PREPARED BY HENNA JAMAL

TERMS RELATED TO MOTION

A Reference Point is used to describe the location of an object. An
object can be referred to through many reference points.
Origin – The reference point that is used to describe the location of
an object is called Origin
For Example, a new restaurant is opening shortly at a distance of 5
km north of my house. Here, the house is the reference point that is
used for describing where the restaurant is located
POSITION: The location of an object with respect to a particular
point is known as the Position.
POINT OBJECT If the length covered by the objects are very large in
comparison to the size of the objects, the objects are considered
point objects

SCALAR VECTOR

It has only the magnitude It has direction and magnitude

Only one dimensional It is multidimensional

This changes with magnitude and

This quantity changes with the
direction
change in magnitude
Eg. Displacement. Velocity,
Eg. Distance, speed, mass
weight

WHAT IS MOTION?
If the location of an object changes with time the object is said to
be in motion
DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT

The magnitude of the length covered by a moving object is called

distance. It has no direction.
Displacement is the shortest distance between two points or the
distance between the starting and final positions with respect to
time. It has magnitude as well as direction.
Displacement can be zero, but distance cannot.
Zero Displacement – When the first and last positions of an object
are the same, the displacement is zero.
 DISPLACEMENT< = DISTANCE

.
An odometer is an instrument for measuring
the distance travelled by a vehicle

SPEED
The speed of an object is defined as the distance travelled by the
object per unit of time.
Speed is the rate of change of distance
SPEED = DISTANCE / TIME
SI UNIT – m/s
AVERAGE SPEED
The average speed is the total distance travelled by the object in a
particular time interval
Average speed = Total distance travelled / Total time taken
INSTANTANEOUS SPEED
The instantaneous speed is the speed of an object at a particular
moment in time
VELOCITY
The velocity of an object is defined as the displacement travelled
by the object per unit of time.
Velocity is the rate of change of displacement
VELOCITY = DISPLACEMENT / TIME
SI UNIT – m/s
AVERAGE VELOCITY
The average velocity is the total displacement travelled by the
object in a particular time interval
Average velocity = Total displacement travelled / Total time taken
INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY
The velocity of an object at a given instant of time is known as
instantaneous velocity.
 INITIAL VELOCITY IS DENOTED AS u
FINAL VELOCITY IS DENOTED AS v
ACCELERETION
An object is said to be accelerated if there is a change in its velocity.
The change in the velocity of an object could be an increase or
decrease
in speed
or a
change in
the
direction
of motion
 The rate of change of velocity is called acceleration.
It is a vector quantity.
Acceleration = Change in Velocity / Time
SI unit- m/s2

A few examples of acceleration are

 the falling of an apple,
 the moon orbiting around the earth,
 when a car is stopped at the traffic lights
Positive Acceleration
The direction of acceleration is the same if the velocity is increasing
in the same direction.
Negative Acceleration.
The direction of acceleration becomes opposite to that of velocity if
velocity is decreasing in a direction
Negative acceleration is also called De-acceleration or Retardation

UNIFORM AND NON UNIFORM MOTION

When an object covers equal distances in equal intervals of time it
is in uniform motion.
• Examples of Uniform Motion
• Movement of the ceiling fan’s blades.
• Motion of earth around the sun
• Pendulum with equivalent amplitude on either side
When an object covers unequal distances in equal intervals of
time it is said to be in non-uniform motion.
• Bouncing ball
• Running horse
• Moving train
DISTANCE TIME GRAPH
FIITJEE (NOT IN NCERT)
 SLOPE OF LINE= Y2-Y1/X2-X1

Eg:
 SLOPE OF DISTANCE TIME SPEED
GRAPH
SLOPE OF DISPLACEMENT VELOCITY
TIME GRAPH
SLOPE OF SPEED TIME ACCELERATION
GRAPH
SLOPE OF VELOCITY ACCELERATION
TIMEGRAPH
AREA UNDER VELOCITY/SPEED
ACCELERATION TIME
GRAPH
AREA UNDER VELOCITY DISPLACEMENT
TIME GRAPH
AREA UNDER SPEED TIME DISTANCE
GRAPH

EQUATIONS OF MOTION

v-final velocity t-time

u –initial velocity s-distance travelled
a-acceleration
UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION
Circular motion is the motion of a body following a circular path.
Uniform circular motion is a specific type of circular motion in
which the motion of a body following a circular path is at a
constant speed, but velocity is changing
1) motion of electrons around nucleus.
2) motion artificial satellite around the earth at constant altitude.
3) Walking in circular path with constant speed.
4) Spinning of a top in friction less surface
5) Rotation of fan blades at constant speed.
6) Ball tied to string and swung in circular path in constant speed

• The direction of acceleration is towards centre

• The direction of velocity is tangential to the circular path
• The direction of acceleration and The direction of velocity are
perpendicular to each other
Why uniform circular motion is known as uniformly accelerated
motion?
In uniform circular motion, speed remains constant but velocity
keeps on changing. Since there is a change in velocity, it is also
called as uniformly accelerated motion

FIITJEE
What is meant by an inertial frame of reference?
An inertial frame of reference is the type of frame where
Newtonian laws are true. This implies that if no outside force is
exerted on an object, it will continue to stay in uniform motion or
state of rest.
What is meant by a non-inertial frame of reference?
A non-inertial frame of reference can be defined as a frame that is
in the state of acceleration relative to the considered inertial
reference frame. Newtonian laws are irrelevant in these reference
frames.
Motion Can Be Classified As:
(i) One dimensional motion. A particle moving along a straight-
line or a path is said to undergo one dimensional motion. For
example, motion of a train along a straight line, freely falling body
under gravity etc.
(ii) Two dimensional motion. A particle moving in a plane is said
to undergo two dimensional motion. For example, motion of a
shell fired by a gun, carrom board coins etc- projectile motions
(iii) Three dimensional motion. A particle moving in space is said
to undergo three dimensional motion. For example, motion of a
kite in sky, motion of aeroplane etc
CIRCULAR MOTION
 Centripetal force is the force acting on a body in a circular
path. It points towards the centre around which the body is
moving