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    2 Skeletal and Articular System

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    Kimberlee Ced Nool
    The skeletal system consists of bones, joints, cartilages, and ligaments. There are two divisions of bones - the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebral column, and thorax, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the upper and lower limbs. Bones are classified by their shape as long, short, flat, or irregular. There are two types of bone tissue - compact and spongy bone. Joints are classified by their structure and motion as synovial joints including hinge, pivot, plane, and condyloid joints.

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    2 Skeletal and Articular System

    Uploaded by

    Kimberlee Ced Nool
    12 views3 pages
    The skeletal system consists of bones, joints, cartilages, and ligaments. There are two divisions of bones - the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebral column, and thorax, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the upper and lower limbs. Bones are classified by their shape as long, short, flat, or irregular. There are two types of bone tissue - compact and spongy bone. Joints are classified by their structure and motion as synovial joints including hinge, pivot, plane, and condyloid joints.

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    The skeletal system consists of bones, joints, cartilages, and ligaments. There are two divisions of bones - the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebral column, and thorax, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the upper and lower limbs. Bones are classified by their shape as long, short, flat, or irregular. There are two types of bone tissue - compact and spongy bone. Joints are classified by their structure and motion as synovial joints including hinge, pivot, plane, and condyloid joints.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    12 views3 pages

    2 Skeletal and Articular System

    Uploaded by

    Kimberlee Ced Nool
    The skeletal system consists of bones, joints, cartilages, and ligaments. There are two divisions of bones - the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebral column, and thorax, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the upper and lower limbs. Bones are classified by their shape as long, short, flat, or irregular. There are two types of bone tissue - compact and spongy bone. Joints are classified by their structure and motion as synovial joints including hinge, pivot, plane, and condyloid joints.

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    GROSS ANATOMY (Dr.

    Vibar)
    Skeletal and Articular System

    Short bones
    Parts of the Skeletal System
    • Generally cube-shaped (cuboidal)
    • Bones • Contain mostly spongy bone
    • Joints • Tarsus and carpus
    • Cartilages Flat bones
    • Ligaments • Thin and flattened
    Periosteum – connective tissue surrounding bones • Usually curved
    Perichondrium – surrounds cartilages • Thin layers
    TWO DIVISIONS • Flat bones of cranium
    Axial Skeleton Irregular bones
    • Within central axis • Do not fit to previous classes
    • Head – cranial or skull • Bones of the face
    • Neck Sesamoid bones
    o Hyoid bone • Develop in certain tendons
    o Cervical vertebrae
    • Found where tendons cross the ends of long bones in the
    • Trunk limbs
    o Ribs
    • Patella
    o Sternum
    o Vertebrae Bone Markings and Formations
    o Sacrum
    -Surface features of bones; site of attachment
    Appendicular Skeleton
    • Lower and upper extremities
    • Pectoral and pelvic girdles

    Functions
    • Support for the body and its vital cavities
    • Protection for vital structures
    • Mechanical basis for movement (leverage)
    Axial Skeleton
    • Storage for salts Skull
    • Continuous supply of new blood cells • Two set of bones: cranium and facial bones
    • Bones joint by sutures
    Two Basic Types of Bone Tissue Paired Unpaired
    Compact bone – homogeneous; appears as a solid mass Skull/Cranial Parietal Frontal
    Spongy bone (cancellous or trabecular) – small needle-like pieces; many Temporal Occipital
    open space Sphenoid
    Ethmoid
    Classification of Bones Facial Palatine Vomer
    According to their Shape Lacrimal Mandible
    Long bones Zygomatic
    • Tubular (e.g. humerus) Nasal
    • Longer than wide Maxilla
    • Have a shaft with heads at both ends Inferior nasal concha
    • Contain mostly compact bone Landmarks
    • Diaphysis – shaft; compact bone • Nasion – between frontal and nasal bone
    • Epiphysis – end; mostly spongy bone • Pterion
    • Articular cartilage • Asterion
    o Covers external surface of epiphyses • Lambda
    o Made of hyaline cartilage • Bregma
    o Decrease friction at joint surfaces • Glabella – above nasion

    kcgn – NEU - pg. 1


    GROSS ANATOMY (Dr. Vibar)
    Skeletal and Articular System

    Ossicles – bones in the auditory canal Requirements for Synovial Joints


    Hyoid Bone • Articular cartilage
    • Only bone that does not articulate with another bone • Enclosed by a fibrous articular capsule
    • Serves as a moveable base for tongue • Have joint cavity filled with synovial fluid
    Fetal Skull • Ligaments
    • Fontanelles – convert to bone within 24 months after birth Synovial Joint Types
    Vertebral Column • Plane joint
    • Separated by intervertebral discs o Apposed articular surfaces are flat or almost flat
    • Spine has a normal curvature o Permit gliding or sliding movements
    • Each vertebrae is given a name o Examples
    according to its location ▪ Between articular processes of the
    • Thoracic and sacral vertebrae
    o Concave anteriorly; or ▪ Sternoclavicular joint
    o Convex posteriorly ▪ Acromioclavicular joint
    • Cervical and lumbar
    o Concave posteriorly; or
    o Convex anteriorly
    The Bony Thorax
    • Forms a cage to protect major organs
    • Sternum
    • Hinge joint
    • Ribs
    o Resembles the hinge on a door
    • Thoracic Vertebrae o Uniaxial flexion-extension movements
    Appendicular Skeleton o Examples
    ▪ Humeroulnar joint in the elbow
    Pectoral (shoulder) Girdle
    ▪ Interphalangeal joints in the hands and
    • Clavicle feet
    • Scapula ▪ Ankle (talocrural) joint
    Upper Limb
    • Arm – humerus
    • Forearm
    o Ulna
    o Radius
    • Hand
    o Carpals (wrist)
    o Metacarpals (palm) • Pivot joint
    o Phalanges (fingers) o Central bony pivot is surrounded by a bony-
    Pelvic – hip bone or coxal bone ligamentous ring
    • Ilium o Rotation
    o Examples
    • Pubic
    ▪ Median atlantoaxial joint
    • Ischium
    ▪ Superior radioulnar joint
    Lower Limbs
    • Femur – thigh bone
    • Tibia – medial
    • Fibula – lateral
    • Foot
    o Tarsals (ankle)
    o Metatarsals (sole)
    o Phalanges (toes)
    • Patella
    • Condyloid joint
    Joints
    o Two distinct convex surfaces that articulate with
    -Articulation of bones two concave surfaces
    Functions o Biaxial movements (two planes) are typical
    • Hold bones together o Examples
    • Allow mobility ▪ Metacarpophalangeal joints in the hands
    Classification (knuckles) and feet
    Functionally
    • Synarthroses – immovable
    • Amphiarthroses – slightly moveable
    • Diarthroses – freely moveable
    Structurally
    • Fibrous – generally immoveable
    o Skull – sutures, gomphosis • Ellipsoid joint
    • Cartilaginous – immoveable or slightly moveable o Elliptical convex articular surface fits into an
    o Primary – hyaline cartilage elliptical concave articular surface
    o Secondary – fibrocartilage o Mainly biaxial movements are allowed
    o Pubic symphysis o Examples
    o Intervertebral joints ▪ Radiocarpal (wrist) joint
    • Synovial – freely moveable
    kcgn – NEU - pg. 2
    GROSS ANATOMY (Dr. Vibar)
    Skeletal and Articular System

    • Saddle joint
    o Articular surfaces are reciprocally concave-convex
    and resemble a saddle on a horse’s back
    o Multiaxial movement allowance
    o Examples
    ▪ Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

    • Ball and socket joint


    o A ball-shaped head of one bone fits into a socket-
    like concavity of another
    o Multiaxial movement
    o Examples
    ▪ Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
    ▪ Hip joint

    Bone Fractures
    BONE FRACTURES
    • Closed (Simple) – does not penetrate skin
    • Open (Compound) – penetrates through the skin
    • Treated by reduction and immobilization (realignment)
    Common Types
    • Comminuted – many fragments
    • Depressed – pressed inward
    • Compression – crushed
    • Impacted – ends forced into each other
    • Spiral – excessive twisting
    • Greenstick – breaks incompletely

    Other references:
    Moore’s Clinically Oriented Anatomy
    Snell’s Clinical Anatomy by Regions

    kcgn – NEU - pg. 3

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