i

HYBRID PANELBOARD USING SUGARCANE BAGASSE FIBER AND GLASS

FIBER

DIVYAN MURUGAN S/O MURUGAN

LIVINESHWAREN S/O BALASUNDARAM

SIVESH S/0 THIAGARAJAH

A thesis submitted in
fulfilment of the requirement for the award of
the Diploma

Cente of Diploma Studies

Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM)
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DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the work in this thesis is my own except for quotations and
summaries which have been duly acknowledged

Student : .…………………………………………………………….
DIVYAN MURUGAN S/O MURUGAN
Date : .…………………………………………………………….

Student : .…………………………………………………………….
LIVINESHWAREN S/O BALASUNDARAM
Date : .…………………………………………………………….

Student : .…………………………………………………………….
SIVESH A/L THIAGARAJAH
Date : .…………………………………………………………….

Supervisor : ……………………………………………………………..
Ts. Dr. NORHAYATI BINTI NGADIMAN
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our sincere appreciation to all those who provided us the
possibility to complete this report. A special gratitude we give to our respected final
year supervisor, Ts. Dr Norhayati Binti Ngadiman, whose contribution in stimulating
suggestions and encouragement, mentoring along by helping us to coordinate our
project especially in writing this report from the beginning to the end.

Furthermore, we would also like to acknowledge with much appreciation the Civil
Engineering Department, Centre for Diploma Studies for giving us the opportunity to
sharpen and prove our talents and creativity in the course of Civil Engineering
Diploma Project. We also want to express our gratitude to both our parents that much
supportive and helpful in all aspects. To not forget, a big thank to other who helped
us either directly or indirectly like Dr. Nur,ain Binti Idris for access Final Year
Project. Last but not the least, we would also like to acknowledge the crucial role of
the laboratory supervisor , En Muhammad Amiruddin Bin Hassan Al Ashari, who
guide and gave permission to use all the required equipment and the necessary
material to test the panel board.

“ With Wisdom We Explorer”

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ABSTRACT

This study presents a novel hybrid panelboard that combines sugarcane bagasse and
glass fiber as reinforcement materials. With a growing demand for sustainable
construction materials, this research aims to investigate the mechanical, thermal, and
acoustic properties of the hybrid panelboard. Objectives include evaluating tensile
strength, flexural strength, thermal conductivity, and sound absorption
characteristics, while also analyzing the influence of varying compositions and
manufacturing techniques. By utilizing sugarcane bagasse, an agricultural waste
product, as a filler material, this research addresses environmental concerns and
offers a sustainable solution for waste management. Moreover, the incorporation of
glass fiber enhances mechanical strength, making the hybrid panelboard suitable for
applications in construction, automotive, and aerospace industries. This research
contributes to the development of high-performance composite materials and
provides valuable insights for potential commercialization and widespread adoption
in various sector.
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TABLES OF CONTENTS

TITLE Error! Bookmark not defined.i

DECLARATION ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii

ABSTRACT iv

TABLES OF CONTENTS v

LIST OF TABLES ix

LIST OF FIGURES x

LIST OF APPENDICES xii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background of The Study 1

1.2 Problem Statement 2

1.3 Objective of The Study 2

1.4 Scope of The Study 3

1.5 Significance of the Study 3

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 4

2.1 Introduction 4

2.2 Panelboard 4

2.3 Organic Materials 5

2.3.1 Sugarcane Bagasse 5

2.4 Inorganic Material 7

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2.4.1 Fiberglass 7

2.4.2 Type of Fiberglass 8

2.4.3 Properties of Fiberglass 8

2.4.4 The Process Produce Fiberglass 9

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 10

3.1 Introduction 11

3.2 Materials and Tools 13

3.2.1 Fiberglass Chopped Strand Mat 13

3.2.2 Sugarcane Bagasse 14

3.2.3 Mould ( Plywood Mould and Tile) 14

3.2.4 Fiberglass Polyester Resin 15

3.2.5 Catalyst Hardener 15

3.2.6 Mirror Glaze 16

3.2.7 Spray Bottle 16

3.2.8 Brush 17

3.2.9 Urea-Formaldehyde 17

3.3 Sample Preparation 18

3.3.1 Preparation of Raw Material 18

3.3.2 Preparation of Sugarcane Bagasse Panelboard Sample

20

3.3.3 Preparation of Fiberglass PanelBoard Sample 21

3.3.4 Production of Hybrid Panelboard using Sugarcane

Bagasse and Fiberglass 24

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3.4 Testing Method 24

3.4.1 Modulus of Elasticity Test (MOE) 25

3.4.2 Modulus of Rupture Test (MOR) 26

3.4.3 Water Absorption Test (WA) 27

3.4.4 Thickness Swelling Test (TS) 27

3.4.5 Soundproof Test 29

CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 30

4.1 Introduction 30

4.2 Modulus of Elasticity (Divyan) 30

4.3 Modulus of Rupture (Divyan) 33

4.4 Water Absorption (Sivesh) 37

4.5 Thickness Swelling (Sivesh) 40

4.6 Soundproof (Livineshwaren) 42

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 44

5.1 Introduction 44

5.2 Conclusion 44

5.3 Recommendation 45

REFERENCES 46

APPENDICES 49
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LIST OF TABLES

Chemical Properties of Sugarcane Bagasse 6

Physical Properties of Fiberglass 8
Chemical Properties of Fiberglass 9
Mechanical Properties of Fiberglass 9
MOE Test Result 31
MOR Test Result 34
WA Test Result 37
TS Test Result 40
SP Test Result 42
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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 3.1: Flowchart of the process 12

Figure 3.2: Fiberglass Chopped Strand Mat 13
Figure 3.3: Sugarcane Bagasse 14
Figure 3.4: Mould 14
Figure 3.5: Fiberglass Polyester Resin 15
Figure 3.6: Catalyst Hardener 15
Figure 3.7: Mirror Glaze 17
Figure 3.8: Spray Bottle 16
Figure 3.9: Brush 17
Figure 3.10: Urea-Formaldehyde 17
Figure 3.11 Sugarcane bagasse collected from the drinks stall 18
Figure 3.12 Sugarcane bagasse drying under the hot sun 18
Figure 3.13 Grinding sugarcane bagasse by using grinder 19
Figure 3.14 Sieving sugarcane bagasse using a sieve shaker 19
Figure 3.15 Combining Urea Formaldehyde (UF) and coarse sugarcane bagasse 20
Figure 3.16 Sugarcane bagasse panels undergoing compaction process 20
Figure 3.17 Sugarcane bagasse panel board after compaction 21
Figure 3.18 Cutting panel board into sizes according to tests 21
Figure 3.19 Fiberglass was cut to the desired size of the panel board 22
Figure 3.20 Layering with multiple layers of fiberglass to build thickness 22
Figure 3.21 Mix the resin according to the manufacturer's instruction 23
Figure 3.22 Applying the mixed resin to the fiberglass using a brush 23
Figure 3.23 Fiberglass is cured and solidified for 4 to 5 hour 23
Figure 3.24 UTM Instron machine 25
Figure 3.25 UTM Instron machine 32
Figure 3.26 Water Absorption test 27
Figure 3.27 Weighing each samples with electronic balance 28
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Figure 3.28 Cirrus sound meter 29

Figure 3.29 Measuring sound absorption for each sample 29
Figure 4.2A: stress-strain graph 32
Figure 4.3b MOR test result chart 36
Figure 4.4: WA Test Result Chart 38
Figure 4.5: Thickness Swelling (TS) test chart 41
FIGURE 4.6: Soundproof test chart 43
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LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX A 49
 1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Due to the advancement of science and technology, the building industry has used a
wide variety of fibers during this industrial era. In the building sector, there are
primarily two types of fibers: organic fibers and inorganic fibers. Natural fibers are
textiles produced using raw materials derived from minerals, plants, or animals.
Synthetic materials, often created through chemical processes, are used to create
inorganic fibers. Typically, a spinneret, a machine that converts polymers into fiber,
is used to extract the fibers during the chemical process. In contrast to natural fibers,
which are eco-friendly to the environment, inorganic fibers, such as synthetic fibers,
unfortunately inflict great harm to the environment.
Due to growing consumer awareness of the need to reduce waste and
environmental degradation, natural fiber composites are anticipated to be in high
demand over the next few years. As an abundant agro-residue, bagasse fibers have
great potential as a material for bio composites since they can be scaled up and added
value. The use of agricultural crop residues for the development and fabrication of
materials such as fiberglass and other conventional materials has several benefits,
including simple and secure disposal at the end of service, and the use of lightweight
alternative materials with desirable acoustic properties. In Malaysia, sugarcane
bagasse is one of the top bagasse resources that can be found frequently as Malaysia
is one of the countries that manufactures sugar in the Asian region (Wikipedia,2022).
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By substituting synthetic fiber to natural fiber, the rate of deforestation can be

slowed down. This is because sugarcane bagasse is produced from natural wasteland
known as a natural resource, whereas synthetic fibers are a man-made substance. For
its outer layer, a typical hardwood panel, fiberglass is also far stronger and more
long-lasting. Additionally, it employs a particular method known as hand layering
technique. By carefully utilizing it, it could be entirely waterproof and reduce the risk
of water absorption. In terms of aesthetics, fiberglass is also far more appealing than
a typical hardwood panel.

1.2 Problem Statement

The problem statement is sugarcane bagasse is an agricultural residue which is

mostly put to waste and not frequently used as raw material. According to previous
research, the addition of Bagasse fiber reduces bending strength but with the addition
of glass fiber the bending strength is believed to be an increase (Tewari 2011) If this
Sugarcane Bagasse is not used it will end up as a waste material in the landfill. Apart
from that, fiberglass panel board which is normally used in this era has good
mechanical strength. Even though this fiberglass panel board has a good mechanical
strength, the fiberglass has been tested and classified as denser and heavier which
will affect its workability. To overcome these problems, there is a way which is by
producing a new type of hybrid pane board.
The development of a new hybrid panel board composed of a mix of
fiberglass and sugarcane bagasse fiber offers a solution to this issue. There will be
two layers: one made of fiberglass and the other of sugarcane bagasse fiber. When
compared to sugarcane bagasse, fiberglass is much stronger. In addition, Sugarcane
Bagasse Fiber is expected to be lighter than the Fiberglass, which might produce a
lighter version of panelboard. To increase the panel board’s potential as a new hybrid
panel board, this combination can be assumed to end up giving some good results.

1.3 Research Question

The aim of this study is to process sugarcane bagasse and fiberglass into a panel
board. In order to achieve the aim, few objectives have to be contented:
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1. To measure the mechanical strength of the hybrid panel board using MOR and
MOE tests.
2. To identify the water resistance of the hybrid panel board using a water
absorber and water swelling.
3. To investigate the ability of a hybrid board as a soundproof board.

1.4 Research Question

In this project, two primary materials will be used: Sugarcane Bagasse Fiber and
Fiberglass. Four types of tests will be performed: Modulus of Elasticity (MOE),
Modulus of Rupture (MOR), Water Absorption (WA), and Sound Insulation test. The
modulus of rupture test is used to determine the feasibility of using a transverse free
vibration testing method to evaluate the bending stiffness and strength of the hybrid
panel board. Besides that, the modulus of elasticity test is used to measure the resistance
in holding the load before breaking to the extent of proportion. Meanwhile, a water
absorption test determines the effect of water absorption on hybrid fiber composites.
Lastly, a sound insulation test is used to determine the thickness swelling of the sample
after immersion. These tests will help to compare the mechanical properties with the
conventional panel board.

1.5 Significance of the Study

The main significance of this new type hybrid panel board is that it is designed to
produce better quality compared to the traditional panel board which is made of
wood dust or fiberglass. The newly designed hybrid panel board is made of
Sugarcane Bagasse Fiber and Fiberglass. By using Sugarcane Bagasse, the
agricultural residue will be not wasted by not using them. Apart from that, the usage
of fiber glass also can be reduced since the hybrid panel board is made of sugarcane
bagasse as filler and fiberglass as the outer layer. This combination of two types of
materials is expected to reduce the density and increase the water resistance of hybrid
panel board. Therefore, the designed hybrid panelboard will perform Modulus of
Elasticity, Modulus of Rupture, Water Absorption and Sound Insulation Test.
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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

This chapter, which is broken up into three sections: panelboards, organic materials,
and inorganic materials, will examine earlier experiments on sugarcane bagasse and
fiberglass. According to several studies, sugarcane bagasse is not a typical
agricultural waste and may be utilized for a variety of things in daily life. In addition,
the business, which makes panel boards mostly from wood and sawdust, is typically
known as the panel board industry. Alternative materials like fiberglass and
sugarcane bagasse began to acquire popularity among customers in those industrial
productions. Products created from fiberglass and sugarcane bagasse are superior to
panel boards made from wood dust. In addition, fiberglass and sugarcane bagasse are
excellent materials for making panelboards.

2.2 Panelboard

Panel board refers to any product made from milled, mechanically chopped, and
grinded wood [ veneers, particles, fibers, strands, etc.] and bonded by adhesive
usually through high-temperature and high-pressure operation (Kloser et al. 2007).
Panel board is used in a variety of non-structural applications, including the
construction of cabinets and wall paneling. Among industrial products resin is one of
the best known and most exploited (Neis, F.A.,et al .2019).
Particle board, plywood, medium-density fiberboard, and oriented strand board are
the four basic varieties of panel boards. Particle board also known as Chipboard
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which is bonded together with a synthetic resin adhesive (Greenspec, 2021). A

panel's density affects categorization. (Brenda Vale,2017) Investigating the fiber's
structure, bonding, and chemical characteristics will help to explain changes in a
panel's qualities.
The manufacture of panel boards includes wet and dry processes in making high-
density wood panel compositions. The semidry procedure will be carried out before
these two stages. Using this method will preserve more of the panel board's
characteristics throughout wet procedures while using less resin and water. The resin
will be injected before or during the mat-forming step after these thermomechanical
processes, and the mat will then be pressed to make a panel. finished goods created
from pegboard, a type of unfinished panel board.

2.3 Organic Materials

Natural organic matter, often known as organic material, is a significant source of

carbon-based molecules that may be found in both natural and artificial terrestrial and
aquatic habitats. It is material made up of organic components that were once part of
plants, animals, and other living things. Organic materials also usually most of them will
be put to waste since people think it won’t be useful after using it once such as
agricultural residues. There are few agricultural residues that will be useful even after
using it. Among the agricultural residues are Sugarcane Bagasse which would be useful
to design a new type of Sugarcane Bagasse based panel board. It would become a better
option to replace the old-style panel board which is fiberglass-based panelboard.

2.3.1 Sugarcane Bagasse

According to C.Shen (2018), wood material and agricultural waste, such as

sugarcane bagasse, cereal straw, cotton stalks, rice husks, etc. can all be utilized for
the manufacture of binderless panelboards. Bagasse can be normally found around
our living places which still can be used even the Sugarcane Bagasse already used
once. Sugarcane Bagasse is a biomass of agricultural waste obtained from sugarcane
processing that has been abundant globally. Due to its abundance in nature,
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researchers have been harnessing this biomass for numerous applications such as in
energy and environmental sustainability.
According to Sowatad (2020), the physical properties of Sugarcane Bagasse
are high in water retention, high water content, high water absorption index and low
lignin content. Sugarcane Bagasse has an initial water content of 7.77% however,
after being submerged in water, its content can reach up to 84.27%. The Sugarcane
Bagasse also has low density which would compete with the fiberglass-based
panelboard with high density (Bioethanol Production by Repeated Batch Using
Immobilized Yeast Cells on Sugarcane Bagasse, 2020).
The Table 2.1 shows chemical properties for sugarcane bagasse. There are a
lot of points of view for the chemical properties of sugarcane bagasse from different
references. According to (Huang et al. 2012), (Xu et al. 2010) there are 50% of
cellulose, 25% hemicellulose and 25% lignin. In keeping with that, Vazquez et al
(1999) has stated that there are 40% cellulose, 24.4 of hemicellulose, 15% of lignin,
1.8% of protein, 0.6% of fat and waxes, 5% of ash and 14% for both saccharose and
glucose. Even though there are many different points of view in each reference,
cellulose is the most abundant since the percentage of cellulose in sugarcane bagasse
is more than 35%.
Table 2.1: Chemical Properties of Sugarcane

Cellulose Hemicellulose Lignin Protein Fat and Ash Saccharose Silica Glucose References
waxes

50 25 25 - - - - - - Huang et
al. (2012),
Xu et
al.(2010)

40 24.4 15 1.8 0.6 5 14 - 1.4 Vazquez et

al. (1999)

40-43 28-30 9-11 8-9 2-2.5 5-6 - - - Ramaraj

(2007)

46 24.5 19.5 - 3.5 2.4 - 2 - Mulinari et

al. (2009)

69.4 21.1 4.4 - 5.5 0.6 - - - Habibi et

al. (2008)
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41.8 28 21.8 - - - - - - Bilba et al.

(2003)

55.2 16.8 25.3 - - 1.1 - - - Trindade

et al. (2005)

Table 2.1: (continued)

Cellulose Hemicellulose Lignin Protein Fat and Ash Saccharose Silica Glucose References
waxes

56 6 29 - - 7 - - - Maldas and
Kokta
(1991)

36.32 24.7 18.14 - - - - - - Vilay et al.

(2008)

2.4 Inorganic Materials

Little explanation about what is inorganic materials

2.4.1 Fiberglass

Fiberglass is a designation that refers to a class of items produced from individual

glass fibers joined in a number of ways. According to their geometry, glass fibers are
split into two broad groups: continuous fibers used in fibers and textiles, and
fragmented (short) fibers used as reinforcing bars, covers, or boards for insulation
and filtration. Besides that, glass fiber serves as the reinforced plastic in fiberglass, a
type of fiber-reinforced material. This may be the cause of fiberglass' other names,
glass reinforced plastic and glass fiber reinforced plastic. (Auborg, et, al. 2011).
Typically, the glass fiber is woven into a cloth, randomly distributed, or flattened
into a sheet. The glass fibers used in fiberglass can be manufactured from a variety of
glass types depending on its intended function. Fiberglass is lightweight, strong and
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less brittle. The best part of fiberglass is its ability to get moulded into various
complex shapes. This pretty much explains why fiberglass is widely used in aircraft,
roofing and other applications.

2.4.2 Types of fiberglass

There are numerous varieties and forms of fiberglass that may be categorized based
on the raw material used in the production process. Alkali glass, chemical glass,
dielectric constant, electrical glass, alkali-resistant glass, and S glass are examples of
fiberglass kinds.Type of fiberglass we are using in this research is E-glass also
known as electrical glass—is the standard glass composition used for most glass
fibers. It is made from the oxides of silicon, aluminum, calcium, magnesium, and
boron. which is commonly used as reinforcements in many panelboards.

2.4.3 Types of Fiberglass

Table 2.2 explains the physical properties of fiberglass, whilst Table 2.3 states the
chemical properties and Table 2.4 provides an overview on the mechanical properties
of the fiberglass.
Table 2.2: Physical Properties of Fiberglass
Physical Properties Explanations References
Electrical Characteristics Fiberglass is a good electrical Fiberglass - Types,
insulator even at low thickness. Properties, and Applications
Dimensional Stability Fiberglass is not sensitive to Across Industries, 2021
variations in temperature and
hygrometry. It has a low
coefficient of linear expansion.
Thermal Conductivity Fiberglass has low thermal
conductivity making it highly
useful in the building.
Low Moisture Absorption The moisture absorption of
fiberglass yarn is exceptionally
low.

Table 2.3: Chemical Properties of Fiberglass

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Chemical Properties Explanations References

Compatibility with Organic Fiberglass can have varying Fiberglass - Types,
Matrices sizes and has the ability to Properties, and Applications
combine with many synthectic Across Industries, 2021
resins and certain mineral
matrices like cement
Chemical Resistance Fiberglass does not rot and
remains unaffected by the
action of redents and insects

Table 2.4: Mechanical Properties of Fiberglass

Mechanical Properties Explanations References
High tensile strength The ratio of strength to weight Fiberglass - Types,
of fiberglass yarn is very high Properties, and Applications
Able to incorporate one-way or Increases the flexibility of the Across Industries, 2021
two-way strengths end-use product

2.4.4 Types of Fiberglass

The process producing fiberglass started with the batching process. Therefore, these
components precisely weighed in the first step of glass production and completely
blended (batched). The next process is the melting process. From the batch house,
another pneumatic conveyor sends the mixture to a high temperature natural gas-
fired furnace for melting. The furnace is typically divided into three sections, with
channels that aid glass flow. The industry takes three main approaches to glass
melting: (1) indirect melt (also called marble remelt), (2) direct melt using larger-
scale furnaces and (3) direct melt using smaller-scale furnaces, which are also called
parameters.
In addition, the next process is fiberization. Expansion and absorption work
together to generate glass fibers, a process known as fiberization. When glass is
extracted, the liquid glass exits the forehearth through a bushing constructed.
Absorption is the process of mechanically extracting filament-like components from
the extruded streams of molten glass. Then, the nozzle design of the costly bushings
is essential for fiberization. On the other hand, a protective coating process will be
done. Any coating that is applied to textile fibers during the forming process is
known as sizing and may include one or more components (lubricants, binders, or
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coupling agents). These coatings can occasionally be removed or another coating

added by performing a finishing process. Sizings can be removed from plastic
reinforcements using heat or chemicals, then a coupling agent can be used. Then,
before dying or printing, dye base coatings are applied.
Lastly, is the drying packaging process. The drawn, size-sorted filaments are
then bundled together to create a glass strand. The strand is formed into a bundle that
resembles a spool of thread and wrapped onto a drum. After being dried in an oven
while still damp from the water chilling and sizing process, the formed packets are
prepared to be palletized, exported, or further processed into chopped fiber, roving,
or yarn. One or more strands are combined to create yarn, which may then be twisted
to preserve its integrity during further processing steps like weaving.
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CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

The whole equipment and supplies needed to produce hybrid panel boards are covered in this
chapter. Additionally, until the phase of hybrid panel board, production of the raw material,
sugarcane bagasse, and preparation of fiberglass are included in this chapter. The Modulus of
Rupture (MOR), Modulus of Elasticity, Water Absorption, and Soundproof tests are also covered in
this chapter. As seen in Figure 3.1 these project stages are broken down into four segments. Panel
boards made of fiberglass and sugarcane bagasse are prepared in the first phase. The production of
the hybrid panel board is covered in the second step. The testing procedure is then the subject of the
following step, which is followed by the analysis of the experimental results.
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Figure 3.1: Flowchart of the process

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3.2 MATERIALS & TOOLS

A little explanation on what are the materials and tools

3.2.1 Fiberglass Chopped Strand Mat

Fiberglass chopped strand mat, sometimes referred to fiberglass matting, is the most well-known
and frequently used reinforcement in composites. Dry mats called chopped strand mats are
formed of glass strands that are randomly oriented and kept together by a binder that
disintegrates when the mat is laminated (Komus et al. 2018). Chopped strand mat is an
inexpensive, simple-to-use material that creates durable composite constructions (Biron, 2018).
Despite being replaced by woven glass or higher performance reinforcements like carbon fiber in
more demanding applications, chopped strand mats are still widely used in more conventional
ways such as panel boards, mold making, architectural moldings, enclosures, flat roofs,
traditional fiberglass canoes, boat hulls, and much more.

Figure 3.2: Fiberglass Chopped Strand Mat

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3.2.2 Sugarcane Bagasse

In this experiment, panel boards have been produced using sugarcane bagasse. Sugarcane
bagasse is made from biomass agricultural waste from sugarcane processing, which is widely
available throughout the world. It is one among the world's most environmentally friendly
materials as a result.

Figure 3.3: Sugarcane Bagasse

3.2.3 Mould (Plywood Mould and Tile

When making panel boards, a mould was utilized as a foundation to provide the panel form.
According to the needs of the business, there are several size variations for the mould used in the
manufacturing of fiberglass panel boards. The mould form chosen at the start of the panel
producing process determines the shape of the panel boards. The type of moulds used for this
project is wooden mould.

Figure 3.4: Mould

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3.2.4 Fiberglass Polyester Resin

Fiberglass polyester resin is a polymer. One variety of fiberglass polyester resin is thermosetting
resin. Thermosetting resin functions as a medium that cures permanently with irreversible cross-
linking at the proper temperature. It is referred to as "unsaturated" resin because it includes
unsaturated substances like maleic anhydride or fumaric acid, which serve as the dicarboxylic
acids (Z)-butene dioic acid and (E)-butene dioic acid. Fiberglass polyester resin is used in this
project to keep the fiberglass together and help it take on the desired shape.

Figure 3.5: Fiberglass Polyester Resin

3.2.5 Catalyst Hardener

The polyamine component of the catalyst hardener is a white liquid. A catalyst hardener may
often speed up the freezing or hardening process. One to two drops of the catalyst hardener
mixture are added to the resin for each estimated volume. This chemical is added to unsaturated
resin to hasten the project's hardening time.

Figure 3.6: Catalyst Hardener

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3.2.6 Mirror Glaze

Between the fiber layer and the mould, mirror glaze acts as a coating medium to prevent
adhesion between the two components. Wearing the proper eye and skin protection is one safety
measure that must be performed when handling this substance.

Figure 3.7: Mirror Glaze

3.2.7 Spray Bottle

For this project, urea glue was applied to the coconut fiber using a spray bottle. Spray bottles
were used to disperse glue rather than pouring it since they can do it uniformly. Although there
are many different shapes and sizes of spray bottles, a simple plastic spray bottle will do.

Figure 3.8: Spray Bottle

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3.2.8 Spray Bottle

In this project, resin is applied to the fiberglass surface using a brush in an equal layer. Working
with unsaturated resin is made possible by the brush's construction from a synthetic material that
is impervious to water and swelling. Numerous varieties and sizes are offered on the market,
depending on the intended usage. One way to care for brushes is to clean them in a bottle of
thinner before storing them.

Figure 3.9: Brush

3.2.9 Urea-Formaldehyde

A non-transparent thermosetting resin or polymer, urea-formaldehyde (UF), also known as urea-

methanal, is called for its shared manufacturing method and general structure. It is created using
formaldehyde and urea. Medium-density fiberboard (MDF), plywood, particle board, adhesives,
and moulded items all employ these resins. Urea-formaldehyde resins account for 80% of the
production of the family of thermosetting resins known as UF and related amino resins. A few
characteristics of urea-formaldehyde resin include its high tensile strength, flexural modulus,
high heat-distortion temperature, low water absorption, mould shrinkage, high surface hardness,
elongation at break, and volume resistance.

Figure 3.10: Urea-Formaldehyde

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3.3 SAMPLE PREPARATION

Phase 1: Preparation Of Sugarcane Bagasse and Fiberglass Panel Board

3.3.1 Preparation of Raw Material

The sugarcane bagasse shown in Figure 3.11 were collected from sugarcane drinks stalls at
Selangor. As seen in Figure 3.12, the sugarcane bagasse was next dried in the sun for 7 to 8
hours. Both the dried bulk and the wet mass were noted.

Figure 3.11 Sugarcane bagasse collected from the drinks stall

Figure 3.12 Sugarcane bagasse drying under the hot sun

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The sugarcane bagasse grinded by grinder at at Engineering Technology Laboratory and grinded
by in Faculty of Applied Science and Technology (FAST) as shown in Figure 3.13.

Figure 3.13 Grinding sugarcane bagasse by using grinder

Using a sieve shaker, the dried sugarcane bagasse was sieved for ten minutes. The sugarcane
bagasse that was retained at sieve sizes of 2.36 mm and 0.075 mm (coarse and fine,
respectively) was collected. The sugarcane bagasse sieving process is seen in Figure 3.14.
The Geotechnical Engineering Technology Laboratory has carried out this process.

Figure 3.14 Sieving sugarcane bagasse using a sieve shaker

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3.3.2 Preparation of Raw Material

Sugarcane bagasse is a byproduct of sugarcane processing, and it has been studied as a

potential material for the production of panel boards. Urea Formaldehyde (UF) and coarse
sugarcane bagasse were thoroughly combined by hand in a basin. The coarse sugarcane
bagasse combined with UF as seen in figure 3.15. The same procedures are used to make a
panel made of fine sugarcane bagasse as well as coarse. All the procedures will be conducting
at the Composite Engineering Technology Workshop.

Figure 3.15 Combining Urea Formaldehyde (UF) and coarse sugarcane bagasse
Two types of sugarcane bagasse which were coarse and fine were ready to be compacted by
using a hot or cold press machine at Composite Engineering Technology Workshop as shown
in Figure 3.16.

Figure 3.16 Sugarcane bagasse panels undergoing compaction process using hot or cold
press machine
 21

Figure 3.17 shows the sugarcane bagasse panel board after the compaction
process. Then the coarse sugarcane bagasse panel board, fine sugarcane bagasse
panel board and conventional panel board were cut into several sizes according to
tests as shown in figure 3.18. The cutting process has been done at the Furniture
Technology Workshop.

Figure 3.17 Sugarcane bagasse panel board after compaction process

Figure 3.18 Cutting panel board into sizes according to tests

3.3.3 Preparation of Fiberglass Panel Board Sample

Fiberglass panel boards are made by impregnating layers of fiberglass mat or

woven roving with a polymer resin, and then curing the resin to create a strong and
durable panel. There were a few different methods for preparing fiberglass panel
boards, depending on the desired application and the materials that are available.
 22

Firstly, cut the fiberglass mat or woven roving to the desired size of the panel
board as shown in figure 3.19. If using mat, it is usually layered with multiple
layers to build the thickness as shown in figure 3.20. Then, mix the polymer resin
according to the manufacturer's instructions as seen in figure 3.21. This typically
involved measuring out the correct proportions of resin and hardener and mixing
them together thoroughly. Besides that, apply the resin to the fiberglass mat or
woven roving using a roller or brush as seen in figure 3.22. Carefully spread the
resin over the fibers to ensure that they are completely saturated. After that, place
the saturated fiberglass in a mould, sometimes vacuum bagging is used to create a
more consistent panel. Moreover, apply heat and/or pressure to the mould,
depending on the type of resin being used and its curing requirements which the
process is called curing and solidifies the resin and makes the panel strong and
also stable as shown in figure 3.23. Once the panel has cured, remove it from the
mould and trim any excess fiberglass from the edges. Lastly, sand the surface of
the panel board to smooth out any imperfections and prepare it for painting or
other finishing.

Figure 3.19 Fiberglass was cut to the desired size

Figure 3.20 Layering with multiple layers of fiberglass to build thickness

of the panel board
 23

Figure 3.21 Mix the polymer resin according to the manufacturer's

instructions

Figure 3.22 Applying the mixed resin to the fiberglass using a brush

Figure 3.23 Fiberglass is cured and solidified for 4 to 5 hour

 24

3.3.4 Third Phase: Production of hybrid panel board using sugarcane bagasse
panel board and fiberglass panel board

Creating a panelboard out of sugarcane bagasse and fiberglass is an intriguing

idea, as both materials have properties that make them well-suited for use in
building. Combining the two materials to create a panelboard would likely involve
processing the bagasse to form it into a suitable panel shape and then reinforcing it
with the fiberglass. The panel was held together by an appropriate adhesive or
binder. There were a variety of available binders that will be to choose from, such
as urea-formaldehyde, phenol-formaldehyde, melamine-formaldehyde, or an
epoxy resin. The final product could be a lightweight, strong, and insulation panel
board, and could be used in different applications.

3.4 Testing Method

The main objective of this research was to find out the substitution of synthetic fibers
and it may solve environmental problems. Evaluation on physical and mechanical
properties based on four tests which are Modulus of Elasticity (MOE), Modulus of
Rupture (MOR), Water Absorption Test (WA),Swelling Test (TS), and Soundproof
Test. A comparison of the various compositions of fiberglass and sugarcane bagasse
is utilized to acquire the necessary data. This examination includes material
preparation, and evaluation. All acceptable techniques and tests were used to locate
and analyze the data for this project.
 25

3.4.1 Modulus of Elasticity Test (MOE)

Modulus of elasticity is performed to test the compressive strength of the hybrid

panel board. However, in many cases, it is necessary to understand the ability of the
hybrid panel to deform elastically to ensure that the panelboard can withstand huge
compressive forces and loads. For each type of panel board, three samples measuring
170 mm x 112 mm x 10 mm were utilized in this test. The test was carried out at the
Light Structural Engineering Technology Laboratory, located in the Faculty of Civil
and Environmental Engineering (FKAAS). The Universal Testing Machine (UTM
Instron) was employed to conduct the test.

Figure 3.24 UTM Instron machine

Next, prepare a sample and place it on the UTM Instron. Rezero the reading
and click “Start” and the data will be shown on the computer. Finally, repeat the
steps for each sample and collect the data provided.
Modulus =(σ2 - σ1) / (ε2 - ε1) where stress (σ) is force divided by the
specimen's cross-sectional area and strain (ε) is the change in length of the material
divided by the material's original gauge length.
 26

3.4.2 Modulus of Rupture Test (MOR)

The purpose of this test is to measure the bond strength of the panelboard. For this
project it measures the strength of the fiberglass reinforced with sugarcane bagasse
as a filler. This test could show the maximum strength that sugarcane bagasse should
withstand before rupture. . For each type of panel board, three samples measuring
170 mm x 112 mm x 10mm were utilized in this test. The test was carried out at the
Light Structural Engineering Technology Laboratory, located in the Faculty of Civil
and Environmental Engineering (FKAAS). The Universal Testing Machine (UTM
Instron) was employed to conduct the test. For the procedure for this test, firstly turn
on computer and set up UTM Instron that is required for the test.

Figure 3.25 UTM Instron machine

Next, prepare a sample and place it on the UTM Instron. Rezero the reading and
click “Start” and the data will be shown on the computer. Finally, repeat the steps
for each sample and collect the data provided.
Formula used to calculate Modulus of Rupture:
M = ( 3 * P * L ) / ( 2 * b * d2 )
Where,
M = Modulus Of Rupture
P = Breaking Load
L = Distance Between Knife Edges on which the Sample is Supported
b = Average Specimen Breadth
d = Average Specimen Depth
In general, Modulus of Rupture is used in both flexure bending and torsional test.
 27

3.4.3 Water Absorption (WA) Test

Water absorption is used to determine the amount of water absorbed under specified
conditions. Factors affecting water absorption include: type of fiberglass, lignin
content in sugarcane bagasse, temperature and length of exposure. The data sheds
light on the performance of the panelboard in water or humid environments. . For
each type of panel board, three samples measuring 170 mm x 112 mm x 10mm, were
utilized in this test. The instrument and material used in this experiment are basin,
water, and electronic balance as shown in figure 3.25.

Figure 3.26 Water Absorption test

Formula used to calculate Moisture Content:

3.4.4 Thickness Swelling Test

The Thickness Swelling Test is a standard method used to evaluate the dimensional
stability of panelboards, particularly those made of wood-based materials like
 28

particleboard and fiberboard. This test provides information about how much the
panelboard swells when exposed to moisture.
1. Cut samples of the panelboard material into standardized dimensions, usually
rectangular pieces.
2. Condition the samples in a controlled environment until they reach a constant
weight. This step ensures that the samples have an equilibrium moisture
content.
3. Measure the length, width, and height of each sample meter ruler at several
predetermined points on the panel surface.
4. Submerge the samples completely in distilled or deionized water. Ensure that
the samples are fully immersed for a specified duration, often 24 hours.
5. After the immersion period, remove the samples from the water and gently
wipe off any excess surface water. Measure the length, width, and height of
each sample in the same manner as the initial measurement. Record it.
6. Calculate the thickness swelling using the formula.
It is important to note that specific test standards and procedures may vary depending
on the industry or organization conducting the evaluation. Therefore, always refer to
the relevant standard or specification for detailed instructions on performing the
Thickness Swelling Test for panelboard.

Formula used to calculate thickness swelling:

Figure 3.27 Weighing each samples with electronic balance

 29

3.4.5 Soundproof Test

Soundproof test is carried out to measure the capability of sugarcane bagasse to

absorb sound under vacuum soundproofing test. This shows the true ability of
sugarcane bagasse to insulate sound under any condition. . For each type of panel
board, three samples measuring 170 mm x 112 mm x 10mm were utilized in this test.
Instrument used in this test is the Cirrus sound meter.

Figure 3.28 Cirrus sound meter

Remove the battery cover by loosening the captive locking screw. This SLM
is powered by 4 x AA batteries. The instrument is switched on by pressing and
releasing the power button on the left. Press 'MENU' button, Select the set Clock menu
and follow the instruction on-screen. To calibrate your optimum, carefully push the
microphone into the cavity at the end of the calibrator. Ensure the microphone is fully
inserted into the cavity and is past the ‘O’ ring seals. To start measuring, press the
Start key to begin recording. Measurement can be paused by pressing the Pause/Stop
soft key. To stop the measurement, press the Stop key. Finally, switch off the
instrument by pressing the button on the left.

Figure 3.29 Measuring sound absorption for each sample

 30

CHAPTER 4

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter provides a comprehensive explanation of all the necessary calculations

and outcomes. The results are categorized into four sections: Modulus of Elasticity
(MOE) test, Modulus of Rupture (MOR) test, Water Absorption (WA) test, and
Soundproof test. Detailed explanations of the procedures, equipment, and materials
employed for conducting these tests have been provided in the previous Chapter 3.

4.2 MODULUS OF ELASTICITY (MOE) TEST (DIVYAN MURUGAN A/L

MURUGAN)
 31

Table 4.1: MOE test result

Types of Sugarcane bagasse panel Fibreglass panel Hybrid panel board Conventional panel
panel board board board
board

Sample A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 A11 A12

no.

MOE 875.00 1666.67 1093.75 50.67 8.89 17.5 33.33 93.33 444.44 10.27 14.84 17.59
(MPa)

Average 1211.81 25.69 190.37 42.5

MOE
(MPa)
 32

xample of calculations of MOE:

Sample no. A1:
The stress-strain graph data obtained from the UTM Instron software is depicted in
Figure 4.2A below:

Figure 4.2A: stress-strain graph

MOE value is the gradient of the stress-strain graph:

Find average MOE to get average result for 3 samples:

 33

MOE Test Result Chart

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0
SUGARCANE BAGASSE FIBERGLASS HYBRID CONVETIONAL

Figure 4.2B: MOE test result chart

Based on the Figure 4.2B shown, the sugarcane panel board demonstrates the
highest MOE value, measuring at 1211.81 MPa. In contrast, the hybrid panel board
has an MOE value of 190.37 MPa, followed by Conventional panel board which is
42.5MPa while the fiberglass panel board records a value of 25.69 MPa. The
sugarcane bagasse has a higher MOE value as it signifies a greater rigidity in the
panel board compared to those with lower MOE values. Moving on, the sugarcane
bagasse has a higher MOE value compared to the other two as sugarcane bagasse
exhibits greater elasticity. Therefore, the panel board with a higher MOE necessitates
more force to deform. When evaluating panel boards, a higher MOE value is
preferred as it indicates the panel board's capability to regain its original shape even
when subjected to higher forces. In addition, the ratio of sugarcane bagasse fibers to
glass fibers in the hybrid panel board can influence the MOE. If the hybrid panel
board contains a higher proportion of sugarcane bagasse fibers compared to glass
fibers, it may result in a lower overall stiffness and MOE.

4.3 MODULUS OF RUPTURE (MOR) TEST (DIVYAN MURUGAN A/L

MURUGAN)
 34

Table 4.2: MOR test result

Types of Sugarcane bagasse panel Fibreglass panel board Hybrid panel board Conventional panel
panel board board
board

Sample B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B10 B11 B12

no.

Maximum 0.24967 0.18950 0.20184 0.00297 0.00516 0.00461 0.0944 0.14090 0.13124 0.225 0.137 0.133
load (kN)
MOR 5.685 4.315 4.595 0.270 0.470 0.420 0.682 1.018 0.948 5.122 3.119 3.028
(MPa)

Average 4.865 0.387 0.883 3.756

MOR
(MPa)
 35

Example of Calculation of MOR:

Sample no. B1:

Maximum load, got from the data generated from UTM Instron in software as
shown in Figure 4.3a below:

Figure 4.3a Maximum load generated from UTM Instron

Find MOR using formula that has been explained in Chapter 2 as shown below:

(Youssef et al., 2009)

249.67 N
170 mm
112 mm
10 mm

Find average MOR to get average result for 3 samples:

 36

Figure 4.3b MOR test result chart

Based on figure 4.3b, the sugarcane bagasse panel board exhibits the highest MOR
value, measuring at 4.865 MPa. In contrast, the conventional panel board shows
second highest 3.756MPa and followed by hybrid panel board shows a MOR value
of 0.883 MPa, while the fiberglass panel board registers a value of 0.387 MPa. The
MOR value signifies the maximum strength of a specimen before it fractures or
breaks. Therefore, the sugarcane bagasse has a higher MOR value indicating that the
panel board necessitates more force to bend it until it reaches the point of rupture
compared to fiberglass, hybrid and conventional which has a lower MOR value then
the sugarcane bagasse. In the context of panel boards, a higher MOR value is
preferred as it denotes the panel board's capacity to endure a greater force or load
before breaking which in this case is the sugarcane bagasse. Moving on, the strength
of a composite material is influenced by the bonding between the fibers and the
matrix where sugarcane bagasse panel boards usually use natural binders that work
well with sugarcane bagasse fibers. However, when glass fibers are introduced in the
hybrid panel board, the differences in chemical composition and surface
characteristics between the glass fibers and sugarcane bagasse fibers can affect the
bonding between the fibers and the matrix. This reduced bonding strength can lead to
a lower modulus of rupture (MOR) in the hybrid panel board compared to sugarcane
bagasse panel board.
 37

4.4 WATER ABSORPTION TEST

Table 4.4: Table WA Result

Types of Sugarcane bagasse Fibreglass panel Hybrid panel board Conventional
panel panel board board panel board
board

Sample no. C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12

Dry mass 101.8 102.0 101.7 48.4 48.5 48.8 132.8 132.8 132.6 12.2 12.9 13.0
(g)

Wet mass 112.4 112.8 113.5 48.4 48.5 48.8 143.4 144.0 143.6 18.4 20.9 20.0
(g)

Mass of 10.6 10.8 11.8 0 0 0 10.6 11.2 11.0 6.2 8.0 7.0
water
absorbed
WA (%) 10.4 10.6 11.6 0 0 0 8.0 8.4 8.3 50.8 62.0 53.9

Average 10.9 0 8.2 55.6

WA (%)
 38

Example of calculation of WA:

Sample no C1:

Find mass of water absorbed and Water Absorption, WA

Find average WA to get average result for 3 samples.

WA Test Result Chart

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
SUGARCANE BAGASSE HYBRID CONVENTIONAL

FIGURE 4.4: WA Test Result Chart

 39

Based on the graph shown in figure 8, the fiberglass panel board exhibits the lowest
WA value, which stands at 0%, while the sugarcane bagasse panel board records
10.9%, the hybrid panel board registers 8.2% and the conventional panel board
55.6%. The WA value is expressed as a percentage and represents the ability of panel
boards to absorb water when exposed to or immersed in water. The conventional
panel board which has the highest WA value indicating a higher rate of water
absorption and a greater volume of water absorbed compared to sugarcane bagasse,
hybrid as well as fiberglass panel boards which has lower WA values. In the case of
panel boards, a lower WA value is preferable to a higher WA value where the
fiberglass panel board is preferred in comparison with the conventional panel board
because it signifies better water resistance or waterproofness when the panel board is
exposed to or immersed in water. However, the sugarcane bagasse panel board can
also be used as the value is much lower when it is compared with the conventional
panel board. This is because conventional panel boards typically incorporate wood
fibers as the primary constituent, whereas sugarcane bagasse panel boards utilize
fibers obtained from sugarcane residue. In comparison, wood fibers exhibit a greater
tendency to absorb water due to their higher cellulose content. This higher cellulose
content renders wood fibers more prone to readily absorbing and retaining water. On
the other hand, sugarcane bagasse fibers, with their lower cellulose content, exhibit a
reduced susceptibility to water absorption.
 40

4.5 WATER ABSORPTION TEST

TABLE 4.5: Thickness Swelling (TS) test result

Example of calculation of TS:

Sample no D3:

Find the difference in length (%)

Find average TS to get average result for 3 samples.

 41

TS Test Result Chart

1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
SUGARCANE BAGASSE HYBRID CONVENTIONAL

Figure 4.5: Thickness Swelling (TS) test chart

Based on the graph in figure 9, the fiberglass panel board has the lowest average TS
value, measuring 0%. This indicates that it has superior moisture resistance and
maintains excellent dimensional stability. On the other hand, the sugarcane bagasse
panel board has a TS value of 1.7%, the hybrid panel board has 0.79%, and the
conventional panel board has 0.13%. Generally, lower thickness swelling is
associated with higher quality in panel boards where thickness swelling refers to the
dimensional changes that occur when a panel board absorbs moisture. Therefore, the
sugar bagasse panel board is considered not a preferable option when it is compared
to hybrid, conventional and fiberglass panel boards. The reason to that is because
fiberglass fibers, being made of inorganic glass material, have minimal water
absorption and are resistant to dimensional changes caused by moisture. On the other
hand, sugarcane bagasse fibers can absorb water and experience dimensional
changes, which leads to greater swelling and increased thickness swelling in panel
boards. This swelling of the fibers can cause the panel board to expand and deform,
resulting in a higher rate of thickness swelling [10].
 42

4.6 SOUNDPROOF TEST

TABLE 4.6: Soundproof test result

Type of Sugarcane Fiberglass Hybrid panel Conventional
panel Bagasse paneL panel board board panel board
boards board
Sample D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D1 D11 D12
no. 0
Data 55. 56. 57. 56. 57. 60. 56. 58. 64. 60. 61. 60.
(db) 7 3 2 5 4 1 2 7 1 0 0 0
Averag 56.4 58.0 59.7 60.0
e (db)
Reverberation 20s
time (s)

Example of calculation of Soundproof:

Find average soundproof to get average result for 3 samples.
 43

Soundproof Test Result Chart

61

60

59

58

57

56

55

54
SUGARCANE BAGASSE FIBERGLASS HYBRID CONVENTIONAL

FIGURE 4.6: Soundproof test chart

Based on the graph shown in figure 10, the results indicate that the conventional
panel board achieved the highest soundproof value, measuring at 61.0dB. In
comparison, the hybrid panel board ranked second with a soundproof value of 59.7
dB, followed by the fiberglass panel board and the sugarcane bagasse panel board
with values of 58.0 dB and 56.4 dB, respectively. A higher soundproofing
performance which is the conventional panel board indicates of a better-quality panel
board in terms of its soundproofing capabilities. Consequently, when it comes to
soundproofing, the goal is to minimize the transmission of sound through the panel
board where a higher soundproofing rating means that the conventional panel board
is more effective in blocking or reducing sound transmission. In short, the
conventional panel board is considered the best option when it is compared to sugar
cane bagasse panel board based on the soundproof test carried out. The reason to that
statement is because conventional panel boards, particularly those constructed from
dense materials like medium-density fiberboard (MDF) or particleboard which
exhibits greater density than sugarcane bagasse panel board. The increased density of
these materials enhances their ability to effectively block and absorb sound waves,
thereby providing improved sound
 44

CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

5.1 Introduction

This chapter concludes the project conducted from Chapter 1 until Chapter 4.
Recommendations to use sugarcane bagasse panel boards instead of conventional
ones due to their superior performance.

5.2 Conclusion

Sugarcane bagasse is higher than regular natural bagasse making it much more
durable when combined with fibreglass as an outer layer. It is suggested that since
the organic fibre bagasse-reinforced composites developed in this work demonstrate
improved physical and mechanical properties, they be used in applications instead of
conventional natural fibres. As a result, it is also expected that these hybrid
panelboards will produce a product that is higher quality without damaging the
environment, stronger, more durable, and in great demand on the market for the
building industry.
The study successfully fulfilled its aim of creating a hybrid panel board by
combining fiberglass and sugarcane bagasse fiber. Moreover, the produced panel
boards underwent MOE test, MOR test, WA test, and Soundproof test, and a
comparison was made against all three type of panel board which is sugarcane
bagasse panel boards fiberglass panel boards and lastly conventional panel boards.
 45

However, the recorded findings indicated when comparing the MOR (Modulus of
Rupture), MOE (Modulus of Elasticity), WA (Water Absorption) and SP (Sound
Proof) tests, it can be observed that Sugarcane Bagasse panel boards exhibit the
highest results across all parameters, indicating superior performance. On the other
hand, fiberglass panel boards consistently demonstrate the lowest values in each test,
indicating relatively weaker characteristics. Hybrid panel boards, while lower than
Sugarcane Bagasse in MOR and MOE, outperform fiberglass boards in both SP and
WA tests. Lastly, conventional panel boards display higher MOR values than hybrid
boards but exhibit lower results in MOE and SP tests, making them the lowest
performers in terms of both MOE and WA.

5.3 Recommendation

To enhance the conclusions drawn from the study, several recommendations can be
proposed. Based on the study's findings, it is recommended to use sugarcane bagasse
panel boards instead of conventional ones due to their superior performance. These
panel boards are made by combining sugarcane bagasse fiber with fiberglass, making
them stronger, more durable, and resistant to water absorption. Hybrid panel boards,
which also incorporate fiberglass, are a good option for applications where
soundproofing and water resistance are important. Both sugarcane bagasse and
hybrid panel boards offer environmental benefits as they are made from sustainable
materials. Further research should be conducted to improve panel board
performance, and efforts should be made to create market awareness and demand.
Standardization and certification processes can enhance their credibility, and cost
analysis should be done to assess their economic viability. By adopting these
recommendations, the building industry can benefit from higher-quality,
environmentally friendly, and long-lasting panel boards.
 46

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 49

APPENDIX A
APPENDICES
Summary of Turnitin Report