion - Lack; of union between adjacent runs
of weld metal in a multi-run weld. When revealed in the radio-
graph, it appears as a faint line with sharply defined· edges (see
Fig 116).
21.2.9 Pipe (Worm Hole)- An elongated or tubular cavity due to
entrapped gas. It appears in the radiograph as a dark shadow of which
the shape depends on the orientation of the defect. If the pipe is end-on
76
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L~ (""}
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21.2.10 Porosity - A group of gas pores. Porosity has a radio-
graphic appearance of dark shadows of circular contour (see 21.2.4 and
Fig 118).
NOTE - Porosity may conveniently be differentiated according to size as fine, .
medium or coarse. It may occur as clusters or chains or may be scattered.
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22.3 Drag Lines - The serrations left on the face of the cut by the gas
cutting or arc cutting.
22.4 Gas Cutting - The cutting of metal by the chemical action of
oxygen with or without other materials.
NOTE - The metal is raised to ignition temperature progressively and then
cut by a jet of oxygen which also removes molten material from the cut.
24.5 Oxygen Lance - A steel tube used for oxygen lancing. It may
be packed with steel wires which, with the tube, are consumed in the
process.
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Clause Clause
No. No.
A B
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Clause Clause
No. No
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Clause Claus8
No. No.
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Clause Clause
No. No.
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Clause Clause
No . No.
8S
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Clause Clause
No. No.
86
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Clause Clause
1\'0. No .
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Clause Gla,u,sc
No. No.
91
Free Standard provided by BIS via BSB Edge Private Limited to Damanjeet Singh -
Thane(damanjeetsw89@gmail.com) 103.173.209.13 [for non-commercial use only].
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