BATTLES OF WORLD WAR I

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 Major World War I Battles

Battle of First Battle of First Battle of Battle of

Tannenburg: the Marne: Ypres: Oct.–Nov. Gallipoli:
Aug. 1914, Sept. 1914, 1914, last major Apr.–Dec.
Russia’s worst Allies halted German offensive 1915, failed
defeat in World German until 1918 attempt of the
War I advance, saving Allies to knock
Paris from Turkey out of
occupation the war
Battle of Battle of the Third Battle of Battle of
Verdun: Feb.– Somme: July– Ypres Caporetto:
Dec. 1916, Nov. 1916, first (Passchendaele): Oct.–Nov.
longest battle of great offensive July–Nov. 1917, so 1917,
World War I of the British, many losses that tremendous
with huge loss best the name victory for the
of life remembered for Passchendaele Central Powers
its staggering came to mean
loss of life senseless slaughter

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 Major Battles and Events
• Marne - 1914-North of Paris the French stop the German advance
and ruins the Schlieffen Plan.
• After this point the war becomes a stalemate and they dig into
the Trenches.
• The front lines change little for the rest of the war.
• Christmas Truce- 1914- Christmas Eve the soldiers on the front
hold up candles and sing Christmas Carols.
• On Christmas day they agreed not to fight and came out of their
ditches to meet in the middle and hold funeral services and bury
the dead.
• Verdun- 1916- Place of Legendary battles, and importance, city
surrounded by underground tunnels.
• German offensive goal to kill (attrition) not for land, to get other
side to surrender because of high body count.
• Started with a heavy artillery attack, French and Germany forces
clash after 9 months and 1 million dead or wounded nothing is
accomplished. 3
• Somme - 1916- North of Somme- 30 miles where the British try
to break the German lines.
• Fought at same time as Verdun in attempt to relieve pressure.
• Artillery bombardment for 7 days believed to destroy Germans.
• When the British advances across no mans land they are
slaughtered 20,000 in one day.
• 1 million dead or wounded in six months, 6 miles changed
hands
• Gallipoli- The British (Australians) assault on a Turkish peninsula
in an attempt to open the strait to the Black Sea and their ally
the Russians for re-supply.
• British are unable to breach the high cliff and dig in at the
beaches and get stuck in a stalemate.
• Lost 250,000 men and withdrew in Jan. 1916.
• Genocide- mass murder of a group usually ethnic based.
Muslim Turks force Christian Armenians in the north by the
Russian border to leave their homes and then murdered them
or left them to starve in the desert. 500,000 die

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 Other Fronts
• Western Front- 475 miles of trenches from Swiss border through
France and Belgium to the Atlantic Ocean.
• Italian Front- Austria- Hungary fights Italy along the northern
border, they break through Italian lines late 1917-
• Battle of Caporetto- but are pushed back with the help of the Allies
• Balkan Front-Austria- Hungary overruns Serbia and fights the Allies
along the border of Greece.
• Fighting with the Turks at Gallipoli over the water ways to the black
sea.
• Rumania joins in with Allies, also overran.
• Eastern Front- After Battle of Tannenberg Russia continues to be
beaten, Germans make their way into Russia.
• At first Russia does well against Austria but 1915 continues to be
driven back into Russia by Austria also.
• Russian army is poorly equipped, not enough food, clothing,
weapons, moral is very low.
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 Overview
• 65 million combatants from 30 countries representing
every continent.
– 29 million become casualties.
• Naval battles around the world and land battles in Europe,
Africa, and Asia.
• Triple Alliance = Germany, Austria, Italy
– +Turkey + Bulgaria - Italy = Central Powers
• Entente Cordiale = Britain, France
– + Russia + Italy + (later) US = Allied Powers

• Revolutionary technology, but evolutionary tactics(?)

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 3

How Did the War Become a Global Conflict?

EASTERN EUROPE SOUTHERN EUROPE

In August 1914, Russian armies In 1915, Bulgaria joined the Central
pushed into eastern Germany. Powers and helped crush Serbia.

After Russia was defeated in the

battle of Tannenburg, armies in the
east fought on Russian soil.

OUTSIDE EUROPE THE COLONIES

Japan, allied with Britain, tried to The Allies overran German colonies
impose a protectorate on China. in Africa and Asia.
The Ottoman empire joined the
Central Powers in 1914. The great powers turned to their own
colonies for troops, laborers, and
Arab nationalists revolted against supplies.
Ottoman rule.
 1914 – 1915 Illusions and
Stalemate
• Many Europeans were
excited about war
– “Defend yourself
against the aggressors”
– Domestic differences
were put aside

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 1914 – 1915 Illusions and
Stalemate
• War would be over in
a few weeks
– Ignored the length and
brutality of the
American Civil War
(prototype to World
War I)

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 1914 – 1915 Illusions and
Stalemate
• Belief that Modern
industrial war could
not be conducted for
more than a few
months

• “Home by Christmas”

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 1914
• June 28, 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of the Austro-
Hungarian Empire, is assassinated in Sarajevo.
• July 28 Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia.
• August 1 Germany declares war on Russia.
• August 3 Germany declares war on France.
• August 4 Great Britain declares war on Germany.
• August 4 Germany invades neutral Belgium.
• August 26-30 German army, led by Erich Ludendorff and Paul von
Hindenburg, achieves its greatest victory of the war on the Eastern front
against Russia at the Battle of Tannenberg.
• September 5-10 First Battle of the Marne halts German invasion in France.
• September 15 First trenches of the Western front are dug.

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 “Belgium is a country, not a road”
• King Albert I of Belgium
denied permission
• August 2, 1914 Germany
declared war on France
– Why???
– The Schlieffen Plan!
• August 4, 1914 Great
Britain declared war on
Germany for violating
Belgian neutrality

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15
The Powers Prepare for War June 28, 1914
July 23 – August 3, 1914 Assassination of Archduke Franz
Ferdinand

July 5-6, 1914

Germany supports Austria-Hungary

July 28, 1914

Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia

July 31, 1914

German forces begin to mobilize

August 1, 1914
Germany declares war on Russia & France

With Russia mobilizing, Germany has

no choice but to demand an immediate
halt or to declare war before anyone
else can.

Russia refuses to stop it mobilization

and within hours on August 1, 1914
Germany is at war with Russia.

Kaiser Wilhelm II needs no excuse to

declare war on France and does so
two days later on August 3. This sets
up the first stage of the "Schlieffen
Plan".
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 The Schlieffen Plan
• Invade western front
1st
• After defeating France
concentrate on the
Eastern front
• Avoid fighting a 2
front war

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 Schlieffen Plan
• Germans want to finish off French before Russia is ready to
fight.
• Germans believe French will immediately try to retake Alsace-
Lorraine.
• Original plan called for economy of force on the left while
heavily weighting the right flank
– Von Moltke revised and distributed forces more evenly across the
front.

• Plan failed when Germans were held up by Belgians, then

stopped by French and British at the Battle of the Marne.
– Russians also mobilized more quickly than expected.

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 German Aggression Leads the Way
The Outbreak of War (1914)

• Germany had prepared a battle-plan well

in advance of the outbreak of war & used
the Russian mobilization as an excuse to
launch their attack
• THE SCHLIEFFEN PLAN
(Germany’s 2-Part Plan for the War)
A) Attack France thru NEUTRAL Belgium to
avoid forts along the French-German
border (defeat France in a matter of
weeks)
B) Reverse course and attack Russia before it
was fully mobilized for war
• The “Offensive” strategy & attack thru
Belgium will be critical in Germany
being blamed for “starting” WWI

The Schlieffen
Plan 19
The Schlieffen Plan’s
Destructive Nature

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 The Schlieffen Plan’s
Destructive Nature
• Germany made vast
encircling movement
through Belgium to
enter Paris
• Underestimated speed
of the British
mobilization
– Quickly sent troops to
France

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 The Schlieffen Plan’s
Destructive Nature
• Sept 6-10, 1914
– Battle of Marne
– Stopped the Germans
but French troops were
exhausted
– Both sides dug
trenches for shelter

STALEMATE

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Paris: The First Day of Mobilization, Sunday August 2 1914

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The German Attack August 4, 1914
August 4, 1914 German forces invade neutral
Belgium
August 26-30, 1914
Battle of Tannenberg
October-November, 1914
First Battle of Ypres
December 25, 1914
Unofficial Christmas Truce on the
Western Front

The French thought that Germany's

advance into Belgium was a
diversion. Most of the French
army moved northeast to attack
Germany through the lost
provinces of Alsace and
Lorraine.

The first major battle on the

Eastern front occurred when
German forces surrounded and
destroyed the Russian army at
the Battle of Tannenberg. This
August 1914 battle was
Germany's greatest victory of
the war.
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First Battle of the Marne German plans for the
September 5 -10, 1914
Western Front began to
fall apart in September
of 1914.

As the German right flank

drove deeper, it was
separated from the rest
of the invading German
force. This made it
vulnerable and forced
the Germans pulled up
twenty-five miles short
of Paris.
This was France’s chance
to attack. What
followed was the First
Battle of the Marne
where the German
advance was stopped
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 The First Battle of the Marne
• The German army quickly advanced through northern France and
after only one month of fighting were barely 25 miles from Paris.
• The French, however, would not give up.

The Battle The Aftermath

• The French launched a • The French paid a heavy
counterattack along the Marne price, as countless red-
coated French troops had
River east of Paris on September
fallen in the battle.
7, 1914.
• Despite the loss of life, it
• This battle became known as the helped the Allies by giving
First Battle of the Marne. Russia more time to mobilize
for war.
• 2 million men fought on a battle-
front that stretched 125 miles. • Once Russia mobilized,
Germany had to pull some of
• After five days and 250,000 its troops out of France and
deaths, the French had rallied send them to fight Russia on
and pushed the Germans back the Eastern Front, which
some 40 miles. stretched from the Black Sea
to the Baltic Sea.
 BATTLE OF THE MARNE
• The 1st Battle of Marne - The First World War - Sept 1914
• Germans continued their push towards Paris. This was part of the
Schlieffen Plan
• British and French troops retreated to positions south of the Seine and
Marne rivers. French 6th Army launched a counter attack.
• French managed to save Paris. (Reinforcements were sent in taxi's
from Paris.)

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 BATTLE OF THE MARNE
• Around 600 taxis used to transport 6,000 French troops to
battle.
• Over 2 million troops fought in First Battle of the Marne.
• 260,000 ALLIED CASUALTIES
• 250,000 GERMAN CASUALTIES

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Battle of the Marne Sept.-Nov. 1914

•Germans encounter heavy

resistance at the Marne River

•French & Germans dig

defensive trenches

•Halts German offensive

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A Massive “Meat Grinder”: The
Western Front
• Early Battles of the War
--The Battle of the Marne
(September 6, 1914)
• Immovable front for two and a
half years
• Trench warfare
--25,000 miles of trenches
• Cavalry gives way to infantry

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• https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=njbA_0gGwr8

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sbOdF-
5dk_E

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WWI on the Eastern Front

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• Eastern Front of the great
war had a profound impact on
the remainder of the 20th
century

•Grim statistics for the Eastern

war:
•more than three-million men
dead,
•more than nine-million men
wounded,
•and every major country
which participated lost its
form of government.

•Russia collapsed completely

and catastrophically 33
 State of the Russian Army

•Russian Army of World War One has become notorious for its reputation
as a large, ill-equipped force
•Russia's Imperial Troops were actually well trained and equipped
•Real problem: inadequate transportation infrastructure, which was not
able to supply and maintain Russian field formations at wartime
establishments, and poor command decisions
•Equipment: the average Russian soldier in the 1st and 2nd Line had
sidearms, rifles and machine guns equal to his German counterparts, and
probably superior to the Austrians
•standard Russian Field Guns, the 76.2 mm and 122 mm, were robust
enough to be used in World War Two and still be in reserve units in the
1980's
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 Pre-War
Decisions

•Russian Army High Command had maintained a lively pre-war debate

over what action would be taken in case of war with Germany
• by 1910 it was decided to launch major offensive operations
immediately upon the outbreak of any war
•decision catered to the "spirit of the offensive" which then pervaded
European military thought, and as a result most Russian fortress units
were deactivated
•age-old Russian strategy of defense-in-depth supported by
counteroffensives was cast aside
•would exact a brutal toll in Russian lives, which in turn helped to spur
later unrest 35
 Austria-Hungary
•Austro-Hungarian Army of 1914 had been starved of proper
equipment and resources throughout the pre-war period
•composed of an increasingly nationalistic soldiery, three-quarters
of whom were from Slavic recruiting districts
•these troops proved to be reluctant to follow Austrian officers
into combat against their Russian brethren
•became a major liability, especially after the enormous losses
suffered during the first year of war.

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 Germany on the
East

•main German armies in the East operated with characteristic efficiency

•troops enjoyed the luxury of fighting the battles of maneuver for which
they had been trained
• Russian front saw the rise of the great German "artillery virtuosos" of
the war like Lieutenant Colonel Georg Bruchmüller
• Bruchmüller orchestrated artillery firepower with ferocious efficiency
• undertook aggressive training measures to assure near perfect
coordination between the artillery and infantry branches of the army

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 Conduct of War
• German attack in the
West
• French counter-attack
but are pushed back
• Russian speed of
mobilization surprised
Germans so Germany
was forced to move
some troops to the
Eastern front
• Stagnation and trench
warfare in the West
 Opening the
War on the
Eastern Front
•Eastern half of the Great War began on August 17, 1914 w/ the Battles
of Stalluponen and Gumbinnen
•Russian General Pavel Rennenkampf's First Army invaded Eastern
Prussia in a full scale offensive
•Two days later, General Alexander Samsonov's Second Army attacked
around the right flank of the German Eighth Army commanded by General
Friedrich von Prittwitz
•This was achieved despite the fact that Second Army was fighting at two-
thirds strength due to the slow Russian mobilization.
•Prittwitz, certain that he could not hold against the two armies facing
him, informed high command that he intended to withdraw to the Vistula
River, abandoning most of East Prussia including Königsberg 39
 Battle of
Tannenberg

•Prittwitz was relieved of duty and replaced by Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg
and his new Chief-of-Staff, Erich Ludendorf.
•Along with the staff at East Prussian Army Headquarters, they planned a
counteroffensive against the Russians.
•By August 27 they had already laid the plans and fallen on Samsonov's weak Army,
taking it in both flanks in a near perfect double envelopment
•The Battle of Tannenberg ended by August 30 when Samsonov's entire command
disintegrated at a cost of 92,000 captured and tens of thousands of other casualties.

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Battle of Tannenberg May-August 1914

•Germans & Austrians push Russians

out of East Prussia & Carpathian Mts.

•Russians retreat beyond Brest-Litovsk,

Poland.

•Russia--one million killed or wounded;

one million captured.

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 Battle of the
Masurian
Lakes

• German forces under General August Mackensen defeated

Rennenkampf at the Battle of Masurian Lakes within a week
• the Russians lost another 100,000 casualties
• inadequate logistic support hampered Russian movement and
supply.
• against an industrialized opponent, these shortcomings quickly
assumed catastrophic proportions.
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The Austrians Attack…
• In the south of Poland, Austrian Chief-
of-Staff Conrad von Hoetzendorf
launched his own attack northward
toward Warsaw
• Russia had concentrated four fully
supplied armies opposite the 39
Divisions of Austrian troops, and on
August 30 they opened their offensive
• third week in September: Hoetzendorf
ordered a general retreat.
• province of Galicia was abandoned by
the Austrians at a cost of over 130,000
casualties!
• year ended with limited attacks toward
Warsaw by Mackensen and Russian
probing assaults into the Carpathian
passes.

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 The Winter War
of 1914-1915
• Winter 1914-15: von Hoetzendorf appealed to the Germans to support an
offensive he hoped would force the Russians off the Carpathian Mountains
• German senior command agreed on a thrust deep into Russian lines out of
East Prussia
• resulting "winter war" inflicted 90,000 casualties on the Russians, but petered
out when the Austrian forces to the south utterly failed to dislodged the
Russians.
• Austria suffered another embarrassing defeat, and even lost control of Dukla
Pass, a prime route onto the Hungarian plains
• severe weather and their unfortunate supply situation prevented the
Russians from moving into Austria-Hungary
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German Control
• May 1915: Germans took over command of the
Eastern Front
• used their units to support the fragmented Austrian
formations
• next offensive came on May 1, with a sharp attack
on the Russian lines at Gorlice
• offensive penetrated more than two-hundred miles
in two weeks
• triggered the collapse of the entire Russian
Southern Front
• German and Austrian formations pushed northward
capturing Warsaw in August
• September: Gen. Max von Gallwitz' Twelfth Army
attacked into the Courland toward Riga
• Russian front line fell apart
• strongholds of Novo-Georgiesk and Brest-Litovsk
fell to the Germans
• Took until the end of September for the Russian
line to re-form
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 The Eastern Front
• Russian army moved into
Eastern Germany on
August 30, 1914
– Defeated
• The Austrians kicked out of
Serbia
• Italians attacked Austria in
1915
• G. came to Austrian aid and
pushed Russians back 300
miles into own territory

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Nicholas Takes Command
• Russian Tsar Nicholas
intervened and assumed
personal command of the army
• decision would have grave
consequences.
• territory captured by the Central
Powers to date included all of
Poland, Lithuania and Latvia.
• two million Russian troops were
lost during the course of the
year, half of them prisoners
• Central Powers of Germany and
Austria-Hungary lost a total of
nearly one-million

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Russia’s Response
• next major offensive undertaken by Russian
General Alexi Brusilov
• preparations far superior to those undertaken by
previous senior officers
• Russian units finally trained to employ shock
troops followed up by mutually supporting open
order formations
• Western Allied aid and Russian production
replaced all equipment losses from the previous
year
• competing egos of commanders and the
inefficient supply system deadened any
spectacular successes.
• June 1916: Brusilov's four armies, the Eighth,
Eleventh, Seventh and Ninth poised along the
Galician border facing the Austrian Army
• June 4th: Russians attacked and immediately
penetrated deep into Austrian positions, capturing
13,000 prisoners on the first day
• W/in two months, the Austro-Hungarian Empire
was in danger of falling 48
A Romanian Whoopsy
• Romania entered the war on the
side of the allies
• invaded Transylvania instead of
preparing an adequate defense.
• mistake gave the Germans the
opening they needed
• ensuing counter-offensive
achieved the total collapse of
Romania to the Central Powers
• Germany and Austria gained
control of vast coal and wheat
fields, but added over 200 miles
of front to their lines

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Brusilov’s Offensive
• Brusilov urged by St. Petersburg to
continue his summer gains even
though the Russians had suffered
horrible casualties
• September: offensive was
continued without the same
elegance as earlier
• casualties climbed toward the one-
million mark.
• offensive finally wound down after
the seizure of Bukovina and
Galicia
• accomplishments brought Russia
just as many casualties as their
defeats of the previous year
• discipline began to slide downward

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Troubles All Round…
• Russian industry proved unable
to continue manufacturing new
equipment in sufficient
quantities to replace staggering
losses, especially in small arms
and ammunition.
• Late 1916: several nations
across Europe began to suffer
from mutinies and revolts as
troops became disillusioned
• Russia slowly edged toward
open revolt
• dual monarchy of Austria-
Hungary edged toward
complete dissolution.

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 Russian
Disintegration
• 1917--the Russian Army's officer corps increasingly demoralized by the poor
progress of the fighting
• Grossly outnumbered Germans had proven to be dangerous and cunning
opponents
• Russian royal family's intervention didn’t improve anything
• repeated catastrophes suffered by Russian field armies squelched what
patriotism had existed three years earlier
• entire governing system slowly fell apart
• by March, some Army units began ignoring their orders
• situation made worse as growing Communist rebel groups exaggerated reports
of minor events: I.e. revolt of a Russian Guard depot formation at Petrograd
(carried out by trainees and depot troops, not by fully trained Imperial
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Guardsmen)
British Blockade of Germany – Nov.
1914
• Attempt to starve
Germany
• British mine North Sea
• Extension of definition
of contraband
• Britain invades German
colonies in East Africa

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 Germany Retaliates
• German fleet inferior to
British
• Germany uses
submarine warfare
• 1915 Zone of warfare
around Britain –sink all Unterseebooten – U boats
merchant vessels
• Attempt to starve
Britain

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Germans torpedo passenger ships

• Lusitania – British ship

• 4,200 cases of Remington

 
rifle cartridges
• Fuses, empty shrapnel shells
• Britain compromised non-
                                                               

                                          belligerent status of ships

• Britain starts to use convoys

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U.S. economic interests: Result of
Blockade
a. U.S. trade with Germany and Austria
(1914: $169 Million; 1916: $1 Million)
b. U.S. trade with England and Allies
(1914: $825 Million; 1916: $3,214
Million)
c. U.S. bank loans to England and Allies
(March 1915 - April 1917: $2 Billion
plus)

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59
 The War Reaches a Stalemate
• The First Battle of the Marne ended in a stalemate, and both French and German soldiers dug
trenches, or deep ditches, to defend their positions and seek shelter from enemy fire.
• By late 1914, two massive systems of trenches stretched 400 miles across Western Europe, and
the battle lines known as the Western Front extended from Switzerland to the North Sea.
• Trench warfare, or fighting from trenches, was an old strategy that had been used in Africa,
Asia, and the Americas.
• This trench warfare, however, was different because of its scale.
– Soldiers lived in trenches, surrounded by machine-gun fire, flying grenades, and exploding
artillery shells.
– Opposing forces had machine guns pointed at enemy trenches at all times, firing whenever
a helmet or rifle appeared over the top.
– Thousands of men that ran into the area between the trenches, known as “no-man’s-land,”
were chopped down by enemy fire.
• Neither the Allies nor the Germans were able to make significant advances, creating a
stalemate, or deadlock.

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The Western Front
• “The Race with Death”
-- “Going over the top”
-- “No Man’s Land”
• Gap between officers and
enlisted men
• Daily routine of the World
War I soldier

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TRENCH WARFARE

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 Trench Warfare
• Technology superior to tactics
– Machine gun versus a human charge
through "No man's land"
– New technology = poison gas, airplanes
• Very high death rates
– Battle of the Somme = 600,000 allied and
500,000 German dead for 125 miles of land
– Battle of Verdun = 700,000 killed on both
sides with no gain in territory
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 Trench Warfare
• From Erich Remarque's All Quiet on
the Western Front
"We see men living with their skulls
blown open; we see soldiers run with
their two feet cut off… Still the little
piece of convulsed earth in which we
lie is held. We have yielded no more
than a few hundred yards of it as a
prize to the enemy. But on every yard
there lies a dead man."
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65
 YPRES
• First Battle of Ypres was last major
battle of the first year (1914)
• This battle marked the end of the Race
to the Sea where Germans tried to reach
French ports of Calais and Dunkirk,
which were the main supply routes for
the British Expeditionary Force.
• Germans called the battle "The Massacre
of the Innocents" (German
"Kindermord").
• Many of German units consisted of
enthusiastic students. Their offensive
had been stopped by a British force,
which although outnumbered was highly
professional having learned many
lessons from the Boer War.
• The BEF was effectively destroyed at
First Ypres but bought the British
valuable time to reinforce the lines
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 Battle of Ypres, Belgium November 1914

•Last open Battle of the Western Front

•British and French halt German advance to
English Channel

•German & French Casualties:

•300,000 killed; 600,000 wounded
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 1915
• January 19, 1915 First German Zeppelin air raid on England.
• February 4 Germany declares a submarine blockade of Great
Britain. Any boat approaching England is considered a legitimate
target.
• April 22-May 5 Second Battle of Ypres marks first use of
chemical weapons.
• April 25 Allies begin assault on Gallipoli peninsula in Turkey.
• May 7 Sinking of the passenger ship Lusitania.
• May 23 Italy declares war on Austria-Hungary.
• August 30 Germany responds to U.S. anger by ceasing to sink
ships without warning.
• December 28 Allies begin withdrawal of troops from Gallipoli.

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Second Battle of Ypres The Second Battle of Ypres involved
April 22-May 31, 1915 four battles around Ypres. The first
of these four battles began on 22
April 1915 as a surprise offensive
by the German 4th Army on the
Allied front line.
This attack saw the first use of a new
German weapon on the Western
Front: poisonous gas. A breeze
moving towards French troops
carried the deadly gas. It had a
devastating effect on the French
and the German infantry made a
significant advance into Allied
territory.
During the next four weeks the Allied
Forces of Belgium, France and
Britain fought to hold off the
successful German advance and
to regain the ground that had been
lost north of Ypres. The fourth
battle ended on 25 May 1915.

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 YPRES X3
• The Battle of Ypres includes three
battles. They were fought in
Ypres, Belgium.
• The town of Ypres was always
under attack from the Germans
because it was a key point in
keeping them from the English
Channel.

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72
In Flanders Fields...

73
the

poppies

grow....

74
between the crosses,

row on row ...

75
that mark our place ...

76
and in the sky the larks, still singing bravely, fly...

77
scarce heard amid the guns below ...

78
we are the dead ...
79
short days ago we lived ...
80
81
82
l
o
v
e
d

83
and were loved ...
84
and now we lie in Flanders Fields. 85
 Take
up
our
quarrel
with
our
foe
86
to you from failing hands... 87
we throw the torch ...

88
be yours to hold it high.

89
 If ye
break
faith with
us who
die ...
90
we shall not sleep ....

91
though poppies grow in Flanders Fields.

92
IN TIMES OF WAR

93
This scene was played out in thousands of train
stations as men prepared to go to war.
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Many men would never return home. 95
 Battles on the Western Front
While people on the home front supported their troops, the war
in Western Europe was going badly for the Allied Powers.
The Italian Front The Battle of Verdun
• Italy joined Allied Powers, • Germans planned assault on
May 1915 French fortress, Verdun
• Believed French would defend
• Sent forces against Austria- fortress at all costs
Hungary at border with Italy • Battle of Verdun meant to kill,
• Series of back-and-forth injure as many French soldiers as
possible
battles
• 400,000 French casualties in 10
• Little progress made months of fighting, almost as
many for Germany
97
The Battle of the Somme
• British launched attack in Somme River area to pull German troops away
from Verdun
• Main assault during 1916, but no major breakthrough
• Both sides lost great number of troops; British suffered nearly 60,000
casualties on the first day of fighting

The Third Battle of Ypres

• Failed French offensive caused rebellion among French soldiers, spring
1917
• British began offensive near Ypres, Belgium, site of German attacks
• Third Battle of Ypres a disaster for British
• After 3 years of battle, front lines remained virtually unchanged

98
 Battle of Verdun
• 10 months
• 700,000 men killed

99
Case Studies in Industrial
Warfare
• Battles of Attrition
• The Battle of Verdun
(February-June, 1916)
--German attack opened by
most massive military
bombardment in history
--longest single battle of the
war
--The “sacred road”
--600,000 men died

100
The Battle of Verdun
February 21. 1916 – July 1916

The Allies had planned to launch a

joint French and British assault
in the region of the Somme. The
target date was the middle of
1916. However, in February the
Allied plan was upset when the
Germans began an assault on
the fortress-ringed city of
Verdun. The belief was that
Verdun was essential to the
French that France would fight
to the death. On February 21,
the German artillery barrage
began and, for the next several
months both sides unleashed
soldiers and shells at each By
Christmas, when the battle
finally ended, 800,000 men had
lost their lives.

One hundred and twenty-five miles

northwest of Verdun, the British
and French armies joined at the
Somme river. A French-British
offensive was planned here for
1916 to relieve pressure on the
French at Verdun.

101
 Battle of Verdun February-July 1916

•Germans believed they could win a war of attrition

w/ Allies.
•Verdun, a series of fortifications in rolling hills.
•Almost 1,000,000 killed or wounded.
•French lost 325,000 (90,000 killed), in one assault at
“Dead Man’s Hill.” 102
Battle of Verdun 1916

•24 million shells used

•equates to 1,000 shells
per square meter of the
Battlefield.

103
 VERDUN
• "They shall not pass." -Philippe Pétain
• fought between Feb and Dec 1916.
• resulted in nearly one million deaths and an additional
450,000 wounded and missing.
• one of longest and bloodiest battles in history.

104
 VERDUN
• Douaumont Ossuary (remains of 130,000 unknown soldiers) and
National cemetery (15,000 graves of identified French soldiers).
• Germany captured a centre of France's fortifications -Fort Douaumont
but could not capture Verdun itself.

105
 Verdun
• Germans assaulted French forces
with massive artillery barrage
and then advanced on French
trenches using flamethrowers for
the first time.

106
 VERDUN AFTERMATH
• apparent successes of fixed fortification system
(with the exception of Fort Douaumont) led to
adoption of the Maginot Line as preferred method of
defense along the Franco-German border during the
inter-war years.
• France's army was plagued not with desertions, but
rather with a general refusal to march face-first into
the teeth of Germany's impregnable positions.
• France's troops remained in their trenches, willing to
fight only in a defensive capacity.

107
 The Battle of Verdun was
fought from Feb. 21, 1916
through Dec. 15, 1916.
 It was between the French
and Germans. The French
won.
 The French suffered 371,000
casualties; the Germans
suffered 337,000 casualities.
Many men were also maimed.
 The battle became a symbol of
French determination to hold
ground and repel the enemy
at any cost.
Case Studies of Industrial
Warfare (cont)
• The Battle of the Somme (July-
November, 1916)
--Seven Days and Seven Nights
of British bombardment
--60,000 British dead in 12
minutes
--1 million dead for just 7 miles
of land
• The Changing atmosphere of
War
--complete breakdown of
human existence

109
The Battle of the Somme
July 1,1916 –November 1916

The Allies had planned to launch a joint

French and British assault in the
region of the Somme. The target date
was the middle of 1916. However, in
February the Allied plan was upset
when the Germans began an assault
on the fortress-ringed city of Verdun.
The belief was that Verdun was essential
to the French that France would fight
to the death. On February 21, the
German artillery barrage began and,
for the next several months both
sides unleashed soldiers and shells
at each By Christmas, when the battle
finally ended, 800,000 men had lost
their lives.
 
During this horrendous fighting, the
French sent frantic appeals to Sir
Douglas Haig, the new British
commander, to hasten the Somme
offensive and to take the pressure off
Verdun.

110
 Battle of the Somme July-Nov. 1916

•British & French felt a massive assault on German forces

would turn tide of war.
•After a week of constant bombardment, the British came
out of their trenches.
•By the end of the first day, British casualties were 110, 000
(19,000 dead). 111
 BATTLE OF THE SOMME
• 1916- Battle of the Somme was one of the largest battles, with
more than one million casualties. The British and French forces
attempted to break through the German lines along a 25 mile
(40 km) front north and south of the River Somme in northern
France. One purpose of the battle was to draw German forces
away from the battle of Verdun; however, by its end the losses on
the Somme had exceeded those at Verdun

112
 BATTLE OF THE SOMME
• The battle is best remembered for its first day, 1 July
1916, on which the British suffered 57,470 casualties of
which 19,240 were killed or died of wounds. It remains
the bloodiest day in the history of the British Army.

113
 BATTLE OF THE
SOMME MOVIE
• For the first time the home front
in Britain was exposed to the
horrors of modern war with the
release of the propaganda film,
The Battle of the Somme which
used actual footage from the first
days of the battle.
• The film spanned five reels and
lasted 63 minutes . It was first
screened on 10 August, 1916,
while the battle was still raging.
• On 21 August the film began
showing simultaneously in 34
London cinemas.

114
 SOMME MOVIE CONT…
• film was screened for British soldiers at rest in France where it
provided new recruits with some idea of what they were about to
face. Soldier's main complaint was failure of film to capture
sounds of battle. However, as a silent film, the titles could be
remarkably forthright, describing images of injury and death.
• film was shown to British public as a morale booster and was
favourably received. British public's response to film was
enormous with an estimated 20 million tickets being sold in two
months. On this basis, The Battle of the Somme remains one of the
most successful British films ever.

115
 Battle of the Somme 1916

•Britain lost 420,000; France-200,000; Germany-650,000.

•More British soldiers died in the first three days at the Somme than
Americans in WWI, Korea & Vietnam combined.
•Ends in a Stalemate

116
The Battle of Passchendaele
31 July 1917 – 10 November 1917

•This battle was fought for control of the city of

Passchendaele.
• The city was located on a ridge that sat above the rest
of the land, offering whoever had control of the city a
strategic advantage in the war.
•The plan was to drive through the German forces and
reach the Belgium coast where they would capture the
submarine bases located there.
•Also, by distracting the Germans there would be less
pressure on the French, who were suffering from low
morale. 117
Where oh where~
• Ypres, West Flanders,
Belgium
• Mud soaked, hell
ridden, shell molested
badlands!

118
 When
The battle of Passendale was apart of a campaign
which is also known as the Third Battle of Ypres.
• The campaign lasted from July 31st to November
10th, 1917

• There had been previous battles revolving around

the district of Ypres in both 1915 and 1916.

119
 The sides!
• Britain • German Empire

• France

• Canada

• Australia

• New Zealand

120
 Entente Alliance
Commanders Commanders
• Douglas Haig • Max von Gallwitz
• Hubert Gough • Erich Ludendorff
• Herbert Plumer
• Arthur Currie

121
Douglas Haig,
1st Earl Haig
• He was a British soldier and
senior commander during
World War I.
• He was commander of the
British Expeditionary Force
during the Battle of the
Somme and the 3rd Battle
of Ypres.
• His tenure as commander
of the BEF made Haig one
of the most controversial
military commanders in
British history
122
 Hubert Gough
Sir Hubert de la Poer Gough
• Gough was a cavalry
officer who, as a
favourite of the British
Commander-in-Chief,
General Sir Douglas
Haig, experienced a
meteoric rise through
the ranks during the
war.

123
 Herbert Plumer,
1st Viscount Plumer
• Plumer was an Infantry officer
and as a result it could be
argued that he understood
somewhat better what could
reasonably be expected of his
troops bearing in mind the
terrain, the weather conditions
and morale.
• Plumer, a meticulous planner,
would often express the plans
of the his superiors as being too
ambitous and more often than
not, as seen at the third battle
of Ypres, Passchendaele he
124
would be proved to be right.
 Arthur Currie
General Sir Arthur William Currie
• He made sure all troops were able
to perform platoon
responsibilities, briefing of the
frontline troops, the use of
counter-battery fire measures and
constant patrolling of the enemy
defenses all contributed to the
effectiveness of the Canadian
Corps at Vimy and for the rest of
the War.
• Currie and the Canadian Corps
were successful again at
Passchendaele (the Third Battle of
Ypres) in November, but at the
cost of 16,000 men.
• Currie had accurately predicted
these high casualty figures when
Haig ordered his troops to attack.
125
 Max von Gallwitz
Max Karl Wilhelm von Gallwitz
• Gallwitz began the war as
a corps commander on the
Western Front, but was
almost immediately
transferred east to join the
Eighth Army under
Hindenburg.
• In 1915 he took command
of Army Group Gallwitz

126
 Erich Ludendorff
General Erich Ludendorff
• In World War I Ludendorff was
first appointed Deputy chief of
staff to Germany's Second Army,
under Karl von Bülow, as he was
knowledgeable about capturing
the forts of Liege.
• This was a crucial part of the
Schlieffen Plan.
• This task accomplished,
Ludendorff was sent to East
Prussia where he worked with
Paul von Hindenburg as his Chief
of Staff.
• Hindenburg relied heavily upon
Ludendorff and Hoffmann in
crafting his victories in the battles
of Tannenberg and the Masurian
Lakes.
127
 Significance
• The city of Passchendaele has strategic significance.
• You must pass through here in order to reach the coast.
• The ports located there are a key part shipping equipment and
goods.
• This battle was important to the Belgium people because it was the
last city left free of German rule.
• Upon arriving at Passchendaele with Canadian Troops, Canada’s
Commander-in-Chief General Sir Arthur Currie estimated that 16,000
would die in order to complete this task.
• Passchendaele is the current spelling for the city of Passchendaele,
and it’s old spelling is used specifically as a reference to the battle.
128
 PASSCHENDAELE
• Battle of Passchendaele, otherwise known as Third Battle of Ypres, fought by
British, ANZAC, & Canadian soldiers against German army near Ypres
• village is now known as Passendale, the term Passchendaele alone is now used to
refer to this battle. The label "Passchendaele" should properly apply only to
battle's later actions in Oct–Nov 1917, but has come to be applied also to the entire
campaign from July 31. After three months of fierce fighting, the Canadians took
Passchendaele on Nov 6, 1917, ending the battle.

129
 PASSCHENDAELE
• "...I died in Hell
• (they called it
Passchendaele) my
wound was slight
• and I was hobbling
back; and then a shell
• burst slick upon the
duckboards; so I fell
• into the bottomless
mud, and lost the
light"
• -- Siegfried Sassoon

130
 Weaponry

• Mark IV Tanks were used by the British, mainly in the battle of

Messiness Hill – just prior and South of the battle of
Passchendaele (Third battle of Ypres)
Weaponry Cont’.

132
 Strategies
• “Bite and Hold” : where the attackers were
to gain a small portion of front, and hold it
against counter-attacks.
• 1,295 guns were concentrated in the area
• Germans had artillery accurately aimed in
No-Man’s Land.

133
 Conditions
• Ground conditions during the whole Ypres-Passchendaele
action were atrocious.
• Continuous shelling destroyed drainage canals in the
area, and unseasonable heavy rain turned the whole area
into a sea of mud and water-filled shell-craters.
• The troops walked up to the front over paths made of
duckboards laid across the mud, often carrying up to one
hundred pounds (45 kg) of equipment.
• It was possible for them to slip off the path into the
craters and drown before they could be rescued.
• The trees were reduced to blunted trunks, the branches
and leaves torn away, and the bodies of men buried after
previous actions were often uncovered by the rain or
later shelling.
134
• First battle of
Passchendaele produced
13,000 Allied casualties;
which stacked on top of the Casualties
100,000 dead already.
• Germans lost about
270,000 men.
• British Empire forces lost
about 450,000, including
36,500 Australians and
16,000 Canadians - the
latter of which were lost in
the intense final assault
between October 26 and German
November 10;
• 90,000 British and British
Australian bodies were
never identified, and Australia
42,000 never recovered. n
Candian
135
 The man beside him, who had
Quotations been through the campaign,
replied tonelessly, 'It's worse
– "I died in Hell further on up.'"
• — Leon Wolff, In Flanders
– (they called it Fields
Passchendaele); my wound
was slight "Passchendaele was just a
terrible, terrible place. We
– and I was hobbling back; used to walk along these
and then a shell wooden duckboards -
something like ladders laid
– burst slick upon the on the ground. The
duckboards; so I fell Germans would
concentrate on these
– into the bottomless mud, things. If a man was hit
and lost the light" and wounded and fell off
he could easily drown in
• — Siegfried Sassoon the mud and never be
seen again. You just did
not want go off the
duckboards." — Private
Richard W. Mercer
(911016)

136
137
 Iron Maiden: Passchendaele
In a foreign field he lay • Whistles, shouts and more gun fire
lonely soldier unknown grave lifeless bodies hang on barbed wire
on his dying words he prays battlefield nothing but a bloody
tell the WORLD of Paschendale tomb
be reunited with my dead friends
Relive all that he's been through soon
last communion of his soul many soldiers eighteen years
rust your bullets with his tears drown in mud, no more tears
let me tell you 'bout his years surely a war no one can win
killing time about to begin
Laying low in a blood filled trench
Home, far away. From the war, a
killing time 'til my very own death
chance to live again
on my face I can feel the falling rain
Home, far away. But the war, no
never see my friends again chance to live again
in the smoke, in the mud and lead
smell of fear and feeling of dread
soon be time to go over the wall
rapid fire and the end of us all 138
• The bodies of ours and our foes • I stand my ground for the very
the sea of death it overflows last time
in no man's land God only knows
into jaws of death we go... gun is ready as I stand in line
nervous wait for the whistle to
Crucified as if on a cross blow
allied troops, they mourn their loss rush of blood and over we go...
German war propaganda machine
such before has never been seen
swear I heard the angels cry Blood is falling like the rain
pray to God no more may die its crimson cloak unveils again
so that people know the truth the sound of guns can't hide
tell the tale of Paschendale their shame
Cruelty has a human heart
and so we die in Paschendale
everyman does play his part
terror of the men we kill
the human heart is hungry still

139
• Dodging shrapnel and barbed wire
running straight at cannon fire
running blind as I hold my breath
say a prayer symphony of death
as we charge the enemy lines
a burst of fire and we go down
I choke a cry but no one hears
feel the blood go down my throat

Home, far away. From the war, a chance to live again

Home, far away. But the war, no chance to live again
Home, far away. From the war, a chance to live again
Home, far away. But the war, no chance to live again

See my spirit on the wind

across the lines beyond the hill
friend and foe will meet again
those who died at Paschendale

140
 VIMY RIDGE
• seminal event in Canadian history
• Vimy, located in northern France, was one of most heavily
defended points on Western Front and was thought to be
impregnable.
• Germans fortified it with tunnels, 3 rows of trenches
behind barbed wire, and numerous machine gun nests.
French and British had suffered thousands of casualties in
previous attempts to take Ridge; the French alone lost 150
000 men at Vimy in 1915. The ridge was a crucial point
that allowed Germans to control much of surrounding
territory.
• Canadians determined to learn from mistakes of French
and British and spent months planning their attack.
• Built a replica of the Ridge behind own lines, and trained
using platoon-level tactics, including issuing detailed
maps to ordinary soldiers rather than officers or NCOs
alone.
• Each platoon given a specific task by commanding
officers, rather than vague instructions from an absent
general.
• employed older techniques such as detonation of large
mines under German trenches. 141
 VIMY RIDGE
• On April 2, 1917, the Canadians launched
largest artillery barrage in history up to
that point. They shelled the German
trenches for the next week, using over one
million shells. The attack was loud enough
that it could be heard in London.
• Easter Monday, April 9, the 30 000-strong
Canadians began the attack, using a
creeping barrage, a new technique
whereby soldiers walked across No-Man's
Land just behind a continuous line of
shells
• After less than two hours, three of the four
Canadian divisions had taken their
objectives; the fourth division, however,
was caught by the machine gun nests on
the highest point of the Ridge known as
Hill 145. The 87th Battalion suffered 50%
casualties.

142
 VIMY RIDGE CONT…
• By April 12 the Canadians controlled the
entire Ridge, at a cost of 3598 men killed
and 7104 wounded. The Germans
suffered approximately 20 000
casualties. The Canadians also took
4,000 German POWs.
• It was the first time in Canadian history
that its army fought as a complete
organization in an independent battle.
• The capture of the Ridge by the
Canadian Corps, under the command of
British General Julian H.G. Byng with
Canadian General Sir Arthur Currie
acting as Chief-of-Staff), was a turning
point for Allies.
• The success of the Canadian forces in
this battle and others earned them a place
at the post-war peace negotiations, a
clear mark of the nation's independence
from Britain.
143
144
 Wider Involvement
• Ottomans entered war in 1915 on
side of the Central Powers
– Wanted to acquire Russian territory
– Turkey slaughtered millions of
Armenians to get their land
– Britain wanted to protect trade routes to
India
• Arabs promised their own country if they
would join with Britain against the Ottomans

145
Battle of Salonika, Greece Nov. 1915

•Allies aided Serbia against

Bulgaria(joined Central Powers
October 1915).

•By December, Serbia crushed by

Germany, Aust-Hungary, & Bulgaria

•Tied up 500,000 Allied troops.

146
 War around the World
Much of the early fighting took place in Europe, but the conflict quickly
became a true world war as fighting spread around the globe. Over 30
nations officially took sides in the war.

Gallipoli Campaign Spring 1915 Major Loss

• Ottoman Empire • Allies landed force • Ottoman subjects in
joined Central on Gallipoli Arabian Peninsula
Powers, late 1914 Peninsula rebelled later in war
• Controlled sea • Attempted to destroy • British sent T.E.
passage, Dardanelles guns, forts on Lawrence to support
Dardanelles Arabs
• Used by Allies to
ship supplies to • Gave up after months • Arabs overthrew
Russia of fighting, 200,000 Ottoman rule
deaths
 The Global Nature of WWI
• In 1915 Britain landed British, Australian & New
Zealand troops at Gallipoli in the Dardanelles Straits in an
attempt to:
a) knock Turkey out of the war
b) open up access to the Black Sea & Russia
• The campaign would be a disaster as Gallipoli is one of
the most easily defended territories in the world – high
cliffs, small beachheads – over 50% of the Allies troops
were killed or wounded (approx. 250,000)
• Both France & Britain mobilized troops from their
African colonies – usually in support roles (construction,
guard duty) – more than 2 ½ million participated in some
way
• Britain mobilized forces from India to fight against the
Ottomans in the Middle East – T.E. Lawrence (Lawrence
of Arabia) persuaded Arab princes to rise up against the
Ottomans – by 1917 much of their former empire had
revolted
• Japan & Australia attacked & seized German colonies in
Pacific
• The Ottoman Empire waged a campaign of genocide
against the Armenians in the Caucasus – killing over 1
million & displacing millions more – Adolf Hitler studied
this event intensely & noted the lack of response from the 148
world to stop the slaughter
 War around the World
Armenian Massacre Caucasus
• Different conflict elsewhere in • Mountain region between Black and
Ottoman Empire during Gallipoli Caspian seas
Campaign • Home to ethnic Christian
• Russia launched attack in Caucasus Armenians, minority in Muslim
Ottoman Empire

Use of Force Violence, starvation

• Ottoman leaders claimed Armenians • 600,000 Armenians died in
aided Russians massacre
• Began forcibly removing Armenians • Ottoman leaders accused of
from Caucasus, spring 1915 genocide, destruction of racial,
political or cultural group

149
Turkish Genocide Against Armenians

A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!

150
Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
Districts & Vilayets of Western
1914 1922
Armenia in Turkey
Erzerum 215,000 1,500
Van 197,000 500
Kharbert 204,000 35,000
Diarbekir 124,000 3,000
Bitlis 220,000 56,000
Sivas 225,000 16,800
     
Other Armenian-populated Sites
   
in Turkey
Western Anatolia 371,800 27,000
Cilicia and Northern Syria 309,000 70,000
European Turkey 194,000 163,000
Trapizond District 73,390 15,000
Total 2,133,190 387,800 151
Battle of Gallipoli April-Dec. 1915

•Objectives:

•Open the Dardanelles to supply Russia

through the Black Sea.
•Prevent Turks from disrupting Suez
Canal trade.
•Strengthen British colonial interests
in the Middle East.

152
153
Gallipoli Campaign The Gallipoli Campaign was an attempt to
gain control of the Dardanelles and
capture Constantinople. This would open
a Black Sea supply route to Russia. The
idea originated with Winston Churchill,
then First Lord of the Admiralty. After the
failure (March 1915) of a British naval
force to open the straits, British,
Australian, and New Zealand troops
landed (Apr. 25) at various points on the
east coast of the Gallipoli Peninsula,
while a French force landed on the Asian
side of the straits. The Turks were ready
and prevented the Allies from making any
important gains.
 
Churchill’s plan failed due to Allied
bureaucratic incompetence. Allied
cooperation was poor and there was lack
of coordination between land and naval
forces. The result was a premature naval
attack without sufficient support from the
army. The two-month delay between the
navy's arrival at Gallipoli (Feb., 1915) and
the arrival of land forces (Apr., 1915) gave
the Turkish army plenty of time to
reinforce its troops. The landing (Aug.,
1915) at Suvla on the west coast of the
peninsula was followed by months of
costly fighting. Eventually, the Allies
withdrew from the area on Jan. 9, 1916.
The evacuation, unlike the attack, has
been described by some as brilliantly
executed.

154
 Gallipoli 1915

Allied troops, mostly ANZUS (Australian & NZ, lost

between 200-400,000 before retreating.

155
 GALLIPOLI
• The Battle of Gallipoli took place on the Turkish peninsula of Gallipoli in
1915. A combined Allied operation was mounted in order to eventually
capture the Ottoman capital of Constantinople. The attempt failed, and an
estimated 131,000 soldiers were killed and 262,000 wounded.
• In Britain it is called the Dardanelles Campaign and in Australia and New
Zealand it is known simply as Gallipoli

156
157
 GALLIPOLI MOVIE
• The film Gallipoli (1981) is an
account of several young men from
rural Western Australia who enlist
in the Australian armed forces.
They are sent to Turkey, where
they take part in the Battle of
Gallipoli.
• It stars Mel Gibson.
• The climax of the movie occurs on
the Anzac battlefield at Gallipoli
and depicts the ill-fated attack at
the Nek on the morning of the
August 7, 1915

158
GALLIPOLI

159
 War around the World

Other Fighting
• War also fought in Asia and Africa
• Japan declared war on Germany
– Part of military agreement with Great Britain
– Japanese captured German colonies in China
– British, French attacked German colonies in Africa
• Allied colonies scattered around world made contributions
to war
– Some colonists worked as laborers to keep armies supplied
– Others fought, died in battles in hope of winning independence
– Hopes were in vain

160
 Russian Collapse & U.S. Entry into WWI (1917)
• Despite having the world’s largest army, technological
& industrial production deficiencies plagued the Russian
army – they quickly began to suffer huge losses &
shortages on food, munitions, clothing & other essentials
• By 1917 Russia had suffered 5 million dead/wounded,
civil unrest was widespread & mutiny was commonplace
within Russian military units
• Czar Nicholas II abdicated the throne in 1917 ending
the Romanov Dynasty (300 years) – eventually the
Bolshevik Party (Communists) took power & signed a
peace agreement w/ Germany in 1918 – they lost
significant territory & a new form of gov’t had emerged – Above – Bolsheviks storm the Czar’s Winter Palace;
this event re-forged the attitude that Germany could win Below – The NY Times announces the sinking of the
Lusitania
the war
• The U.S. had proclaimed a policy of neutrality &
isolationism during WWI – but continued to openly trade
w/ Britain & supply them w/ military materiel – this led
Germany to declare “Unrestricted
“Unrestricted Submarine Warfare”
Warfare”
on all ships in the Atlantic – both military & civilian
• The sinking of the Lusitania (a civilian liner) in 1917 &
the Zimmerman Telegram – a German offer to Mexico to
declare war on the US pushed the US into WWI
• The US would first see battle in 1918 & their presence
dramatically tilted the balance of the war – Germany
now clearly had no chance of winning – though they 161
were not decisively defeated
Zimmermann Telegram 1917
• “make war together,
make peace together,
generous financial
support and an
understanding on our
part that Mexico is to
reconquer the lost
territory in Texas, New
Mexico, and Arizona.”

162
America gets into the act

163
"We are glad ... to fight thus for the
ultimate peace of the world and for the
liberation of its peoples, the German
peoples included. . . The world must be
made safe for democracy. We desire no
conquest, no dominion. We seek no
indemnities for ourselves, no material
compensation for the sacrifices we shall
freely make. We are but one of the
champions of the rights of mankind....
--W. Wilson Message to Congress
April 2, 1917.
164
Selective Service 1917
• Less than 100,000
volunteer in first weeks –
1 million needed
• Supervised
decentralization
• Local draft boards
• 24 million men registered
23% pop
• 4.8 million serve

165
 United States
• War at sea initiated US involvement
– Americans initially supplied both the
Allies and the Central Powers
– Blockade brought sinking of US ships
– Germans killed 1000 Americans
– Americans entered the war on side of
the Allies
• Tipped the balance in trench warfare
– General Jack Pershing

166
 Russian Revolution
• Unhappiness with the war
among the Russian people
– Germany/Austria beating
Russians
• Changes in government
– Lenin transported
– Mensheviks (moderates)
victorious
• Bolshevik counter revolution
• Russia withdraws from war
– Germany ready to have a
single front war
167
168
 1917
• February 1, 1917 Germany again declares unrestricted
submarine warfare.
• April 6 The United States declares war on Germany.
• July 6 T.E. Lawrence and the Arabs capture Aquaba.
• July 16-November 10 Third Battles of Ypres, known as
Passchendaele, results in minor gains, but still no breakthrough.
• November 7 Bolshevik socialists, led by Lenin, overthrow
Kerensky's government.
• December 3 The new Russian government, represented by
Leon Trotsky, signs an armistice with Germany.
• December 9 British capture Jerusalem.

169
 Left: Over four months in 1918 the German

1918: The End Nears army launched five major assaults at

different parts of he allied line. Initially
the plan worked. But for every allied
trench captured, there was always
another for the Germans to take. Soon the
elite German storm troopers were a
depleted force. As desperation set in, the
Germans resorted to the tactic of mass
assault. Large numbers of casualties
resulted.

The Hindenburg Line- the last and strongest of

the German army's defence - consisted of
three well-defended trench systems
established in 1917. Throughout
September 1918, Australian forces had
helped the British army to secure
positions from which an attack on the
Hindenburg Line could be launched.

On 18 September 1918, an attack was

launched on the first part of the
Hindenburg Line.Troops, supported by
huge artillery barrages, attacked the
heavily fortified German defences and
machine-gun posts. Using only eight
tanks (as well as dummy tanks) to
distract the Germans 4,300 prisoners
were taken.

On 29 September, the line was finally broken..

The fighting lasted four days and resulted
in heavy losses. Eventually, the Allies
broke through the third and final stage of
the Hindenburg Line, and the Germans
were forced to fall back. 170
 1918
• January 8, 1918 President Woodrow Wilson declares his 14 points
as the path to world peace.
• March 21 Germans launch the first of five major offensives to win
the war before American troops appear in the trenches.
• April 25 British and Australian troops stop the German advance near
Amiens
• May 23 German shells land on Paris.
• August 8 Allied counteroffensives on the Somme push the German
army back.
• September 29 Allied troops break through the German fortifications
at the Hindenberg line.
• November 11 At eleven o'clock on the eleventh day of the eleventh
month of 1918, the war ends as Germany and Allies sign an
Armistice.

171
 Battle of Belleau Wood – June, 1918
· This was the
first battle
involving U.S.
troops.
· The Germans
were defeated
after three
weeks of battle.

* The Allied
defense of Paris
"American Marines in Belleau Wood”
was the turning
(1918) Georges Scott (1873-1943)
point of the172
war.
 Battle for Belleau Wood
• 4 June 1918 Germans reach their “high water
mark”, but are turned back by 5th Marines at Les
Mares Farms, 50 miles from Paris.
• 5 June 1918, 4th Marine Brigade (5th and 6th
Regiments, 6th Machine Gun Battalion) enters
Belleau Wood to stop German advance. French
are retreating as Marines arrive. One Frenchman
advises Marines to join the retreat, Capt Lloyd
Williams replies “Retreat, hell. We just got here.”
• Marines begin picking off Germans at 800 yards
(200 yds considered far to Germans)

173
 Belleau Wood
• June 6 1/5 charges twice. Sustains 410 and 1087
casualties, respectively. Marines gain toe hold on
woods.
– Dan Daly: “Come on you sons of bitches. Do you want to live
forever?”
• Marines fight until 16 June when an Army unit relieves
them
• 22 June Marines reenter fight.
• 26 June Maj Shearer sends signal, “Woods are now
entirely US Marine Corps.”
• Victory was not the product of sound tactics, but of the
discipline and determination of the Brigade.

174
 Teufel Hunden
• Devil Dog title given Marines
by Germans “Teufel Hunden”
• “The 2nd American Division must
be considered a very good one,
and may perhaps even be
reckoned as storm troops. The
different attacks on Belleau Wood
were carried out with bravery and
dash. The moral effect of our
gunfire cannot seriously impede
the advance of the American
riflemen.” German intel
dispatch

175
In view of the brilliant conduct of the
4th Marine Brigade… which in a
spirited fight captured… Belleau
Wood, fiercely defended by the enemy
in force, the Commanding General,
VI Army, decrees that henceforth in
all official papers, Belleau Wood shall
bear the name, Bois De La Brigade
De Marine.”
French citation dated 30 June 1918
I believe they are soldiers from
Montezuma. At least when they
advanced this morning they were
all singing “From the Halls of
Montezuma, to the Shores of
Tripoli.”
French soldier describing
the unit fighting on his 176
regiment’s right during WWI.
Battle of the Argonne Forest – Sept.-Oct., 1918

· The battle
was fought
in an
attempt to
push
Germany
further out
of France.

177
· After forty-seven days and heavy casualties, the Germans
retreated.

178
American gunners battle through the Argonne Forest.
 The War Ends
The Germans’ Last Offensive
• At midnight on July 14, 1918, the Germans launched their last offensive at the Second
Battle of the Marne.
• U.S. blew up every bridge the Germans built across the Marne River, and the German
army retreated on August 3, after suffering 150,000 casualties.
• The Allies began a counterattack in September 1918 and, fighting as a separate army for
the first time, defeated German troops at Mihiel, near the French-German border.

Allies Push Forward

• Allies continued their advance toward the French city of Sedan on the Belgian border,
which held the main German supply railway.
• By November, the Allies had reached and occupied the hills around Sedan.

The Armistice
• By 1918 the war crippled the German economy, causing food strikes and riots, and
revolution swept across Austria-Hungary.
• The Central Powers lacked the will to continue and started to surrender.
• Austria-Hungary, and then Germany, surrendered, and the Allies demanded that
Germany surrender its weapons and allow Allied occupation of some areas.
•Armistice signed on November 11, 1918 @ 11 am
•10 million soldiers killed, 20 million wounded
180
 WWI by the Numbers
• Over 8 million Military Deaths
• Over 21 million wounded
• Over 2 million missing
• Cost of $337 billion (1918
Dollars)
• Over 2 million civilian deaths
• An additional 20+ million will
die from the 1918 global flu
(Spanish Flu) epidemic – not
directly related to the war

181
* Approximately 13 million people died and 20 million were
wounded in the war.

182
 Entente Powers Military Total Deaths Military
Deaths Wounded
Australia[1] 61,928 61,928 152,171
Belgium[2] 42,987 104,987 44,686
Canada[3] 64,944 66,944 149,732
France[4] 1,397,800 1,697,800 4,266,000
India[6] 74,187 74,187 69,214
Italy[7] 651,010 1,240,010 953,886
Romania[13] 250,000 680,000 120,000
Russia[14] 1,811,000 3,311,000 4,950,000
Serbia[15] 275,000 725,000 133,148
United Kingdom[17] 885,138 994,138 1,663,435
United States[18] 116,708 117,465 205,690
Total
5,696,056 10,353,813 12,809,280
183
(Entente Powers)
184
 Military
Central Powers Military Deaths Total Deaths
Wounded
Austria-Hungary[19] 1,100,000 1,567,000 3,620,000
Bulgaria[20] 87,500 187,500 152,390
Germany[21] 2,036,897 2,462,897 4,247,143
Ottoman Empire[22] 800,000 5,000,000 400,000
Total
4,024,397 9,415,397 8,419,533
(Central Powers)

185
186
 Social Impact
• Men lost limbs and were mutilated
• Birthrate fell markedly
• Invalids unable to work
• Ethnic hostility
• Influenza epidemic

187
 Psychological impact
• “Never such innocence again”
• Bitterness towards aristocratic officers
whose lives were never in danger

188
•Homelessness, food shortages & high prices
•13 million civilians killed: disease, famine & injuries

189
•Industry & manufacturing dropped 25% below 1914 levels
•Cities lay in ruins, transportation in some areas was impossible
•Estimated total cost: $350 billion
190
Ideals were destroyed & most Europeans were ashamed
as they looked at their huge cemeteries.
191