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Article History: This paper aims to determne the correlation of power propulsion to
Received: March 28, 2023 hull-forms parametric of twin-propulsion Tugboats. By using the
Accepted: May 19, 2023 regression method, an analysis of the technical data of existing tugboat
Published: May 25, 2023 is carried out, where the data is obtained by collecting dta on Tugboats
that are registere and operation as many as 381 tugboat. From the
results of the analysisis carried out, it was found that the relations
Correspondence Author: model power propulsion to hull-forms parametric, than the model was
Ali Munazid validated by testing the existing tugboat to determine how many errors
(ali.munazid@hangtuah.ac.id) the relations model. Based on the results of the analysis carried out,
power propulsion affacts the hull forms parametric, where the increase
DOI: in power propulsion will increase the value of the hull forms
10.30649/baitaengineering.v1i1.7 parametric in this case main dimension of the tugboat (L, B, D and T).
The value of power propulsion to main dimension of tugboat has a
different effect on each type of tugboat.
Copyright © 2023 BAITA ENGINEERING Journal of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering. This is an open access
article under the CC BY license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
1. INTRODUCTION
Based on its function, a tugboat is a ship that is used to tow or push a large ship. Determine
the design parameters of the tugboat namely: the technical spesifications of the ship, including
the hullforms parameters, generally based on the ability to tow or push a large ship. Where the
ability to tow or push the tugboat depends on the size of the engine power or thrust of the ship.
Therefore, naval architect often only provide data on the towing ability of the tugboat by the ship
owner.
The ship design procedure known as Spiral design was first introduced by J.H. Evans, 1959.
Spiral design is a series of sequential and itterative ship design procedures to determine the main
dimensions of the ship and several other design results (Taggart, 1980)(Apostolos Papanikolaou,
2014). Shi design procedures according to (A. Papanikolaou et al., 2009) that is: Mission, Function,
Form, Performance and Economics. While the stages of ship design according to (Apostolos
Papanikolaou, 2014) that is: Concept design, Preliminary design, Contract design and Detailed
design, whereas for concept design and preliminary design known as basic design and merged
at the stage preliminary design. Preliminary ship design is the initial stage in ship design which
is based on the needs and specifications of the ship owner. Including the main technical and
economis characteristics of the ship.
The initial stage of designing a ship is to determine the main dimensions and hull-forms of
the ship, it requires some information to be asked to the ship’s owner, including: Cargo type/Ship
type, Payload/Deadweight, Ship speed and Shipping route (C.B., 2004)(Apostolos Papanikolaou,
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Maulida, A.T and Munazid A BAITA, No.1 Vol.1, June 2023
2014). The parameters that affect the hull-forms of the ship’s hull include: The slenderness of the
ship hull-form (L/V1/3), Main dimensions (Displ. L, B, T, D), Ratios of main dimensions (L/B.
L/D, B/T, B/D) and hull-form coefficient of the ship (Cb, Cp, Cwp, Cm) (Thomas, 2003)(Munazid
et al., 2010)(Permana et al., 2018)(Rohmad & Munazid, 2018)(Permana & Awwalin, 2019).
The design of tugboats is slightly different from the design of other ships for example:
General cargo, Bulk carrier, Ore carrier, Tanker, Container vessel, etc, in the preliminary design
the ship owner usually only provides information the propulsion of the tugboat. Therefore, the
problem that must be solved for the naval architect when designing a tugboat, where in theory
the power of the tugboat propulsion is determined after the hull-form of the tugboat is designed,
for this reason this paper discusses how the relationship between the propulsion of the tugboat
and the hull-forms parameters of the tugboat. To solve these problems, data collection on
technical specifications of tugboats with two propeller that have been registered/built and
operating is carried out, including: Main dimensions, Main Engine, Ship Propulsion,
Deadweight, Ship speed and Shipping route. From this data, statistical methods were carried out
to analyze the relationship between the ship’s propulsion and several hull-form parameter of the
tug boat, with this relationship naval architect will be assisted in determining the hull-forms
parametric of tugboat.
2. METHOD
2.1. Tugboat
According (Thomas, 2003) A tugboat is a ship that is used to tow or push ships, in order to
serve ships that are anchored in ports and to serve ships or floating buildings that do not have
their self propulsion, such as barges, offshore platforms, floating cranes, floating docks etc. Besed
on the work area, tugboats are divided into three (3) types of tugboats, namely:
1- Ocean Tugboat, is a tugboat for ocean shipping where the function and task of the
tugboat is to tow or push a ship or floating structure that does not have its self
propulsion.
2- Harbour Tugboat, is a tugboat operating in port waters, where the function and task of
the tugboat is to push or tow larger shipd anchored or vice versa in port waters.
3- Coastel Tugboat, is a tugboat that operates in shallow waters, coastel or rivers, where its
function is to tow or push larger ships in shallow water, coastel and river.
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Maulida, A.T and Munazid A BAITA, No.1 Vol.1, June 2023
Figure 2. Spiral Design, J.H. Evans, 1959 (Taggart, 1980)(Apostolos Papanikolaou, 2014)
The ship design procedure is known as the spiral design, originaly introduced by J.H.
Evans, 1959 as in Figure 2 (Taggart, 1980)(Apostolos Papanikolaou, 2014). Spiral design is a
method that describes a series of sequential ship design process through various design steps
with iterative prosedures in determining the main dimensions and other design elements. Some
notes that need to be considered in the spiral design are as follows:
1- Concept Design Feasibility Study: in this design stages, translating the requirements of the
ship owner/customer into the technical characteristics of the ship, for eample the main
dimension of the ship or the hull forms parameter including: Length of ship (L), Breadth of
ship (B), Draft of ship (T), Height of ship (H), Block coefficient (Cb), etc.
2- Preliminary Design: in this stage is a more comprehensive description of the various steps of
the ships design stages carried out in the first stage (concept design feasibility study),
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Maulida, A.T and Munazid A BAITA, No.1 Vol.1, June 2023
including: determining ship design element that are more accurate than the previous
design.
3- Contract Design: the pupose ath this stage is to complete calculations and design drawings
and to prepare technical specifications of the ship design, all o which are an inseparable
part of the shipbuilding contract between the ship owner and the shipyard appointed by
the ship owner in the construction of the ship.
4- Detailed Design: at this stage is the final stages of the ship design procedure which is carried
out in detail from all structural elements and all components on the ship.
45
40
35 L
L.B.D,T [M]
30
B
25
20 H
15 T
10
5
0
11
21
31
41
51
61
71
81
91
1
101
111
121
131
141
151
161
171
181
191
201
211
221
231
241
251
261
271
281
291
301
311
321
331
341
351
361
371
381
Tug Boat [-]
(a)
DWT [Ton]
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
11
21
31
41
51
61
71
81
91
1
101
111
121
131
141
151
161
171
181
191
201
211
221
231
241
251
261
271
281
291
301
311
321
331
341
351
361
371
381
(b)
Figure 3. Technical data of tugboat, (a) Main dimension, (b) Power and DWT
Technical data of tugboats collected is tugboats operating in oceans, harbours and coastel
which have two propulsion with engine power ranges of 600 to 6000 kW. The data collected were
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Maulida, A.T and Munazid A BAITA, No.1 Vol.1, June 2023
381 tugboats which describe the main dimension of the tugboats in Figure 3 (a) while those that
describe engine power and deadweight are in Figure 3 (b).
3.2. Correlation of Volumetric Numeral LBD
3.2.1. To Deadweight (DWT)
With regression analysis of the exsisting tugboat data, from the analysis carried out, it was
found that the relations of volumetric numeral LBD to deadweight. Figure 4 (a) illustrates the
relations of the volumetric numeral LBD to deadweight of each type of tugboats, while Figure 4
(b) illustrates the relations of the volumetric numeral LBD to deadweight of tugboats with
R2=0,6973 as in equation (1), where LBD/100: is a volumetric numeral LBD, DWT: is deadweight
of tugboats.
𝐿𝐵𝐷/100 = 0,1448 𝐷𝑊𝑇 0,7757 (1)
35.0 35.0
y = 0.1448x0.7757
30.0 30.0
R² = 0.6411
25.0 25.0
LBD/100 [M³]
LBD/100 [M³]
20.0 20.0
15.0 15.0
10.0 Coastel 10.0
5.0 Harbour 5.0
Ocean 0.0
0.0
0 200 400 600 800 0 200 400 600 800
DWT [TONS] DWT [TONS]
(a) (b)
Figure 4. Correlation of volumetric numeral LBD to Power propulsion
30.0 R² = 0.7917
Ocean Tugboat 20.0
20.0 15.0
10.0
10.0
5.0
0.0 0.0
0 2000 4000 6000 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000
POWER [KW] POWER [KW]
(a) (b)
20.0 40.0
y = 0.0059x1.0123
y = 0.0096x0.9218
LBD/100 [M³]
R² = 0.9667
LBD/100 [M³]
15.0 30.0
R² = 0.9489
10.0 20.0
5.0 10.0
0.0 0.0
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 0 2000 4000 6000
POWER [KW] POWER [KW]
(c) (d)
Figure 5. Correlation of volumetric numeral LBD to Power propulsion, (b) ocean tugboats, (c)
harbour tugboat, (d) coastel tugboat.
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Maulida, A.T and Munazid A BAITA, No.1 Vol.1, June 2023
50 50
40 40
30 30
L [M]
L [M]
20 20 y = 1.0675x0.4514
Coastel Tugboat
10 R² = 0.7396
10 Harbour Tugboat
0 Ocean Tugboat 0
0 2000 4000 6000 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000
POWER [KW] POWER [KW]
(a) (b)
40 50
30 40
30
L [M]
L [M]
20
y = 2.624x0.3187 20
R² = 0.7095 y = 2.7202x0.3065
10 10 R² = 0.796
0 0
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 0 2000 4000 6000
POWER [KW] POWER [KW]
(c) (d)
Figure 6. Correlation of length (L) to Power propulsion, (b) ocean tugboats, (c) harbour tugboat,
(d) coastel tugboat.
Correlation of length to power propulsion can be illustrated in equation (4) for the ocean
tugboat type, equation (5) for the harbour tugboat type and equation (6) for coastel tugboat type.
Where: LOT: is length of ocean tugboat; LHT: is length of harbour tugboat; LCT: is length of coastel
tugboat and P: is power of main engine [kW].
15
15
10 10
B [M]
B [M]
Coastel Tugboat 5
5 y = 0.6248x0.3694
Harbour Tugboat
R² = 0.7175
Ocean Tugboat 0
0
0 2000 4000 6000 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000
POWER [KW] POWER [KW]
(a) (b)
15 15
10 10
B [M]
B [M]
5 y = 1.0749x0.2849
5 y = 1.0095x0.2898
R² = 0.8672
R² = 0.9104
0 0
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 0 2000 4000 6000
POWER [KW] POWER [KW]
(c) (d)
Figure 7. Correlation of breadth (B) to Power propulsion, (b) ocean tugboats, (c) harbour
tugboat, (d) coastel tugboat.
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Maulida, A.T and Munazid A BAITA, No.1 Vol.1, June 2023
8 6
5
6
4
D [M]
D [M]
4 3
Coastel Tugboat
Harbour Tugboat 2 y = 0.488x0.2975
2 R² = 0.6791
Ocean Tugboat 1
0 0
0 2000 4000 6000 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000
POWER [KW] POWER [KW]
(a) (b)
6 8
6
4
D [M]
D [M]
4
2 2 y = 0.3483x0.3256
y = 0.2098x0.4087
R² = 0.872 R² = 0.8849
0
0
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
POWER [KW] POWER [KW]
(c) (d)
Figure 8. Correlation of height (D) to Power propulsion, (b) ocean tugboats, (c) harbour tugboat,
(d) coastel tugboat.
6.000 5.000
5.000
4.000
4.000
3.000
T [M]
T [M]
3.000
Coastel Tugboat 2.000
2.000 y = 0.2076x0.3886
Harbour Tugboat 1.000 R² = 0.6746
1.000
Ocean Tugboat 0.000
0.000
0 2000 4000 6000 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000
POWER [KW] POWER [KW]
(a) (b)
5.000 6.000
4.000 5.000
3.000 4.000
T [M]
T [M]
3.000
2.000 y = 0.1692x0.41 2.000 y = 0.2707x0.334
1.000 R² = 0.7461 R² = 0.8333
1.000
0.000 0.000
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 0 2000 4000 6000
POWER [KW] POWER [KW]
(c) (d)
Figure 9. Correlation of height (D) to Power propulsion, (b) ocean tugboats, (c) harbour tugboat,
(d) coastel tugboat.
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Maulida, A.T and Munazid A BAITA, No.1 Vol.1, June 2023
Based on the comparison tugboat data, using the correlation of hull form parametric to poer
propulsion model as in equation (4) to (15), the results of the determination using the model and
validation model as shown in Table 2.
Tabel 2. Validation Model
(𝑫 − 𝑴)
Main Dimension Type Data [M] Model [M] Difference [M} 𝑬% =
𝑫
Length (L) Ocean Tug 47,00 45,72 1,28 2,40
Ocean Tug 31,00 31,38 -0,38 -1,23
Harbour Tug 29,00 32,38 -3,38 -11,66
Harbour Tug 32,14 37,01 -4,87 -15,15
Coastal Tug 21,00 21,17 -0,17 -0,81
Coastal Tug 29,50 26,29 3,21 10,88
Breadth (B) Ocean Tug 10,00 11,05 -1,05 -10,50
Ocean Tug 9,00 9,93 -0,93 -10,33
Harbour Tug 12,00 10,31 1,69 14,08
Harbour Tug 13,29 11,45 1,84 13,84
Coastal Tug 7,00 7,02 -0,02 -0,29
Coastal Tug 9,00 8,62 0,38 4,22
Height (D) Ocean Tug 5,00 4,53 0,47 9,40
Ocean Tug 4,00 4,16 -0,16 -4,00
Harbour Tug 5,10 5,37 -0,27 -5,29
Harbour Tug 5,50 6,24 -0,74 -13,45
Coastal Tug 3,30 3,08 0,22 6,67
Coastal Tug 4,25 3,87 0,38 8,94
Draught (T) Ocean Tug 4,00 4,26 -0,26 -6,60
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Maulida, A.T and Munazid A BAITA, No.1 Vol.1, June 2023
Based on the validation reluts from the model with existing comparison tugboat data as
shown in Table 2, the correlation model obtained is that there are several models that have a
slightly larger error percentage, especially the correlation model used to determine off the
draught of tugboat on the ocean tugboat and harbor tugboat types. This error range is still
acceptable as described by (Bekhit & Lungu, 2019). The Naval Architect will consider a value that
fully covers the difference between the numerical and experiment estimate known as a sea margin
of 15%. Overall the correlation model is applied to the tugboat design at the preliminary design
stage.
4. CONCLUSION
Based on the results of the analysis carried out, power propulsion affacts the hull forms
parametric, where the increase in power propulsion will increase the value of the hull forms
parametric in this case main dimension of the tugboat (L, B, D and T). The value of power
propulsion to main dimension of tugboat has a different effect on each type of tugboat. The
classification of the type off tugboat is based on the ship’s operating area where each operating
area has different characteristics that affect the caracteristics of tugboat
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