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Question 2: What will happen if no platelets are in the blood?

Answer 2: Absence of platelets or lack of platelets in blood results in the blood being unable
to clot. Blood clots are because platelets are present in the blood, which are responsible for
releasing a few chemicals which clot the blood. Hence, if there are no platelets present in the
blood, the blood will not clot and will not be able to prevent further bleeding.

i) The blood from the heart is transported to all parts of the body by the

(ii) Haemoglobin is present in red blood cells.

(iii) Arteries and veins are joined by a network of capillaries.

(iv) The rhythmic expansion and contraction of the heart is called the heartbeat.

(v) The main excretory product in human beings is urea.

(vi) Sweat contains water and salts.

(vii) Kidneys eliminate the waste materials in the liquid form called urine.

(viii) Water reaches great heights in the trees because of suction pull caused by transpiration.

Question 8: Describe the function of the heart.

Answer 8: The heart is a muscular organ responsible for pumping blood and keeping a person
alive. The human heart has four chambers; the two upper chambers are called the right and
left atrium, respectively, and the two lower chambers are called the right and left ventricles. 

The flow of blood in the human heart:

The right atrium receives deoxygenated carbon dioxide-rich blood from the body through the
pulmonary artery. Blood from the right atrium is pumped to the right ventricle, which pumps
blood to the lungs.

exchanging gases takes place in the lungs, and oxygen-rich blood exits the lungs and reaches
the left atrium through the pulmonary vein. Blood is then pumped to the left ventricle, from
where blood is pumped to all parts of the body.

Hence, the rhythmic contraction and expansion of the heart transports blood to all parts of the
body and also causes the sound of a heartbeat.
Workbook Page No. 11

Q. Difference between breathing and respiration and breathing.

Q. Long distance cyclist often drink liquids that contain glucose. Explain
how it helps them perform well.

Glucose is a type of sugar that is required for the process of cellular respiration to release
energy. The liquid that contains glucose can deliver up to 50% more energy to the working
muscles. During cycling, the energy required to fuel the activity can be fulfilled by taking
supplements of glucose.
Book Page No . 10

Q.2 Describe the gas exchange in lungs.

When we breathe in air, it reaches to the lungs via respiratory tract and ultimately to the alveoli of the
lungs which are in close vicinity to the tissues. As the alveoli is rich in oxygen and tissues are rich in
carbon dioxide (as oxygen is utilized there and carbon dioxide is released as a byproduct ), the gases
get exchanged by diffusion along the concentration gradient. So, the gases get interchanged in
between the lung and the tissues. The gases gets exchanged within the lung in the same manner i.e.
along the concentration gradient by the process of diffusion as the gas entering is rich in oxygen while
the one leaving is rich in carbon dioxide.

Q3. Explain why Carbon dioxide particles move from the blood into
alveolus?

The concentration of oxygen is higher and carbon dioxide is lower in alveolus compared to
incoming blood.
Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged by diffusion in all living organisms. Air has a
higher concentration of oxygen than blood entering the alveolus. Thus, oxygen moves into
blood. The opposite is true for carbon dioxide where air has a lower concentration of carbon
dioxide. Thus, carbon dioxide moves out of blood and into the air present in alveolus.

Q4. Explain why lungs looks like a sponge inside.

Lungs are spongy in nature due to the presence of tiny balloon-like structures called chest
cavity. Both the lungs in humans are filled with tiny balloon-like structures called air sacs or
alveoli. Their membrane is highly thin and is surrounded by many capillaries. Alveoli are the
actual sites where gaseous exchange takes place between the air in the lungs and blood. Due
to the presence of the air-filled sacs, lungs are spongy in nature. Filtering units are present in
the kidney and neurons are nerve cells which conduct electric signals.

Q. 5 Why does an alveoli have a thin wall?

The walls of the alveoli are very thin, which makes it easier for oxygen and CO2 to pass
between the alveoli and very small blood vessels (capillaries).
Oxygen can pass from the alveoli to the capillaries because the concentration of oxygen is
lower in the capillaries than it is in the alveoli. Similarly, CO2 moves the other way because
the concentration of carbon dioxide is lower in the alveoli than it is in the capillaries.

Q.6 How do alveoli change the surface area of the lung inside?

Alveoli contains many elastic fibres which allows it to expand and recoil according to the
volume of air breathed in. When expanding alveoli's surface area is increased and
the diffusion rate is faster.
Q.7 Why this adaptation is important?
Or

Adaptations in alveoli for gas exchange.

 Alveoli are folded to increase their surface area more air can diffuse in from the blood
and and in from the bronchioles.
 The lining of the alveoli walls are also moist so the gases can easily dissolve. 
 The walls are thin so the diffusion distance is short.
 They have a rich blood supply as the blood capillaries are close and have thin walls,
so there is a steep concentration gradient.
 The concentration gradient steepness is increased more as the blood is highly
concentrated with carbon dioxide while the alveoli have a high concentration of
oxygen, favouring diffusion of carbon dioxide into the alveoli and oxygen into the
capillaries.
Q.8 Explain how capillaries are adapted for gas exchange?

 Firstly, capillaries have very thin walls. They are the smallest types of blood vessels
and are only one cell thick (4). This thinness allows for efficient diffusion of gases,
nutrients, and waste products between the bloodstream and the surrounding tissues.
Oxygen and carbon dioxide can easily pass through these thin walls, facilitating the
exchange of gases between the respiratory system and the circulatory system (1).
 Additionally, the small diameter of capillaries enables them to reach almost every cell
in the body. They form an extensive network of interconnected vessels, ensuring that
every tissue receives an adequate blood supply for gas exchange (3). This wide
distribution of capillaries maximizes the surface area available for gas exchange,
allowing for efficient oxygen delivery to tissues and removal of carbon dioxide.
In summary, capillaries are adapted for gas exchange through their thin walls,
extensive network, and efficient diffusion process.
Q.8 Give another name for windpipe?
The windpipe is called the trachea. It is a narrow tube that allows air to pass from the nose to
the lungs. The trachea is divided into two bronchi, and trachea is attached to the lungs.
Q.9 Trachea divides into many smaller tubes, What structure are at the
ends of all these tubes?
The trachea divides into two primary bronchi, the left bronchus and right bronchus which in
turn divides into bronchioles (primary and then secondary and then tertiary) which end into
sac-like structures called alveoli.
Q.10 Why is it important to stop particles getting into your lungs?
Dust, virus and bacteria may damage our lungs and increase risk of heart disease, lung cancer
and asthma attacks and can interfere with the growth and work of the lungs.
Q.11 a) How are ciliated epithelial cells adapted for their function?
The ciliated epithelium lines the respiratory tract of our body. It is characterised by the
presence of tiny hair-like structures called cilia. It helps in the trapping and removal of dust
particles that enter our nose. It carries mucus which is secreted by the goblet cells (another
term for mucus-producing cells) and moves back and forth, thereby, removing the dust
particles from the respiratory tract and sweep the mucus up to the throat and we swallow it
and acid in your stomach kills the microorganism.
Q.11 b) What other specialised cells are needed to keep the lungs clean?
Goblet cells produce mucus, a sticky substance that traps the dust particle. Mucus also
lubricates and moistens the air passing into the lungs.
Q.12
The diaphragm is a muscular, dome shape, membranous structure that separates the thoracic
cavity and the abdomen cavity. Upon inhalation, The diaphragm expand as the lungs filled
with air and Upon exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and the air is pushed out of the lungs. In
the above model, balloons act as lungs and elastic membrane as a diaphragm.
The bell jar symbolised the chest cavity. Balloons stand for the lungs, and the elastic
membrane is for the diaphragm. When the rubber sheet (diaphragm) moves down, the
balloons (lungs) expand. The lowered pressure inside the balloons causes the outside air to
flow in (inhalation).
In the given model, The bell jar symbolised a chest cavity. The balloons symbolised lungs.
As the balloons (lungs) filled with air, the elastic membrane act as a diaphragm expand and
as soon as the air forced out of the balloons (lungs) elastic membrane returns to its original
shape.

When Yuri pulls down on the rubber sheet, the balloon gets bigger. Explain
why.
When yuri pulls down on the rubber sheet, the balloon gets bigger as the volume of the jar
increases and the pressure therefore decreases and the air is drawn in through the glass tube
inflating the balloons, which represent the lungs. When the rubber sheet is pushed upwards
into its original shape, the balloons become deflated.
Predict what would happen if he pushed the rubber sheet upwards. Explain
your prediction.
When the rubber sheet is pushed upwards into its original shape, the balloons become
deflated. This is because the air volume inside the bell jar decreases, thus increasing the air
pressure. As a result, the volume of the balloons decreases and the pressure increases. Air is
forced out of the balloons. The balloons act as the lungs.
How does the nose help keep the lungs clean?

The nose is the first organ from where inhaled air is passed. It contains hairs or cilia and
mucus that act as an air cleaning system. Hairs move back and forth sweeping the dust
particles to the throat, where it is swallowed or excreted through the nasal cavity. Unwanted
materials stick to the mucus and help filter out large particles present in the inhaled air. The
nose adds moisture to the air to prevent dryness in the lungs and bronchial tubes. 
Look at the figure of bones and muscles in the arm, and describe the
change in shape when a muscle contracts.

The contraction and relaxation of the muscles helps in the movement of the body parts. The
contraction of the muscles in the arm gets shorter, fatter or thick. We can look same in case of
the above given diagram.

Look at the figure of bones and muscles in the arm. Which muscle
contracts to raise the lower arm?

Muscle contraction and relaxation helps in the movement of our body parts. The biceps
contracts to raise the forearm, the triceps muscles relaxes. But to lower the forearm again, the
biceps relaxes, and the triceps contracts.
Look at the figure of bones and muscles in the arm, and describe what
happens to both muscles when the arm is lowered.

The contraction and relaxation of the muscles help us in the movement of our body parts.
When the lowerarm is raised upwards towards us the biceps contracts, and the muscle
become short and thick, the muscles get relaxed when the arm is lowered.

Look at the figure of bones and muscles in the arm, and explain why there
is a pair of muscles to move the lower arm up and down.
The movement of our body parts takes place by the contraction and the relaxation of the
muscles. The two types of muscles are required for the movement, one undergo contraction,
and the other muscle helps in relaxation of the muscle. Example: the lower arm is moved
upwards and contracts by biceps, and it moves downwards and get relax by triceps. Hence, a
pair of muscles are required to move the lower arm up and down.

Use the evidence in the X-ray photo to:

Identify which part of the skeletal system has been injured.

The X-ray beam passes on a bone, it appears as a dark line in the fractured area of the bone.
The above given X-ray copy is the bones of the limbs of appendicular system is injured, and
the tibia is fractured. 

Use the evidence in the X-ray photo to:

State the kind of injury it is.

The beam of X-rays passes on the bones, and appears as a dark line in the fractured area of
the bone on the X-ray film. The above given X-ray copy denotes the injury of the bones of
the limbs of appendicular system, and the kind of injury is the tibia fracture.

Give one similarity and one difference between a sprain and a pulled
muscle.

Features Sprain Pulled muscle

Sprains refer to damage to
Strains refer to damage to the soft
the soft tissues in the body,
Similarity tissues in the body, including
including ligaments,
ligaments, tendons, and muscles.
muscles, etc.
Sprain is the injury Pulled muscle means the strain that
where the bands of tissue involves a muscle injury or to the
Differences
connect the two bones band of tissue that attaches a
together. muscle to a bone.

Do you think there are more antagonistic pairs of muscles in a ball and
socket joint or in a hinge joint. Explain your answer.

A muscle that opposes the action of another. One muscle contracts to move the parts of the
body, the other muscle in the pair then contracts to return the body part back to the normal
position. This type of muscles are called antagonistic pairs. Ball and socket joint have more
antagonistic muscles compare to hinge joint. In this type of muscle pair present in ball and
socket joint, one muscle contracts the other muscle relaxes or lengthens.
Sometimes the top of the thigh-bone becomes worn and needs replacing.
Explain two properties needed by a material used for a replacement.

The worn and torn thigh-bones and hip bones are made with metals, ceramics and plastic
materials. Most used are titanium alloys, stainless steel, special high-strength alloys, alumina,
zirconia, etc. Metal-on-plastic is the least expensive type of replacement, and it must be
safety and implant lifespan when it is used for replacement.

Put your hand on your chest, when you breathe in, does your chest come
out or go in?

When we keep our hands on the chest and breathe in, our chest comes out or moves outward.
Breathing is the process of moving air into and out of our body through our nose. When we
inhale the air, lungs, which are our respiratory organs, expand as the air is filled in it. And
when we exhale the air, it comes back to its normal size.

Why do our lungs expand during inhalation? 

When we inhale, the pressure inside the lungs increases and it forces the lungs to expand.

Note: With the increase in the amount of gas we inhale, the pressure also increases. This in
turn increases the volume.

Describe how diaphragm muscles increases the volume of the chest. What
happens when your chest volume increases?

The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle that is present at the bottom of the chest cavity.
During inhalation, it contracts, such that the pressure inside the chest cavity decreases and the
volume increases. This creates a pressure gradient due to which the air outside is forced into
the lungs through your nostrils. 

Explain why air flows into your lungs when your chest volume increases?

The air is drawn into the lungs during inhalation. This takes place due to an increase in the
chest volume. This is facilitated by the contraction of the diaphragm and the movement of the
rib cage upwards, thereby increasing the chest volume and decreasing the pressure inside the
lungs. Because of this, the air is forced into the lungs. 

A student inhales and exhales six times in 30 seconds, what is the breathing
rate?

One inhalation and one exhalation constitute a breath. The number of breaths per minute is
called the breathing rate. If a student inhales and exhales 6 times in 30 seconds, the breathing
rate is equal to.