Chapter 1 – Electric Circuit Variables

Exercises
16
i t = 8t 2 − 4 t A

I I
Ex. 1.3-1
t t 8 3 t 8
q(t) = idt = (8t 2 − 4 t )dt = t −2 t 2 = t 3 − 2t 2 C
0 0 3 0 3

4 4 4
q (t ) = ∫ i (τ ) dτ + q ( 0 ) = ∫ 4sin 3 t dτ + 0 =
t t
cos 3τ 0 = cos 3 t − C
t
Ex. 1.3-3
0 0 3 3 3

Ex. 1.3-4 %K0 t<0

i(t) = &2 0< t ≤ 2
K'−2e
i = dq / dt
1 6
−2 t − 2
t >2

Ex. 1.4-1 i1 = 45 µA = 45 × 10-6 A < i2 = 0.03 mA = .03 × 10-3 A = 3 × 10-5 A < i3 = 25 × 10-4 A

Ex. 1.4-2 ∆ q = i∆ t = 1 4000 A 61 0.001 s6 = 4 C

45 ×10−9
Ex. 1.4-3 i= = 9 ×10−6 = 9 µA
5 ×10−3

Ex. 1.4-4
billion = 10 9
i = 10 billion elect /s q
= 10 ×10 9 elect /s q

= 10 9 elect / s × 1.602 × 10 −19 c elect = 1.602 nA

1
Ex. 1.6-1 Energy = ∆W = q∆V = 2C 4 v = 8 J 1 61 6
P = vi = (10V)(20A ) = 200 W
∆W = P∆t = (200W)(10s) = 2000J = 2 kJ

Ex. 1.6-2 4
P = vi = 50e −10t 5e −10t 94 9 = 250 e −20t
W

I I
W = Pdt =
0
10
250e −20t =
25 −20t
2
e
10

=
25
2
4 25
1− e −200 ≈ J
2
9
Ex. 1.6-3 1 61 6
P = vi = 100 kV 120 A = 12000 kW = 12 MW
 3600s
∆W = P∆t = 412 ×10 W9 124 hrs6 
 hr  = 104
. × 1012 J
6

= 1.04 TJ

Problems
Section 1-3 Electric Circuits and Current Flow
P1.3-1 i=
∆q
∆t
3
⇒ ∆q = i∆t = 10 ×10 -3 A 20 s 81 6
= 0.2 C

P1.3-2 i (t ) =
d
dt
( )
4 1 − e −5t = 20 e −5t A

P1.3-3

( )
q (t ) = ∫ i (τ ) dτ + q ( 0 ) = ∫ 4 1 − e −5τ dτ + 0 = ∫ 4 dτ − ∫ 4 e −5τ dτ = 4 t + 20 e −5t − 20 C
t t t t

0 0 0 0

P1.3-4 dq
=
d
i (t) =
dt dt
3
2 k 1t+k 2 t 2 = 2 k 1 + 2 k 2 t 8
4
now i (0) = 4 = 2k 1 + 2 k 2 (0) ⇒ k 1 = =2
2
also i (t = 3s) = 2k 1 + 2 k 2 (3) = − 4
⇒ 2 (2 ) + 6 ( k 2 ) = − 4 ⇒ k 2 = − 4 3

2
P1.3-5 billion = 10 9
i = 10 billion elect /s q
= 10 ×10 9 elect /s q

= 10 9 elect / s × 1.602 × 10 −19 c elect = 1.602 nA

P1.3-6

q (t ) = ∫ i (τ ) dτ = ∫ 0 dτ = 0 C for t < 2 so q(2) = 0.

t t

−∞ −∞

q (t ) = ∫ i (τ ) dτ + q ( 2 ) = ∫ 2 dτ = 2 τ 2 = 2 t − 4 C for 2 < t < 4. In particular, q(4) = 4 C.

t t t
2 2

q (t ) = ∫ i (τ ) dτ + q ( 4 ) = ∫ −1 dτ + 4 = − τ 4 + 4 = 8 − t C for 4 < t < 8. In particular, q(8) = 0 C.

t t t
4 4

q (t ) = ∫ i (τ ) dτ + q (8 ) = ∫ 0 dτ + 0 = 0 C for 8 < t .
t t

8 8

P1.3-7 I = 600 A = 600 C s

C 60s
Silver deposited = 600 × 20 min × ×1118
. mg/ C
s min
= 8.05 × 10 5 mg = 805g

Section 1-6 Power and Energy

P1.6-1 1 . V = 3 mW
P = iv = 2 mA 15 61 6
∆W 150J
∆t = = = 5×104 s
P 0.003 W

4
# of days = 5×104 s
1 hr
9 
1 day
3600s 24 hr
 


 = 0.58 day

P1.6-2
a) q =
I 1 61 61
i dt = i∆t = 10 A 2 hrs 3600 s/ hr

= 7.2 ×10 4 C
6

b) 1
P = vi = 110V 10 A = 1100 W 61 6
6⊄
c) Cost = × 11
. kW × 2 hrs = 13.2 ⊄
kWhr

3
P1.6-3
0 51
P = 6V 10 mA = 0.06 W 6
∆W 200 W ⋅s
∆t = = = 3.33×10 3 s
P 0.06 W

P1.6-4 a) 1 60 5
PS = 675 A 12 V = 8100 W
PT = 120 A6011V5 = 220 W
b) W = PS ∆t + PT ∆t
1 61 6 1 61
= 8100 W 30 s + 220 W 200 min × 60 s/ min 6
= 2883 kJ

∆W 8 mJ
P1.6-5 at t = 1ms P = = = 4 W = vi t=1ms
∆t 2 ms
4
∴i =
1 6
12 cos πt
t=1ms
= −1/ 3 A

∆W
at t = 3ms P = = 0 ∴i = 0A
∆t
∆W 20 − 8
at t = 6ms P = = = 6W
∆t 7 −5
6
∴ i (6 ms) = = 1 2A
12 cos 6π

4
P1.6-6 P = vi, for 0≤ t ≤10s v = 30 V
30
i= t = 2t
15
∴ P = 30(2t) = 60t

for 10 ≤ t ≤ 15s

v= −
25
5
0 5
t+b ⇒ v 10 = 30 = −150 + b

⇒ b = 80
v(t) = − 5t + 80
i(t) = 2t 0 50
⇒ P = 2 t −5t+80 5
= −10 t +160 t
2

for 15 ≤ t ≤ 25s
v = 5V

i(t) = −
30
10
t+b ⇒ i(25) = 0 = − 3 25 +b 0 5
⇒ b = 75
i(t) = − 3t+75
0 50
⇒ P = 5 −3t+75 = −15t+375 5

Energy = I I I4
P dt =
10
0
10
60t dt +
15

10
15
160t −10t 2 dt + 9
25
I1
25

15
6
375−15t dt

= 30t 2 + 80t 2 − 10 t 3
+ 375t − 15 t 2 = 5833. 3 J
0 3 10 2 15

5
P1.6-7
a) W=
I I IPdt =
t

0
vi dt =
0
5 3600 sec5 

2 11+
.5t
3600
dt 

0.5 2 0
5 3600 5
= 22t+ t = 441×10 3 J
3600 0
= 441 kJ

* Assuming no more energy is delivered to the

battery after 5 hours (battery is fully charged).

1 hr 10¢
b) Cost = 441kJ × × = 1.23¢
3600s kWhr

P1.6-8 a) Break up into time intervals

t i v P=vi I
W= P dt
0 ≤ t ≤ .5 2t 3 6t 3t 2
0.5 ≤ t < 1 −2 t +2 3 −6t +6 W2 ( t)
1≤t≤2 0 −3t +6 0 W2 ( t=1)

I I0
2<t 0 0 0 W2 ( t=1)

where W2 ( t) =
.5
6t dt +
0
t

.5
−6 t+6 dt5
 −6t
= .75+ 
2 
+ 6 t
t

 2  .5

05
W2 t = − 3t 2 + 6 t −1.5
W 0 t = 15 = 1.5
2

b)

6
 1 1
P 1.6-9 p (t ) = (cos 3 t )(sin 3 t ) = sin 6 t
3 6
1
p ( 0.5 ) = sin 3 = 0.0235 W
6
1
p (1) = sin 6 = −0.0466 W
6
Here is a MATLAB program to plot p(t):

clear

t0=0; % initial time

tf=2; % final time
dt=0.02; % time increment
t=t0:dt:tf; % time

v=4*cos(3*t); % device voltage

i=(1/12)*sin(3*t); % device current

for k=1:length(t)
p(k)=v(k)*i(k); % power
end

plot(t,p)
xlabel('time, s');
ylabel('power, W')

P 1.6-10 p (t ) = 16 (sin 3 t )(sin 3 t ) = 8 ( cos 0 − cos 6 t ) = 8 − 8cos 6 t W

Here is a MATLAB program to plot p(t):

clear

t0=0; % initial time

tf=2; % final time
dt=0.02; % time increment
t=t0:dt:tf; % time

v=8*sin(3*t); % device voltage

i=2*sin(3*t); % device current

for k=1:length(t)
p(k)=v(k)*i(k); % power
end

plot(t,p)
xlabel('time, s');
ylabel('power, W')

7
P1.6-11 ( )
p (t ) = 4 1 − e −2 t × 2 e −2 t = 8 1 − e −2 t e −2 t ( )
Here is a MATLAB program to plot p(t):

clear

t0=0; % initial time

tf=2; % final time
dt=0.02; % time increment
t=t0:dt:tf; % time

v=4*(1-exp(-2*t)); % device voltage

i=2*exp(-2*t); % device current

for k=1:length(t)
p(k)=v(k)*i(k); % power
end

plot(t,p)
xlabel('time, s');
ylabel('power, W')

P1.6-12 P(t) = iv = (10e − t ) (12e − t ) = 120e −2t W

b) I
W = Pdt =
t

0 I0
t
120e −2t dt
t
= −60e −2t = 60(1− e −2t ) J
0

P1.6-13 a) P = vi = (10 − 20e −50t ) (4e −50t ) (i = mA)

−50t −100 t
= 40e − 80e
at t = 10ms = 0.01s ⇒ P= − 5.17/ mW

b)
I
W = P(t)dt =
∞

0 I0
∞
(40e −50t − 80e −100 t )dt
∞
= ( −0.8e −50t + 0.8e −100 t )
0
= 0 − ( −0.8+0.8)
= 0J

8
P1.6-14 a) P = vi = (12V) (1A) = 12W

b)
∑P = 0 ∴ Pabsorbed by headlights
= Psupplied by battery = 12W

c) W = I Pdt = P∆t = (12W) (10min) (60s/ min)

= 7200 J = 7.2kJ

P1.6-15
a) Pdeliv. = (18V) (5A) = 90W

b) Pabsorbed = (8V) (8A) = 64W

P1.6-16 ∆W ∆Wt
P = = h Wt = Weight
∆t ∆t
 5×10   1min   2000 lb  1168 ft6
tons
   60 sec   ton 
5
=
min
ft ⋅1b  1.356W 
= 2.8   = 3.8 × 10 W = 3.8 GW
sec.  ft ⋅lb/sec 
9

P1.6-17 P = VI = 3 × 0.2 = 0.6 W

W = P ⋅ t = 0.6 × 5 × 60 = 180 J

2 ×10 6 J
P1.6-18 W = P∆t ∴ P=
10 × 60 × 60
P 2 ×10 6
∴ I= = = 4.63 A
V 12(10 × 60 × 60)

P1.6-19 Q = 1020 e − × 1.6 × 10 −19 C e − = 16 C

∆W = v∆Q = (105 ×16) J
∆W 105 ×16J
P= = = 16 MW
∆t 0.1s

P1.6-20 V = 168 kV
I = 2.5 mA ∴P = VI = 168kV × 2.5 mA
= 2.5×106 A ∴W = P∆t = (168 ×103 × 2.5×106 ) (5)
W = 2.1×1012 J
energy to launch 10 gms to 10 km above the
earth is (assuming g = 9.8 m s2 is constant)
W = mgh = (0.01 kg)(9.8 m s2 )(104 m) = 980 J
Thus the 10 gm mass will surely leave the earth' s orbit!

9
Verification Problems
VP 1-1
Notice that the element voltage and current of each branch adhere to the passive convention. The sum of
the powers absorbed by each branch are:

(-2 V)(2 A)+(5 V)(2 A)+(3 V)(3 A)+(4 V)(-5 A)+(1 V)(5 A) = - 4 W + 10 W + 9 W - 20 W + 5 W
=0W
The element voltages and currents satisfy conservation of energy and may be correct.

VP 1-2
Notice that the element voltage and current of some branches do not adhere to the passive convention. The
sum of the powers absorbed by each branch are:

-(3 V)(3 A)+(3 V)(2 A)+ (3 V)(2 A)+(4 V)(3 A)+(-3 V)(-3 A)+(4 V)(-3 A) ≠ 0 W

The element voltages and currents do not satisfy conservation of energy and cannot be correct.

Design Problems
DP 1-1
The voltage may be as large as 20(1.25) = 25 V and the current may be as large as (0.008)(1.25) = 0.01 A.
The element needs to be able to absorb (25 V)(0.01 A) = 0.25 W continuously. A Grade B element is
adequate, but without margin for error. Specify a Grade B device if you trust the estimates of the maximum
voltage and current and a Grade A device otherwise.

DP1-2 ( ) ( )
p (t ) = 20 1 − e −8 t × 0.03 e −8 t = 0.6 1 − e −8 t e −8 t

Here is a MATLAB program to plot p(t):

clear

t0=0; % initial time

tf=1; % final time
dt=0.02; % time increment
t=t0:dt:tf; % time

v=20*(1-exp(-8*t)); % device voltage

i=.030*exp(-8*t); % device current

for k=1:length(t)
p(k)=v(k)*i(k); % power
end

plot(t,p)
xlabel('time, s');
ylabel('power, W')

Here is the plot:

10
The circuit element must be able to absorb 0.15 W.

11