TOEFL

2nd meeting
Sentences with multiple clauses

It is impossible to enter that program if you lack experience

as a teacher.
Coordinate connectors
 And
Tom is singing, and Paul is dancing.
 But
Tom is tall, but Paul is short.

 Or Tom must write the letter, or Paul will do it.

 So Tom told a joke, so Paul laughed.

Tom is tired, yet he is not going to sleep.

 Yet
Coordinate connectors

S v Coordinate S v
connector
She laughed, but she wanted to cry
A power failure occurred, ____ the lamp went out.
(A) then
(B) so
(C) later
(D) next
 They
are trying to sell their house, it has been on the
market for two months.

 The software should be used on an IBM computer, and

this computer is an IBM.

 Sothe quality of the print was not good, I changed the

toner cartridge.
Adverb time and cause connectors
ADVERB TIME AND CAUSE CONNECTORS
TIME CAUSE
after as soon as once when as now that
as before since whenever because since
as long as by the time until while inasmuch as

I will sign the check before you leave.

Before you leave, I will sign the check.

Adverb time and cause
connectors

S v Adverb S v
connector
Teresa went inside because it was raining

Adverb
connector S v S v
Because it was raining, Teresa went inside
 _____ was late, I missed the appointment.
(A) I
(B) Because
(C) The train
(D) Since he
 Since
the bank closes in less than an hour, the deposits
need to be tallied immediately.

 Inasmuch
as all the votes have not yet been counted the
outcome of the election cannot be announced.

 Theground had been prepared, the seedlings were

carefully planted.
Other adverb connectors
OTHER ADVERB CONNECTORS
CONDITION CONTRAST MANNER PLACE
If Although As Where
In case Even though In that Wherever
Provided Though
Providing While
Unless Whereas
Whether

I will leave at 7:00 if I am ready.

Although I was late, I managed to catch the train.

 Other adverb connectors

Adverb
S v S v
connector
Bob went to school even though he felt sick

Adverb
connector S v S v
Even though Bob felt sick, He went to school

Note: a comma is often used in the middle of the sentence with a

contrast connector
The Smith family arrived at 2.00, while the Jones family arrived an hour
later.
 Thecommandant left strict orders about the passes,
several soldiers left the post anyway.

 You will get a good grade on the exam provided _______.

(A) studying
(B) study
(C) to study
(D) you study
1. The president of the U.S. appoints the cabinet members,
___________ appointments are subject to Senate approval.
a. their
b. with their
c. because their
d. but their

2. The prisoners were prevented from speaking to reporters

because________
a. not wanting the story in the papers
b. the story in the papers the superintendent did not want
c. the public to hear the story
d. the superintendent did not want the story in the papers
3. Like Thomas Berger’s fictional character Little Big Man,
Lauderdale managed to find himself where ___________ of
important events took place.
a. it was an extraordinary number
b. there was an extraordinary number
c. an extraordinary number
d. an extraordinary number existed

4. ________ sucked groundwater from below, some parts of

the city have begun to sink as much as ten inches annualy.
a. Pumps have
b. As pumps have
c. So pumps have
d. With pumps
5. Case studies are the target of much skepticism in the
scientific community, ___________ used extensively by
numerous researchers.
a. they are
b. are
c. yet they
d. yet they are

6. According to the hypothesis in the study, the monarchs

pick up the magnetic field of the ________ migrate by
following magnetic fields.
a. target monarchs
b. target since monarchs
c. target since monarchs are
d. target
7. ___________ show the relations among neurons, they do not
preclude the possibility that other aspects are important.
a. Neural theories
b. A neural theory
c. Although neural theories
d. However neural theories

8. ________ or refinanced, the lender will generally require

setting up an escrow account to ensure the payment of
property taxes and homeowner’s insurance.
a. A home is
b. A home is bought
c. When a home
d. When a home is bought
9. If ultraviolet radiation enters the Earth’s atmosphere,
___________ generally blocked by the ozone concentrated
in the atmosphere.
a. it
b. it is
c. so it is
d. then it

10. Among human chromosomes, the Y chromosome is

unusual ________ most of the chromosome does not
participate in meiotic recombination
a. in
b. so
c. and
d. in that
answer key

1. D 6. B
2. D 7. C
3. C 8. D
4. B 9. B
5. D 10. D
Noun clause connectors
Noun clause is a clause that functions as a noun and
used in a sentence as either an object of a verb, an
object of preposition, or the subject of the sentence

 What, when, where, why, how

 Whatever, whenever

 Whether, if I know when he will arrive.

 That I am concerned about when he

will arrive.

When he will arrive is not important.

Noun clause connectors
Noun clause as object

S V Noun S V
connector

I know what You did

Noun clause as subject

Noun V
S V
connector

What you did was wrong

 ______ was late caused many problems.
(A) That he
(B) The driver
(C) There
(D) Because
Noun clause connector/subjects
In some cases, a noun clause connector can also be the
subject of the clause at the same time

who what which

whoever whatever whichever

I do not know what is in the box.

We are concerned about who will do the work.

Whoever is coming to the party must bring a gift.

Noun clause connector/subjects
Noun clause as object

S V Noun connector/ V
subject

I know what happened

Noun clause as subject

Noun connector/ V V
subject

What happened was great

 _____ was on television made me angry.
(A) It
(B) The story
(C) What
(D) When
Adjective clause connectors
Adjective clause is a clause that describes a noun.
It is positioned directly after the noun that it describes.

Adjective clause connectors

Whom Which That
(for people) (for things) (for people or things)

The woman is filling the glass that she put on the table.

The glass that she put on the table contains milk.

Adjective clause connectors

S V Adjective S V
connector

I liked the book which you recommended

Adjective
S S V V
connector

The book which you recommended was interesting

 The
gift _______ selected for the bride was rather
expensive.
(A) because
(B) was
(C) since
(D) which we
Adjective clause connector/subjects
In some cases, an adjective clause connector can also be the
subject of the clause at the same time

Adjective clause connectors

Who Which That
(for people) (for things) (for people or things)

The woman is filling the glass that is on the table.

The glass that is on the table contains milk.

Adjective clause connector/subjects

S V Adjective V
connector/subject

She needs a secretary who types fast

S Adjective
V V
connector/subject

A secretary who types fast is invaluable

 _____ is on the table has four sections.
(A) The notebook
(B) The notebook which
(C) Because the notebook
(D) In the notebook
1. Dolphins form extremely complicated allegiances and
___________ continually change.
a. enmities that
b. that are enmities
c. enmities that are
d. that enmities

2. Scientists are now beginning to conduct experiments on

________ trigger different sorts of health risks.
a. noise pollution can
b. that noise pollution
c. how noise pollution
d. how noise pollution can
3. The Apollo 11 astronauts ___________ of the Earth’s
inhabitants witnessed on the famous first moonwalk on July
20, 1969, were Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin.
a. whom
b. whom millions
c. were some
d. whom some were

4. At the end of the nineteenth century, Alfred Binet

developed a test for measuring intelligence ________
served as the basis of modern IQ tests.
a. has
b. it has
c. and
d. which has
5. ___________ have at least four hours of hazardous materials
response training is mandated by federal law.
a. All police officers
b. All police officers must
c. That all police officers
d. For all police officers

6. A cloud’s reservoir of negative charge extends upward

from the altitude at ________ the freezing point.
a. temperatures hit
b. hit temperatures
c. which temperatures hit
d. which hit tempperatures
7. In a 1988 advanced officers’ training program, Sampson
developed a plan to incorporate police in enforcing
environmental protection laws whenever ___________
feasible.
a. it is
b. is
c. has
d. it has

8. ________ will be carried in the next space shuttle payload

has not yet been announced to the public.
a. It
b. What
c. When
d. That
9. During free fall, ___________ up to a full minute, a skydiver
will fall at a constant speed of 120 m.p.h.
a. it is
b. which is
c. being
d. is

10. The fact ________ the most important ratings period is about
to begin has caused all three networks to shore up their
schedules.
a. is that
b. of
c. that
d. what
answer key

1. A 6. C
2. D 7. A
3. B 8. B
4. D 9. B
5. C 10. C
All Connectors Exercise
1. ___________ loom high above the north and northeastern
boundaries of the expanding city of Tuscon.
a. The Santa Catalina mountains
b. Because the Santa Catalina mountains
c. The Santa Catalina mountains are
d. That the Santa Catalina mountains

2. Radioactive ________ provides a powerful way to measure

geologic time.
a. it
b. dates
c. dating
d. can
3. ___________ contained in the chromosomes, and they are
thought of as the units of heredity.
a. Genes which are
b. Genes are
c. When genes
d. Because of genes

4. The benefit ________ the study is that it provides necessary

information to anyone who needs it.
a. of
b. which
c. that
d. because
5. The same symptoms that occur ___________ occur with
cocaine.
a. amphetamines can
b. with amphetamines can
c. so amphetamines
d. with amphetamines they

6. Many companies across the country have molded the

concepts ________ describes into an integrated strategy for
preventing stress.
a. and Wolf
b. that Wolf
c. what Wolf
d. so Wolf
7. ___________ in the first draft of the budget will not
necessarily be in the final draft.
a. Although it appears
b. It appears
c. What appears
d. Despite its appearance

8. If a food label indicates that a food is mostly carbohydrate,

it does not mean ________ is a good food to eat.
a. and it
b. and
c. that it
d. when
9. A need for space law to include commercial concerns has
been recognized inasmuch ___________ been expanding
drastically in recent years.
a. the commercial launch industry
b. the commercial launch industry has
c. as has the commercial launch industry
d. as the commercial launch industry has

10. The report on the nuclear power plant indicated that when
the plant had gone on line ________ unsafe.
a. and it had been
b. it had been
c. had been
d. that it had been
answer key

1. A 6. B
2. C 7. C
3. B 8. C
4. A 9. D
5. B 10. B