Electric Circuits I

ELEC 305

Capacitance and Inductance

Dr. Asma Wasfi

Capacitance
• A capacitor is a circuit element that consists of two
conducting plates separated by a dielectric

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Energy Storage in Capacitors

Charging and Discharging a Capacitor

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Applications
• Capacitors are important circuit elements that are used
for many different applications: filtering, tuning, and
coupling.

•Example: Radio

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Current-Voltage Relationship
q = Cv i(t)
+
dq d (Cv ) +
i= = C
dt dt v(t) q(t)

If ' C ' is constant : −

−
dv
i=C
dt
t t
1 1
v= 
C −
i ( x) dx = v(t0 ) +
C  i( x) dx
t0

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 Capacitance Law
QC = CVC If the voltage varies the charge varies
Capacitance Law
and there is a displacement current
One can also express the voltage across … Or one can express the current through
in terms of the current in terms of the voltage across

1 t dQ dV
VC (t ) = Q = 1 iC = =C C
C C i
−
C ( x)dx dt dt
Differential form of Capacitance law
Integral form of Capacitance law

The mathematical implication of Implications of differential form??

the integral form is ...
VC = Const  iC = 0
VC (t −) = VC (t +); t DC or steady state behavior
Voltage across a capacitor A capacitor in steady state acts as an
MUST be continuous OPEN CIRCUIT
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Energy

dv(t )
Power = p (t ) = v(t ) i (t ) = C v(t )
dt
t
Energy = W (t ) =  p( x) dx
−
t v (t )
dv( x)
=  C v( x) dx = C  v( x) dv( x)
−
dx v ( − )

1
= C v 2 (t ) (assuming v(−) = 0)
2

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Example # 1
If the charge accumulated on two parallel conductors
charged to 12 V is 600 pC, what is the capacitance of
the parallel conductors.

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Example 2

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Example #1
The voltage across a 5 μF capacitor has the waveform shown
below. Determine the current waveform.

v(t) (V)
 24 
 −3
t 0  t  6 ms 
6 10
 
 − 24
v(t ) =  −3
t + 96 6  t  8 ms  24
 2 10 
 
 8 ms  t 
 0  6 8
t (ms)

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Example #1
dv
i=C
dt

 5 10 −6 (4 103 ) = 20 10 −3 0  t  6 ms 

 
 
 
i (t ) =  5 10 −6 (−12 103 ) = − 60 10 −3 6  t  8 ms 
 
 
 0 8 ms  t 

i(t) (mA)

20
t (ms)

-60

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Example #3
Determine the energy stored in the electric field of the capacitor
in Example 2 at t = 6 ms.

1
Energy = w(t ) = C v 2 (t )
2
At t = 6 ms,
1
w(6ms ) = (5  10 −6 ) (24) 2 = 1440 μJ
2

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Example # 4

q = Cv
dq ∗ 10d−9 (Cv)
𝑣 i== dt = −6dt= 0.05 V
500
10 ∗ 10
If ' C ' is constant :
dv
i=C
dt
t t
1 1
v=
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C -¥ò i ( x) dx = v(t0 ) +
C ò i( x) dx
t0
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Example # 5

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Solution

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Solution

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Example # 6

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Solution

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Capacitor Combinations
• If N capacitors are connected in series, their equivalent
capacitance Cs is calculated as:

1 1 1 1
= + + ... +
Cs C1 C2 CN
• If N capacitors are connected in parallel, their equivalent
capacitance Cp is calculated as:

C p = C1 + C2 + ... + C N

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Exercise #7
Determine the equivalent capacitance.

𝐶𝑒𝑞 = 3.177 𝑢𝐹
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Example #8
Two previously uncharged capacitors are connected in series and
then charged with a 12 V source. One capacitor is 30 μF and the
other is unknown. If the voltage across the 30 μF capacitor is 8 V,
find the capacitance of the unknown capacitor.

Since the same current flows in each of series capacitors, each

capacitor gains the same charge in the same time period,
Q2 = Q1 = V1* C1 = 8 * (30 μF ) = 240 μC
V2 = 12 − 8 = 4 V
C2 = Q2/ V2 = 240 μC/ 4 V = 60 μF

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 Inductors
• An inductor is a circuit element that consists of a
conducting wire usually in the form of a coil

• Inductors are important circuit elements that are used

in many different applications: filters, oscillators…etc

• On the other hand, stray inductances can cause

undesirable coupling between circuits

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 Inductors

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Current-Voltage Relationship
i(t)
di +
v=L
dt v(t) L
t
1 Henry
i=
L − v( x) dx −

t
1
= i (t0 ) +  v( x) dx
L t0

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Energy

di (t )
Power = p (t ) = v(t ) i (t ) = L i
dt
t
Energy = W (t ) =  p( x) dx
−
t v (t )
di ( x)
=  L i ( x) dx = L  i ( x) di ( x)
−
dx v ( − )

1
= L i 2 (t ) (assuming v(−) = 0)
2

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Example #9

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Solution

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Solution
di
v=L
dt

 10 10 −3 (10) = 100 10 −3 0  t  2 ms 

 
 
 
v(t ) =  10 10 −3 (−10) = − 100 10 −3 2  t  4 ms 
 
 
 0 4  t ms 


v(t) (mV)

100
t (ms)

-100

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Example # 10

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Solution

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Solution

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Inductor Combinations
• If N inductors are connected in series, their equivalent
inductance Ls is calculated as:

Ls = L1 + L2 + ... + LN

• If N inductors are connected in parallel, their equivalent

inductance Lp is calculated as:
1 1 1 1
= + + ... +
L p L1 L2 LN

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Exercise #11
Determine the equivalent inductance.
1 mH
1 mH

6 mH 2 mH

12 mH
Leq
4 mH 2 mH

1 mH 2 mH

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Exercise #12
Determine the equivalent inductance

Answer: 17.56 H

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