W3 Magnetic Circuit 1

EL ECTROMAGNETISM
M OHD RI DHUAN B I N M OHD SHARI P

KNR2443
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN WE ARE
EXPOSED TO EMF?
•Magnetic forces are fundamental forces that
arise from the movement of electrical
charges
•Thus magnetism appears whenever
electrically charged particles are in motion.
•This can arise either from movement of
electrons in an electric circuit resulting in
“electromagnetism”
MAGNETIC FIELD
• Electricity and magnetism cannot be separated. Wherever
an electric current exists, a magnetic field also exists.
• Magnetism, created by an electric current, operates many
devices, such as transformers, motors, and loudspeakers,
etc.
MAGNETIC FIELD
What is magnetism?
• Magnetism is a force field that acts on some
materials but not on other materials.
• Physical devices that possess this force are called
magnets
MAGNETIC FIELD
• Lodestone (an iron compound) is a natural magnet
that was discovered centuries ago.
• The magnet we used today are all manufactured
• The are made from various alloys containing
elements like copper, nickel, aluminum, iron, and
cobalt.
• These magnets are much, much stronger than
natural lodestone magnet.
MAGNETIC FIELD
• The force of magnetism is referred
to as a magnetic field.
• This field extends out from the
magnet in all directions, as illustrated
in the figure ( Magnetic field around
a bar magnet)
• Two “poles” dictated by direction of
the field
• Opposite poles attract
• Same poles repel
MAGNETIC FIELD
Electromagnetism
• Magnetic fields are the fundamental mechanism by which energy is
conserved from one form to another: for instance in motors,
generators and transformers.
• A magnetic field is a condition resulting from electric charges in
motion. For convenience in visualization and analysis, magnetic fields
are represented on diagrams by closed loops
• Theses loops, called magnetic flux lines
FIELD DETECTOR
• Can use a compass to map out
magnetic field
• Field forms closed “flux lines”
around magnet
• Magnetic flux measured in Webers
(WB)
• Symbol Φ
MAGNETIC FIELD CONDUCTOR
• A magnetic field also forms round a conductor along
which a current is flowing
• Field can be described using “right hand screw rule”
RIGHT HAND RULE
The magnetic field produced by electric current in a straight wire.
• The thumb of the right hand is pointing in the direction of the
current flow
• The fingers of the right hand curl in the direction of magnetic
field
• The direction of magnetic field if the current flow into
conductor:
17
MAGNETIC FIELD: COIL
• Placing a ferrous material inside the

coil increases the magnetic field
• Acts to concentrate the field also
notice field lines are parallel inside
ferrous element
• “flux density” has increased
FORCE ON A CURRENT CARRYING
CONDUCTOR
Figure 4.4
Figure 4.5
• The mechanical force exerted by the conductor always
acts in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the
conductor and the magnetic field direction.
 The rule that can be applied to determine the direction of flux is left-
hand rule 19
Left Hand Rule
Mechanical force exerted by conductor always acts in a
direction of perpendicular to the plane of conductor and
magnetic field direction
First finger:
If either current or Flux direction
Second finger:
flux direction Current
reversed, direction of direction
mechanical force also
reversed
If both current and

flux direction Thumb:
reversed, direction of Mechanical force
force remains exerted direction
unchanged Figure 4.6
20
LEFT HAND RULE (CONT)
The rule can be summarized as follows:
1. Hold the thumb, first finger and second finger of the

left hand in the manner indicated by Figure 4.6,
whereby they are mutually at right angles.
2. Point the first finger in the field direction.
3. Point the second finger in the current direction.
4. The thumb then indicates the direction of the
mechanical force exerted by the conductor.
21
Magnetic Relationships
MAGNETIC FLUX
• The total number of lines of force in the magnetic field is

called the magnetic flux
Magnetic flux lines possess the following properties:

• They from closed loops.
• Always starts from the north pole (N) and end in the south pole (S) and are the
continuous through the body of the magnet.
• Never intersect each other
• Lines of magnetic flux that are parallel and in the same direction, repel one
another.
FLUX DENSITY
• Magnetic flux density is defined as the magnetic flux per unit area of
a surfaces at right angles to the magnetic filed.
PERMEABILITY
• In electromagnetism, permeability is the measure of the ability of a material to

support the formation of a magnetic field within itself
• The measure of the degree to which lines of force of the magnetizing filed can
penetrate the medium is called Permeability µ (H/m)
• In SI units, permeability is measured in henries per meter (H/m)
• Permeability of all non-magnetic materials including air µ𝑜 = 4π x 10−7
B-H CURVE
Reluctance
• Reluctance: “resistance” to flow of

magnetic field
• Associated with “magnetic circuit”

– flux equivalent to current
A mild steel ring, having a cross-section area of 500mm2 and a
mean circumference of 400mm is wound uniformly by a coil 200
turns. Calculate reluctance of the ring.
A ferromagnetic core is shown in figure below with a air gap 1.5
cm. The depth of the core is 5 cm. The other dimensions of the
core are as shown in the figure below. Find the reluctance of the
core. Assume mean path length of the flux is the centre each
leg of the core. Assume that the relative permeability of the
core is 1000 10 cm
30cm
30cm
A ferromagnetic core is
shown in figure below.
The depth of the core is
5 cm. The other
dimensions of the core
are as shown in the figure
below. Find the reluctance
of the core. Assume
mean path length of the
flux is the centre each leg
of the core. Assume that
the relative permeability
of the core is 1000
FRINGING EFFECT
MAGNETOMOTIVR FORCE
• Magnetomotive force can be produced when current flows

in a coil of one or more turns.
• Driving force F needed to overcome toroid reluctance
FORCE DETERMINATION
• The force on a conductor carrying the current at

right angels to a magnetic field is increased when:
a) The current in the conductor is increased, and
b) The magnetic field is stronger
• The force on conductor:
Force [Netwons]  flux density  [metres]  I [Amperes]
KNL 1233 Electrical Engineering Technology 33

• Magnetic flux density:
Symbol = B Unit = tesla (T)
• Force on conductor, F:
F = BlI
where l = length in meter and I = current through conductor in
ampere
• Magnetic flux:
Symbol = Φ Unit = weber (Wb)
• Φ [weber] = B [teslas] x A [metres2]

Φ = BA
34
Exercises
A conductor carries a current of 800 A at right angles to a magnetic field

having a density of 0.5 T. calculate the force on the conductor in newtons
per metre length.
35
MAGNETOMOTIVE FORCE
• The MMF is generated by the coil

• Strength related to number of turns and current, measured
in Ampere turns (At)
• Driving force F needed to overcome toroid reluctance
Field intensity
• The longer the magnetic path the greater the MMF

required to the flux
• Magnetomotive force per unit length is known as the
“magnetizing force” H
• Magnetizing force and flux density related by:

REFER SLIDE CHAPTER 4 PART II FOR THIS LEARNING UNIT
MAGNETIC CIRCUIT
In many engineering applications, we need to compute the
magnetic fields for structures that lack sufficient symmetry
for straight-forward application of Ampère’s law. Then, we use
an approximate method known as magnetic-circuit analysis.
Advantage of the Magnetic-Circuit Approach is that it can be

applied to unsymmetrical magnetic cores with multiple coils.
MAGNETIC CIRCUIT
MAGNETIC CIRCUIT
MAGNETIC CIRCUIT
MAGNETIC CIRCUIT
R
R
SUMMARY
ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC CIRCUIT
• A mild steel (cast steel) ring has a mean diameter of 160
mm and a cross-sectional area of 300 mm2. Calculate:
i. The mmf to produce a flux of 400 Wb
ii. The corresponding values of the reluctance (S) of the
ring and,
iii. of the magnetic field strength (H)
Assume that the relative permeability, is 605.
Ans: 880 At, 2.2 X 106 A/Wb, 1750 A/m

A coil of 200 turns is wound uniformly over a
wooden ring having a mean circumference of 600mm
and a uniform cross-sectional area of 200mm2. If the
current through the coil is 4.0A, calculate
a) The magnetic field strength
b)The flux density
c) The total flux
d)Reluctance of the ring
A toroid of 200 turns is wound uniformly over core (with
relative permeability of 500) having a mean circumference of
600mm and a uniform cross-sectional area of 500mm. If the
current through the coil is 4.0A, calculate
a) The magnetic field strength
b) The flux density
c) The total flux
d) Reluctance of the ring
A non-magnetic ring has a mean diameter of 44.5cm and
cross sectional area of 12cm2.. It is uniformly wound with
500 turns. Calculate the field strength anfd total flux
produced in the ring by a current of 1 Ampere.
•Calculate the magnetomotive force required to
produce a flux of 0.015 Wb across an airgap
2.5mm long, having an effective area of 200cm2.
A ferromagnetic core is shown in
figure below. The depth of the
core is 5 cm. The other
dimensions of the core are as
shown in the figure below. Find
the reluctance of the core.
Assume mean path length of the
flux is the centre each leg of the
core. Assume that the relative
permeability of the core is 1000
Find the value of the current that will produce a
flux of 0.005 Wb (2.016A)
With this current, what is the flux density at the
top of the core? What is the flux density at the
right side of the core (0.6T,2.0T) 201.6k At /Wb
A ferromagnetic core is shown in figure below with a air gap 1.5 cm.
The depth of the core is 5 cm. The other dimensions of the core
are as shown in the figure below. Find the reluctance of the core.
Assume mean path length of the flux is the centre each leg of the
core. Assume that the relative permeability of the core is 1000
• Based on previous exercise,
calculate the magnetomotive force 10 cm
require to produce a flux of
0.005Wb
10 cm
• The number of turns in the coil
is149. What is the amount of
current to be supplied to the coil
in order to achieve 0.015 Wb?
30cm
• Determine flux density on the top
of the core.
30cm
R1 = 31.83x106 At/Wb
R2 = 15.44x106 At/Wb
R3 = 63.66x106 At/Wb
R4 = 79.58x106 At/Wb
Total Flux= 0.286x10-6 Wb
Flux through air gap = 0.115x10-6 Wb

W3 Magnetic Circuit 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

W3 Magnetic Circuit 1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

W3 Magnetic Circuit 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

EL ECTROMAGNETISM

M OHD RI DHUAN B I N M OHD SHARI P

• Placing a ferrous material inside the

If both current and

The rule can be summarized as follows:

1. Hold the thumb, first finger and second finger of the

• The total number of lines of force in the magnetic field is

Magnetic flux lines possess the following properties:

• In electromagnetism, permeability is the measure of the ability of a material to

• Reluctance: “resistance” to flow of

• Associated with “magnetic circuit”

• Magnetomotive force can be produced when current flows

• The force on a conductor carrying the current at

• The force on conductor:

Force [Netwons]  flux density  [metres]  I [Amperes]

KNL 1233 Electrical Engineering Technology 33

• Φ [weber] = B [teslas] x A [metres2]

A conductor carries a current of 800 A at right angles to a magnetic field

• The MMF is generated by the coil

• The longer the magnetic path the greater the MMF

• Magnetizing force and flux density related by:

Advantage of the Magnetic-Circuit Approach is that it can be

Assume that the relative permeability, is 605.

Ans: 880 At, 2.2 X 106 A/Wb, 1750 A/m

You might also like