Institutions of governance

Content

➢ Introduction
➢ Definition & categories of institutions of governance
➢ Comparison of formal and informal institutions of governance
➢ Informal institutions of governance
✓ Political ideology
✓ Corruption
✓ Culture
➢ Governance institutions of Bangladesh
✓ Bangladesh Election Commission
✓ Jatiya Sangsad
✓ Supreme Court of Bangladesh
✓ Planning Commission, Ministry of Planning
✓ Anti-Corruption Commission
✓ Prime Minister’s Office
✓ Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs
✓ Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Co-operatives
✓ Ministry of Finance
✓ Bangladesh Bank
➢ Critical analysis of the significance of these institutions on governance
➢ Conclusion
 Introduction
Institutions of governance are the formal structures, organizations, and processes
that form the backbone of public administration and decision-making within a
society. These institutions play a vital role in shaping the political, economic, and
social fabric of a nation, ensuring the effective management of public affairs, the
protection of individual rights, and the provision of public services. From the
executive branch responsible for policy implementation, to the legislative bodies
enacting laws, and the judiciary upholding justice, these institutions establish the
framework within which power is exercised, resources are allocated, and conflicts
are resolved. By providing stability, accountability, and mechanisms for citizen
participation, institutions of governance are crucial in maintaining a well-
functioning and democratic society. These institutions are responsible for making
and implementing decisions, policies, and laws that affect society as a whole.

Definition and categories

of institutions of governance

one concept can be explained and defined in many ways. institutions of

governance are no different. Many scholars and authors define it in their own
words. Some of them are,
✓ According to world bank:
“Governance institutions are the formal and informal structures,
organizations, and processes by which authority is exercised and decisions
are made and implemented in societies."
✓ According to Nobel Laureate Douglass C. North:
“Governance institutions refer to the rules, norms, and procedures that
govern the behavior of individuals and organizations within a society. They
include both formal institutions, such as laws and regulations, as well as
informal institutions, such as social norms and cultural practices.”
✓ In fine words of Francis Fukuyama:
"Governance institutions are the institutional arrangements that determine
the way in which power is exercised, how decisions are taken, and how
public resources are allocated. They include both formal institutions, such
 as government departments and agencies, and informal institutions, such
as traditions and customs that shape behavior and expectations."

These above definitions highlight the role of governance institutions in

shaping the exercise of power, decision-making processes, and resource
allocation within a society. They emphasize the importance of both formal
and informal institutions in governing behavior and ensuring effective
governance.
Governance institutions can be categorized in
• Formal institutions
o Parliament
o Bureaucracy
o Legislation
o Executive branch
o Civil society etc
• Informal institutions
o Political ideology
o Culture
o Corruption

Comparison of formal and informal

institutions of governance

Formal and informal institutions of governance are both essential components of a

governance system, but they differ in terms of their nature, characteristics, and
impact. Here is a critical comparison between formal and informal institutions of
governance:
1. Nature and Legal Basis:
Formal institutions are established through legal frameworks, constitutions, laws,
and regulations. They have a defined structure, hierarchical organization, and
specific roles and responsibilities. Examples include government branches,
regulatory agencies, and electoral systems.
 Informal institutions, on the other hand, emerge spontaneously and are shaped by
social norms, customs, traditions, and cultural practices. They are not legally
binding and lack an official hierarchical structure. Examples include community
organizations, social networks, and customary leadership structures.
2. Authority and Legitimacy:
Formal institutions derive their authority and legitimacy from the legal and
constitutional framework of a society. They have the power to enforce rules,
regulations, and policies. Their decisions and actions are recognized as binding and
enforceable.
Informal institutions derive their authority and legitimacy from social acceptance,
trust, and shared beliefs. They rely on norms, values, and customs that are deeply
ingrained in society. Their influence is based on reputation, trust, and social
sanctions rather than legal enforcement.
3. Governance Mechanisms:
Formal institutions provide the framework for decision-making, policy
formulation, and implementation. They establish procedures, rules, and processes
that guide the actions of individuals and organizations. Formal institutions
typically have well-defined channels for accountability and transparency.
Informal institutions operate through social networks, cultural practices, and
unwritten norms. They often rely on personal relationships, trust, and informal
mechanisms of influence. Informal institutions may fill gaps or supplement formal
governance mechanisms, addressing social and cultural aspects that formal
institutions may not fully capture.
4. Stability and Change:
Formal institutions tend to be relatively stable over time due to their legal and
constitutional foundations. Changes in formal institutions usually require formal
processes, such as legislative amendments or constitutional revisions. However,
formal institutions can also adapt and evolve in response to societal changes and
emerging challenges.
Informal institutions are more flexible and adaptable to change as they are based
on societal norms and customs. They can evolve rapidly in response to social,
economic, or cultural transformations. Informal institutions are often influenced by
generational shifts and societal dynamics.
5. Accountability and Transparency:
Formal institutions provide clear lines of accountability and mechanisms for
oversight. They are typically subject to legal frameworks, audits, and public
 scrutiny. The transparency and accountability of formal institutions are often more
easily measurable and enforceable.
Informal institutions may have less transparent accountability mechanisms, relying
on social norms and expectations rather than formal rules. Their accountability
often operates through social pressure, reputation, and collective action. However,
the informal nature of these institutions can sometimes make accountability less
clear and subject to manipulation.

Both formal and informal institutions of governance contribute to the overall governance
system. While formal institutions provide legal and structured mechanisms, informal
institutions shape social behavior, norms, and expectations. The interaction and
alignment between these two types of institutions are critical for effective governance, as
they address different dimensions and complexities of societal needs and values.

Informal institutes of governance

Informal institutions of governance play a crucial role in shaping a society's political

landscape and its overall governance framework. Among these informal institutions, three
key factors are political ideology, corruption, and culture. Let's discuss each of these in
more detail:

Political Ideology: Political ideology refers to a set of beliefs, values, and principles that
guide individuals and groups in making decisions about political, social, and economic
matters. Ideologies such as liberalism, conservatism, socialism, and nationalism shape the
way governments are formed, policies are created, and institutions are designed. Different
political ideologies can lead to varying approaches to governance, including the role of the
state, individual rights, economic systems, and social justice. These ideologies often
influence voter preferences, party platforms, and policy-making processes. They also help
define the relationship between citizens and the government, shaping the overall
governance structure.

Corruption: Corruption is a persistent challenge faced by many societies and has a

significant impact on governance. It refers to the abuse of public office or power for
personal gain, resulting in the misuse or misallocation of public resources, compromised
decision-making processes, and weakened public institutions. Corruption undermines the
principles of transparency, accountability, and fairness, eroding public trust in
government and hindering effective governance. It can impede economic development,
exacerbate social inequalities, and perpetuate a culture of favoritism and nepotism.
Addressing corruption requires strong legal frameworks, effective anti-corruption
measures, and a commitment to ethical leadership.

Culture: Culture encompasses the shared beliefs, values, norms, traditions, and behaviors
of a particular group or society. It shapes individuals' attitudes towards governance, their
expectations from the government, and their participation in political processes. Cultural
factors can influence governance in various ways. For example, collectivist cultures may
prioritize the common good and communal decision-making, while individualistic cultures
may emphasize personal freedom and individual rights. Cultural norms and practices can
shape citizens' trust in institutions, their attitudes towards authority, and their
willingness to engage in civic activities.Cultural factors also influence the formation and
functioning of informal institutions, such as social networks, community-based
organizations, and traditional leadership structures. These informal institutions often play
a significant role in governance by complementing or even challenging formal governance
structures.

In conclusion, political ideology, corruption, and culture are key informal institutions of
governance that have a profound impact on a society's political landscape and governance
outcomes. Understanding and addressing these factors are essential for creating effective
governance systems that promote accountability, inclusiveness, and the well-being of
citizens.

Governance institutions of Bangladesh

Bangladesh Election Commission

As a constitutional body, Election Commission Bangladesh is working independently for

holding elections on a regular basis with transparency and accountability. The
Commission has a significant role for strengthening democracy through holding free, fair
and neutral election which paves the way for establishing good governance.
 Structure: Article 118 of the Bangladeshi Constitution allows the commission to be
formed consisting of a chief election commissioner alongside a number of assisting
election commissioners under permission granted by the president of Bangladesh. At
present the chief election commission is Kazi habibul awal(CEC) and others assisting
election commission, namely

Md. Alamgir(EC),Anisur Rahman (EC),Rashida Sultana Emily(EC),Brigadier General

(retd.),Ahsan Habib Khan(EC),Md. Humayun Kabir Khandaker, (Secretary)

Appointment and removal of election commissioners: The appointment of the Chief

Election Commissioner of Bangladesh and other Election Commissioners are made by the
President. Under the Constitution the term of office of any Election Commissioner is five
years from the date on which he enters upon office. A person who has held office as Chief
Election Commissioner is not eligible for appointment in the service of the Republic. Any
other Election Commissioner is, on ceasing to hold such office, eligible for appointment as
Chief Election Commissioner, but is not eligible for appointment in the service of the
Republic.

The main functions of Election Commission are:

1. Delimitation of constituencies for the purpose of elections of Member of Parliament.

2. Conducting elections for the office of Honorable President, Honorable Members of

Parliament, different Local Government Bodies and other electoral processes prescribed
by any other law.

3. Preparing and updating electoral rolls for the purpose of all national and local level
elections.

4 Preparation and distribution of National Identity Cards (NID).

5. Constituting Electoral Tribunal and disposal of election disputes in accordance with

law.

6. Registration of political parties and allocation and reservation of symbols for registered
political parties and candidates.

7. Correspondence and coordination with different international and regional

organizations, organizing and participating in the international conferences,
workshops/seminars and activities relating to formulation of contracts.
8. Preparation of proposals for formulating laws, rules, regulations, and guidelines with
regard to elections and the Commission.

Chief election Commissioners of the history of Bangladesh :

1.Kazi Habibul Awal (27-Feb-2022- )

2. K M Nurul Huda (15-Feb-2017 14-Feb-2022)
3. Kazi Rakibuddin Ahmad (09-Feb-2012 09-Feb-2017)
4. Dr. A T M Shamsul Huda (05-Feb-2007 05-Feb-2012)
5. Justice M.A Aziz (23-May-2005 21-Jan-2007)
6.Mr. M. A. Sayed (23-May-2000 22-May-2005)
7.Mr. Mohammad Abu Hena (09-Apr-1996 08-May-2000)
8.Justice A.K.M. Sadeq (27-Apr-1995 06-Apr-1996) ু
9.Justice Md. Abdur Rouf (25-Dec-1990 18-Apr-1995)
10.Justice Sultan Hossain Khan (17-Feb-1990 24-Dec-1990)
11.Justice Chowdhury A.T.M. 12.Masud(17-Feb-1985 17-Feb-1990)
13.Justice A.K.M Nurul Islam (08-Jul-1977 17-Feb-1985)
14Justice M. Idris ( 07-Jul-1972 07-Jul-1977)

In line with that Bangladesh Constitution supplies enough back up in respect of it

independent functioning. But, the matter of great grief that in 3rd world developing
country like Bangladesh, Constitutions are often overtaken by violating its intrinsic
features. For holding a free and fair election, Election Commission should be more
conscious about its own authorities. Besides this, the vital responsibilities go to govt. in
power which normally operates the affairs of state to assist Election Commission for
discharging its activities. Election Commission should be vigilant in respect of overcoming
its loopholes and limitations . Now, We are facing a great problem about holding of next
parliamentary election. The Election Commission should try to arrange political dialogue
among the leading political parties of Bangladesh to reach in a unified opinion about the
holding of next parliamentary election and whereby it should assist to uphold the justice
by ensuring fairness in Election procedures.

Bangladesh Parliament: Jatiya Sangsad

The Jatiya Sangsad, also known as the National Parliament or Parliament of Bangladesh, is
the supreme legislative body of Bangladesh. It is a unicameral parliament composed of
elected representatives known as Members of Parliament (MPs). The Jatiya Sangsad is
responsible for making and enacting laws, representing the interests of the people, and
overseeing the functioning of the government.

The Jatiya Sangsad consists of 350 seats, with 300 seats directly elected from single-
member constituencies through a general election held every five years. The remaining
50 seats are reserved for women MPs who are elected by the elected MPs. The parliament
is housed in the Jatiya Sangsad Bhaban, an iconic architectural landmark in Dhaka, the
capital city of Bangladesh.The Speaker of the Jatiya Sangsad, elected by the MPs, presides
over the sessions of the parliament and ensures the orderly conduct of business. The
Prime Minister, who is usually the leader of the political party or coalition with the
majority of seats, leads the government and is accountable to the parliament.The Jatiya
Sangsad has the power to make and amend laws, scrutinize and approve the national
budget, question government ministers, and discuss and debate important national issues.
It plays a crucial role in shaping policies and decisions that affect the country.The
parliamentary system in Bangladesh is based on the Westminster model, influenced by
British parliamentary traditions. The Jatiya Sangsad serves as a platform for political
debate, representation, and the exercise of democratic governance in Bangladesh.

Here are some additional details about the Jatiya Sangsad of Bangladesh:

Committees: The Jatiya Sangsad has various standing committees that are responsible for
examining and scrutinizing bills, government policies, and matters related to specific
sectors or ministries. These committees play a crucial role in the legislative process and
contribute to the overall functioning of the parliament.

Opposition: The political party or coalition with the second-largest number of seats in
the Jatiya Sangsad forms the official opposition. The leader of the opposition plays a
crucial role in representing alternative views, questioning the government, and holding it
accountable.

Constitutional Role: The Jatiya Sangsad has the authority to amend the Constitution of
Bangladesh. However, any amendment must be passed by a two-thirds majority in the
parliament.

Sessions: The parliament holds regular sessions throughout the year. Each session is
presided over by the Speaker and consists of sittings where MPs participate in debates,
raise questions, and propose legislation. The President of Bangladesh summons and
prorogues the sessions based on the advice of the Prime Minister.

Legislative Process: To pass a law, a bill must go through several stages in the Jatiya
Sangsad, including introduction, committee scrutiny, debate, and voting. If the bill is
passed by a majority vote, it is sent to the President for assent and becomes law.

Representation: The Jatiya Sangsad aims to provide proportional representation to

different regions and communities of Bangladesh. The electoral system is based on a first-
past-the-post method, where the candidate with the highest number of votes in a
constituency is elected.

Quorum: The Jatiya Sangsad requires at least one-sixth of its total membership (currently
58 MPs) to be present to constitute a quorum for conducting business. If the quorum is
not met, the Speaker may adjourn the session or suspend the proceedings.

Special Powers: In certain circumstances, the Jatiya Sangsad may exercise special
powers. For example, it can impeach the President or remove judges of the Supreme
Court through a specific procedure outlined in the Constitution.

The Jatiya Sangsad of Bangladesh plays a vital role in the democratic governance of the
country by representing the interests of the people, ensuring accountability, and enacting
legislation that promotes the welfare and development of Bangladesh and its citizens.

The supreme court of Bangladesh

The Supreme Court of Bangladesh is the highest judicial authority in the country and
plays a crucial role in the legal system. Its primary function is to interpret the
constitution, uphold the rule of law, and ensure justice for the citizens of Bangladesh.
Here are the key functions of the Supreme Court:

Constitutional Interpretation: The Supreme Court interprets the provisions of the

Constitution of Bangladesh to determine the scope and limitations of governmental
power. It ensures that laws and actions by the executive and legislative branches are in
line with the constitutional framework.
Judicial Review: The Supreme Court exercises the power of judicial review, which allows
it to review the constitutionality of laws, regulations, and government actions. It has the
authority to declare any law or action unconstitutional if it violates the rights and
provisions enshrined in the constitution.

Appellate Jurisdiction: The Supreme Court serves as the final court of appeal in
Bangladesh. It hears appeals from lower courts, including the High Court Division of the
Supreme Court and other specialized tribunals, ensuring uniformity and consistency in
the application of laws throughout the country.

Guardianship of Fundamental Rights: The Supreme Court safeguards fundamental

rights and liberties guaranteed by the constitution. It can issue writs, such as habeas
corpus, mandamus, certiorari, prohibition, and quo warranto, to protect individual rights
and prevent abuse of power by the government or any other authority.

Judicial Administration: The Supreme Court has administrative functions related to the
judiciary. It has the power to appoint and control the judiciary, including the appointment
of judges to the High Court Division and the Appellate Division. It also formulates rules
and procedures for the effective functioning of the judiciary.

Public Interest Litigation: The Supreme Court allows individuals and organizations to
file public interest litigation (PIL) petitions on matters of public importance. PIL provides
a mechanism for citizens to seek justice and address social, environmental, and other
issues that affect the public at large.

Advisory Jurisdiction: The President of Bangladesh can seek the Supreme Court's
opinion on any matter of public importance. The Court provides its advisory opinion,
which is not binding but serves as an important reference in decision-making processes.

Here are some additional functions and features of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh:

Division of the Supreme Court: The Supreme Court of Bangladesh is divided into two
divisions: the Appellate Division and the High Court Division. The Appellate Division
primarily handles appeals from the High Court Division and has the final authority in
interpreting the law, while the High Court Division deals with original and writ
jurisdiction cases.

Writ Jurisdiction: The High Court Division of the Supreme Court has the power to issue
writs, such as writs of habeas corpus, mandamus, certiorari, prohibition, and quo
warranto. These writs are instrumental in protecting fundamental rights, ensuring
governmental accountability, and providing remedies for individuals aggrieved by actions
of public authorities.

Judicial Independence: The Supreme Court of Bangladesh strives to maintain judicial

independence, which is crucial for the fair and impartial administration of justice. It
ensures that judges are free from external influences and pressures, enabling them to
make decisions based on the law and principles of justice.

Law Reporting: The Supreme Court publishes its judgments and rulings, which serve as
precedents for future cases and contribute to the development of the legal system in
Bangladesh. These reports provide guidance to lower courts and legal practitioners in
interpreting and applying the law correctly.

Judicial Training: The Supreme Court is involved in training and capacity-building

programs for judges and judicial officers. It conducts workshops, seminars, and training
sessions to enhance their knowledge and skills, contributing to the professional
development of the judiciary.

Overall, the Supreme Court of Bangladesh acts as a guardian of the constitution, protector
of fundamental rights, and the final arbiter of legal disputes, ensuring the rule of law and
maintaining the independence of the judiciary.

Planning commission & ministry of planning

Ministry of planning

The Ministry of Planning oversees the financial policies of the Bangladeshi Government,
responsible for socioeconomic planning and statistics management. It contains three
divisions: Planning Division Statistics and Informatics Division Implementation
Monitoring & Evaluation Division

❖ Formed

12 January 2002

Jurisdiction

Government of Bangladesh
 ❖ Headquarters

Secretariat, Dhaka

❖ Minister responsible

Muhammad Abdul Mannan, Minister

❖ Deputy Minister responsible

Dr. Shamsul Alam, State Minister

❖ Agency executives

Pradip Ranjan Chakrabarty, Secretary, Planning Division

Dr. Shahnaz Arefin, ndc,

Secretary, Statistics and Informatics Division

Abu Hena Morshed Zaman,Secretary

❖ Implementation Monitoring and Evaluation Division

❖ Website

plandiv.gov.bd

it contains three division

❖ Planning Division

❖ Statistics and Informatics Division

❖ Implementation Monitoring & Evaluation Division

❖ Directorates

1. Planning Division

✓ Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies

✓ Planning Commission

✓ National Academy for Planning and Development

2. Statistics and Informatics Division

 ✓ Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics

3. Implementation Monitoring and Evaluation Division

Planning Commission

✓ Formulation of country’s medium-term macro plan within the

framework of long-term perspective.

✓ Formulation of the Three Year Rolling Investment Program in

consistence with the Five Year Plan.

✓ Formulation of Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper.

✓ Preparation of Annual Development Program within the framework

of TYRIP and Five Year Plan.

✓ Evaluation of Plans and their impact on the economic development.

✓ Undertaking and promotion of research to support development

planning.

In the first phase there were three five-year plans including a six-year development plan
from 1951 to 1970. In the second phase it took sometimes to consolidate the
administrative structure and reconstruction of infrastructure of the war-ravaged country
and gather information for preparation of development plan.

The First Five-Year plan of Bangladesh covered the period 1973-78. Then, instead of
launching the Second Five Year Plan, a Two Year Plan for the period 1978-80 was taken
up. Secretary Planning Division acts as the member-secretary of the Commission.
The Planning Division provides the administrative and secretarial support to the Planning
Commission. Under the members there are six divisions which are further sub-divided
into thirty functional wings. Two of the divisions deal with the general macro issues of
the economy viz. General Economics Division and Programming Division. These divisions
deal with the planning and policy issues of different sectors of the economy.

The Planning Commission officials below the Members belong to the Bangladesh Civil
Service BCS cadre, and administered by the Planning Division. Chiefs headed the divisions
and wings are headed by joint chiefs. Wings are further sub-divided into branches and
headed by deputy chiefs, and desks are manned by senior assistant chiefs/assistant chiefs
of the Planning Commission. Programme and in carrying out the process of project
appraisal and approval, the Planning Commission interacts with different ministries /
divisions/ agencies of the Government.

Data is the pre-requisite of development planning. Finance Division and Internal Resource
Division advise the Planning Commission on matters of resource availability and
formulation of fiscal and monetary policy. The role of the Implementation Monitoring and
Evaluation Division in the functioning of the Planning Commission is very important. ADP
implementation under the Five Year Plan framework is monitored by the IMED and the
Planning Commission takes corrective steps accordingly. Given the country's heavy
dependence on official development assistance from the international community for
development planning, the role of Economic Relations Division is also very important.

ERD mobilizes ODA to meet saving-investment gap in the development planning. At the
micro level, ERD lines up project aids for implementation of ADP.

Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies gives backup research support to the

Planning Commission whenever necessary. Planning and Development Academy supports
the Commission by providing training inputs for its officials.
 Anti-corruption commission

Corruption is a global phenomenon and found in almost all countries of the world.
Bangladesh like many other countries is affected by corruption. Corruption affects the
socio-economic and political development of our country (Khan, 2009). A society where
corruption is non-existent is just impossible to find. Bangladesh earned a reputation for
corruption under the rule of East India Company in the eighteenth century (Muhith,
2007). Corruption- control is neither easy nor quick in a country that has a long tradition
of nurturing corruption.

It is not an easy task especially in a country like Bangladesh because here Corruption has
deep roots in the society (Khan, 2008). In Pakistan period, the Bureau of Anti-Corruption
(BAC) was constituted under the Anti-Corruption Act, 1957 as an autonomous institution
to fight against corruption (Das, 2013). BAC was failed to perform of its duty efficiently
and finally the government of Bangladesh formulated the Anti-corruption

commission by enacted Anti-Corruption Commission Act, 2004 (Alam, 2014). Anti-

Corruption Commission (ACC) was established to reduce corruption from Bangladesh and
make it a corruption free country. But it cannot fulfill its objectives properly. Though the
commission is seemed to be autonomous but it cannot work on its own will. Many times
different political parties are interfering in the activities of this commission (Alam, 2014).
There are many complaints received to the ACC about the corruption done by the public
and private officials but the concerned authority does not take the sufficient measures to
handle them. The chairman of this commission is also deployed politically which impede
on the way of transparency of this commission (New Age, 2013). Anti-Corruption
Commission (ACC) is a statutory and independent organization of the Government formed
under the Anti-Corruption Commission Act, 2004. Its functions are mainly two fold.
Firstly, to enquire and investigate the allegations of corruptions and prosecute the cases.
Secondly, to create awareness against corruption and to promote the values of honesty
and integrity. Proper investigation, prosecution and timely disposal of cases leading to
conviction are critical for ACC to become effective and gain public confidence. Presently,
there are more than 6,235 pending enquiries and investigation and the number of cases
under trial/pending in special judges' courts and higher courts is around 4,000. There are
around 300 enquiry officers (EOs) & investigating officers (IOs) and more than 120 public
prosecutors at the disposal of ACC to enquire, investigate and prosecute the cases.
 Prime Minister's Office

The Prime Minister’s Office at the Ministry of Cabinet Affairs undertakes strategic missions in the
UAE Government including providing support and consultation to the Prime Minister, the UAE
Cabinet and the Minister of Cabinet Affairs, as the basis for informed decision-making. The PMO is
a driver of leadership and excellence in the government through providing direct support to
federal entities to enhance their performance and build their employees’ capabilities, in addition
to its role in coordinating projects related to the government’s strategic and future directions such
as UAE Vision 2021 and UAE Centennial 2071.

The Prime Minister’s Office is a key driver for the government sector through developing and
coordinating the government’s vision and strategy, relevant projects, strategic directions and
national agenda as well as implementing several strategic initiatives. It supports federal entities to
align their strategies and policies with the government’s vision and strategic directions, and to
implement innovative policies, strategies and initiatives.

Prime Minister's Office (PMO) is a division and equivalent to the ministry. Allocation of Business
Among the different ministries and divisions has allocated some responsibilities. It provides:

➢ Secretarial assistance to the Prime Minister.

➢ Assistance to the Prime Minister in the discharge of his/her responsibilities as and when
necessary.
➢ Assistance to the Prime Minister in the discharge of his/her Parliamentary responsibilities.
➢ Matters relating to Politics.
➢ Administration including financial matters of PMO.
➢ National Security Intelligence (NSI).
➢ Coordination of all Intelligence Agencies.
➢ NGO Affairs.
➢ Matters Relating to Board of Investment (BOI).
➢ Bangladesh Export Processing Zone Authority.
➢ Administration and supervision of subordinate offices and organizations under this office.
➢ Prime Minister's Security including Special Security Force.
➢ Administration of Prime Minister's Discretionary Fund.
➢ Messages and Addresses of the Prime Minister.
➢ Reception of Foreign Heads of Government and dignitaries.
➢ Arrangement of Protocol and Ceremonials.
➢ Tours of the Prime Minister inside country (Foreign tours to be organized by the Ministry
of Foreign Affairs).
➢ Liaison with International Agencies and matters relating to treaties and agreements with
other countries and world bodies relating to subjects assigned to this office.
➢ All laws on subjects assigned to this office.
➢ Inquiries and statistics on any of the subjects assigned to this office.
 ➢ Fees in respect of any of the subjects assigned to this office except fees taken in courts.

Such other functions as may be assigned to this office from time to time.

The Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs

of Bangladesh is a government ministry responsible for the legal and parliamentary affairs in the
country. It is one of the key ministries of the Government of Bangladesh and plays a crucial role in
formulating, implementing, and interpreting laws and regulations in the country.

The Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs has several important functions, including:

Legislation: The ministry is responsible for drafting and reviewing legislation in Bangladesh. It
prepares bills, ordinances, and other legislative instruments, and coordinates with relevant
stakeholders to ensure that proposed laws are in line with the country's legal framework.

Legal Advice: The ministry provides legal advice to the government and various government
agencies. It advises on legal matters, interprets laws, and assists in resolving legal disputes
involving the government.

Judicial Administration: The ministry is involved in the administration of the judiciary in

Bangladesh. It works to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the judicial system, ensures
the independence of the judiciary, and provides support for the functioning of the courts.

International Relations: The ministry represents Bangladesh in matters related to international

law and legal cooperation. It coordinates with foreign governments and international
organizations on legal issues, treaties, and agreements.

Parliamentary Affairs: The ministry assists in the functioning of the Parliament of Bangladesh. It
provides legal and administrative support to the parliament and its committees, prepares
legislative agendas, and ensures the smooth conduct of parliamentary proceedings.

Organizational Structure: The ministry is structured into several departments, including the
Legislative and Parliamentary Affairs Division, Law and Justice Division, and Legal Aid and Legal
Advice Office. Each division focuses on specific aspects of legal and parliamentary affairs.

Legislative and Parliamentary Affairs Division: This division is responsible for matters related
to legislation, parliamentary affairs, and coordination between the government and the
parliament. It assists in the formulation, review, and passage of bills, and provides support to
parliamentary committees.
Law and Justice Division: This division deals with matters related to the judiciary, legal system,
and legal policy. It oversees the administration of justice, including the appointment and transfer
of judges, court infrastructure development, legal aid programs, and legal reforms.

Legal Aid and Legal Advice Office: This office provides legal aid and advice to underprivileged
individuals who cannot afford legal representation. It aims to ensure access to justice for all,
especially marginalized and vulnerable populations.

Legal Reforms: The Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs is actively involved in legal
reforms in Bangladesh. It works towards updating and modernizing the legal framework,
addressing emerging legal challenges, and aligning the laws with international standards and
human rights principles.

International Cooperation: The ministry collaborates with international organizations, foreign

governments, and legal bodies to foster international legal cooperation. It participates in bilateral
and multilateral discussions, conferences, and negotiations to promote legal harmonization,
exchange best practices, and strengthen international legal relations.

Legal Education and Training: The ministry plays a role in legal education and training in
Bangladesh. It works in collaboration with legal institutions, universities, and bar councils to
develop legal education programs, provide training for legal professionals, and enhance legal
research and scholarship.

Access to Information: The ministry promotes transparency and access to information in legal
matters. It ensures that legal documents, judgments, laws, and regulations are easily accessible to
the public through online platforms and other means.

The Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs is headed by a Minister, who is a member
of the Cabinet of Bangladesh. The minister is supported by a team of officials and staff who work
together to fulfill the ministry's responsibilities.

The Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs of Bangladesh strives to uphold the rule of
law, protect the rights of individuals, and ensure a fair and effective legal system in the country.

The Ministry of Local Government,

Rural Development and Co-operatives

This is a ministry of the government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. It is

responsible for the housing and building, regional and rural policy, municipal and cities
administration and finances, and the conduct of elections.
The Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Co-operatives contains two
divisions:-

1:-Local Government Division

2:-Rural development and Co-operatives Division

The Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development, also known as the Ministry of
Local Government and Community Development in some countries, is a government
department responsible for overseeing local governance and the development of rural
areas. The ministry's primary focus is to ensure effective and efficient delivery of services
at the local level and to promote sustainable development in rural communities.

Here are some key responsibilities typically associated with the Ministry of Local
Government and Rural Development:

1. Local Governance: The ministry works to strengthen local governance structures,

including municipal and local authorities. It provides support and guidance to these
entities to enhance their capacity in delivering services, managing resources, and making
decisions that benefit their communities.

2. Rural Development: The ministry plays a vital role in promoting rural development
initiatives. It aims to improve the living conditions of rural populations by implementing
programs and policies that address issues such as agriculture, infrastructure
development, access to basic services, poverty alleviation, and job creation.

3. Community Development: The ministry facilitates community development by

empowering local communities to identify their needs, set priorities, and implement
projects that address those needs. It supports community-driven development initiatives
and encourages active community participation in decision-making processes.

4. Cooperative Development: In some countries, the Ministry of Local Government and

Rural Development is also responsible for overseeing cooperative development.
Cooperatives are organizations formed by individuals with similar needs or interests who
pool their resources to achieve common goals. The ministry may provide support,
resources, and guidance to promote the establishment and growth of cooperatives in
rural areas.

5. Policy Formulation and Implementation: The ministry is involved in policy

formulation related to local governance, rural development, and cooperative
development. It conducts research, analyzes data, and consults with stakeholders to
develop policies that address the specific needs and challenges of local communities and
rural areas. It also monitors and evaluates the implementation of these policies.

6. Capacity Building and Training: The ministry often provides training and capacity-
building programs for local government officials, rural development practitioners, and
community leaders. These programs aim to enhance their skills, knowledge, and
competencies in areas such as governance, project management, financial management,
and community engagement.

7. Collaboration and Coordination: The ministry works closely with other government
ministries, departments, and agencies, as well as non-governmental organizations and
international partners. It promotes collaboration and coordination to ensure effective
service delivery, avoid duplication of efforts, and leverage resources for maximum impact.

It's important to note that the specific roles and responsibilities of the Ministry of Local
Government and Rural Development can vary from country to country, as each
government may have its own organizational structure and priorities.

★Organization:

Local Government Division;

•Local Government Body

•Barishal City corporation

•Chattogram City Corporation

•Comilla City Corporation

•Dhaka North City Corporation

•Dhaka South City Corporation

•Narayanganj City Corporation

•Khulna City Corporation

•Sylhet City Corporation

•Rajshahi City Corporation

•Rangpur City Corporation

•Mymensingh City Corporation

•Gazipur City Corporation

Rural Development and Co-operatives Division;

•Department of Cooperatives

Bangladesh Rural Development Board (BRDB)

•Rural Poverty Alleviation Foundation (PDBF)

Small Farmer Development Foundation (SFDF)

•Bangladesh Cooperative Bank

•Bangladesh dairy farmer co-operative Union Limited (Milk Vita)

•Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development (BARD)

Rural Development Academy (RDA)

•Bangabandhu Poverty Alleviation and Rural Development (BAPARD)

Some key factors acknowledged in existing development literature that make rural
development an absolute necessity for Bangladesh are: poverty alleviation, climate change
impacts, food security, and reducing pressure on urban centers in the country. Rural
development plays a key role in poverty alleviation.

Ministry of Finance

The Ministry of Finance is a government department or ministry responsible for

managing the financial resources and economic affairs of a country or jurisdiction. It plays
a critical role in formulating and implementing fiscal policies, budgeting, taxation, public
debt management, and overseeing the financial operations of the government. The
Ministry of Finance typically works closely with other government departments, such as
the central bank, treasury departments, and revenue agencies, to ensure the efficient
allocation and utilization of financial resources.

The primary functions of the Ministry of Finance include:

1. Fiscal Policy Formulation: The ministry is responsible for developing and

implementing fiscal policies that promote economic growth, stability, and
sustainability. This involves setting tax rates, determining government spending
priorities, and managing public revenues and expenditures.
 2. Budgeting and Financial Planning: The ministry prepares and oversees the
government's annual budget, ensuring that it aligns with the overall fiscal policy
goals and objectives. It evaluates funding requirements, allocates resources to
different sectors and government programs, and monitors budget execution.

3. Taxation and Revenue Administration: The ministry formulates tax policies,

establishes tax regulations, and administers tax collection and enforcement. It aims
to ensure a fair and efficient tax system that generates sufficient revenue to
support public expenditures.

4. Public Debt Management: The ministry manages the government's borrowing and
debt obligations. This includes issuing government bonds, managing debt
repayment schedules, and assessing the sustainability and risks associated with
public debt.

5. Economic Analysis and Planning: The ministry conducts economic analysis,

research, and forecasting to inform policy decisions. It evaluates economic
indicators, monitors financial markets, and assesses the impact of economic
policies and external factors on the country's financial stability and growth.

6. Financial Regulation and Oversight: The ministry may have a role in regulating and
overseeing financial institutions and markets. It establishes regulatory
frameworks, implements financial stability measures, and monitors compliance
with financial regulations.

7. International Financial Cooperation: The ministry represents the country in

international financial institutions, such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF)
and World Bank, and participates in international financial and economic forums
to promote cooperation and address global financial issues.

The Ministry of Finance is a key institution within the government structure, influencing
the economic policies and financial well-being of a country. Its effective functioning and
prudent management of financial resources are vital for ensuring fiscal sustainability,
economic development, and the welfare of the population. The Ministry of Finance of
Bangladesh is a key government ministry responsible for managing the financial
resources, economic policies, and fiscal affairs of the country. The ministry is structured
with various departments, agencies, and divisions, each with specific responsibilities.
 Bangladesh Bank
(An autonomous body regulating the country's banking sector)

Bangladesh Bank, also known as the Central Bank of Bangladesh, is the country's apex
monetary authority and regulatory body for the banking sector. Established on December
16, 1971, shortly after Bangladesh gained independence, Bangladesh Bank plays a crucial
role in maintaining monetary stability, promoting economic growth, and ensuring the
soundness of the banking system.

Here is a detailed overview of Bangladesh Bank:

1. Objectives:
- Formulating and implementing monetary policy to achieve price stability and .
economic growth.
- Regulating and supervising banks and financial institutions to maintain a stable and
sound financial system.
- Managing the country's foreign exchange reserves and facilitating international trade.
- Promoting the development of financial markets and institutions.
- Collecting and analyzing economic data to support policy formulation.

2. Monetary Policy:
- Bangladesh Bank formulates and implements the country's monetary policy. Its main
objective is to maintain price stability while supporting sustainable economic growth.
- The bank uses various instruments such as reserve requirements, open market
operations, and policy interest rates to manage money supply, control inflation, and
stabilize exchange rates.

3. Banking Regulation and Supervision:

- Bangladesh Bank regulates and supervises all banks and financial institutions
operating in the country.
- It issues licenses to new banks, monitors their operations, and ensures compliance
with banking laws and regulations.
- The bank conducts regular inspections and audits to assess the financial health and
risk management practices of banks.
- It also sets guidelines for capital adequacy, asset quality, management efficiency, and
liquidity of banks.

4. Financial Stability:
- Bangladesh Bank plays a crucial role in maintaining the stability of the financial
system.
 - It oversees the implementation of risk management practices and safeguards against
financial fraud and money laundering.
- The bank monitors systemic risks and takes preventive measures to address potential
threats to financial stability.
- It collaborates with international organizations and other central banks to exchange
information and best practices for ensuring financial stability.

5. Foreign Exchange Management:

- Bangladesh Bank manages the country's foreign exchange reserves to facilitate
international trade and maintain external stability.
- It formulates policies and regulations governing foreign exchange transactions,
including imports, exports, remittances, and foreign investments.
- The bank acts as a dealer in the foreign exchange market and intervenes to stabilize
exchange rates when necessary.

6. Financial Inclusion and Development:

- Bangladesh Bank promotes financial inclusion and strives to ensure access to financial
services for all segments of society.
- It encourages banks to expand their reach to underserved areas and promote financial
products and services tailored to the needs of the unbanked population.
- The bank also supports the development of microfinance institutions and provides
refinancing facilities to promote small and medium-sized enterprises.

7. Research and Data Analysis:

- Bangladesh Bank conducts economic research and analysis to support policy
formulation and decision-making.
- It collects and publishes a wide range of economic and financial data, including
inflation rates, GDP growth, exchange rates, and banking sector indicators.
- The bank publishes research papers, reports, and statistical publications to provide
insights into the country's economic trends and challenges.

8. International Cooperation:
- Bangladesh Bank actively participates in regional and international forums and
collaborations with other central banks and financial institutions.
- It works closely with organizations like the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World
Bank, and Asian Development Bank (ADB) to promote financial stability, capacity building,
and policy coordination.

The organizational structure of Bangladesh Bank,

the central bank of Bangladesh, is comprised of several departments and units.

1. Governor:
The Governor serves as the chief executive officer of Bangladesh Bank and is responsible
for overall policy formulation and decision-making.

2. Deputy Governors:
There are several Deputy Governors who assist the Governor in managing the central
bank's operations. Each Deputy Governor typically oversees specific areas or
departments.

3. Departments:
Bangladesh Bank has several departments that focus on different aspects of its
operations. Some of the major departments include:

a. Banking Regulation and Policy Department:

b. Financial Stability Department:

c. Currency Management and Payment Systems Department:

d. Foreign Exchange Policy Department:

e. Research Department:

f. Human Resources Department:

4. Divisions:
Within each department, there are several divisions that focus on specific functions or
areas. For example, the Banking Regulation and Policy Department may have divisions for
bank supervision, licensing, and policy formulation.

5. Regional Offices:
Bangladesh Bank has several regional offices located throughout the country to ensure
effective implementation of its policies and directives at the regional level.

6. Other Units:
In addition to departments and divisions, Bangladesh Bank may have various specialized
units or task forces that focus on specific areas such as financial inclusion, anti-money
laundering, or financial stability.

Overall, Bangladesh Bank serves as the guardian of monetary stability and financial sector
integrity in Bangladesh. Through its policies, regulations, and supervisory functions, it
strives to ensure a robust and inclusive financial system that supports sustainable
economic growth and welfare for the people of Bangladesh.

Critical analysis of significance of

these institutions of governance
Institutions of governance provide the framework for upholding the rule of law, ensuring
that laws and regulations are established and enforced consistently. They contribute to
maintaining social order, stability, and predictability, which are essential for economic
development and societal well-being. Governance institutions play a crucial role in
promoting accountability and transparency in the decision-making process. They provide
mechanisms for citizens to hold public officials and institutions accountable for their
actions, reducing the risk of corruption, nepotism, and misuse of power. Institutions of
governance protect and safeguard individual rights and freedoms. They establish legal
frameworks and mechanisms to ensure that human rights are respected, including
freedom of speech, assembly, and equal protection under the law. Governance institutions
are responsible for delivering public services, such as education, healthcare,
infrastructure, and social welfare. Well-functioning institutions ensure efficient and
equitable distribution of resources, enabling the provision of essential services to all
segments of society. Sound governance institutions are crucial for fostering a conducive
environment for economic development. They provide legal certainty, protection of
property rights, and enforceable contracts, which attract investments, stimulate
entrepreneurship, and promote economic growth. Institutions of governance, such as
electoral systems and political parties, are vital for democratic processes. They provide
mechanisms for political participation, representation, and peaceful transition of power,
ensuring political stability and promoting democratic value. Governance institutions play
a role in promoting social cohesion and inclusivity by ensuring equitable distribution of
resources, addressing social inequalities, and representing diverse interests and
perspectives within society. Governance institutions also have implications for a country's
relationships with other nations. Strong institutions can enhance a country's reputation,
promote international cooperation, and attract foreign investments and aid. In summary,
institutions of governance are essential for maintaining stability, upholding the rule of
law, protecting individual rights, delivering public services, fostering economic
development, promoting political stability, and fostering social cohesion. They provide the
necessary structure, accountability, and transparency required for effective and inclusive
governance, benefiting societies as a whole.

Conclusion
n conclusion, institutions of governance are the formal and informal structures,
organizations, and processes that shape the functioning of societies and determine how
power is exercised, decisions are made, and resources are allocated. They are vital for
upholding the rule of law, promoting accountability, protecting individual rights,
delivering public services, fostering economic development, and ensuring political
stability. By providing a framework for transparency, participation, and effective decision-
making, governance institutions contribute to the overall well-being and progress of a
society. Whether through formal institutions like government branches and regulatory
agencies or through informal institutions like social norms and customs, these institutions
play a critical role in shaping the governance landscape and shaping the interactions
between citizens, governments, and other stakeholders. Strengthening and improving
these institutions is essential for creating inclusive, just, and sustainable governance
systems that meet the needs and aspirations of the people they serve.