CALCULUS II

Here are my online notes for my Calculus II course that I teach here at Lamar
University. Despite the fact that these are my “class notes”, they should be accessible to
anyone wanting to learn Calculus II or needing a refresher in some of the topics from
the class.
These notes do assume that the reader has a good working knowledge of Calculus I
topics including limits, derivatives and basic integration and integration by substitution.

Calculus II tends to be a very difficult course for many students. There are many
reasons for this.

The first reason is that this course does require that you have a very good working
knowledge of Calculus I. The Calculus I portion of many of the problems tends to be
skipped and left to the student to verify or fill in the details. If you don’t have good
Calculus I skills, and you are constantly getting stuck on the Calculus I portion of the
problem, you will find this course very difficult to complete.

The second, and probably larger, reason many students have difficulty with Calculus II
is that you will be asked to truly think in this class. That is not meant to insult anyone; it
is simply an acknowledgment that you can’t just memorize a bunch of formulas and
expect to pass the course as you can do in many math classes. There are formulas in
this class that you will need to know, but they tend to be fairly general. You will need to
understand them, how they work, and more importantly whether they can be used or
not. As an example, the first topic we will look at is Integration by Parts. The integration
by parts formula is very easy to remember. However, just because you’ve got it
memorized doesn’t mean that you can use it. You’ll need to be able to look at an integral
and realize that integration by parts can be used (which isn’t always obvious) and then
decide which portions of the integral correspond to the parts in the formula (again, not
always obvious).
Finally, many of the problems in this course will have multiple solution techniques and
so you’ll need to be able to identify all the possible techniques and then decide which
will be the easiest technique to use.

Here are a couple of warnings to my students who may be here to get a copy of what
happened on a day that you missed.

1. Because I wanted to make this a fairly complete set of notes for anyone wanting
to learn calculus II have included some material that I do not usually have time to
cover in class and because this changes from semester to semester it is not
 noted here. You will need to find one of your fellow class mates to see if there is
something in these notes that wasn’t covered in class.

2. Because I want these notes to provide some more examples for you to read
through, I don’t always work the same problems in class as those given in the
notes. Likewise, even if I do work some of the problems in here I may work fewer
problems in class than are presented here.

3. Sometimes questions in class will lead down paths that are not covered here. I
try to anticipate as many of the questions as possible when writing these up, but
the reality is that I can’t anticipate all the questions. Sometimes a very good
question gets asked in class that leads to insights that I’ve not included here. You
should always talk to someone who was in class on the day you missed and
compare these notes to their notes and see what the differences are.

4. This is somewhat related to the previous three items, but is important enough to
merit its own item. THESE NOTES ARE NOT A SUBSTITUTE FOR ATTENDING
CLASS!! Using these notes as a substitute for class is liable to get you in trouble.
As already noted not everything in these notes is covered in class and often
material or insights not in these notes is covered in class.

Here is a listing (and brief description) of the material that is in this set of notes.

Integration Techniques - In this chapter we will look at several integration

techniques including Integration by Parts, Integrals Involving Trig Functions, Trig
Substitutions and Partial Fractions. We will also look at Improper Integrals
including using the Comparison Test for convergence/divergence of improper
integrals.
Integration by Parts – In this section we will be looking at Integration by Parts. Of
all the techniques we’ll be looking at in this class this is the technique that
students are most likely to run into down the road in other classes. We also give
a derivation of the integration by parts formula.
Integrals Involving Trig Functions – In this section we look at integrals that involve
trig functions. In particular we concentrate integrating products of sines and
cosines as well as products of secants and tangents. We will also briefly look at
how to modify the work for products of these trig functions for some quotients of
trig functions.
Trig Substitutions – In this section we will look at integrals (both indefinite and
definite) that require the use of a substitutions involving trig functions and how
they can be used to simplify certain integrals.
Partial Fractions – In this section we will use partial fractions to rewrite integrands
into a form that will allow us to do integrals involving some rational functions.
Integrals Involving Roots – In this section we will take a look at a substitution that
can, on occasion, be used with integrals involving roots.
Integrals Involving Quadratics – In this section we are going to look at some
integrals that involve quadratics for which the previous techniques won’t work
right away. In some cases, manipulation of the quadratic needs to be done
before we can do the integral. We will see several cases where this is needed in
this section.
Integration Strategy – In this section we give a general set of guidelines for
determining how to evaluate an integral. The guidelines give here involve a mix
of both Calculus I and Calculus II techniques to be as general as possible. Also
note that there really isn’t one set of guidelines that will always work and so you
always need to be flexible in following this set of guidelines.
Improper Integrals – In this section we will look at integrals with infinite intervals of
integration and integrals with discontinuous integrands in this section.
Collectively, they are called improper integrals and as we will see they may or
may not have a finite (i.e. not infinite) value. Determining if they have finite values
will, in fact, be one of the major topics of this section.
Comparison Test for Improper Integrals – It will not always be possible to
evaluate improper integrals and yet we still need to determine if they converge or
diverge (i.e. if they have a finite value or not). So, in this section we will use the
Comparison Test to determine if improper integrals converge or diverge.
Approximating Definite Integrals – In this section we will look at several fairly
simple methods of approximating the value of a definite integral. It is not possible
to evaluate every definite integral (i.e. because it is not possible to do the
indefinite integral) and yet we may need to know the value of the definite integral
anyway. These methods allow us to at least get an approximate value which may
be enough in a lot of cases.

Applications of Integrals - In this chapter we’ll take a look at a few applications of

integrals. We will look at determining the arc length of a curve, the surface area
of a solid of revolution, the center of mass of a region bounded by two curves,
the hydrostatic force/pressure on a plate submerged in water and a quick look at
computing the mean of a probability density function. The applications given here
tend to result in integrals that are typically covered in a Calculus II course.
Arc Length – In this section we’ll determine the length of a curve over a given
interval.
 Surface Area – In this section we’ll determine the surface area of a solid of
revolution, i.e. a solid obtained by rotating a region bounded by two curves about
a vertical or horizontal axis.
Center of Mass – In this section we will determine the center of mass or centroid of a
thin plate where the plate can be described as a region bounded by two curves (one of
which may the
x
�
or
y
�
-axis).
Hydrostatic Pressure and Force – In this section we’ll determine the hydrostatic
pressure and force on a vertical plate submerged in water. The plates used in the
examples can all be described as regions bounded by one or more curves/lines.
Probability – Many quantities can be described with probability density functions.
For example, the length of time a person waits in line at a checkout counter or
the life span of a light bulb. None of these quantities are fixed values and will
depend on a variety of factors. In this section we will look at probability density
functions and computing the mean (think average wait in line or average life span
of a light blub) of a probability density function.

Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates - In this chapter we will introduce

the ideas of parametric equations and polar coordinates. We will also look at
many of the basic Calculus ideas (tangent lines, area, arc length and surface
area) in terms of these two ideas.
Parametric Equations and Curves – In this section we will introduce parametric
equations and parametric curves (i.e. graphs of parametric equations). We will
graph several sets of parametric equations and discuss how to eliminate the
parameter to get an algebraic equation which will often help with the graphing
process.
Tangents with Parametric Equations – In this section we will discuss how to find the
derivatives
d
y
d
x
����
and
d
2
y
d
x
2

�2���2
for parametric curves. We will also discuss using these derivative formulas to find
the tangent line for parametric curves as well as determining where a parametric
curve in increasing/decreasing and concave up/concave down.
Area with Parametric Equations – In this section we will discuss how to find the area
between a parametric curve and the
x
�
-axis using only the parametric equations (rather than eliminating the parameter and
using standard Calculus I techniques on the resulting algebraic equation).
Arc Length with Parametric Equations – In this section we will discuss how to find
the arc length of a parametric curve using only the parametric equations (rather
than eliminating the parameter and using standard Calculus techniques on the
resulting algebraic equation).
Surface Area with Parametric Equations – In this section we will discuss how to find
the surface area of a solid obtained by rotating a parametric curve about the
x
�
or
y
�
-axis using only the parametric equations (rather than eliminating the parameter and
using standard Calculus techniques on the resulting algebraic equation).
Polar Coordinates – In this section we will introduce polar coordinates an
alternative coordinate system to the ‘normal’ Cartesian/Rectangular coordinate
system. We will derive formulas to convert between polar and Cartesian
coordinate systems. We will also look at many of the standard polar graphs as
well as circles and some equations of lines in terms of polar coordinates.
Tangents with Polar Coordinates – In this section we will discuss how to find the
derivative
d
y
d
x
����
 for polar curves. We will also discuss using this derivative formula to find the
tangent line for polar curves using only polar coordinates (rather than converting
to Cartesian coordinates and using standard Calculus techniques).
Area with Polar Coordinates – In this section we will discuss how to the area
enclosed by a polar curve. The regions we look at in this section tend (although
not always) to be shaped vaguely like a piece of pie or pizza and we are looking
for the area of the region from the outer boundary (defined by the polar equation)
and the origin/pole. We will also discuss finding the area between two polar
curves.
Arc Length with Polar Coordinates – In this section we will discuss how to find the
arc length of a polar curve using only polar coordinates (rather than converting to
Cartesian coordinates and using standard Calculus techniques).
Surface Area with Polar Coordinates – In this section we will discuss how to find the
surface area of a solid obtained by rotating a polar curve about the
x
�
or
y
�
-axis using only polar coordinates (rather than converting to Cartesian coordinates
and using standard Calculus techniques).
Arc Length and Surface Area Revisited – In this section we will summarize all the
arc length and surface area formulas we developed over the course of the last
two chapters.

Series and Sequences - In this chapter we introduce sequences and series. We

discuss whether a sequence converges or diverges, is increasing or decreasing,
or if the sequence is bounded. We will then define just what an infinite series is
and discuss many of the basic concepts involved with series. We will discuss if a
series will converge or diverge, including many of the tests that can be used to
determine if a series converges or diverges. We will also discuss using either a
power series or a Taylor series to represent a function and how to find the radius
and interval of convergence for this series.
Sequences – In this section we define just what we mean by sequence in a math
class and give the basic notation we will use with them. We will focus on the
basic terminology, limits of sequences and convergence of sequences in this
section. We will also give many of the basic facts and properties we’ll need as we
work with sequences.
More on Sequences – In this section we will continue examining sequences. We
will determine if a sequence is an increasing sequence or a decreasing sequence
 and hence if it is a monotonic sequence. We will also determine a sequence is
bounded below, bounded above and/or bounded.
Series – The Basics – In this section we will formally define an infinite series. We
will also give many of the basic facts, properties and ways we can use to
manipulate a series. We will also briefly discuss how to determine if an infinite
series will converge or diverge (a more in depth discussion of this topic will occur
in the next section).
Convergence/Divergence of Series – In this section we will discuss in greater
detail the convergence and divergence of infinite series. We will illustrate how
partial sums are used to determine if an infinite series converges or diverges. We
will also give the Divergence Test for series in this section.
Special Series – In this section we will look at three series that either show up
regularly or have some nice properties that we wish to discuss. We will examine
Geometric Series, Telescoping Series, and Harmonic Series.
Integral Test – In this section we will discuss using the Integral Test to determine if
an infinite series converges or diverges. The Integral Test can be used on an
infinite series provided the terms of the series are positive and decreasing. A
proof of the Integral Test is also given.
Comparison Test/Limit Comparison Test – In this section we will discuss using
the Comparison Test and Limit Comparison Tests to determine if an infinite series
converges or diverges. In order to use either test the terms of the infinite series
must be positive. Proofs for both tests are also given.
Alternating Series Test – In this section we will discuss using the Alternating Series
Test to determine if an infinite series converges or diverges. The Alternating
Series Test can be used only if the terms of the series alternate in sign. A proof of
the Alternating Series Test is also given.
Absolute Convergence – In this section we will have a brief discussion of absolute
convergence and conditionally convergent and how they relate to convergence of
infinite series.
Ratio Test – In this section we will discuss using the Ratio Test to determine if an
infinite series converges absolutely or diverges. The Ratio Test can be used on
any series, but unfortunately will not always yield a conclusive answer as to
whether a series will converge absolutely or diverge. A proof of the Ratio Test is
also given.
Root Test – In this section we will discuss using the Root Test to determine if an
infinite series converges absolutely or diverges. The Root Test can be used on
any series, but unfortunately will not always yield a conclusive answer as to
whether a series will converge absolutely or diverge. A proof of the Root Test is
also given.
 Strategy for Series – In this section we give a general set of guidelines for
determining which test to use in determining if an infinite series will converge or
diverge. Note as well that there really isn’t one set of guidelines that will always
work and so you always need to be flexible in following this set of guidelines. A
summary of all the various tests, as well as conditions that must be met to use
them, we discussed in this chapter are also given in this section.
Estimating the Value of a Series – In this section we will discuss how the Integral
Test, Comparison Test, Alternating Series Test and the Ratio Test can, on
occasion, be used to estimate the value of an infinite series.
Power Series – In this section we will give the definition of the power series as well
as the definition of the radius of convergence and interval of convergence for a
power series. We will also illustrate how the Ratio Test and Root Test can be
used to determine the radius and interval of convergence for a power series.
Power Series and Functions – In this section we discuss how the formula for a
convergent Geometric Series can be used to represent some functions as power
series. To use the Geometric Series formula, the function must be able to be put
into a specific form, which is often impossible. However, use of this formula does
quickly illustrate how functions can be represented as a power series. We also
discuss differentiation and integration of power series.
Taylor Series – In this section we will discuss how to find the Taylor/Maclaurin Series
for a function. This will work for a much wider variety of function than the method
discussed in the previous section at the expense of some often unpleasant work. We
also derive some well known formulas for Taylor series of
e
x
��
,
cos
(
x
)
cos⁡(�)
and
sin
(
x
)
sin⁡(�)
around
x
=
0
�=0
.
Applications of Series – In this section we will take a quick look at a couple of
applications of series. We will illustrate how we can find a series representation
for indefinite integrals that cannot be evaluated by any other method. We will also
see how we can use the first few terms of a power series to approximate a
function.
Binomial Series – In this section we will give the Binomial Theorem and illustrate how it
can be used to quickly expand terms in the form
(
a
+
b
)
n
(�+�)�
when
n
�
is an integer. In addition, when
n
�
is not an integer an extension to the Binomial Theorem can be used to give a power
series representation of the term.

Vectors - In this (very brief) chapter we will take a look at the basics of vectors.
Included are common notation for vectors, arithmetic of vectors, dot product of
vectors (and applications) and cross product of vectors (and applications).
Basic Concepts – In this section we will introduce some common notation for
vectors as well as some of the basic concepts about vectors such as the
magnitude of a vector and unit vectors. We also illustrate how to find a vector
from its starting and end points.
Vector Arithmetic – In this section we will discuss the mathematical and geometric
interpretation of the sum and difference of two vectors. We also define and give a
geometric interpretation for scalar multiplication. We also give some of the basic
properties of vector arithmetic and introduce the common
i
�
,
j
�
,
k
�
notation for vectors.
Dot Product – In this section we will define the dot product of two vectors. We give
some of the basic properties of dot products and define orthogonal vectors and
show how to use the dot product to determine if two vectors are orthogonal. We
also discuss finding vector projections and direction cosines in this section.
Cross Product – In this section we define the cross product of two vectors and give
some of the basic facts and properties of cross products.

3-Dimensional Space - In this chapter we will start looking at three dimensional

space. This chapter is generally prep work for Calculus III and so we will cover
the standard 3D coordinate system as well as a couple of alternative coordinate
systems. We will also discuss how to find the equations of lines and planes in
three dimensional space. We will look at some standard 3D surfaces and their
equations. In addition we will introduce vector functions and some of their
applications (tangent and normal vectors, arc length, curvature and velocity and
acceleration).
The 3-D Coordinate System – In this section we will introduce the standard three
dimensional coordinate system as well as some common notation and concepts
needed to work in three dimensions.
Equations of Lines – In this section we will derive the vector form and parametric
form for the equation of lines in three dimensional space. We will also give the
symmetric equations of lines in three dimensional space. Note as well that while
these forms can also be useful for lines in two dimensional space.
Equations of Planes – In this section we will derive the vector and scalar equation
of a plane. We also show how to write the equation of a plane from three points
that lie in the plane.
Quadric Surfaces – In this section we will be looking at some examples of quadric
surfaces. Some examples of quadric surfaces are cones, cylinders, ellipsoids,
and elliptic paraboloids.
Functions of Several Variables – In this section we will give a quick review of
some important topics about functions of several variables. In particular we will
discuss finding the domain of a function of several variables as well as level
curves, level surfaces and traces.
Vector Functions – In this section we introduce the concept of vector functions
concentrating primarily on curves in three dimensional space. We will however,
touch briefly on surfaces as well. We will illustrate how to find the domain of a
vector function and how to graph a vector function. We will also show a simple
relationship between vector functions and parametric equations that will be very
useful at times.
Calculus with Vector Functions – In this section here we discuss how to do basic
calculus, i.e. limits, derivatives and integrals, with vector functions.
Tangent, Normal and Binormal Vectors – In this section we will define the tangent,
normal and binormal vectors.
Arc Length with Vector Functions – In this section we will extend the arc length
formula we used early in the material to include finding the arc length of a vector
function. As we will see the new formula really is just an almost natural extension
of one we’ve already seen.
Curvature – In this section we give two formulas for computing the curvature (i.e.
how fast the function is changing at a given point) of a vector function.
Velocity and Acceleration – In this section we will revisit a standard application of
derivatives, the velocity and acceleration of an object whose position function is
given by a vector function. For the acceleration we give formulas for both the
normal acceleration and the tangential acceleration.
Cylindrical Coordinates – In this section we will define the cylindrical coordinate
system, an alternate coordinate system for the three dimensional coordinate
system. As we will see cylindrical coordinates are really nothing more than a very
natural extension of polar coordinates into a three dimensional setting.
Spherical Coordinates – In this section we will define the spherical coordinate
system, yet another alternate coordinate system for the three dimensional
coordinate system. This coordinates system is very useful for dealing with
spherical objects. We will derive formulas to convert between cylindrical
coordinates and spherical coordinates as well as between Cartesian and
spherical coordinates (the more useful of the two).