V e l a mma l B o d h i C a mp u s – T h e n i

(A CBSE – IIT/NEET Integrated Sr. Sec. School)

XII Std PHYSICS LAB MANUAL 2023 - 2024

SECTION - A

Experiment – 1 Date: _____________

OHM’S LAW
AIM:
To determine resistivity of the given wire (I & II ) by plotting a graph of
potential difference versus current.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Metallic conductor (wire-I & wire-II), voltmeter, ammeter, battery, rheostat,
one way key, connecting wires.

FORMULA:
𝑉
R=
𝐼
V - potential difference across resistor (V)
I - current through the resistor (A)
R - resistance of material given (ohm)
𝑙
X=𝜌
𝐴
𝑆𝜋𝑟2
= Ωm where A = r2 (m2)
𝑙
r – radius of the coil (m)
l – Length of the coil (m)
PROCEDURE:
 Arrange the apparatus according to circuit diagram using wire-I.
 Make the connections clear and tight. Ensure that positive terminal of the
ammeter and voltmeters are joined towards the positive terminal of the
battery.
 Adjust the rheostat so as to pass minimum current.
 Adjust the sliding contact of the rheostat. Note down the values of potential
difference and current from the ammeter.
 Record the readings of v and I.
 Substitute the v1 and I1 in the formula and calculate R and find the average.
 Find the length of the wire.
 Repeat the procedure for the wire-II.
RESULT:
 The resistance from the V-I graph for wire-I _____ Ω wire-II.
 The resistivity for wire-I _____ Ωm and wire-II _____ Ωm.
PRECAUTION:
 The connection should be neat and tight.
  Thick copper wire should be used for connection.
 A low resistance rheostat should be used.
 Voltmeter and ammeter range should be appropriate.
ERRORS:
 The instruments screws may be loose.
 Rheostat may have high resistance.
 Thick wire may not be available.
 The unknown resistance may be too low.
DIAGRAM:
Battery Key Rheostat
+  ( )
+
A Ammeter


V
+ 
Voltmeter

WIRE –I WIRE - II
VOLTMETER AMMETER VOLTMETER AMMETER
S. S.
READING READING READING READING
No. No.
(V) (A) (V) (A)

Mean: ________ Mean: _______

Model Graph:

I(A)

∆𝑉
𝑅=
I ∆𝐼
V

V(v)

Calculations:
Experiment – 2 Date: _____________
METER BRIDGE
AIM:
To find the resistance of a given wire using meter bridge.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
A meter bridge, lechlanche cell, galvanometer, resistance box, jockey, one
way key, screw gauge, meter scale, connecting wire.
THEORY AND FORMULAE:
(100−𝐿)
S= R (Ω)
𝐿
(100-L), L - Balancing lengths(m)
R – Known Resister (Ω)
l – Length of the coil(m)
PROCEDURE:
 Connect the elements as shown in the circuit diagrams.
 Connect the resistance wire whose resistance is to be determined in the right
gap between C and D.
 Connect resistance box of low range in the left hand gap between A and D.
 Take out some resistance from the resistance box.
 Touch the jockey gently at the left and right end of the bridge wire and test
for opposite deflection in galvanometer when the jockey is in the middle of
the wire.
 Measure AB = L and take four sets at least by changing the value of R in
steps of 1Ω.
 Record the observation.
RESULT:
 The unknown resistance of the given coil by using meter bridge is _____ Ω.

PRECAUTION:
 The connections should be neat and tight.
 Move the jockey gently over the wire and do not rub it.
 Null point is bought between 40 – 60 cm.
ERRORS:
 The instrument screws may be loose.
 The wire may not have uniform thickness.
DIAGRAM:
 R S

G
A C
l1 100 - l1
D

Meter Scale

()
Ԑ K1

(100 – L) S = (100 – L/L) * R

S. No. R (Ω) L (x 10–2 m)
(x 10–2 m) (Ω)

Mean: ______________
Calculations:
Experiment – 3 Date: _____________
Experiment – 4 Date: _____________
GALVANOMETER
AIM:
To determine resistance of a galvanometer by half deflection method and to
find its figure of merit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Galvanometer, voltmeter, battery eliminator, two resistance boxes, key,
rheostat, ammeter.
THEORY:
The resistance of a galvanometer is found by half deflection method.
𝑅𝑆
G= Ω
𝑅−𝑆
Where, R  resistance connected in series
S  shunt resistance
𝐸
Figure of merit, K = deflection / radian
(𝑅+𝐺)𝜃
PROCEDURE:
For half deflection method.
 Connect the circuit as in figure.
 Take out high resistance and in the order of thousands.
 Adjust R so that deflection is maximum.
 Note the deflection let it be .

 Now insert K2 such that  =
2
 Repeat the experiment for different values.
Figure of Merit
 Connect the circuit as shown.
 Adjust the value of R such that circuit is closed and note the galvanometer
deflection ()
 Repeat it with different voltages.
 Find K by using formulae.
RESULT:
 Resistance of given galvanometer (G) is ________ Ω.
 Figure of merit of galvanometer (K) is _______A/division.

PRECAUTION:
 Connection should be neat and tight.
 All plugs should be tight.
 Emf of battery should be constant.
SOURCE ERROR:
 Screws may be loose.
 Plugs may not be clean.
 Emf may not be constant.
DIAGRAM:
Finding the resistance of Galvanometer by Half Deflection method
E K1
+ 
() HR

Galvanometer
+ 
G

S ()
Shunt Resistance K2

Resistance of Galvanometer G:

High Shunt Deflection G = 𝑅𝑆 Ω

S. Deflection 𝑅−𝑆
Resistance resistance 𝜃
{2}
No. {}
{R} Ω {S} Ω
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Mean: ___________
Figure of merit (K)
Battery Key
+  ()
E K1

+ 
HR G
Resistance box Galvanometer
Figure of merit:

S. e.m.f High Resistance Deflection 𝐸

K = (𝑅+𝐺).𝜃 Amp. / div.
No. (V) {R} Ω {}
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Mean: ___________
 SECTION - B

Experiment – 1 Date: _____________

CONVEX LENS

AIM:
To find the focal length of the convex lens by plotting graph between ‘u’ and
‘v’ or between ‘1/u’ and ‘1/v’.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Source box, screen, lens, lens stand, scale, pencil.
FORMULA:
1 1 1
= −
𝑓 𝑣 𝑢
𝑢𝑣
𝑓 =
𝑢+𝑣
f - focal length of the concave mirror (m).
u - distance of object from mirror (m).
v - distance of image from mirror (m).
PROCEDURE:
A) TO DETERMINE THE ROUGHT FOCAL LENGTH:
 Mount the lens on the stand.
 Go out in the open and face the lens towards a distant tree (or) building.
 Obtain the clear image of it on the screen.
 Measure the distance which will give the rough focal length of the lens.
B) TO DETERMINE ‘V’ FOR DIFFERENT VALUES OF ‘U’:
 From rough values of ‘f’ calculate ‘2f’.
 Take 6 values of ‘u’, 3<2f and 3>2f.
 After keeping the lens at fixed ‘u’, let us say for 1st u the clear image is
obtained on the screen. Then it is measured from lens as v.
 The experiment is repeated for different values of ‘u’ and corresponding
values of ‘v’ are noted and tabulated.
GRAPH:
 Select suitable and same scale for both x and y axis.
 Plot the graph for different values of u and v.
 Draw a line at the angle of 45 to the curve, measure the 2f and then f.
RESULT:
i. Focal length of given convex lens is _____ x 10– 2 m.
iii. Focal length of convex lens from u-v graph _____ x 10– 2 m.
PRECAUTION:
 To locate the position of the image the eye should be at least 30cm away
from the needle.
 Intensity of the image should
 Principle axis of the mirror should be horizontal and parallel to the table.
  The mirror should be well polished.
ERRORS:
 The image may not be clear and vertical.
 May be parallax error in reading.

DIAGRAM:

O F A’
A
2F F 2F

B’
u
v

2F

45
u 2F

Using distance object method the rough focal length is ________ x 10–2 m

S. No. u ( x 10–2 m) u ( x 10–2 m)

Experiment – 2 Date: _____________

DIAGRAM:

M
I Image
Convex mirror
L C
O P

Object
needle
Convex lens R

Radius of curvature (R) 𝑅

S. No. Focal length 𝑓 = (10–2 m)
(10–2 m) 2

Mean: ______________
Calculations:
Experiment – 3 Date: _____________
PRISM (I-D) CURVE
AIM:
To measure the angle of minimum deviation for a given prism by plotting a
graph between angle of incidence and angle of deviation

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
A drawing board, a glass prism, a white sheet paper, drawing pins, scale,
graph paper, protractor.

PROCEDURE:
 With the help of drawing pins fix a white paper on the drawing board.
 Draw xx’ nearby at the center of the paper and parallel to the length of the
paper.
 Make 01, 02, 03 ... on the xx’ and draw normal on N101, N202, N3O3 ... as
shown in the figure.
 Draw straight lines T101, T202, ... by making angles.
 Place the prism with one of its refracting surfaces on the line xx’ and point
0’ in the middle of the prism. Mark the boundary of prism ABC.
 Viewing the images of P1 and Q1 fix pins R1 and S1 on the paper vertically
such that P1, Q1, R1, S1 lie on the same line.
 Remove the pins and join the points R1, S1 and produce it backwards to
meet the lines mark ray T101 produced by dotted lines. Mark arrow heads to
show the direction of incident and emergent rays.
 Measure i-d with the help of protractor.
 Repeat the experiment for other incident angles.
 Record the observations.
 Plot a graph between angle of incidence and angle of deviation taking (i)
along y axis.
 From the graph, mark d mini i.e., lower point.

RESULT:
 The curve i-d for the prism is drawn.
 The angle of minimum deviation is ________

PRECAUTION:
 Pins should be fixed vertically.
 The angle of incidence should be between 30 and 60.
 The same prism should be used for all incident angles.

ERRORS:
 Measurement of the angles may be wrong.
 Pin pricks may be thick.
  The incident ray and emergent ray of pins may not be in the same straight
line.

DIAGRAM:
T1
N1
P1

Q1 30
B O1 A
X X
F1
D1

R1
C
S1
E1
Model Graph:

ANGLE OF INCIDENCE ANGLE OF DEVIATION

S. No.
(i) degree (d) degree
Experiment – 4 Date: _____________
DIODE V-I CHARACTERISTICS
AIM:
To draw V-I characteristics curve for a p-n junction diode in forward bias
and backward bias.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Diode kit, connection wires, power supply.

PROCEDURE:
 Make a neat labeled diagram as shown in the figure.
 Make all the connections neat and tight.
 Record the least count and zero error if any.
 Record the initial position of the voltmeter V, at zero and then increase the
forward bias voltage Vf in step of 0.1 V. record Vf and corresponding If.
 Now plot the graph between Vf and If along x-y axis for reverse bias
characteristics.
 Change the polarity of the battery.
 Adjust the initial position of voltmeter and increase to 0.1v.
 Record VR and IR and draw graph.

RESULT:
 V-I characteristics curve for a p-n junction diode in forward bias and
backward bias is studied.

PRECAUTION:
 Connections should be neat and tight.
 Error in ammeter and voltmeter should be noted.

ERROR:
 The junction diode supplied may be faulty.
 Zero error in ammeter / voltmeter.
DIAGRAM:
Battery Key Rheostat
+  ( )
+
A Ammeter

p n

V
+ 
Voltmeter
Observations:
S. No. V (volt) I (mA) Model Graph:

Battery Key Rheostat

+  ( )
+
A Ammeter

p n

V
+ 
Voltmeter
Observations:
S. No. V (volt) I (mA) Model Graph: