er3

Cha
pt
et ric
igonom
Tr io ns
func t

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Introduction
The word 'trigonometry' is derived from the Greek words 'trigon' and 'metron' which
means "measuring the sides of a triangle".
• Note: functions such as f(x)=sinx, g(x)=cosx, h(x)=tanx, etc. are called the trigonometric
functions.
What are functions?
In simple terms functions mean whenever we put a different value of x we will get
different values of f(x).

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Example:
Suppose if f(x)=sinx, and we put X=0°, then f(x)=sin0°=0
also we put X=30°, then f(x)=sin30°=1/2
Angles
It is a measure of rotation of a given Ray about its initial point.
B
e
s id
al
in

angle
rm
Te

O Initial side A
Types of Angles
There are two types of Angles depending upon the rotation of the Ray. If the direction
of rotation is 'anticlockwise', the angle is positive and if the direction is 'clockwise', the
angle is negative. B Vertex Initial side
O
Te Clo
ckw
e
sid

rm ise
in
al

se al
in

ockwi
rm

icl sid
ant
Te

e
O
Vertex Initial side
(i) Positive angle (ii) Negative angle
Degree measure (#Ye toh bachpan me banaye hi honge!)
O
-60
°
90°
60°

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O O
O O 150°
-90° 360°
O

•Please note that one degree (1°) is divided into 60 minutes, and a minute is divided into
60 seconds. One sixtieth of a degree is called a minute, written as 1', and one sixtieth of
minute is called a second, written as 1". i.e. 1°=60', 1'=60"

Radian measure
Suppose, if we make a circle of radius 1 unit (say 1cm or 1m). Now if we take any Arc of

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this circle and the length of that Arc is 1 unit, then this Arc makes an angle of 1 Radian
with the centre of the circle.

Example:
Suppose, we draw a circle of radius 5cm & an arc of length 5cm, then as discussed above
the angle subtended at the centre willl be of 1 Radian.
5
Thus, if in a circle of radius r, an arc of length l subtends an angle 5
θ radian at the entre, we have i.e. Angle = Arc/radius
5
θ = l/r
1 = 5/5
1=1
Note: Here in the formula the Angle will always be in "Radian".
 Relation between Degree and Radian
Till now we know that = l/r. Now suppose if we let the length of the Arc of circle equal
to the circumference of circle i.e. put l = 2πr then we have

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= 2πr/r
c
= 2π
c
2π = 360° (as a complete circle subtends 360° angle at centre)
c
1π = 180°
π = 180°
c
1 = 180°/π ...........(1)
180°= 1π c
1° = 1π/180° ...........(2)
Thus it follows from (1) & (2) that : Degree = Radian × 180°/π
Radian = Degree × π/180°

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Trigonometric functions (#Chalo Class10 revise kare ek baar!)

A
Sinθ = P/H ; Cosecθ = H/P
Perpendicular

Hy
po
te

Cosθ = B/H ; Secθ = H/B

nu
se

Tanθ = P/B ; Cotθ = B/H

B C
Base Sinθ = 1/Cosecθ ; Cosecθ = 1/Sinθ
Cosθ = 1/Secθ ; Secθ = 1/Cosθ
Tanθ = 1/Cotθ ; Cotθ = 1/Tanθ
Identities:
1. Sin2θ + Cos2θ = 1 Ratios yaad rakhne ke liye mantra:
2. Sec2θ - tan2θ = 1
3. Cosec2θ - Cot2θ = 1
Pandit Badri Prasad
Har Har Bhole
=
Sona Chandi Tole
4. Tanθ = Sinθ/Cosθ
5. Cotθ = Cosθ/Sinθ
Trigonometric Ratios
0° 30° 45° 60° 90° 180° 270° 360°

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#Ab jinse ye yaad na ho paaye suno dhyan se;

Class10 me jo 90° tak ki values padhi thi wo toh yaad karni hi padengi........par 180°,
270°, 360° ke liye trick bata raha hun. Dekho hamari 180° ki Saari values 0° ki values
se hi aati hain dhyan se dekho, bas sabke saamne -ve sign lagado.

/padhleakshay
270° ki saari values 90° ki values se aati hain, bas sabke saamne -ve sign lagado...Ok
Abb 360° Yaani 2π ki baat karein toh iski saari values 180°(π) ki values ko 2 se
multiply Karke aati hain. Jaise sin360° ke liye 2×0=0.
Par yaha ek exception hai, Cos360° aur sec360°ke liye 2×(-1)=-2 nhi karna, iski value 1
hoti hai jo ki scientifically proven hai..

Sign Conventions ( V.Imp) Yπ/2 (90°)

#Code; School After
Sinθ (+) All other (-) All (+ve)
After
School
-A
-S
Cosecθ (+)
2 Quadrant
∟ I Quadrant
X' X 0°
To -T π(180°) 3 Quadrant 4 Quadrant 2π(360°)

College -C Tanθ (+) All other (-) Cosθ (+)

All other (-)
Cotθ (+) Secθ (+)
To College
Y'
3π/2 (270°)
Ratio Conversion
The Conversion between two Ratios takes place as follows :
Sinθ Cosθ Tanθ Cotθ Secθ Cosecθ

Example:
1. Sin(π/2 + θ) = Cosθ 2. Cos(3π/2 + θ) = Sinθ 3. Tan(π/2 - θ) = Cotθ

# IMPORTANT RESULTS

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* Conversion in Ratios takes place only in π/2. For e.g. π/2, 3π/2, 5π/2, 7π/2, etc...
* No Conversion takes place when there is (π+θ) or (π-θ); (2π+θ) or (2π-θ).
* While doing conversion between two Ratios, we try to know in which quadrant we
are going and put the appropriate sign (+ve or -ve) accordingly.
* For writing the correct sign in our answer we always look at the LHS ratio.
Example:
* Sin(π/2 + θ) = Cosθ (Conversion Hua isme because π/2 tha)
* Tan(3π/2 - θ) = Cotθ (Conversion Hua isme because 3π/2 tha)
* Sin(π - θ) = Sinθ (No Conversion kyuki π tha)
* Cot(2π + θ) = Cotθ (No Conversion kyuki 2π tha)

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* Tan(π/2 + θ) = -Cotθ (answer me -ve sign aaya kyuki Tanθ is -ve in 2quad.)

Τrigonometry Basic Formulas

1. Sin(-θ) = -Sinθ
2. Cos(-θ) = Cosθ
(Aisa yaad rakho ki Cos aur Sec kyuki bahut bhoke hote
3. Tan(-θ) = -Tanθ
Hain isliye apna -ve sign khaa jaate hain and answer me
4. Cosec(-θ) = -Cosecθ
-ve nhi aata baaki sab me Aisa nhi hota).......Ok
5. Sec(-θ) = Secθ
6. Cot(-θ) = -Cotθ
Range of trigonometric functions
1. SinX ; [-1,1]
2. CosX ; [-1,1]
3. TanX ; R
4. CotX ; R
5. SecX ; R-(-1,1)
6. CosecX ; R-(-1,1)
 Trigonometric Identities
* Sin(X+Y) = SinXCosY + CosX SinY * Sin(X-Y) = SinXCosY - CosX SinY

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* Cos(X+Y) = CosXCosY - SinX SinY * Cos(X-Y) = CosXCosY + SinX SinY
* Cos(π/2-X) = SinX * Sin(π/2-X) = CosX
* Cos(π/2+X) = -SinX * Sin(π/2+X) = CosX
Cos ( π - X) = -CosX Sin ( π - X) = SinX
Cos ( π + X) = -CosX Sin ( π + X) = -SinX
Cos (2π - X) = CosX Sin ( 2π - X) = -SinX
tanX + tanY
* tan (X + Y) =
1 - tanX tanY
tanX - tanY
* tan (X - Y) =
1 + tanX tanY

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* Cot (X + Y) = CotX CotY - 1
CotY + CotX

* Cot (X - Y) = CotX CotY + 1

CotY - CotX

2 2 2 2 1 - tan2X
* Cos2X = Cos X - Sin X = 2Cos X - 1 = 1 - 2Sin X =
1 + tan2X
2 tan X
* Sin2X = 2 SinXCos X =
2
1 + tan X
2 tan X
* Tan2X =
1 - tan2X
3
* Tan3X = 3tanX - tan
X
2
1 - 3tan X
* Sin3X = 3SinX - 4Sin3X
3
* Cos3X = 4Cos X - 3CosX

Note : Sin3X aur Cos3X ke formulas ke liye Numeric Code yaad rakh sakte ho....Jaise
Sin3X ka Code hoga : 3 4 3 Observe karo
Cos3X ka Code hoga : 4 3 3 Observe karo
 Sin Cos Formulas
(Sin Cos Formulas ka matlab ki inn formulas ka answer hamesha Sin Cos me hi aata hai)

X + Y Cos X - Y
* (i) CosX + CosY = 2Cos
2 2

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X + Y Sin X - Y
(ii) CosX - CosY = -2Sin
2 2

X+Y X-Y
(iii) SinX + SinY = 2Sin Cos
2 2

X-Y
(iv) SinX - SinY = 2Cos X + Y Sin 2
2

* (i) 2CosX CosY = Cos (X + Y) + Cos (X - Y)

(ii) -2SinX SinY = Cos (X + Y) - Cos (X - Y)

(iii) 2SinX CosY = Sin (X + Y) + Sin (X - Y)

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(iv) 2CosX SinY = Sin (X + Y) - Sin (X - Y).

*NOTE: Worsheet (important questions of all typology with

answers) is provided as a separate PDF on website padhleakshay.com