Motion - Notes - Class 9

CHAPTER-10
MOTION
REST AND MOTION:
• If the position of an object does not change as time passes, then it is said to be at rest.
• If the position of an object changes as time passes, then it is said to be in motion.
SCALAR AND VECTOR:
Scalar quantities are only expressed as magnitude. E.g.: time, distance, mass, temperature,
area, volume
Vector quantities are expressed in magnitude as well as the direction of the object. E.g.:
Velocity, displacement, weight, momentum, force, acceleration, etc.
DISTANCE DISPLACEMENT
Length of the actual path travelled by the Shortest distance between the initial
object during motion. position and the final position of the object
The distance travelled by an object in The displacement of an object can be

motion can never be zero or Negative. positive, zero or negative.
Distance travelled cannot be Displacement is always less than or equal to

less than the displacement. the distance travelled.
It is a scalar quantity. It is a vector quantity.

UNIFORM MOTION NON- UNIFORM MOTION
An object is said to be in uniform motion if An object is said to have non-uniform

it travels equal distances in equal intervals motion if it travels unequal distances in
of time. equal intervals of time.
• Movement of the ceiling fan’s • Bouncing ball

blades. • Running horse
• Motion of Earth around the sun • Moving train
• Pendulum with equal amplitude on
either side
SPEED:
Speed of a body is defined as the distance travelled by the body in unit time.
SPEED= DISTANCE
TIME
The SI unit of speed is metre/second (m/s).
Speed is a scalar quantity. It can be zero or positive but can never be negative.
UNIFORM SPEED:
If a body covers equal distances in equal time intervals of time, it is said to have uniform
speed (or constant speed).
NON-UNIFORM SPEED:
If a body covers unequal distances in equal time intervals of time, then it is said to have non-
uniform speed (or variable speed).
AVERAGE SPEED = TOTAL DISTANCE TRAVELLED

TOTAL TIME TAKEN
VELOCITY:
The distance travelled by the body per unit time in a given direction.
The SI unit of velocity is metre/second (m/s).
VELOCITY= DISTANCE TRAVELLED IN A GIVEN DIRECTION

TIME TAKEN
Velocity of a body is a vector quantity. It can be positive, negative or zero.

UNIFORM VELOCITY:
A body is said to be moving with uniform velocity (or constant velocity) if it travels along a
straight line, covering equal distances in equal intervals of time.
NON-UNIFORM VELOCITY:
A body is said to be moving with non-uniform velocity (or variable velocity) if it covers
unequal distances in a particular direction, in equal intervals of time or if the direction of
motion of the body changes.
AVERAGE VELOCITY: Arithmetic mean of the velocities during non-uniform motion in a

given direction.
AVERAGE VELOCITY= INITIAL VELOCITY + FINAL VELOCITY

2
ACCELERATION:
Acceleration of a body is defined as the rate of change of its velocity with time.
ACCELERATION = CHANGE IN VELOCITY

TIME TAKEN
ACCELERATION (a) = FINAL VELOCITY (v) - INITIAL VELOCITY (u)

TIME TAKEN (t)
a = v-u
t
Acceleration is a vector quantity. It can be positive, negative or zero. The SI unit of

acceleration is metre per second square (m/s2).
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ACCELERATION:
If the velocity of a body increases, then the acceleration is positive. If the velocity of a body
decreases, then the acceleration is negative. Negative acceleration is called retardation.
If acceleration occurs in the direction of velocity, then it is taken as positive and negative
when it is opposite to the direction of velocity.
UNIFORM ACCELERATION: A body is said to possess uniform acceleration if it travels in

a straight line and its velocity increases or decreases by equal amounts in equal intervals of
time.
NON- UNIFORM ACCELERATION: A body is said to possess non-uniform acceleration if

its velocity changes by unequal amounts in equal intervals of time.
DISTANCE-TIME GRAPH:
Distance-Time graphs show the change in the position of an object with respect to time.
Linear variation = uniform motion

Non-linear variation=non-uniform motion
The slope of distance-time graph gives the speed.

Slope of the displacement- time graph gives velocity.
Graph 1: Zero acceleration

Graph 2: Finite acceleration
Graph 3: Zero acceleration
VELOCITY-TIME GRAPH:
• Velocity-Time graph shows the change in velocity with respect to time.

• Slope of the velocity-time graph gives acceleration.
• The area under the curve gives displacement.
• Line parallel to x-axis implies constant velocity
OA = constant acceleration, AB = constant velocity, BC = constant retardation
EQUATIONS OF MOTION:
The motion of an object moving at uniform acceleration can be described with the help of
three equations, namely
(i) v = u + at
(ii) v2 – u2 = 2as
(iii) s = ut + (1/2)at2
where u is the initial velocity, v is the final velocity, t is the time, a is the acceleration and s is
the displacement.
UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION:
If an object moves in a circular path with uniform speed, its motion is called uniform circular
motion.
Velocity changes as direction keeps changing.
Acceleration is constant.
The uniform circular velocity is given by the following formula:
v = 2𝛑r
t
Examples of uniform circular motion:
1. The motion of artificial satellites around the Earth.

2. The motion of electrons around its nucleus.
3. The motion of blades of the windmills.
4. The tip of the second hand of a watch with a circular dial.

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CHAPTER-10

REST AND MOTION:

SCALAR AND VECTOR:

The distance travelled by an object in The displacement of an object can be

Distance travelled cannot be Displacement is always less than or equal to

It is a scalar quantity. It is a vector quantity.

An object is said to be in uniform motion if An object is said to have non-uniform

• Movement of the ceiling fan’s • Bouncing ball

The SI unit of speed is metre/second (m/s).

AVERAGE SPEED = TOTAL DISTANCE TRAVELLED

The SI unit of velocity is metre/second (m/s).

VELOCITY= DISTANCE TRAVELLED IN A GIVEN DIRECTION

Velocity of a body is a vector quantity. It can be positive, negative or zero.

AVERAGE VELOCITY: Arithmetic mean of the velocities during non-uniform motion in a

AVERAGE VELOCITY= INITIAL VELOCITY + FINAL VELOCITY

ACCELERATION = CHANGE IN VELOCITY

ACCELERATION (a) = FINAL VELOCITY (v) - INITIAL VELOCITY (u)

Acceleration is a vector quantity. It can be positive, negative or zero. The SI unit of

POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ACCELERATION:

UNIFORM ACCELERATION: A body is said to possess uniform acceleration if it travels in

NON- UNIFORM ACCELERATION: A body is said to possess non-uniform acceleration if

Linear variation = uniform motion

The slope of distance-time graph gives the speed.

Graph 1: Zero acceleration

• Velocity-Time graph shows the change in velocity with respect to time.

UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION:

Velocity changes as direction keeps changing.

The uniform circular velocity is given by the following formula:

Examples of uniform circular motion:

1. The motion of artificial satellites around the Earth.

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