Module 9 (Lecture 29)

Module 9
Biological Treatment I-Composting

Lecture 29
Vermicomposting
Vermicomposting
 Vermicompost is the product of the decomposition process using various species of worms, usually red wigglers
(Eisenia fetida), white worms (Enchytraeus buchholzi), and other earthworms, to create a mixture of decomposing
vegetable or food waste, bedding materials, and vermicast.
 Vermicast (also called worm castings, worm humus, worm manure, or worm faeces) is the end-product of the
breakdown of organic matter by earthworms.
 Vermicompost contains water-soluble nutrients and is an excellent, nutrient-rich organic fertilizer and soil conditioner.
Cow pat pit (CPP) Nadep Compost/ Vermi Compost
Vermiwash
Soil Shampoo
Mechanisms of vermicomposting
Biodegradable materials
Homogeneous mixing
Worm biomass
Vermicomposting NH3
O2
H2O process CO2
Earthworm/cocoons
Worm biomass
harvesting
Vermicompost with
living cultured soil
microbes
Worms in vermicomposting
 ANACIEC (Lumbricus terresters)

 Build permanent burrows in the deep soil.
 Drag down their food from soil surface to their burrow.
 Used as bait for fishing purpose.
 ENDOGIEC (Endrilus eugeniae)

 Build burrows on upper layer of soil.
 Feed on organic matter.
 Mostly visible in rainy season.
 EPIGIEC (Eisenia fetida)

 Feed on decaying organic matter.
 Do not form burrows.
 Useful for VERMICOMPOSTING.
Biology of earthworm species suitable for composting
Parameters Eisenia fetida Eudrilus eugeniae Perionyx excavatus
Duration of life cycle (days) 70 60 46

Growth rate (mg/worm/day) 7 12 3.5
Maximum body mass (mg/worm) 1500 4294 600
Maturation attained at age (days) 50 40 21
Start cocoon production (days) 55 46 24
Cocoon production (/worm/day) 0.35 1.3 1.1
Incubation period (days) 23 16.6 18.7
Hatching success in water (%) 73 50 63.4
Mean number of hatching (/cocoon) 2.7 2.7 1.1
Number of hatching from one cocoon 1-9 1-5 1-3
Biology of earthworm species suitable for composting (Cont.)
Type of worms Substrate type

Dry olive oil, waste water sludge from paper pulp industry, sludge from paper mill
1. E. andrei and diary industries, solid paper pulp mill sludge mixed with primary sewage
sludge
Fly ash, sewage sludge, waste activated sludge, crop residue cattle manure, paper
2. E. fetida mulch, solid textile, mill sludge, kitchen waste, aquaculture effluent solids, poultry
droppings, biogas slurry
3. E. euganiae Water hyacinth, cow dung, neem leaves, waste paper, mango leaves, MSW
4. Octalasian tyrtaeum Savigny Organic residues
5. Pheretima elongate Tomato skin and seed waste
6. Perionyx excavatus Cow dung
7. Lampito mauritii MSW, biogas slurry, wheat straw, leaf litter, sawdust, kitchen waste
Salient Requirements
The basic requirements during the process of vermicomposting are

• Suitable bedding
• Food source
• Adequate moisture
• Adequate aeration
• Suitable temperature
• Suitable pH
Bedding
Bedding is any material that provides a relatively stable habitat to worms.

• High absorbency: As worms breathe through skin, the bedding must be able to absorb and retain adequate water.
• Good bulking potential: The bulking potential of the material should be such that worms get oxygen properly.
• Low nitrogen content (high Carbon: Nitrogen ratio): High protein/nitrogen levels can result in rapid degradation and
associated heating may be fatal to worms.
Common Bedding Material
Bedding Material Absorbency Bulking Potential C/N Ratio

Horse Manure Medium-Good Good 22-56
Peat Moss Good Medium 58
Straw-Wheat Poor Medium-Good 100-150
Paper from MSW Medium-Good Medium 127-178 If available, shredded
paper or cardboard makes
Newspaper Good Medium 170
excellent bedding,
Bark-Hardwood Poor Good 116-436 particularly when
combined with typical on-
Bark-Softwood Poor Good 131-1285 farm organic resources
Corrugated Cardboard Good Medium 563 such as straw and hay
Saw Dust Poor-Medium Poor-Medium 142-750

Shrub-Trimmings Poor Good 451-819
Leaves-Dry, Loose Poor Good 212-1313
Ref. : Vermicomposting for solid waste management, Garg, V.K., Gupta, R, Yadav, A.
Food Source
 Regular input of feed materials for the earthworms is most essential step in the vermicomposting process.
 Earthworms can use a wide variety of organic materials as food but do exhibit food preferences.
 Under ideal conditions, worms can consume amount of food higher than their body weights, the general rule-of-
thumb is consumption of food weighing half of their body weight per day.
 In adverse conditions, earthworms can extract sufficient nourishment from soil to survive.
Moisture
 The most important requirement of earthworms is adequate moisture.

 They require moisture in the range of 60-70%.
 The feed stock should not be too wet otherwise it may create anaerobic conditions which may be fatal to
earthworms.
Aeration
 Factors such as high levels of fatty/oily substances in the feedstock or excessive moisture combined with poor
aeration may render anaerobic conditions in vermicomposting system.
 Worms suffer severe mortality partly because they are deprived of oxygen and partly because of toxic substances
(e.g. ammonia) produced under such conditions.
Temperature
 The activity, metabolism, growth, respiration and reproduction of earthworms are greatly influenced by
temperature.
 Worms have an optimal temperature range of 16 to 25°C.
 Temperature above 40°C can kill worms.
pH
 Worms can survive in a pH range of 5 to 9, but a range of 7.5 to 8.0 is considered to be the optimum.
 In general, the pH of worm beds tends to drop over time due to the fragmentation of organic matter under series of
chemical reactions.
Other Important Parameters
 Pre-composting of organic waste: It is established that pre-composting of organic waste is very essential to avoid the
mortality of worms.
 Salt content: Worms are very sensitive to salts, preferring salt contents less than 0.5% in feed .
 Urine content: Excessive urine will build up toxic gases like ammonia in the bedding.
 Other toxic components: Different feeds can contain a wide variety of potentially toxic components. Some of the
more notable are:
 De-worming medicine in manures (particularly horse manure).
How to build a worm home ??
 Worms need air to survive. They can live in a plastic
bin or a wooden box, with several air holes punched
GUNNY BAGS (To retain the moisture)
or drilled all around.
 It is more convenient to have several smaller, more
portable units rather than one large one.
 Do not use a bin that was once used to store
WASTE
chemicals, such as pesticides, or you may end up with
EARTHWORMS
a pile of dead worms.
 Vermicomposting container box should be shallow,
BEDDING MATERIAL
and wider than it is tall.
 An average size vermicomposting bin for a household
of two people should be 30 cm high x 40 cm deep x
HOLES
60cm long.
Vermicomposting systems
 Windrows
 Wedge (modified windrow)
Harvest here
 Beds
Harvest here
 Continuous flow through reactor
Wedge composting
• US: Yelm Earthworm Farm (Washington)
• 30,000 square feet of indoor windrows
Windrow vermicomposting. US: American Resource

Recovery (California)
• 70 acres
• 75,000 tons/yr.
Bed systems
ENGLAND KOREA
• Difficult to harvest • 80 tons/day sewage sludge

• Problems with too much moisture • All harvesting done by hand with
and low temperatures baskets and rakes (18 employees)
Continuous flow through reactors
Dr. Clive Edwards at Rothampstead experimental station, UK 1970’s

VERMICOMPOSTING SYSTEMS
Vermicomposting processes
Large scale Medium scale Small scale

(>250 kg/wk, >3.5 m2) (250-20 kg/wk, 3.5-0.5 m2) (<20 kg/wk, <0.5 m2)
Windrow Continuous Flow
Tray/Stacking Batching Wedge

Large continuous flow through reactors
Vermitech (AU)
www.vermico.com
Oregon Soil Corporation
www.musc.edu
New facility: Avon, NY
Vermicomposting in large scale
IVRI, Bareilly (India)
Divya Nursery, Haridwar (India)

Box/Batch type vermicomposting systems
Tray/stacking vermicomposting systems

Location of worm bin
 Worm bin can be located in a number of places, such as the kitchen, basement or backyards.
 It is important to allow air to circulate through the bin by leaving the air holes uncovered.
Feeding Worms: Worm food
 An otpimum C/N ratio of the order of ( 30 : 1 ) must be maintained.
 Any fruit or vegetable waste generated during food preparation can be used.
 Citrus peels, coffee grounds, and tomatoes can be added, but only in moderation, as they can acidify the bedding.
 Adding dried crushed eggshells will help to control acidity, and will also provide the worms with valuable nutrition.
 A blender works well, however cutting or mashing the food scraps will do.
Harvesting of worms
Light separation method
Worm harvester
 ADVANTAGES
 Labour and equipment cost minimal.
 One of the promising decentralized composting technology.

Excellent composting concept for smaller communities that require a rapid and enclosed pathogen kill process.
 It can be very useful in peri-urban areas of large cities, institutional areas, vegetable markets, large dairies along with
nurseries and demand driven places (garden/park areas and official areas).
 Worm Castings improve plant growth.
 Earthworms double their population every four months.
 DISADVANTAGES
 Initial cost high.

 Care for Survival very sensitive.
Troubleshooting
 Problem: The bin has more food than bedding.
 Solution: Don't add any more food for a week or two.
 Problem: The bedding is too wet and compacted.

 Solution:
a) Gently stir the entire contents to allow more air in and stop adding food waste for a week or so. Make sure
that your food waste is still buried.
b) The lid can be removed or left slightly ajar to allow the contents to dry out.
 Problem: The bedding is too acidic, causing the worms to crawl through the holes of the bin.
 Solution: Add egg shells and cut down on the amount of citrus peels, tomatoes, coffee grounds and other
acidic food waste.
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Module 9

Biological Treatment I-Composting

 ANACIEC (Lumbricus terresters)

 ENDOGIEC (Endrilus eugeniae)

 EPIGIEC (Eisenia fetida)

Parameters Eisenia fetida Eudrilus eugeniae Perionyx excavatus

Duration of life cycle (days) 70 60 46

Type of worms Substrate type

5. Pheretima elongate Tomato skin and seed waste

6. Perionyx excavatus Cow dung

The basic requirements during the process of vermicomposting are

Bedding is any material that provides a relatively stable habitat to worms.

Bedding Material Absorbency Bulking Potential C/N Ratio

Saw Dust Poor-Medium Poor-Medium 142-750

 The most important requirement of earthworms is adequate moisture.

Other Important Parameters

Windrow vermicomposting. US: American Resource

• Difficult to harvest • 80 tons/day sewage sludge

Dr. Clive Edwards at Rothampstead experimental station, UK 1970’s

Large scale Medium scale Small scale

Windrow Continuous Flow

Tray/Stacking Batching Wedge

Oregon Soil Corporation

Divya Nursery, Haridwar (India)

Tray/stacking vermicomposting systems

Feeding Worms: Worm food

 An otpimum C/N ratio of the order of ( 30 : 1 ) must be maintained.

Light separation method

 Labour and equipment cost minimal.

 One of the promising decentralized composting technology.

 Worm Castings improve plant growth.

 Earthworms double their population every four months.

 Initial cost high.

 Problem: The bedding is too wet and compacted.

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