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Earth and Life Science

Quarter 2 – Module 26:

Organ Systems of
Representative Animals

ii
 What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the nature of Animal Organ Systems. The scope of this module permits it to be used
in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.
The module is divided into three lessons, namely:
 Lesson 1 – Characteristics of Different Organ System of representative animals.
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. identify the different organ systems of representative animals;
2. describe the characteristics of different organ systems of representative animals.

What I Know
Directions. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. The lungs, nose, and trachea are part of which organ system?
A. Circulatory
B. Digestive
C. Muscular
D. Respiratory
2. Which system supports and protects the body while giving it shape and form?
A. Circulatory
B. Integumentary
C. Muscular
D. Respiratory
3. Most of the nutrient absorption that takes place during digestion occurs in
the __________.
A. Esophagus
B. Liver
C. Large intestine
D. Small intestine
4. What transport nutrients, gases, hormone, and wastes through the body?
A. Circulatory system
B. Digestive system
C. Muscular system
D. Respiratory system
5. What system filters out wastes toxins and excess water out nutrients from of the
circulatory system?
A. Digestive system
B. Excretory system
C. Integumentary system
D. Respiratory system
6. Which body system is responsible for taking in oxygen and getting rid of carbon
dioxide?
A. Digestive system B. Excretory system
C. Integumentary system
D. Respiratory system
7. Which of the following is in the correct order from smallest to largest?
A. cell- organ- tissue- system
B. cell- tissue-organ- system
C. system- tissue- cell- organ
D. tissue- organ- system- cell
8. What system allows motion in the body?
A. Circulatory system
B. Digestive system
C. Muscular system
D. Respiratory system

9. What system breaks food down into energy for the body?
A. Circulatory system
B. Digestive system
C. Muscular system
D. Respiratory system
10.What system controls voluntary and involuntary life functions? A. Circulatory system
B. Digestive system
C. Nervous system
D. Muscular system
11.What two organs make up the central nervous system?
A. somatic nerves and autonomic nerves
B. cerebrum and cerebellum
C. neurons and receptors
D. brain and spinal cord
12.The wall of the alveoli is what kind of tissue
A. muscle tissue
B. nervous tissue
C. epithelial tissue
D. connective tissue
13.What is the relationship between tissues and organs?
A. organs are made up of tissues
B. organs are endorsed by tissues
C. tissues contain one or more organ
D. organ develop into tissues
14.Which of the following pairs of organs includes only the endocrine glands?
A. Adrenal and ovary
B. Parathyroid and adrenal
C. Pancreas and parathyroid
D. Thymus and testes
15.Which of the following are proteins that fight off diseases?
A. antibodies
B. B- cells
C. antigens
D. memory cells

Lesson Describe the General and Unique

Characteristics of the Different Organ
 26 Systems in Representative Animals.

What happens when organisms become more complex? How do organisms

made up of billions, or even trillions of cells get the raw materials needed to each and
every cell? The answer is body systems. Large, complex organisms need many levels
of organization to ensure all cells get what they need to perform life functions.
The body of an animal is like a well-organized machine capable of performing
different tasks. The ability of the body to do all the things it can do is due to the
special internal and external structures both inside and outside that work together in
an orderly manner.

What’s In
Animals are arguably the most complex organism on this planet. The body is
made up of many, many millions of cells which you cannot see unless you use a
microscope. Special cells come together to make an organ.

Table 1
Cellular Organization

An organ is a complex structure with in the body. It has a special job or jobs to
do. The body system is a group of parts that work together to serve a common
purpose. Each individual body system works in conjunction with other body system.
It relies on the other systems to work well to maintain internal stability and balance,
otherwise known as homeostasis.

What’s New
 We are the most amazing organism of all living things who carries out some
functions. The Organ Systems are interdependent, interconnected, and packaged
together in a relatively small space. Animals are complex organisms with systems and
processes that allow them to carry out activities to remain in the living condition.

Activity 1
Name what kind of organ system is in the picture. Choose your answer in the box
below.

Muscular system Respiratory system Digestive system

Skeletal system Nervous system Circulatory system
Endocrine system Immune system Urinary system

1. __________________________ 2.___________________________

3. __________________________ 4.___________________________
5. __________________________ 6.___________________________

7. __________________________ 8.___________________________ 9.

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 What do you think is the most important organ system in body? Why?

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Do all animals have the same organ systems?

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What is It
The human body and even the simplest animal is made up of several organ
systems that work as one unit. The major organ systems of the body work together,
either directly or indirectly, to keep the body functioning normally. The body is a
chemical and physical machine. As such, it is subject to certain laws. These are
sometimes called natural laws. Each part of the body is engineered to do a particular
function necessary for everyday living.
The Animal Organ Systems
1. Digestive System
Animal nutrition is the process of taking in, taking apart and taking up the
nutrients from the food source. Food processing has four main stages: Ingestion,
Digestion, Absorption, and Elimination or Egestion.
In animals with complete digestive system, where the entrance and exit of food
and waste are different, they have different kind of mechanisms of ingestion
depending on their evolutionary adaptation to their food.
In other animals, such as in cnidarians (jellyfish, anemone, coral) where the
entrance and exit of food and waste is the same, the region where this occurs is called
the gastrovascular cavity.
2. Respiratory System

Gas exchange is very important among animals, as they require oxygen in the
production of higher amount of energy compared to process of energy production
without oxygen.
Air as a respiratory medium. Hence, as air is lighter and has more oxygen content
compared to the same volume of water, ventilation is not much of a problem of
terrestrial organisms.
The tracheal system of insects- The tracheal system of insects has a branched
network of tracheal tube which responds to the problem of decreased surface area in
the respiratory structure. The tracheal system opens externally through the side of
the insect through a structure called a spiracle. Air enters and exit through the
spiracles. As the respiratory system of insects are independent from their circulatory
system, gases is directly exchanged through tracheoles which have extensions that
are directly connected to the cells. Air sacs act like aspirator which takes in and push
out air out of the body of the insects.
The mammalian respiratory system- Compared to insects, mammals and other
organisms have respiratory system that work together with their circulatory system.
Gases are transported via the bloodstream and are exchanged via diffusion.
Terrestrial ventilation - The alternating process of inhalation and exhalation. There
are two mechanisms of breathing, one is positive breathing and the other is negative
breathing. In positive breathing air is pushed into the lungs, such as in frogs.
3. Circulatory System

There are different ways in which animals transport substances across their
body. In animals with closed circulatory system, the circulatory fluid does not go out
of the vessel. Exchange occurs through diffusion via thinner vessels called capillaries
across the interstitial fluid.
Different animals, have adapted different mechanisms for transport such as in
fishes where a single circulation is enough. Compared to cnidarians, the
gastrovascular cavity of flatworms have extensions in order to reach areas of the body
far from the axis. Without these extensions of the gastrovascular cavity, diffusion
might not be enough in the transport of substances.
Amphibian double circulation differs from mammalian, crocodilian and avian
as blood is mixed. The presence of one ventricle does not prevent the mixing of blood,
unlike in the four-chambered heart of a mammal, crocodilian and an avian where the
ventricle is divided into two. Mixing of blood does not have major implication on
amphibians as:
1) they have low metabolic rate, thus, less need for energy;
2) they have the ability to respire through their skin, thus not needing to
fully oxygenate the blood through the lungs.

4. Urinary System

In order to remove wastes, animals have the excretory system, which enables it
to remove excess salt or water in the body. Waste removal follows the following
processes, 1.) filtration, 2.) reabsorption, 3.) secretion, and 4.) excretion
Organisms have different wastes in the form of nitrogenous wastes which they
need to excrete. Different organisms have different excretory system, such as the
protonephridia of flatworms, metanephridia of annelids, malpighian tubules of insects
and the nephrons of humans and mammals.

5. Immune System

Defends the internal environment from invading microorganisms and viruses,

as well as cancerous cell growth. The immune system provides cells that aid in
protection of the body from disease via the antigen/antibody response. A variety of
general responses are also part of this system.
6. Endocrine System

Hormones are substances which can cause a reaction to a cell, in Greek it

literally means to excite. It is secreted into extracellular fluid such in blood or lymph
and transported to target cells to elicit a specific response, which can be rapid or
slow. The growth and development of the body are examples of slow and long term
effect of a hormone while circadian rhythm which is responsible for the sleep and-
wake cycles respond to a more rapid response to a hormone. In an endocrine
pathway, the reaction involves an endocrine cell, which releases the hormone to the
bloodstream or the lymphatic system, which is able to attach to receptors of a target
cell.

7. Nervous System

The central nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord, while,
the peripheral nervous system is composed of corresponding structures outside of
this two organs of the nervous system. The central nervous system is responsible for
data/information processing which is gathered by the peripheral nervous system.
Upon processing, the CNS transmit the message again to the PNS, which then convey
the message for the appropriate response.
The nervous system has evolved in increasing complexity throughout the
different groups of animals. Connections among the neurons has increased, as seen
in the development of the nervous system from a simple nerve net to a system with
ganglia (group of neuron) to encephalize organisms where concentration of neurons
are centered in a head. Below shows the changes in the nervous system of organisms:

8. Muscular System

The skeletal muscle is organized from its largest structure (the muscle tissue
itself) to its functional unit (the sarcomere) as a repeating longitudinal structure that
is bound together. Contraction is possible because of the structural organization of
 protein molecules that makes up the sarcomere. When contraction occurs, the
sarcomere shortens and this is reflected in the contraction of a muscle (you can ask
the students to flex their biceps, and ask them if their muscle shortened). In terms of
the molecular and physiological process of contraction, nerve impulse transmission is
needed to depolarize the cell membrane of the muscle to stimulate contraction.

9. Skeletal System

It provides support and protection, and attachment points for muscles. The
skeletal system provides rigid framework for movement. It supports and protects the
body and body parts, produces blood cells, and stores minerals.
A clam’s shell is an example of an exoskeleton and the bones and cartilage in a
human is an example of an endoskeleton. An endoskeleton should not be
misconceived to be only made up of bones, as even in humans, our skeletons are
made up of cartilage and bones, while, shark’s endoskeleton is made up of cartilage.
We have different bones which our muscles can pull to create movement, and the
different types of joints are responsible for different movement that our body can
create.

What’s More
Activity 1.1
Organ System of an Animal Body

Across
2. creates red blood cell
4. removes carbon dioxide from the body

Down
1. breaks down food chemically and mechanically
3. collects and transport a clear fluid
5. provides movement inside and outside our body
6. moves blood around the body
 Activity 1.2
Tissues, Organs, & Systems
Multi-cellular organisms have many cells that work together in specific ways,
each group performing certain functions. When each group does its part, the
organism gets everything that it needs. A Tissue is a large group of cells that all have
the same purpose or function. Each kind of cell has unique characteristics such as
shape, size, flexibility, color and texture. Nerve cell combined with other nerve cell to
make nerve tissue. Muscle cell combined with other muscle cell to make muscle
tissue. Bone cell combine with other bone cell to make bone tissue.
An Organ is a group of tissues that work together to do a certain job for the body.
Some of the human body’s organs include the stomach, lungs, heart, kidneys, brain
and liver. Some of a plant’s organs include roots, stems, fruit and leaves. When
several different organs join to meet the organism’s needs, they are working together
in an organ system.
There are several different organ systems constantly working in most
multicellular organisms. You are probably familiar with some of the human body
systems. The respiratory system includes the lungs and all the body parts that allow
us to breathe in oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide. The circulatory system includes
the heart and all the body parts that help move blood around the body. The blood, in
turn, carries nutrients and oxygen to all the cells of the body. The respiratory and
circulatory systems work very closely together. The digestive system helps to get
nutrients from the food that we have eaten and stored energy for future use. The

Each of the body’s systems is necessary for the overall health of the body. As the
excretory system helps remove waste product that would otherwise harm the body.
body’s building blocks, cells join to make tissues. Tissues join to make organs.
Organs join to make systems. It’s all arranged to ensure the organism’s survival.

Answer the following questions based on the reading passage. Don’t forget to go
back to the passage whenever necessary to find or confirm your answers.
1) Which statement supports the fact that bone cells are smaller than bone tissue?
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2) What is an organ? Give an example of an organ.

_________________________________________ _________________________________________
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3) Which among the nine organ systems do you think is the most interesting? Why?
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Activity 2
2.1 Match the body system (Column A) with the body function (Column B)

Body System Function

_____ 1. Circulatory System A. Takes food into the body

 _____ 2. Digestive System B. Makes body move

_____ 3. Endocrine System C. Control some chemical body

function
_____ 4. Urinary System
D. Removes wastes
_____ 5. Immune System
E. Supports body
_____ 6. Muscular system
F. Carries blood through the body
_____ 7. Nervous System
G. Fights diseases
_____8. Respiratory System
H. Controls most body function
_____9. Skeletal System
I. Bring oxygen, eliminate carbon dioxide

2.2 Group the words where they belong

Joints Spinal cord Pharynx Tendons Stomach Testes Trachaea

Cartilage Pituitary gland Thymus Heart Bone marrow
Vessels Bladder Brain Muscles Large intestine Bones Ovaries
Lymph nodes Blood Ureter Kidneys Blood Lungs

Skeletal Muscular Nervous Respiratory Digestive

Circulatory
Endocrine Urinary Immune

Questions:

1. What will happen to the body if one organ system malfunctions?

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2. What do you think are the functions of the organ systems that are necessary for life?

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Activity 3

Match column A with column B. Write the letter of the correct match on the
blank. Use CAPITAL letter

______1. Skeletal System A. Gas exchange occurs via the movement of air From the
external environment and is exchanged via a dead-end of
clusters of thin epithelium of the walls of air sacs called
alveoli.

______2. Muscular System B. Removes excess salt and water in the body.

______3. Nervous System C. Formation of antibodies

______4. Respiratory System D. The growth and development of the body

______5. Digestive System E. Responsible for data/ information processing which is

gathered by the peripheral nervous system

______6. Endocrine System F. Movement is the reaction of the contraction of

muscle.

______7. Urinary System G. Framework of the body

______8. Immune System H. Heart is the main organ for this system

_____9. Circulatory System I. Allows the animal to acquire the necessary

Energy, organic molecules and essential
nutrients from the digested foods.

What I Have Learned

Body Systems Work Together

You know that your body is made of cells. When groups of cells do the same
kind of work, they are called tissues. The word tissue comes from a Latin word
meaning to "weave." Cells that make up tissues are sometimes "woven" together.

You have four main types of tissues: epithelial, nervous, muscle, and
connective tissue. Epithelial tissue covers the outside of the body. It also lines organs
and cavities. Nervous tissue sends electrical signals. Muscle tissue helps you move.
Connective tissue joins bones and cushions organs.

When groups of tissues work together, they are called organs. Some examples
of organs are the heart, lungs, skin, and stomach. When organs work together, they
 are called systems. For example, your heart, lungs, blood, and blood vessels work
together. They make up the circulatory system.

We have various systems in our body: muscular system, respiratory system,

digestive system, skeletal system, circulatory system, immune system, endocrine
system, nervous system and urinary system. Each system has a special job

I. Indicate which organ system will be primarily used in the following

situation. Write the beginning letter of correct organ system on the blank.

M muscular system D digestive system C circulatory system

S skeletal system R respiratory system N nervous system

U urinary system I immune system E endocrine

_____1. Prepare for a 5km run and eat lots of carbohydrates like rice to give you more
energy.
_____2. You lift your feet and move your legs as fast as you can.
_____3. But you have to go to the bathroom because you drank too much water before
the run.
_____4. Your breathing is getting faster and faster.
_____5. The heart is pumping fast as you sprint for the final 1km.
_____6. You enjoy attending the zumba activities
_____7. Your body temperature increase because of the virus
_____8. The class play “pass the message.”
_____9. You can move your arms in a full range of motion.
_____10. Female tends to have a mood swing during the period.

II In the space provided, explain how the terms in each pair differ in function.

1. Gastrovascular cavity, Digestive tract

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2. Gills, Lungs
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3. Open circulatory system, Closed circulatory system

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4. Exoskeleton, Endoskeleton
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5. Urination, Digestion
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III. Directions: Fill in chart with purpose of the given Human Body System

Animal Body System: Purpose of Animal Body System:

Respiratory System

Immune System

Circulatory System

Nervous System

Digestive System

Skeletal System

Endocrine System

Muscular System

Urinary System

How do they all function together?

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Which two organ systems bear major responsibility for ensuring homeostasis of the
internal environment?
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 What I Can Do
You have probably heard the saying “no man is an island,” This saying means
that each person depends on others for many reasons. Inside the human body, this is
also true. When you look at an object, what organ systems are making your action
possible? Make a list of the organ systems involved when you eat, sleep and run.

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Assessment
Directions. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. The urinary system gets rid of;

A. Cartilage
B. Nutrients
C. Oxygen
D. Waste
2. Which system delivers oxygen and nutrients to every cell in the body?
A. Circulatory
B. Integumentary
C. Muscular
D. Respiratory
3. What can you infer about carbon dioxide from the function of the respiratory system?
A. It helps you breathe
B. It is more common the oxygen
C. It is harmful to your body
D. It is not found in the body
4. The circulatory system and the nervous system both:
A. Deliver blood to vital organs
B. Extend throughout the body
C. Sends electrical signals to the brain
D. Guard the body against infections
5. What is the main function of your stomach?
A. To hold food
B. To mix food with digestive juices
C. To absorb food into the blood stream
D. To hold waste materials
6. Which body system is responsible for taking in oxygen and getting rid of carbon
dioxide?
A. Digestive system
B. Excretory system
C. Integumentary system
D. Respiratory system
7. Which system of the body uses veins, blood, and arteries?
A. Circulatory system
B. Digestive system
C. Muscular system
D. Respiratory system
8. Includes brain, spinal cord, and neurons.
A. Circulatory system
B. Digestive system
C. Nervous system
D. Respiratory system
9. What body parts are made of tissues that can contract and then relax back to
normal size?
A. Bones
B. Cartilage
C. Muscles
D. Tendons
10. What body system does a turtle’s shell belong to?
A. Circulatory
B. Digestive
C. Muscular
D. Skeletal
11. Blood is pump separately to pulmonary and systemic circuits; true for
amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
A. Double circulatory system
B. Open circulatory system
C. Systemic circuit
D. Pulmonary circuit
12. Which of the following are proteins that fight off diseases?
A. antibodies
B. B- cells
C. antigens
D. memory cells
13. Amphibian breath
A. with gills as larvae and with lungs as adults
B. with lungs as larvae and with gills as adults
C. both lungs and gills as adults
D. only through skin
14. Which of the following pairs of organs includes only the endocrine glands?
A. Adrenal and ovary
B. Parathyroid and adrenal
C. Pancreas and parathyroid
D. Thymus and testes
15. The wall of the alveoli is what kind of tissue
A. muscle tissue
B. nervous tissue
C. epithelial tissue
D. connective tissue

Additional Activities
Reflection: What are your thoughts about your place in the environment?
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