Answer Chapter 6 Cell division

1. Which of the following statements about mitosis is true?

A. The process of nuclear division that reduces the number of chromosomes
to half of the parent cell.
B. The process of growth in a multicellular organism.
C. The process of nuclear division that results in the formation of two
genetically identical daughter nuclei.
D. The process where the cytoplasm divides to form two daughter cells.

2. In plants, mitotic division occur actively in the….

A. Tip of root
B. Epidermal tissues
C. Pollen grain
D. Companion cell

3. Diagram 1 shows the cell cycle

G1 S

M G2

Diagram 1
At which stage undergoes accumulation of energy?

A. G1 C. M
B. G2 D. S

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4. Diagram2 shows an animal cell undergoing mitotic cell division.

Diagram2

What is the stage of the mitotic cell division?

A. Prophase C. Metaphase
B. Anaphase D. Telophase

5. Diagram 3 shows the different phases of the cell cycle.

Prophase →P → Anaphase → Q

Diagram 3

Which statement about the chromosomes at stage P and Q are correct?

Stage P Stage Q

A The chromosome form The homologous

two sister chromatids. chromosomes pair up.

B The chromosomes The sister chromatids

condense and become separate and move to
tightly coiled. opposites poles.

C The chromosomes The chromosomes are

duplicate. long and not visible.

D The chromosomes The chromosome reach

arrange themselves at the opposite poles of
the metaphase plate. the cell.

6. Where do meiosis take place in humans?

A. Skin C. Ovary
B. Liver D. Brain

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7. Diagram 4 shows two possible arrangements of homologous chromosomes
during one of the phase in meiosis.

Diagram 4
What is the significance of this phase?
A. Produces variation in gametes
B. Halves the number of chromosome in each daughter cell
C. Enable crossing over between homologous chromosomes
D. Maintain the number of chromosomes in the cell

8. Diagram 5(a) shows the chromosomes of a parent cell while Diagram 5(b)
shows the possible combinations of chromosomes in the daughter cells when
parent cell divides.

(a) Parent cell

(b) Chromosomes combination in daughter cells

Diagram 5

Which statement is true?

A. Cell K is a gamete
B. Cell L has haploid number of chromosomes
C. Cell M is a product of mitosis
D. Cell N is a product of meiosis

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9. Which of the following factor cause variation?
A. Synapsis B. Cross over

C. Chiasmata D. Cytokinesis

10. In diagram6, shows an event that occur during meiosis.

Diagram 6
Which of the following statement does not describe the event?
A. Crossing over occurs
B. Chromosome replication take place
C. It happen in prophase I
D. Exchange of gentic material occurs

11. Diagram 7 shows an animal cell during Telophase I.

Diagram 7
Which of the following shows daughter cells after completing the meiosis
process?
A. S C.

B. S D.

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12. Diagram 8 shows telophase in a somatic cell.

Diagram 8
What is the number of chromosome in a gamete after the cell completes its
division?
A. 3 C. 12
B. 6 D. 24

13. Which of the following cells is the product of meiosis?

A. Red blood cell
B. Pollen grain
C. Neuron
D. Muscle cell
14. Which of the following cells is the product of meiosis?
A. D

B.

C. D

D. D

15. In the mitosis, the number of chromosome sets in daughter cells will be
______.
A. half the number in the parent cell.
B. twice the number in the parent cell.
C. the same as in parent cell.
D. one fourth the number in the parent cell.

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16. The information below shows the events during meiosis.
i. Homologous chromosome align at the equator
ii. Non-sister chromatid of homologous chromosome exchange DNA
segment.
iii. Spindle fibres shorten and pull the chromosome
iv. One chromosome of each homologous chromosome faces each poll of
cell.

Which is the correct sequence of the events during meiosis?

A. ii→ i → iii → iv
B. ii → iii → i → iv
C. iii → ii → iv → i
D. iii → i → iv → ii

17. Which of the following is true about importance of meiosis?

A. Increase the number of cells.
B. Replace old cells.
C. Maintain diploid chromosome number in a zygote.
D. Ensure that the composition of parent and daughter cells are the same.

18. The number of chromosome in fertilized egg is ____________________.

A. half as many as in an liver cell.
B. the same as in the sperm.
C. twice the number as in the sperm.
D. twice the number as in skin cell.

19. The event during meiosis that causes the genetic composition of daughter
cells to be different is
A. the exchange in genetic material during crossing over in metaphase I.
B. the replication of genetic material during anaphase
C. the chromatid separation during anaphase
D. the random arrangement of homologous chromosome at the metaphase
plate during metaphase I.

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20. Which of the following shows the number of chromosomes in the somatic cell
of an insect (2n=4) which has undergone mitosis, and in the gamete cell which
has undergone meiosis?
After mitosis After meiosis

21. Which of the following are the differences between meiosis and mitosis?
Mitosis Meiosis

i Cytokinesis occur Cytokinesis occur

once twice

ii Chromosomes Chromatids separate

separate and move and move to the
to the opposite opposite poles
poles
iii Daughter cells are Daughter cells are n
2n
iv Parent cell is 2n Parent cell is n

A. ii and iii
B. i and iii
C. i and iv
D. ii and iv

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22. Diagram 9 shows the relative amount of DNA per cell against time.

Diagram 9
Name stages X, Y and Z in the cell division process.
X Y Z

A Anaphase I Meiosis II Fertilisation

B Anaphase II Meiosis II Chromosome

replication

C Telophase I Meiosis II Chromosome

D Telophase II Meiosis I Fertilisation

23. Which of the following is not an advantage of cloning?

A. Transgenic crop resistance to herbicides and diseases can be produced.
B. Transgenic bacteria can be used to control environment pollution.
C. Clones can be produced in shorter time.
D. All clones have the same level of resistance towards diseases.

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24. Diagram 11 shows a cell during anaphase of mitosis.

Diagram 11
Which diagram shows anaphase I during meiosis in the same organism? Ans B
A. D C. d

B. Dd D. jn

25. Table 1 shows the diploid chromosomal number of two organisms.

Organism Diploid chromosomal number
Cat 38
Elephant 56
Table 1
Based on table above, how many chromosomes are in hair cell of cat and in
sperm cell in elephant?

Cat Elephant
A 19 56
B 19 28
C 38 28
D 38 56

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26. Which process is used in tissue culture technique?
A. Fertilisation C. Synthesis
B. Meiosis D. Mitosis

27. Cancer is a result of uncontrolled mitosis.

i. changes in the DNA structure
ii. chemical compounds
iii. carcinogenic compounds
iv. non-disjunction

Which of the following are the causes of cancer?

A. i, ii and iii C. i, iii, and iv
B. ii, iii and iv D. ii, iii, and iv

28. In tissue culture, which of the following are needed?

i. A suitable nutrient
ii. A sterile nutrient medium
iii. Plant cells or tissues
iv. Plant root
A. i, iii and iv C. i, ii, and iii
B. ii, iii and iv D. i, ii and iv

29. Skin cells that divide uncontrollably and attack other cells will cause
A. a tumour
B. a benign tumour
C. a malignant tumour
D. an abnormal growth

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Structure

1. Diagram 12 shows the phases in a cell cycle that occurs in a cell.

P Q R

S T

Diagram 12

(a) (i) State the type of cell division involved in the cell cycle in diagram 1. (1 mark)

Mitosis

(ii) State one reason for your answer in 1.(a)(i). (1 mark)

It has 4 phases: Prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase

(b) By using the letters in diagram 12, arrange the phases in diagram below in
correct sequence.
Q→R→T→S→P (2 marks)

(c) Explain why root tip is used for preparing slides to show this cell cycle.
(2 marks)
-Root tip is growing region/ root tip has meristem/zone of cell division
-the cells are actively dividing by mitosis.

(d) (i) Name stage Q. (1 mark)

Interphase

(ii) Explain the importance of stage Q to this cell cycle (2marks)

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 F1: Replication of DNA occurs
P1: to produce two genetically identical sister chromatids
F2: synthesise ATP // accumulate energy
P2: enable cell to divide
P3: Any suitable explanation of G1, S or G2

(e) Give two advantages and disadvantages of clone respectively. (4 marks)

Advantages:
P1: Large numbers of offspring can be produced.
P2: In a short time.
P3: All the good characteristics of parents can be maintained in the offspring.
Disadvantages:
P3: The offspring produced do not show any genetic variation.
P4: The offspring produced have same level of resistance to certain
diseases/ pests.
P5: All the offspring can be destroyed by a disease if they do not have the
resistance.

2. Diagram 13 below shows four stages of mitosis, P, Q, R and S. The stages are
not arranged in the correct sequence of mitosis.

Diagram 13

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 (a) Arrange the stages P, Q, R and S in the correct sequence. (1 mark)
R, S, P, Q

(b) (i) Name stage P. (1 mark)

anaphase

(ii) Explain the chromosomal behaviour during stage P. (2 marks]

- centromere of the sister chromatid is split.
- sister chromatid are being pulled to the opposite pole by the spindle
fibre.

(c) Label in Diagram 13 where the cleavage furrow form. (1 mark)

(d) Explain why plant cell does not form cleavage furrow during process
cytokinesis.
(2 marks)
-plant cell do not form cleavage furrow during process cytokinesis because
plant cell have cell wall
- The rigidity of cell wall prevents the formation of cleavage furrow.

(e) The rate of cell division is orderly controlled. Explain what may happen if
the cell division is uncontrolled? (2 marks)

-cell division unregulated/ very fast where the rate of cell division cannot
be determine by cell
- form a mass of abnormal cells called tumour

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3. Diagram 15 shows a stage in a animal cell that undergoes cell division.

Diagram 15
(a) (i) Name the type of cell division. [1 mark]
meiosis

(ii) State the stage of cell division as shown in Diagram 15. Explain your
answer. [2 marks]
-metaphase I
-This is because there are homologous chromosomes /tetrad/bivalent
align themselves at metaphase plate/equator.

(b) How many tetrad/s are found in the cell above? [1 mark]
2

(c) Name region R. What usually happens in R? [2 marks]

Region R: chiasma
At the region, the process cross over between non-sister chromatid
occur/ exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatid occur.

(d) At the end process of the above cell division, state the number of
chromosomes in the daughter cell. [1 mark]
2

(e) Give one location where the process of cell division in Diagram 15 occurs.
[1 mark]
Testis/ ovary

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 (f) Draw the stage of cell division that followed after the stage in Diagram 15
with the appropriate diagram and label. [2 marks]
-Draw a correct diagram (anaphase I)
- 3 Correct label

4. Diagram 16 is a karyotype showing an individual suffering from a genetic

problem.

Diagram 16

(a) State the genetic problem of this individual based on Diagram 16. Give your
reason. (2 marks)

-Down syndrome
-This individual has one extra chromosome at chromosome 21.

(b) Give THREE symptoms of genetic problem stated in 4.(a)? (3 marks)

- Short stature
- flattened nose
- protruding tongue
- upward slanting eyes

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 - Short & broad hands
- short fingers
- Growth & mental usually retarded
- Heart defects
- gastrointestinal abnormalities
- shorter lifespan
- Often sexually underdeveloped & sterile

(c) State the sex of the individual and give a reason for your answer. (2 marks)
(i) Sex : female
(ii) Reason: She has two X chromosomes / XX

(d) State another genetic disorder that happens in female. (1 mark)

Turner Syndrome

5. Diagram 17 below shows the cell cycle of a cell.

Diagram 17

(a) Name phase A, B C and D. (4 marks)

A: G1 phase /growth phase 1
B: S phase / DNA synthesis phase
C: G2 phase / growth phase 2
D: M phase / mitotic phase

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(b) State a process that happen during phase A and B? (2 marks)
A:protein, carbohydrate and lipid synthesis/ volume of cytoplasm increase/
increase in number of organelle.
B: synthesis of DNA.

(c) Explain what happen to the DNA in phase B? (2 mark)

-DNA being replicated
-Amount of DNA double up

(d) At the end process of D, how many daughter cell/s will be produced? (1 mark)
2

6. Diagram 18 below shows the cell cycle in a somatic cell.

Diagram 18

(a) Name phase A in Diagram 18 and state one process that happen in it.
[2 marks]

Phase A: Phase G1, G1 phase, growth phase one

Process: volume of cytoplasm increase, number of organelle increase/doubled,
protein , lipid and carbohydrate synthesis

(b) Starting with a fertilised egg (zygote), a series of five cell divisions would
produce an early embryo with how many cells?
[1 mark]
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(c) (i) Name the longest stage in phase D. [1 mark]

prophase

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 (ii) With the aid of labelled diagram draw the stage in question 6(c)(i) as if
the chromosome number is 4. [2 marks]

(d) At the end of phase D, state one different between animal cells and plant
cells. [1 mark]
Animal cell form cleavage furrow while plant cell form cell plate.

(e) Diagram 19 shows the sister chromatids that fail to separate during
anaphase II.

Anaphase I

Anaphase
II

Diagram 19
(i) Draw the possible daughter cells that occur after the nondisjunction in
Diagram 19. [2 marks]

*correct sequence
* correct chromosome number

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 (ii) Name the genetic disorder that may occur when a normal gamete
fertilise with the abnormal gamete carry an extra chromosome at
chromosome 21 that occur in Diagram 19. [1 mark]

Down Syndrome

(f) Cancer in humans results from uncontrolled mitotic cell division.

(i) Explain why it is advisable to apply sunblock when going outdoors for
long periods during a sunny day. [1 mark]
this is to block harmful UV rays which may cause uncontrolled
mitosis of our skin cells.

(ii) Explain why radiographers stand behind a lead screen while taking X-
rays. [1 mark]
this is to block harmful X-rays from reaching the body as frequent
exposure may increase the risk of cancer.

Essay
1. (a) Explain the differences between mitosis and meiosis. (8 marks)
Mitosis Meiosis
Mitosis occurs in all somatic cells. Meiosis occurs in the reproductive
organ.
The purpose of mitosis is to replace The purpose of meiosis is to produce
damaged and dead cell. gametes.
Synapsis/ Pairing of homologous Synapsis/ Pairing of homologous
chromosome does not occur chromosome occur to form
tetrad/bivalent
Crossing over between non-sister Crossing over between non-sister
chromatids does not occur during chromatic occur during prophase I.
prophase
Daughter cell are genetically identical to Daughter cells are not genetically
the parent cell and to one another. identified to parent cell or to one
another.
Two daughter cells are formed at the Four daughter cells are formed at the
end of mitotic cell division. end of meiotic cell division.
Daughter cell produced are diploid(2n)/ Daughter cell produced are haploid(n)/
have same number of chromosomes as have half the number of chromosomes
the parent cell. of the parent cell.
Mitosis does not cause any genetic Meiosis cause genetic variation from
variation in any generation. one generation to the next.
Cytokinesis occur once Cytokinesis occur twice

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2.
The concept of mitosis has been used in research to produce a
better quality and quantity of agricultural products

(a) A group of researchers are keen to develop a cosmetics industry based on a

wild orchid species rarely found. Based on the above information, name the
technique which can be used by the researchers to gain lots of raw material
of the orchid plants. [ 2 marks]
P1: Tissue culture
P2 : is a technique or process of keeping tissues alive and growing in a
culture medium

(b) Outline the processes involved in generating the orchid plants that you
mentions in (a). [8 marks]
P1: all apparatus and materials used in this technique must be sterile
P2: the tissue sample is sterilized with ethanol
P3: the tissue sample then cut into small pieces from the parent plant
called explant
P4: the explants are then placed inside a test tube containing nutrient
agar and growth hormone
P5: tissue is cultured on a nutrient medium, an unorganized mass of cell
appears, is called callus
P6: growth hormones can be added to the media triggering the callus
cells to develop roots, shoots
P7: when the shoots are form then place in a flask containing a new
medium that helps roots to develop
P8: the rooted plantlets are then transferred to nursery and kept in a
controlled environment
P9: from one original plant, hundreds of genetically identical plants
could be produced

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1. Diagram 9.3a, 9.3b and 9.3c shows the genetic factors that affected on the variation
of organism.

Explain how these factors in the diagram above will cause the variation among the
organism. [10 marks]
F1: meiosis
P1: produce varies gamete with different genetic content
P2: through homologous chromosomes random assortment during metaphase I
F2: crossing over
P3: two homologous chromosomes are paired up / synapsis during prophase I
P3: crossing over occurs between non-sister chromatids at the chiasma
P4: chromatids break and rejoin in such a way that segments of chromatids are
exchange // causing a genetic recombination
P5: genes in the chromosomes is altered and gametes with various combinations
of chromosomes are produced
F3: Fertilization
P6: random fertilization between sperm and ovum
P7: produce zygote with varies genetic material

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 Monomer(basic subunit) dimer (2xmonomer) polymer (many monomer

monosaccharide disaccharide polysaccharide

Carbohydrate glucose, fructose, galactose sucrose, maltose, lactose starch, cellulose, glycogen

Protein amino acid dipeptide polypeptide

Lipid fatty acid + glycerol

Nucleic acid nucleotide dinucleotide polynucleotide

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