PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS

MAIN CONCEPTS AND RESULTS

** Fundamental principle of counting, or( the multiplication principle): “If an event can occur in m
different ways, following which another event can occur in n different ways, then the total number of
occurrence of the events in the given order is m × n.”
**Factorial notation The notation n! represents the product of first n natural numbers, i.e., the product
1 × 2 × 3 × . . . × (n – 1) × n is denoted as n!. We read this symbol as „n factorial‟.
Thus, 1 × 2 × 3 × 4 . . . × (n – 1) × n = n !
n ! = n (n – 1) !
= n (n – 1) (n – 2) ! [provided (n ≥ 2)]
= n (n – 1) (n – 2) (n – 3) ! [provided (n ≥ 3)]

**Permutations A permutation is an arrangement in a definite order of a number of objects taken

some or all at a time.
** The number of permutations of n different objects taken r at a time, where 0 < r ≤ n and the objects
do not
repeat is n ( n – 1) ( n – 2). . .( n – r + 1), which is denoted by
n!
P (n , r) OR n Pr  ,0  r  n
n  r !
** n P0  1 n Pn
** The number of permutations of n different objects taken r at a time, where repetition is allowed, is
nr.
** The number of permutations of n objects, where p1 objects are of one kind, p2 are of second kind, ...,
n!
pk are of kth kind and the rest, if any, are of different kind is .
p1!p2!...pk !
** The number of permutations of an dissimilar things taken all at a time along a circle is ( n -1) !.
** The number of ways of arranging a distinct objects along a circle when clockwise and anticlockwise
1
arrangements are considered alike is (n -1) !.
2
** The number of ways in which (m + n) different things can be divided into two groups containing
( m  n) !
m and n things is .
m ! n!
n!
Combination of n different objects taken r at a time, denoted by n C r  .
r!n  r !
** n Pr n Cr r! , 0  r  n
* * n C0  1  n C n
n
C1  n  n Cn 1
n n  1 n
n
C2   C2
2!
n n  1n  3 n
n
C3   Cn 3
3!
** n Cr  n Cs  r  s or r  s  n
** n Cr  n Cr 1  n 1Cr
II. Some illustrations/Examples
MCQs
Q.1 How many three digit numbers are there with all distinct digits1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0 ?
(a) 458 (b) 568 (c) 648 (d) 748
Sol. (c)9.9.8= 648
9 9 8

Q.2The H.C.F. of 6!, 8!, 9!, 11!. is

(a) 6! (b) 8! (c) 9! (d) 11!
Sol. (a) 6!

Q.3 A polygon has 14 sides then number of its diagonals are:

(a) 91 (b) 77 (c) 28 (d) none of these
Sol. (b) 77
Let the no. of sides is n.
Then no. of its diagonals is = 14C2 – 14= 91 –14 = 77

Q.4 IfnC5 = nC7, find n.

(a) 12 (b) 15 (c) 14 (d) 18
Sol. (a) 7 +5 = 12

Case study based

Q.1 A state cricket authority has to choose a team of 11 members, to do it so the authority ask 2
coaches of a government academy to select the team
Members that have experience as well as best performer
in the last 15 matches. They can make up a team of 11
cricketers amongst 15 possible candidates in which
5 players can bowl.
(i) In how many ways can the final eleven be selected from 15 cricket players ?
(ii) In how many ways can the final eleven be selected if exactly 4 bowlers must be included.
(iii) In how many ways can the final eleven be selected if all bowlers must be included.
Sol. (i) 15C11= 1365
(ii) 4 bowlers can be select by = 5C4
Remaining 7 players can be select out of 10 (15-5) is = 10C7
Total no. of ways is = 5C4 .10C7 = 600
(iii) all 5 bowlers can be select by = 5C5
Remaining 6 players can be select out of 10 (15-5) is = 10C6
Total no. of ways is = 5C5 .10C6 = 210

Short answer type question

Q.1 How many number of rectangle forming by 5 different horizontal parallel lines and 7 other
different vertical parallel line.
Sol. A rectangle forming by two horizontal and two vertical parallel lines
No. of rectangle = 5C2 .7C2 = 10 . 21 = 210
Q.2 How many arrangement of the letters of the word APPLICATION.
Sol. Total letters 11, A = 2, P=2, I=2
11!
No. of arrangements = 2!. 2!. 2! = 4989600
Q.3There are 12 point on a circle. How many chord can be draw? Find number of intersection of
all chord in the circle?
Sol. No. of chord = 12C2
No. of intersection of chord = no. of quadrilateral can be made = 12C4
Long answer type questions
Q.1Find rank of the word MONDAY in the dictionary wise all arrangements of word MONDAY,
also find the word which will on the rank 400.
Sol. Arrange alphabetically A,D,M,N,O,Y
Starting from A _ _ _ _ _ can be arrange by = 5! =120
Starting from D _ _ _ _ _ can be arrange by = 5! =120
Starting from M A _ _ _ _ can be arrange by = 4! =24
Starting from M D _ _ _ _ can be arrange by = 4! =24
Starting from M N _ _ _ _ can be arrange by = 4! =24
Starting from M O A _ _ _ can be arrange by = 3! = 6
Starting from M O D _ _ _ can be arrange by = 3! = 6
Starting from M O N A _ _ can be arrange by = 2! = 2
Starting from M O N D A Y can be arrange by = 1! = 1
Rank =120+120+24+24+24+6+6+2+1 = 327
rank
Starting from A _ _ _ _ _ can be arrange by = 5! =120 120
Starting from D _ _ _ _ _ can be arrange by = 5! =120 240
Starting from M _ _ _ _ _ can be arrange by = 5! =120 360
Starting from N A _ _ _ _ can be arrange by = 4! =24 384
Starting from N D A _ _ _ can be arrange by = 3! =6 390
Starting from N D M _ _ _ can be arrange by = 3! =6 396
Starting from N D O A _ _ can be arrange by = 2! =2 398
Starting from N D O M _ _ can be arrange by = 2! =2 400 answer
Q.2Find the arrangements of the letters of the word VOLUMES. Find the arrangements if:-
(a) all vowels come together.
(b) all vowels don‟t come together.
(c) vowel don‟t come together.
Sol. Total alphabets = 7, vowels = 3
Total arrangements = 7! = 5040
(a) All vowels OUE is a one unit and remaining V, L, M, S can be arrange = 5! . 3! = 720
(b) Total arrangements – all vowels come together = 7! – 5! . 3! =5040-720=4320
(c) _V_L_M_S_ three vowels can be on these 5 gaps = 5C3
And 3 vowels can be arrange by = 3!
And 4 consonants can be arrange by = 4!
Then total arrangement = 5C3 . 3! . 4! = 10 .6 . 24 = 1440
III .Questions for Practice
MCQs
Q.1 Number of words from the letters of the word BHARAT in which B and H will never come
together is:
(a) 210 (b) 240 (c) 422 (d) 400
Q.2There are 10 true-false questions in a examination. If all questions are compulsory then these
questions can be answered in:
(a) 210 (b) 512 (c) 422 (d) 1024
Q.3If 15Cr :15Cr-1=11:5 then r equals
(a) 15 (b) 11 (c) 5 (d) 4
Q.4 A polygon has 35 diagonals. Find the number of its sides.
(a) 7 (b) 16 (c) 10 (d) 70
Q.5 ASSERTION-REASON
In the following question, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason(R).
Assertion (A):13C9 = 13C6
Reason(R): Selection of the r distinct things out of n is equal to the rejection of the (n-r) distinct
things out of n.
Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
 (d) A is false but R is true.

Case study based

Q.1In a company, CEO wants to establish a new branch. New branch required a committee of 5
members is to be formed out of 6 gents and 4 ladies.

In how many ways this can be done, when

i. At least two ladies are included?
ii. ii. At most two ladies are included?

Q.2Read the following passage and answer the questions given below.
Every person has Independence thought.

Find the number of arrangements of the letters of the word INDEPENDENCE. In how many of these
arrangements,
(i) Do the words start with P
(ii) Do all the vowels always occur together
(iii) Do the vowels never occur together
OR
Do the words begin with I and end in P?
Q.3Read the following passage and answer the question given below.
The longest river of North America is Mississippi River
In how many ways can the letters of the word MISSISSIPPI be arranged Such that

(i) All letters are used

(ii) All I‟s are together
(iii) All I‟s are not together
OR
All S ‟s are not together

Short answer type question

Q.1 If10Pr=5040 , find the value of r
Q.2 If 5. 4Cr =6 .5Cr-1 , find value of r.
Q.3 How many 6-digit number can be formed from the digits 0,1,3,5,7,9 which are divisible by 10
and no digit is repeated ?
Q.4 How many words can be formed by using the letters of the word ORIENTAL, so that the
vowels always occupy the odd places ?
Q.5 How many squares in a chess board?
Q.6 How many palindrome of 5 letters can be made by using letters of the word MATHS?
Q.7 It is required to seat 5 men and 4 women in a row so that the women occupy the even places.
How many such arrangements are possible ?
Q.8 Given12 flags of different colours, how many different signals can be generated if each signal
requires the use of 2 flags, one below the other?
Q.9 There are four bus routes between A and B; and three bus routes between B and C. A man can
travel round-trip in number of ways by bus from A to C via B. If he does not want to use a bus
route more than once, in how many ways can he make round trip?
Q.10 In an examination there are three multiple choice questions and each question has 4 choices.
Find the number of ways in which a student can fail to get all answer correct.
Long answer type questions
Q.1 A group consists of 4 girls and 7 boys. In how many ways can a team of 5 members be
selected if the team has (i) no girl ? (ii) at least one boy and one girl ? (ii) at least 3 girls ?
Q.2 Find the number of words with or without meaning which can be made using all the letters of
the word AGAIN. If these words are written as in a dictionary, what will be the 50th word?
Q.3 In an examination, a question paper consists of 12 questions divided into two parts i.e., Part I
and Part II, containing 5 and 7 questions, respectively. A student is required to attempt 8
questions in all, selecting at least 3 from each part. In how many ways can a student select the
questions ?
Q.4 How many number of signals that can be sent by 6 flags of different colours taking one or
more at a time?
Q.5 A sports team of 11 students is to be constituted, choosing at least 5 from Class XI and at least
5 from Class XII. If there are 20 students in each of these classes, in how many ways can the
team be constituted?
IV. ANSWERS of Practice questions :
MCQs
Q.1 B Q.2 D Q.3 C Q.4 C Q.5 A
Case study based
Q.1 (i) 186 (ii) 186
Q.2 (i) 138600 (ii) 16800 (iii) 1663200 – 16800 = 1646400 OR 12600
Q.3 (i) 34650 (ii) 840 (iii) 33810 OR 33810
Short answer type question
Q.1 4 Q.2 3 Q.3 120 Q.4 576
Q.5 204 Q.660 Q.7 2880 Q.8 132
Q.9 72 Q.10 63
Long answer type questions
Q.1 (i) 21 (ii) 441 (iii) 91 Q.2 60, NAAIG Q.3 420
Q.4 1956 Q.5 2(20C5 . 20C6)

V. Two Chapter Test

TEST-1(20 MARKS)
Q.no Questions marks
1 Out of 18 points in a plane, no three are in the same line except five points which 1
are collinear. Find the number of lines that can be formed joining the point.
2 Ten different letters of alphabet are given. Words with five letters are formed from 1
these given letters. Then find the number of words which have at least one letter
repeated.
3 If the letters of the word RACHIT are arranged in all possible ways as listed in 1
dictionary. Then what is the rank of the word RACHIT
4 Find the number of permutations of n distinct things taken r together, in which 3 1
particular things must occur together.
5 Find the total number of 9 digit numbers which have all different digits 1
6 The number of permutations of n different objects, taken r at a line, when repetitions 1
are allowed, is ______.
7 In an examination, a student has to answer 4 questions out of 5 questions; questions 2
1 and 2 are however compulsory. Determine the number of ways in which the
student can make the choice.
8 In a certain city, all telephone numbers have six digits, the first two digits always 2
being 24 or 25 or 26 or 28 or 29. How many telephone numbers have all six distinct
 digits.
9 Arrangement of the letters of the word INSTITUTIONS than find:- 5
(a) Total arrangement.
(b) If all vowels come together.
(c) If no vowels come together.
(d) Starting with I and end with S.
(e) All vowels come together and all consonant come together.
10 Using the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, a number of 4 different digits is formed. Find 5
(a) how many numbers are formed?
(b) how many numbers are exactly divisible by 2?
(c) how many numbers are exactly divisible by 25?
(d) how many of these are exactly divisble by 4?
(e) how many even number can be formed?
TEST-2(30 MARKS)

Q.no Questions marks

1 Find the number of ways in which 5 prizes be distributed among 4 boys, 1
while each boy is capable of having any number of prizes.
2 The total number of ways in which six „+‟ and four „–‟ signs can be arranged in a 1
line such that no two signs „–‟ occur together is ______.
3 Given 5 different green dyes, four different blue dyes and three different red dyes, 1
find the number of combinations of dyes which can be chosen taking at least one
green and one blue dye.
4 To fill 12 vacancies there are 25 candidates of which 5 are from scheduled castes. If 1
3 of the vacancies are reserved for scheduled caste candidates while the rest are
open to all, find the number of ways in which the selection can be made.
5 There are four bus routes between A and B; and three bus routes between B and C. 1
A man can travel round-trip in number of ways by bus from A to C via B. If he does
not want to use a bus route more than once, in how many ways can he make round
trip?
6 In a office party 15 member are there. Find number of handshakes if every member 1
handshake to other?
7 Every body in a room shakes hands with everybody else. The total number of hand 2
shakes is 66. Then find total number of persons in the room.
8 Find the number of words which can be formed out of the letters of the word 2
ARTICLE, so that vowels occupy the even place.
9 How many triangle can be draw in regular octagon. Also find all diagonals. 2
10 2
11 In a cinema hall 4 doors to enter and 3 other doors to exit. 4
(a) How many ways a person can enter?
(b) How many ways a person can exit?
(c) How many ways a person can enter and then exit?
(d) How many ways a person can enter and then exit but he can‟t enter and exit
from the same door.
12 There are 3 books on Mathematics, 4 on Physics and 5 on English. How many 4
different collections of 4 books can be made such that each collection consists of :
(a) At least one book of each subject
(b) At least 3 book of English
(c) At least 2 book of physics
 (d) At most 2 book of maths
13 Find the number of permutation of the letters of the word ALLAHABAD. In how 4
many of these permutation
(i) All the vowels always occur together
(ii) The vowels never occur together
14 Three married couples are to be seated in a row having six seats in a cinema hall. If 4
spouses are to be seated next to each other,
(a) in how many ways can they be seated?
(b) Find also the number of ways of their seating if all the ladies sit together.

ANSWERS of Chapter TEST-1

Q.1 144 Q.269760 Q.3 481 Q.4n-3Cr-3(r-2)!. 3!
r
Q.59 . 9! Q.6n Q.73 Q.88400
12! 5! 8! 8 5! 7! 10! 5! 7!
Q.9(a) 3!3!2!2!(b)3! 3!2!2!(c) C53! 3!2!2!(d) 2!3!2! (e) 2! 3! 3!2!2!
Q.10(a) 840 (b) 360 (c) 40 (d) 200 (e) 630

ANSWERS of Chapter TEST-2

Q.145 Q.235 Q.33720 Q.45C3 × 20C9
Q.572 Q.6105 Q.712 Q.8144
Q.940, 28 Q.10
Q.11 (a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 12(d) 8Q.12(a) 720(b)75 (c) 201 (d) 360
Q.13(a) 360 (b) 7200 Q.14(a) 48(b) 144

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