TOEFL STRUCTURE AND

WRITTEN EXPRESSION SKILLS

SKILL 6- 12
By Ms. Sintya Mutiara W.E.
SKILL 6. USE COORDINATE CONNECTORS

A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a verb.

When we have two clauses, we must connect the two clauses
correctly.
We use and, but, or, so, or yet between the clauses.

Formula:

S V, coordinate connector S V

It was raining, but Bill went out to play.

EXAMPLE:

♫ The sun was shining, and the sky was blue.

♫ The sky was blue, but it was very cold.

♫ It may rain tonight, or it may be clear.

♫ It was raining outside, so I took my

umbrella.

♫ Tom is tired, yet he is not going to sleep.

EXAMPLE:
I forgot my coat, I got very cold.
a. then
b. so
c. later
d.as a result

A power failure occured, the lamps went

out.
a. Then
b. So
c. Later
d. next
EXERCISE 6: IDENTIFY IF THE SENTENCE IS CORRECT OR NOT.

1. The lawn needs water everyday, or it will turn brown.

2. The book was not long, but it difficult to read.

3. The material has been cut, and the pieces have been
sewn together.

4. The patient took all the medicine, he did not feel much
better.

5. The bill must be paid immeditely, or the electricity will

turned off.
SKILL 7. USE ADVERB TIME AND CAUSE CONNECTORS

Pattern:

He is tired because he has been working hard.

Because he has been working hard, he is tired.

I will sign the check before you leave.

Before you leave, I will sign the check.

 was late, I missed the appoinment.
a. I
b. Because
c. The train
d. Since he
 ADVERB TIME AND CAUSE CONNECTORS

TIME CAUSE
after as soon as once when as now that
as before since whenever because since
as long as by the time until while inasmuch as

S V adverb connector S V

Teresa went inside because it was raining.

adverb connector S V, S V

Because it was raining, Teresa went inside.

EXERCISE 7.
1. Since the bank closes in less than an hour, the deposits
need to be tallied immediately.

2. Their backgrounds are thoroughly investigated before

are admitted to the organization.

3. The ground had been prepared, the seedlings were

carefully planted.

4. We can start the conference now that all the participants

have arrived.

5. The building quite vulnerable to damage until the storm

windows are installed.
SKILL 8. USE OTHER ADVERB CONNECTORS

Adverb clauses can also express a number of other ideas, such

as contrast, condition, manner, and place.

I will leave at 7 am if I am ready.

Although I was late, I managed to catch the train.

 OTHER ADVERBS CONNECTORS

CONDITION CONTRAST MANNER PLACE

if although as where
in case even though in that wherever
provided though
providing while
unless whereas
whether

S V adverb connector S V

Matt went to school even though he felt sick.

adverb connector S V, S V

Even though Matt felt sick, he went to school.

EXAMPLE:
arrived at the library, he started to
work immediately.
a. The student
b. When
c. He
d. After the student
EXERCISE 8: IDENTIFY THE SENTENCE IF
CORRECT OR INCORRECT.
1. It is impossible to enter that program if you
lack experience as a teacher.
2. No one is admitted to the academy unless he
or she the education requirements.
3. While most students turned the assignment
in on time, a few asked for an extension.
4. I will take you wherever need to go to
complete the registration procedures.
5. Providing the envelope is postmarked by
this Friday, your application still acceptable.
TOEFL EXERCISE (SKILL 6-8)
1. A spacecraft is fred from friction launched into
space.
a. It
b. It is
c. after is
d. After it is
2. with their surroundings, or they hide in crevices
for protection.
a. Lobsters
b. Lobsters blend
c. Lobsters blending
d. Because lobsters blend
3. a ball-and-socket joint, the elbow is a simple
hinge joint.
a. While the shoulder
b. While the shoulder is
c. The shoulder is
d. The shoulder

4. A car has several sections with moving parts,

of those parts is essential.
a. good lubrication
b. well lubricated
c. and good lubrication
d. and well lubrication
6. or refinanced, the lender will generally require
setting up an escrow account to ensure the payment of
property taxes and homeowner’s insurance.
a. A home is
b. A home is bought
c. When a home
d. When a home is bought

7. show the relations among neurons, they do not

preclude the possibility that other aspects are important.
e. Neural theories
f. A neural theory
g. Although neural theories
h. However neural teories
SKILL 9. NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTORS
A noun clause is a clause that functions as a noun; it
is used in a sentence as either an object of a verb (if
it follows a verb) or an object of preposition (if it
follows a preposition), or a subject of the verb.

I know when he will arrive.

noun clause as object of the verb
I am concerned about when he will arrive.
noun clause as object of preposition
When he will arrive is not important.
Noun clause as a subject
EXAMPLE:
The citizens worry about is doing.
a. what the government
b. the government
c. it
d. is what the government
 NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTORS
● what, when, where, why, how
● whatever, whenever
● whether, if
● that
S V noun clause connector S V

I know what you did.

Noun connector S V V

What you did was wrong.

EXERCISE 9: IDENTIFY IF THE SENTENCE
CORRECT OR NOT.
1. It is unfortunate that the meal is not ready yet.

2. She told me when should pick her up.

3. The instructor explained where was the computer lab

located.

4. We ccould not believe what he did to us.

5. Do you want to know if it going to rain tomorrow?

6. We never know whether we will get paid or not.

SKILL 10. NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTORS/ SUBJECTS

A noun clause can not be just a connector; a noun

clause connector can also be the subject of the
clause at the same time.

I know what happened yesterday.

noun clause as object of the verb
We are thinking about who stole my wallet yesterday.
noun clause as object of preposition

Whoever is coming to the party must bring a gift.

noun clause as a subject
EXAMPLE:
you said made me angry.
a. it
b. the story
c. what
d. when

......... is good will be chosen by me.

a. Who
b. Where
c. the book
d. whichever
 NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTORS/ SUBJECTS

who what which

whoever whatever whichever

S V noun clause as object V

Al told me what happened

Noun clause as a subject V V

What happened was great.

EXERCISE 10:
1. The teacher heard who answered the question.

2. I do not understand what it went wrong.

3. Of the three movies, I can’t decide which is the best.

4. She did not remember who in her class.

5. No one is sure what did it happen in front of the building.

SKILL 11: ADJECTIVE CONNECTORS
An adjective clause describes a noun. Because it is an
adjective, it is positioned directly after the noun that it
describes.

This is the house that I want to buy.

adjective clause

The house that I want to buy is quite expensive.

adjective clause
EXMPLE:
The job started yerterday was rather difficult.
a. when
b. was
c. after
d. that he
 ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTORS

whom which that

(for people) (for things) (for people or things)

S V adjective connector S V

I like the dress that you are wearing.

S adjective connector S V V

The dress that you are wearing is beautiful.

Note: The adjective connectors can be ommited. This omission is very common in
spoken English or in a casual written English, but not in formal English or in
structure questions on the TOEFL Test.
EXERCISE 11:
1. I did not believe the story that he told me.

2. Mrs. Brown, whom did you recommend for the job, will start
working tomorrow.

3. The lecture notes which lent me were not clearly written.

4. Sally has an appointment with the hairdresser whom you

recommended.

5. The phone number that you gave me.

6.The man with whom were having the discussion did not seem
very friendly.
SKILL 12. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
CONNECTOR/ SUBJECTS
In skill 12, we will see that adjective clause connector is
not just a connector; an adjective clause connector can
also be the subject of the clause at the same time.

We are looking at a house that is quite expensive.

adjective clause

The house that is quite expensive seems like a great house.

adjective clause
 just dropped off a package for you is my
sister.
a. The woman
b. The woman who
c. Because the woman
d. With the woman
 ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTORS/ SUBJECTS

who which that

(for people) (for things) (for people or things)

S V adjective connectors/ subject V

I bought the dress that was on sale.

S adjective connector/ subject V V

The dress that was on sale was beautiful.

Note: Adjective connector/ subjects never be omitted.
EXERCISE 12:
1. The children that were vaccinated did not get sick.

2. I did not vote for the politician who he just won the election.

3. The dog that barking belongs to my neighbor.

4. I took two of the blue pills, which were very effective.

5. We rented an apartment from the landlord who does he own

the buildings on Maple Street.
TOEFL EXERCISE (SKILL 9-12)
1. Modern humans, who first appeared about 600,000 years ago,
Homo Sapiens.
a. calling
b. were called
c. they called
d. they were called
2.The first writing called evidence of is on
Mesopotamian clay tablets.
a. we
b. that we
c. has
d. that we have
3. drought- resistant plants which store water in fleshy
tissue.
a. Succulents are
b. Succulents
c. They are succulents
d. Succulents which are
4. Benjamin Kabelsky, whom as Jack Benn, was a
famous comedian in vaudeville and on radio and television.
a. most people’s knowledge
b. most people know
c. knowing most people
d. the knowledge of most people
TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (SKILL 1-12)
1. is famous as the home of the United States Naval
Academy.
a. Annapolis
b. Because of Annapolis
c. Why Annapolis
d. Because Annapolis

2. Some scientists think be a planet but a moon of

Neptune.
a. that Pluto does not seem to
b. not Pluto
c. Pluto that might not
d. that Pluto might not
3. With of sophisticated oil lamps, elaborate tools were
made to cut the wicks.
a. appeared
b. the appearance.
c. the appearance was
d. it appeared

4. Fort Union was the site of what principal fur-

trading post on the upper Missouri River.
a. the
b. being the
c. was the
d. it was the
5. Since commercial risk, it has to appeal to a large audience
to justify its cost.
a. the face of the movie
b. moving faces
c. a movie faces
d. to face a movie

6. A current of water known as the Gulf Stream comes up from the

Gulf of Mexico, and then the North Atlantic toward
Europe.
a. it crosses
b. crossing
c. with its crosses
d. crosses it
7. Systems the two symbols 0 and I are called binary
number systems.
a. use
b. they use
c. uses
d. using

8. Genes, the blue prints for cell construction, exist in

tightly organized packages called chromosomes.
a. are
b. they are
c. which
d. which are
9. The Earth’s atmosphere consists of gases in place
around the Earth by the gravitational pull of the planet.
a. held.
b. hold
c. it holds
d. the hold.

10. Oscar Hammerstein II collaborated with a number of

composers including Jerome Kern, whom in
writing the musical Show Boat.
a. joined
b. was joined
c. he joined
d. joining