PRECAL – FINAL TERM REVIEWER

Week 1: Angle Measurement 180° = 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑

180 °
An angle is formed when two rays have their end 1 𝑟𝑎𝑑 =
𝜋
point in common. The two rays make up the “sides” °
𝜋
of the angle, called the initial and terminal side. 1 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑
180
1. To convert degrees to radians, multiply by
.
2. To convert radians to degrees, multiply by
and attach the degree symbol °.

Examples:
1. 60° = 60° 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑
2. 96° = 96° 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑
Degrees-Minutes-Seconds (DMS)
° °
One degree (denoted by °) corresponds to 60 3. 1989 = 1989 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑
minutes. °
One minute (denoted by ‘) corresponds to 1/60 of 4. 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = = 12°
°
a degree or 60 seconds. 5. 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = = 20°
One second (denoted by ‘’) corresponds to 1/60
of a minute, or 1/3600 of a degree.
Angles in standard position are drawn in the xy-
Examples: plane with vertex at the origin and initial side is on
1. 12.9° the positive x-axis.
Solution: Separate 12° and convert 0.9° to minutes
which will yield to COTERMINAL ANGLES
Two angles in standard position are coterminal if
their terminal sides coincide. It means that two or
0.9° = (0.9°) = 54′.
° more angles share the same terminal side.

Therefore, How do we determine coterminal angles?

a. If the given angle θ in standard position is found
12.9° = 12° + 54′ = 12°54′ between 0° and 360° or 0° < θ < 360°, then the
angle ∅ is denoted by
2. 18.621°
Solution: ∅ = θ + n (360°) (positive angle measures)
a. Separate 18° and convert 0.621° to minutes. It ∅ = θ – n (360°) (negative angle measures)
will yield to
0.621° = (0.621) ° = 37.26′ For every n revolutions.
b. From 37.26′, separate 37’ and convert 0.26’ to
seconds. We have b. If the given angle θ in standard position is
greater than 360°, subtract 360° from θ as many
0.26′ = (0.26) ° = 15.6′’ times. The differences are the smaller coterminal
c. Combine the above values to get the final angles. In symbols,
answer. Therefore, ∅ = θ – n (360°)
18.621° = 18° + 0.621°
= 18° + (0.621)(60′) c. To find the smallest positive coterminal angle to
= 18° + 37.26′ a given angle that is greater than 360°, we just
= 18° + 37′ + (0.26)(60”) = 18°37′15.6’’ need to divide the given angle θ by 360°. The
remainder is the smallest coterminal angle.

Quadrantal angles are angles in standard

position whose terminal sides are on the quadrants
or on the axes (x and y).
Relationship between Degrees and Radians
 PRECAL – FINAL TERM REVIEWER

Week 2: Arc Length, Area of a Sector, and Solution:

Circular Motion The radius is 28/2 = 14 inches. The angle measure
θ is 10,000(2π) = 20,000π. Substitute the values
In a circle of radius r, the length s of an arc that to the formula.
subtends a central angle θ in radians is:
𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃 = 14(20,000𝜋) = 280,000𝜋 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠
𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃
We need to convert 280,000π inches to km.
Example 1.
Find the length of an arc of a circle with radius 12 0.0254𝑚
m that subtends a central angle of 30°. 280,000𝜋 𝑖𝑛. = (280,000𝜋 𝑖𝑛. ) ×
1 𝑖𝑛.
1𝑘𝑚
Solution: Since the given central angle is in × ≈ 𝟐𝟐. 𝟑𝟒 𝒌𝒎
1,000𝑚
degrees, we have to convert it into radian
measure. Then, apply the formula for an arc length. Therefore, the car travels approximately 22.34 km
if its wheels revolve 10,000 times without slipping.
𝜋 𝜋
30° = 𝑟𝑎𝑑
180° 6 Example 4.
𝜋
𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃 = 12𝑚 = 𝟐𝝅 𝒎 A vehicle needs to travel 5 km. How many
6 revolutions are expected if the wheel’s diameter is
84 cm?
Example 2.
Solution:
The length of the intercepted arc is 𝜋 meters with The circumference of the circle represents one
a central angle that measures 300°. Find complete revolution of the wheel.
the radius of the circle. The radius is 84/2 = 42 cm. The circumference is:
𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟 = 2𝜋 ∙ 42 = 84𝜋 𝑐𝑚
35
𝑠 𝜋 35 3 21
𝑟= = 2 = ∙ = = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟓𝒎 Now, we need to convert 5km to cm, and later
𝜃 5 2 5 2 divide it by the circle’s circumference.
𝜋
3
1000 𝑚 100 𝑐𝑚
How do we relate the concept between the arc 5 𝑘𝑚 × × = 500,000 𝑐𝑚
length and circumference to distance? In this case, 1 𝑘𝑚 1𝑚
you need to understand that
Divide 500,000 cm by 84π cm to get the number of
1 complete revolution is 360° or 2π radians.
revolutions.
(1 rev = 360° = 2π rad)
The arc length is the distance traveled along a
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 500,000
circular path. 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 = =
𝐶𝐼𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 84𝜋
≈ 𝟏, 𝟖𝟗𝟒

It takes approximately 1,895 revolutions to reach

the 5 km distance.

Example 3. Area of a Sector

Consider a car’s wheel with a diameter of 30 The sector of a circle is the portion of the interior of
inches. How far (in km) will the car travel if its a circle bounded by the initial and terminal sides of
wheels revolve 10,000 times without slipping? a central angle and its intercepted arc.

Example 1.
 PRECAL – FINAL TERM REVIEWER

Find the area of a sector of a circle with central Example 1.

angle 60° if the radius of the circle is 5 m. Consider a child swinging a stone ed to a rope in
circles. It is observed that the stone travels along
Solution: First, we have to convert 60° into radians.
𝜋 𝜋 a circular path. Let say the rope is 5 . long and
60 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑 the stone is rotated at a rate of 6 revolu ons
180° 3
Then, apply the formula for computing the area of every 3 seconds. Now, we are interested to know
a sector. the angular and linear speed of the stone.
1 1 𝜋 25𝜋
𝐴 = 𝜃𝑟 = (5) = 𝑚 ≈ 𝟏𝟑. 𝟎𝟗𝒎𝟐
2 2 3 6
Solu ons:
Example 2. a.) In 3 seconds, the angle 𝜃 changes by 6 · 2𝜋 =
Find the area of a sector of a circle with central 12𝜋 radians. So, the angular speed of the stone is
angle 75° if the radius of the circle is 6 m. 𝜃 12 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑤= = = 4 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
𝑡 3𝑠
Solution: First, we have to convert 60° into radians.
𝜋 5𝜋 b.) The distance traveled by the stone in 3 s is
75 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑
180° 12 𝑠 = 6 · 2𝜋 𝑟 = 6 · 2𝜋 · 5 = 60𝜋 𝑓 𝑡 .
Then, apply the formula for computing the area of
a sector.
1 1 5𝜋 15𝜋 c.) So the Linear Speed is
𝐴 = 𝜃𝑟 = (6) = 𝑚 ≈ 𝟐𝟑. 𝟓𝟔𝒎𝟐 𝑠 60 𝜋 𝑓𝑡
2 2 12 2 𝑣= = = 𝟐𝟎 𝝅 𝒇𝒕/𝒔
𝑡 3𝑠

Circular Motion Example 2.

Linear speed is the rate at which the distance traveled A ceiling fan with 30-in. blades spins at 45 rpm
is changing, so linear speed is the distance traveled (revolu on per minute). Find the angular speed of
divided by the me elapsed. It answers the the fan in rad/min (radian per minute).
ques on, “How fast is an object moving?’’
Solu on: We just need to convert rpm to rad/min.
How fast is an object rota ng? This now talks about Since 45 revolu ons is equal to
the angular speed. The angular speed is the
𝜃 = 45 · 2𝜋 = 90𝜋 rad,
rate at which the central angle is changing. The
So, 45 rpm = 90𝜋 rad/min.
angular speed is the number of radians this angle
changes divided by the me elapsed.

Formulas: Week 3: Unit Circle

Func ons (𝜃 ) or (𝑠 ) are called circular when the
Linear Speed independent variable 𝜃 or 𝑠 refers to an arc
𝑠 length of the unit circle.
𝑣=
𝑡
A unit circle has a radius 1 with center at the
Angular Speed origin (0,0) and intersects the coordinate axes at
𝜃 the points (1,0), (0, 1), (-1, 0) and (0, -1). Any
𝑤= point on the circle will correspond to all ordered
𝑡
pairs (x, y) as its coordinates
Let P be any point on the circle with coordinates
(x, y). If the distance OP is 1, and a perpendicular
segment is drawn from P to a point M on the
Remember that posi ve x-axis forming right triangle PMO, by the
1 rev = 2π rad Pythagorean Theorem,
1 rad = π rad 𝑂𝑃2=𝑂𝑀2+𝑃𝑀2
12 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝟏 =𝒙 𝟐 +𝒚𝟐
 PRECAL – FINAL TERM REVIEWER

This presents the equa on of a unit circle d) Quadrant IV, then the reference angle is
given by 360° − 𝜃 .
Let’s see how these rules are being illustrated
below.

Also, on the unit circle, the length of the arc s is

equal to the radian measure of the central angle.
That is, 𝜃 = 𝑠 .

Reference Angle
The reference angle is the smallest non-nega ve
angle between the terminal side and the x-axis of
an angle in standard posi on. It is drawn from the
x-axis to the terminal side of the given angle. All
angles in standard posi on less than 90° are
reference angles.

Here is how we find reference angles. We’ll be

presen ng to you the two possible cases.

Case 1. If the given posi ve angle 𝜃 in standard

posi on is not more than 360° , and it terminates
on:
a) Quadrant I, then the given angle is the
reference angle.
b) Quadrant II, then the reference angle is
given by 180° − 𝜃 .
c) Quadrant III, then the reference angle is
given by 𝜃 − 180°.
 PRECAL – FINAL TERM REVIEWER

angle is in Quadrant I. Since it is an acute

angle, the reference angle is 11°.

2. First, find the number of mul ples of 180°

in 460°. Thus, 460° ÷ 180° = 2 with a
remainder of 100°. The terminal side of
100° angle is in Quadrant II. The reference
angle is 180° − 𝜃 = 180° − 100° = 80°.

3. First, find the number of mul ples of 180°

in 603°. Thus, 603° ÷ 180° = 3 with a
remainder of 63°. The terminal side of 63°
angle is in Quadrant I. Since it is an acute
What about if the given angle in the standard
posi on is nega ve? angle, the reference angle is 63°.
In this case, you’ll have two op ons.
1. We may choose to get the smallest/nearest 4. First, find the number of mul ples of 180°
posi ve coterminal angle and follow the rules in 924°. Thus, 924° ÷ 180° = 5 with a
stated in Case 1. remainder of 24°. The terminal side of 24°
2. We may redefine the rules stated on Case 1. If angle is in Quadrant I. Since it is an acute
the given angle 𝜃 is nega ve that is not more angle, the reference angle is 24°.
than 1 revolu on and it terminates on:
a) Quadrant IV, then the reference angle is −𝜃 . 5. First, find the number of mul ples of 180°
b) Quadrant III, then the reference angle is given in −1,205°. Let’s treat −1,205° as posi ve.
by 180° + 𝜃 . Thus, 1205° ÷ 180° = 6 with a remainder of
c) Quadrant II, then the reference angle is given 125°. The terminal side of 125° angle is in
by − (180° + 𝜃 ). Quadrant II. The reference angle is 180° −
d) Quadrant I, then the reference angle is given 𝜃 = 180° − 125° = 55°.
by 360° + 𝜃 .
6. First, find the number of mul ples of 180°
in −5,767°. Let’s treat −5,767° as posi ve.
Thus, 5,767° ÷ 180° = 32 with a remainder
of 7°. The terminal side of 7° angle is in
Quadrant I. Since it is an acute angle, the
reference angle is 7°

Case 2. If the given posi ve angle 𝜃 in standard Here are some of the illustra ons of reference
posi on is a mul ple of 180°, then the reference angles.
angle is solved through the remainder of the
angle when it is divided by 180°.

Find the reference angle of 371°, 460°, 603°, 924°,

−1,205° and −5,767°
1. First, find the number of mul ples of 180°
in 371°. Thus, 371° ÷ 180° = 2 with a
remainder of 11°. The terminal side of 11°
 PRECAL – FINAL TERM REVIEWER

Other examples.
1. 𝜃 = 91° The reference angle is 180° − 91° =
89°
2. 2. 𝜃 = 100° The reference angle is 180° −
100° = 80°
3. 3. 𝜃 = 183° The reference angle is 183° − Example 1.
180° = 3° An angle of 30° in standard posi on has its
4. 4. 𝜃 = 275° The reference angle is 360° − terminal side in the first quadrant. Using the 30° −
275° = 85° 60° − 90° triangle, the length of the leg opposite
5. 5. 𝜃 = 370° The reference angle is 370° − the 30° is ½ the length of the hypotenuse. Now,
360° = 10° using the Pythagorean Theorem,
6. 6. 𝜃 = 460° 460° is equal to one revolu on
plus 100°. So, it is coterminal to 100°.
Now, we can use 100° . The reference
angle is 180° − 100° = 80°

Coordinates of Points on the Unit Circle

The coordinates of the point of intersec on of the
unit circle and the terminal side of an angle in
standard posi on can be obtained through the
equa on of the unit circle, the Pythagorean
Theorem, and the proper es of special right
triangles.

Let P be the point of intersec on of the unit circle

and the terminal side of the following angles in
standard posi on.

Let 𝜃 be the angle measure in standard posi on.

The special right triangles have the following
measures: 30° − 60° − 90° and 45° − 45° − 90°

Now, using the Pythagorean Theorem, we can

have the following points of special triangles.

Example 2.
 PRECAL – FINAL TERM REVIEWER

An angle of 45° in standard posi on has its

terminal side in the first quadrant. In a 45° − 45° −
90° triangle, the lengths of the two legs are equal.
Now, using the Pythagorean Theorem,

Here are the examples in finding the coordinates

of the point of intersec on of the terminal side of
the given angle in standard posi on and the unit
circle.

Example 1.

Solu on: The reference angle of 120° is 60°. Its

terminal side lies on Quadrant II; thus, the signs
of the coordinates must be (-, +).

By following the coordinates for a reference angle

of 60° and the signs of points on Quadrant II, the
𝟏 √𝟑
In like manner, the coordinates of other points on the coordinates of point F are (− 𝟐 , 𝟐
)
unit circle can be found when one of its coordinates is
known. Example 2.

These special angle measures are essen al reference

angles in finding the coordinates on the unit circle.
Now, we need to recall the signs of coordinates in
each quadrant. These signs of (x, y) will be
followed.
 PRECAL – FINAL TERM REVIEWER

Solu on: The reference angle of 225° is 45°. Its Week 4: Sine and Cosine Func ons
terminal side lies on Quadrant III; thus, the signs With the point (1, 0) as the star ng point, any arc
of the coordinates must be (-, -). length s has a corresponding terminal point P with
coordinates (x, y), on the circle
By following the coordinates for a reference
angle of 45° and the signs of points on Quadrant If 𝑠 is a real number, and 𝜃 is an angle having
III, the coordinates of point B are (−
√𝟐
,−
√𝟐
) radian measure 𝑠 , then
𝟐 𝟐 sin 𝜃 = sin 𝑠
Example 3.
cos 𝜃 = cos 𝑠

If 𝑠 is any real number and 𝜃 is the length of an

arc on the unit circle with (1, 0) as ini al point and
terminal point (x, y), then
sin 𝑠 = 𝑦
cos 𝑠 = 𝑦

It follows that
𝑦 = sin 𝜃 = sin 𝑠
𝑥 = cos 𝜃 = cos 𝑠 .
Solu on: The reference angle of −330° is 30°. Its
terminal side lies on Quadrant I; thus, the signs of Example 1. Evaluate sin 30° and cos 30°
the coordinates must be (+, +). Solu on: The angle 30° is in standard posi on.
𝟏
sin 30° = 𝟐
By following the coordinates for a reference angle √𝟑
of 30° and the signs of points on Quadrant I, the cos 30° = ( )
𝟐
√𝟑 𝟏
coordinates of point B are ( , )
𝟐 𝟐
√𝟑 𝟏
So, ( , )
Example 4. 𝟐 𝟐

Example 2. Evaluate sin 90° and cos 90°

Solu on: The angle 90° is in standard posi on.
sin 90° = 1
cos 90° = 0.
So, (0,1)

Example 3. Evaluate sin −60° and cos −60°

Solu on: The angle −60° in standard posi on has
Solu on: The reference angle of −60° is 60°. Its a reference angle 60°.
√𝟑
terminal side lies on Quadrant IV; thus, the signs sin −60° = −
𝟐
of the coordinates must be (+, -). 𝟏
cos −60° = ( )
𝟐
By following the coordinates for a reference angle
of 60° and the signs of points on Quadrant IV, the 𝟏 √𝟑
𝟏
So, ( ,− )
√𝟑 𝟐 𝟐
coordinates of point B are (𝟐 , − 𝟐
)
 PRECAL – FINAL TERM REVIEWER

Basic Trigonometric Iden es Week 1 Formulas and Conversions:

So far, we know a few rela ons between the Degrees to radians, 180° = 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝝅
trigonometric func ons. For example, we know the multiply by 𝟏𝟖𝟎.
Reciprocal Iden es:
Radians to degrees,
𝟏𝟖𝟎 °
multiply by 𝝅 and 180
1 𝑟𝑎𝑑 =
attach the degree 𝜋
symbol °.

𝜋
1° = 𝑟𝑎𝑑
180

Week 2 Formulas and Conversions:

The above rela ons can easily be determined if Length of Linear Speed
you visualize the 𝑡 𝑎 𝑛 − 𝑠 𝑖 𝑛 − cos ℎ𝑒 𝑥 𝑎 𝑔 𝑜 𝑛 , Intercepted Arc 𝑠
𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃 𝑣=
as illustrated below 𝑡
Angular Speed 1 rev = 2π rad
𝜃
𝑤=
𝑡

1 rad = rad

Week 3 Formulas:

1.) Any func on is equal to 1 divided by the Equa on of a Unit Circle Reference Angle
𝑂𝑃2=𝑂𝑀2+𝑃𝑀2 Quadrant I = same as
func on opposite it, or the product of two
the given angle.
opposite func ons is 1. (Reciprocal Iden ty).
Quadrant II = 180° − 𝜃 .

Quadrant III = 𝜃 − 180°.

Quadrant IV = 360° − 𝜃 .

Domain and Range of Trigonometric Func ons

Coordinates of Points on the Unit Circle
x2 + y2 = r2
 PRECAL – FINAL TERM REVIEWER

Week 4 Formulas and Conversions: 3. An object moves at a constant linear

speed of 25 m/sec around a circle of
Sine and Cosine Basic Trigonometric radius 2 m. How large of a central
Function Iden es angle does it sweep out in 10 seconds?

𝑦 = sin 𝜃 = sin 𝑠
𝑥 = cos 𝜃 = cos 𝑠 . 4. The res on a mountain bike have a
diameter of 35 inches. If the res are
rota ng at a rate of 90 revolu ons per
minute, determine the biker’s speed in
meters per second.

5. Calculate the angular velocity of a 0.8

m radius car re when the car travels
at 20m/s.

D. Find the reference angle of the following

1. 286°
Drills and Prac ce Exercises: 2. 490°
A. Rewrite ang simplify the following degree 3. 89°
measures into DMS 4. -7,923°
1. 5.48° 5. 10,672°
2. 23.13°
3. 9.71° E. Determine the coordinates of the points
4. 0.65° of the intersec on of the terminal side
5. 8.33° and the unit circle of an angle in standard
posi on.
B. Convert the following angles to Radians 1. 920°
1. −30° 2. -350°
2. 67° 3. -70°
3. 20° 4. 60°
4. 365° 5. 580°
5. 731°
F. Determine the value of the six
C. Find the Length of Intercepted Arc, Area of a trigonometric func ons of the following
Sector and the Linear and Angular Speed of a angles in standard posi on. You are
Circular Mo on.
allowed to approximate the values in two
1. Find the length of an arc of a circle
decimal places
with radius 15 cm that subtends a sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 tan cot sec csc
𝜃
central angle of 45°. Solu on: Since 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
the given central angle is in degrees, 659°
we have to convert it into radian 243°
measure. -60°

2. A sprinkler on a golf course fairway is

set to spray water over a distance of
86 feet and rotates through an angle
of 100°. Find the area of the fairway °
watered by the sprinkler.
PRECAL – FINAL TERM REVIEWER