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    12 Evolution RN

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    Ansh Sahu
    Evolutionary biology deals with the study of how life forms have developed on Earth over time. Scientists believe that life originated through chemical evolution - the formation of early biomolecules eventually led to the first life form. Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection is one of the key concepts in biology. Natural selection causes changes in allele frequencies in a population over generations, potentially leading to the formation of new species. Evolution occurs gradually through genetic changes that are passed down from generation to generation.

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    12 Evolution RN

    Uploaded by

    Ansh Sahu
    4 views3 pages
    Evolutionary biology deals with the study of how life forms have developed on Earth over time. Scientists believe that life originated through chemical evolution - the formation of early biomolecules eventually led to the first life form. Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection is one of the key concepts in biology. Natural selection causes changes in allele frequencies in a population over generations, potentially leading to the formation of new species. Evolution occurs gradually through genetic changes that are passed down from generation to generation.

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    Notes of evolution 12th

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    Evolutionary biology deals with the study of how life forms have developed on Earth over time. Scientists believe that life originated through chemical evolution - the formation of early biomolecules eventually led to the first life form. Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection is one of the key concepts in biology. Natural selection causes changes in allele frequencies in a population over generations, potentially leading to the formation of new species. Evolution occurs gradually through genetic changes that are passed down from generation to generation.

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    4 views3 pages

    12 Evolution RN

    Uploaded by

    Ansh Sahu
    Evolutionary biology deals with the study of how life forms have developed on Earth over time. Scientists believe that life originated through chemical evolution - the formation of early biomolecules eventually led to the first life form. Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection is one of the key concepts in biology. Natural selection causes changes in allele frequencies in a population over generations, potentially leading to the formation of new species. Evolution occurs gradually through genetic changes that are passed down from generation to generation.

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    Evolution

     Origin of life

    o Evolutionary biology is the field of science that deals with the study of evolutionary
    development of life forms on earth

    o Big-bang theory explains the origin of the universe.

    o Scientists believed that life originated through chemical evolution.

    o Formation of biomolecules → First life form

    o According to Oparin and Haldane, the primitive atmosphere was reducing as it lacked
    oxygen. The atmosphere was rich in methane, water vapour, ammonia and carbon dioxide.

    o The temperature was high and volcanic eruptions were frequent.

    o Urey and Miller experimentally confirmed that formation of life was preceded by chemical
    evolution.

    o Branching descent and natural selection are the key concepts of Darwin’s theory.

     Evidences of evolution -

    o Fossils
    o Homologous organs
    o Analogous organs
    o Vestigial organs
    o Comaprative anatomy and morphology
    o Embryological evidences
    o Molecular evidences

    Adaptive Radiation

     It is the development of different species in a given geographical area from an original


    homogenous population.

     Example: Darwin’s finches and Australian marsupials

     The slow and gradual process of change of one organism into another is known as Organic

    Evolution.
     The occurrence of evolution has been supported by various theories put forth by biologists.

     In 1809, Jean Baptiste Lamarck a French zoologist put forth the theory of inheritance of
    acquired characters; also known as Lamarckism.

     He stated that according to their need, organisms put some organs in their bodies to
    maximum use while some of the organs were not used. The part of the body put to
    maximum use will have the tendency to grow larger and stronger while the part less used
    will become less prominent and ultimately disappear altogether. Thus, the organisms
    acquired new characters. For example, giraffe have developed long necks as a result of
    attempts to eat leaves high up on trees.

    Darwinism

     According to Darwin, evolution took place by natural selection.

     Another aspect of natural selection is the survival of the fittest, where nature selects the
    individuals, which are most fit, to adapt to their environment.

    Hardy Weinberg Principle

     It states that the total gene and allele frequencies in a population are stable and constant
    from generation to generation.

     Disturbances in the gene equilibrium can result in evolution.

     Factors affecting Hardy Weinberg equilibrium–

    1. Gene migration or gene flow


    2. Genetic drift
    3. Mutation
    4. Gene recombination
    5. Natural selection

    Natural selection causes allele frequencies of a population to change. Depending upon


    which traits are favoured in a population it can produce three different results.

    (1) Stabilizing selection


    (2) Directional selection
    (3) Disruptive selection

    Evolution of Plants

     Cellular life forms occurred on earth about 2000 million years ago.
     Some of these cells had the ability to produce oxygen.
     Slowly, single-celled organisms became multicellular.
    Evolution of animals

     Animals evolved about 500 million years ago. The first of them to evolve were
    invertebrates.

     The modern fishes have probably evolved from jawless fishes, amphibians evolved into
    reptiles, while reptiles evolved into birds and mammals.

     During continental drift North America joined with South America, the primitive mammals
    suffered whereas pouched mammals of Australia survived due to lack of competition.

    Evolution of man

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