Review CH 11 to CH 16-1

Physics 1320
Review CH 11 to CH 16
Dr. Adonis Leal
1
CH 11
2
Magnetic Force and Field
• We know that the force due to
the magnetic field must be
proportional to the strength of
the current and the strength of
the magnetic field
• SI Unit for B-field is Tesla (T)
1Ns 1N
• 1 Tesla = =
Cm Am
• 1 Gauss = 10−4 Tesla

Example time!
What is the direction of the
magnetic force on a positive
charge that moves as
shown?
What if the charge was

negative?
Example time!
Example time!
• What is the direction of the
velocity of a negative charge
that experiences the magnetic
force shown in each of the
three cases, assuming it
moves perpendicular to B?
a. right; b. into the page; c. down
8
Magnetic Fields Produced by
Electrical Currents
• Second right-hand rule.
• In RHR-2, your thumb points in the direction of the
current while your fingers wrap around the wire,
pointing in the direction of the magnetic
• field produced
9
Electrical Currents
• Second right-hand rule
10
Example!
Magneto (m = 79kg) is standing on a
conducting wire (m = 1kg) that is
50cm long. The wire is situated in a
constant magnetic field of 5T. How
much current (and what direction)
must Magneto generate in the wire to
overcome the force due to gravity?
*image not to scale

The magnetic dipole moment
• A closed-current loop or coil may be described by its
magnetic dipole moment.
• The magnetic dipole moment is a vector whose

direction is perpendicular to the plane of the loop (or
coil)
• Positive 𝝁 is determined by the right-hand screw rule
• N refers to the number of turns of wire

Torque on a current loop
• This equation holds for a current loop in a two-dimensional plane of arbitrary

shape
• Torque on a current loop is dependent only on the moment and the B-field
Example
• A circular current loop of radius 2.0 cm carries a
current of 2.0 mA. (a) What is the magnitude of its
magnetic dipole moment? (b) If the dipole is
oriented at 30 degrees to a uniform magnetic field
of magnitude 0.50 T, what is the magnitude of the
torque it experiences?
14
Example
• A circular current loop of radius 2.0 cm carries a
current of 2.0 mA. (a) What is the magnitude of its
magnetic dipole moment? (b) If the dipole is
oriented at 30 degrees to a uniform magnetic field
of magnitude 0.50 T, what is the magnitude of the
torque it experiences?
15
CH 12
16
The Biot-Savart Law
• The Biot-Savart Law is used to calculate the magnetic
field produced by a current
• This law enables us to calculate the magnitude and

direction of the magnetic field produced by a current in
a wire.
The Biot-Savart Law
The Biot-Savart Law
The magnitude of dB is
The Biot-Savart Law
Magnetic Field Due to a Thin
Straight Wire
21
Magnetic Field due to Long Straight Wire
The magnetic field lines of the infinite wire are circular and centered at the wire, and they are
identical in every plane perpendicular to the wire.
Let’s apply what we’ve learned!
Three wires sit at the corners of a square, all carrying currents
of 2 A into the page. Calculate the magnitude and direction of
the magnetic field at the other corner of the square, point P,
if the length of each side of the square is 1 cm.
The direction of the magnetic field

contribution from that wire is tangential to the
curve.
Two parallel wires
Two parallel wires
The force is attractive if the currents are in the same direction

The force is repulsive if the currents are in opposite directions.
Example
• An infinite, straight wire
carries a current I1 = 2A.
The rectangular loop,
whose long sides are
parallel to the wire, carries
a current I2 = 4A. The
rectangular loop has
dimensions a = 6 cm, and b
= 4 cm. What is the
magnitude of the net force
on the infinite straight
wire?
26
Ampère’s Law
29
• Using Ampère’s Law with Arbitrary Paths
30
Solenoids
Where
N is the number of turns
l is the length, and
n is the turn density (turns per unit length)
Solenoids
Where
N is the number of turns
l is the length, and
n is the turn density (turns per unit length)
Example!
A solenoid is wound with 2000 turns per meter.

When the current is 5.2 A, what is the magnetic field
within the solenoid?
𝐵=1.3×10−2T
CH 13
34
Electric Flux (Φ)
• Φ depends on both 𝐸 and 𝐴Ԧ
• Φ at max when 𝜃 = 0°, Φ at min when 𝜃 = 90°
Φ = 𝐸 ∙ 𝐴Ԧ = 𝐸 𝐴 cos 𝜃
The magnetic flux
• It is a measurement of the amount of magnetic
field lines through a given surface.
Faraday’s Law
Faraday’s Law of Induction
In many practical applications, the circuit of interest consists of a number N of tightly wound
turns. Each turn experiences the same magnetic flux. Therefore, the net magnetic flux
through the circuits is N times the flux through one turn, and Faraday’s law is written as:
Example!
• Suppose a 50 turn coil lies in the plane of the page
in a uniform magnetic field that is directed into the
page. The coil originally has an area of 0.15 m2 . It
is squished to have no area in 0.075 s. What is the
magnitude of the average induced emf in volts if the
uniform magnetic field has a strength of 1.5 T?
39
Lenz’s Law
• The B-field generated by the induced current will oppose

the B-field of the magnet
Electrical Currents
• Second right-hand rule.
• In RHR-2, your thumb points in the direction of the
current while your fingers wrap around the wire,
pointing in the direction of the magnetic
• field produced
42
Lenz’s Law
Example!
Determine the direction of induced current in each case
Motional emf
Figure 13.11 (a) Magnetic flux changes as a loop moves into a magnetic field; (b) magnetic
flux changes as a loop rotates in a magnetic field.
Motional emf
Figure 13.12 A conducting rod is

pushed to the right at constant
velocity. The resulting change in
the magnetic flux induces a
current in the circuit.
Example!
The rod moves to the right on essentially zero-resistance rails
at a speed of 𝑣 = 3.0 m/s. If 𝐵 = 0.75 T everywhere in the
region, what is the current through the 5.0 Ω resistor? Does
the current circulate clockwise or counterclockwise?
0.018A
clockwise
CH 16
47
Wave properties
• 4. Wave speed: Depends on the medium in which
the wave is traveling. It varies in solids, liquids and
gases. A mathematical way to calculate speed:
48
How the E and B Fields Are
Related
49
Example!
• What is the maximum strength of the B field in an
electromagnetic wave that has a maximum E-field
strength of 1000 V/m?
50
Example!
• What is the wavelength of an EM generated by a
lightning strike if the frequency is 10 khz?
51
Fixing Ampere’s Law
• Maxwell proposed adding a “displacement current”
• The displacement current is analogous to a real current in

Ampere’s law. However, it is produced by a changing electric field.
• It accounts for a changing electric field producing a magnetic

field, just as a real current does, but the displacement current can
produce a magnetic field even where no real current is present.
Displacement current
• The displacement current can be thought of as the

current “flowing” between the plates of the capacitor.
• Even though the capacitor isn’t a current-carrying wire,

the change in E-field between the capacitor plates is
still able to generate a magnetic field.
Maxwell’s Correction to the Laws
of Electricity and Magnetism
• The modified Ampère’s law equation becomes:
Maxwell’s Equations

Review CH 11 to CH 16-1

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Physics 1320

Dr. Adonis Leal

• 1 Gauss = 10−4 Tesla

What if the charge was

a. right; b. into the page; c. down

*image not to scale

• The magnetic dipole moment is a vector whose

• Positive 𝝁 is determined by the right-hand screw rule

• N refers to the number of turns of wire

• This equation holds for a current loop in a two-dimensional plane of arbitrary

• This law enables us to calculate the magnitude and

The direction of the magnetic field

The force is attractive if the currents are in the same direction

A solenoid is wound with 2000 turns per meter.

• Φ at max when 𝜃 = 0°, Φ at min when 𝜃 = 90°

• The B-field generated by the induced current will oppose

Figure 13.12 A conducting rod is

• Maxwell proposed adding a “displacement current”

• The displacement current is analogous to a real current in

• It accounts for a changing electric field producing a magnetic

• The displacement current can be thought of as the

• Even though the capacitor isn’t a current-carrying wire,

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