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PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH

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MODULE 1

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 INTRODUCTION

Like other existing literatures around the world, our very own Philippine literature is a
precious pearl of great price that is a product of the imaginative and artful minds of our Filipino
geniuses. We cannot compare our gem to the masterpieces of the world because ours is a
product of the unique minds of people who were products of a rich history – of pre-colonial
Filipinos; the influence of the West through the arrival and conquest of the Spaniards; the
venerable imperialism brought about by the Americans; the tyrannical rule of the Japanese
empire; the struggle for democracy because of the dictatorship of Ferdinand Edralin Marcos,
Sr. from the early 70s to the mid-80s; and all other experiences that are as unique as the
Filipinos.
Around the world, the Filipinos are known for being charmers, hospitable, resilient, and
hard workers. Many countries have attested to and have given accolades to the proud Pinoys
who have carried the flag of our country proudly. The intrepid journalist Maria Ressa, for
example, showed the world that the Filipinos’ love for free speech and democratic principles
are intact and firm. For this, she became the first Filipino to receive the prestigious Nobel
Peace Prize for Journalism on December 10, 2021. Before her however, we had Carlos P.
Romulo, the great Filipino statesman who was awarded the equally prestigious Pulitzer Prize
in 1941 for his prewar evaluations of the military conditions in the Pacific area during the war
time.
In this module, you will study the history of Philippine Literature. To clarify the contents
of this course, our concentration will be on literary works written in English by our Filipino
writers. To better understand this, you will have to start from the beginning of the Literary
history of the Filipino geniuses. Understand them well and relish every word that you will read
so that you will experience how rich our own literature is.
Begin reading the text now. The following information were taken in toto from a
downloadable document at academia.com.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of the 3-hour period, the pre-service teachers shall be

able to:

a. Explain the timeline of Philippine Literature in English

b. Identify the various periods of Philippine Literature in English

c. Enumerate socio-historical events leading to the fulfilment of

Philippine literature in English

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 KEY CONCEPT

Mapping the History of Philippine Literature

The word literature is derived from the Latin term litera which means letter. Some
loosely interpret literature as any printed matter written within a book, a magazine or a
pamphlet.
Others define literature as a faithful reproduction of man’s manifold experiences
blended into one harmonious expression.
Because literature deals with ideas, thoughts and emotions of man, literature can be
said to be the story of man. Man’s loves, grief’s, thoughts, dreams and aspirations coached in
beautiful language is literature.
In order to know the history of a nation’s spirit, one must read its literature.

MAPPING THE FEATURES OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE

1. PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD

✓ Our ancient literature shows our customs and traditions in everyday life as traced in
our folk stories, old plays and short stories.

✓ Our ancestors also had their alphabet- similar of the Malayo-Polynesian.

✓ Whatever records our ancestors were either burned by Spanish friars or written on
materials that easily perished

✓ It is oral in nature and is full of lessons and ideas about life, its blessings, and its
consequences.

✓ The verses were addressed to the ears rather than the eyes

✓ Verse composed and sung were regarded as group property

A. LEGENDS
* The Legend of the Tagalogs
B. FOLK TALES
* The Moon and the Sun (Tingguian folk Tale)
C. EPIC
* BIAG-Ni-Lam-Ang (Ilocano Epic)-Pedro Bukaneg
* Alim (Ifugao Epic)
D. FOLK SONGS
* Kundiman (Awit ng Pag-ibig/Song of Love)
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 * Kumintang o Tagumpay (War Song)
* Ang Dalit O Imno (Song to the God of the Visayans)
* Ang Oyayi O Hele (Lullaby)
* Diana (Wedding Song)
* Soliraning (Song of the Laborer)
E. EPIGRAMS (Salawikain)
* Aanhin pa ang damo, Kung patay na ang kabayo
F. RIDDLES (Bugtong) or Palaisipan:
* Bungbong kung liwanag, Kung gabi ay dagat
Bamboo stem during the night
Answer: Mat
G. CHANT (Bulong)
H. SAYINGS (Kasabihan)
I. SAWIKAIN (Sayings with no hidden meanings)

2. COLONIAL PERIOD (1965-1898)

• SPANISH PERIOD (1565-1898)

✓ It is an accepted belief that the Spanish colonization of the Philippines started in

1565 during the time of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi.

✓ Spanish occupied Philippines in early 15th century. The First Filipino alphabet is
Alibata-when Spanish colonized Philippines they changed alibatas into Roman
alphabet.

✓ Spanish banned the use of Alibata because they believed that it is a work of evil. So
Spanish fully introduced the Spanish literary language using many Spanish terms.

✓ The early printing press in the Philippines is run and monopolized by the Spaniards
friars.

✓ During the Spanish colonization, Filipinos felt that they were being harassed by the
Spaniards. Then the Birth of the Propaganda movement and La Solidaridad.

✓ Filipinos embraced the Catholic religion, changed their names and were baptized

SPANISH INFLUENCES ON PHILIPPINE LITERATURE

✓ The first Filipino alphabet called ALIBATA was replaced.

✓ The teaching of the Christian Doctrine became the basis of religious practices.

✓ The Spanish language which became the literary language during this time lent many
of its words to our language.

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 ✓ Ancient literature was collected and translated to Tagalog and other dialects

✓ Many grammar books were printed in Filipino, like Tagalog, Ilocano and Visayan.

✓ Our periodicals during these times gained a religious tone.

THE FIRST BOOKS:

1. ANG DOCTRINA CRISTIANA (THE CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE 1593)-

FR. JUAN DE PLACENCIA AND FR. DOMINGO NIEVA (first printed book in
XYLOGRAPHY)
2. NUESTRA SEÑORA DEL ROSARIO- FR. BLANCAS DE SAN JOSE IN 1602

3. LIBRO DE LOS CUATRO POSTPRIMERAS DE HOMBRE- first book printed in

typography

4. ANG BARLAAN AT JOSEPHAT-(FIRST Tagalog novel published in the Philippines

even if it is only a translation).

5. THE PASION- a book about the life and sufferings of Jesus Christ. It is read only
during lent.

6. URBANA AT FELISA- a book by Modesto de Castro

7. ANG MGA DAKIT KAY MARIA (Psalms for Mary)- Fr. Mariano Sevilla

FOLK SONGS:
❖ LERON-LERON SINTA

❖ PAMULINAWEN (ILOKO)

❖ DANDANSOY (BISAYA)

❖ SARONG BANGGI (BICOL)

❖ ATIN CU PUNG SINGSING (KAPAMPANGAN)

DRAMA:
❖ BAKIT BABAE ANG NAGHUHUGAS NG PINGGAN

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RECREATIONAL PLAYS:
1. TIBAG

2. LAGAYLAY

3. THE CENACULO

4. THE SALUBONG (OR PANUBONG)

5. THE MORO-MORO

6. KARAGATAN

7. DUPLO

8. BALAGTASAN THE DUNG-AW

9. THE AWIT AND KORIDO

3. SPANISH PERIOD (1565-1898)

• PERIOD OF ENLIGHTENMENT (1872-1898)

✓ After 300 years of passivity under Spanish rule, the Filipino spirit reawakened when
the 3 priest Gomez, Burgos and Zamora (GOMBURZA) were guillotined without
sufficient evidence of guilt.

✓ Spaniards were unable to suppress the tide of rebellion among the Filipinos. The
once religious spirit transformed itself into one of nationalism and the Filipinos
demanded changes in the government and in the church.

4. THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT (1872-1896)

A. JOSE RIZAL (JOSE PROTACIO RIZAL MERCADO ALONZO Y REALONDA

Pen names: Laong Laan and Dimasalang

His works:
* NOLI ME TANGERE-gave spirit to the propaganda movement
* EL FILIBUSTERISMO- sequel to the Noli
* MI ULTIMO ADIOS
* SOBRE LA INDOLENCIA DE LOS FILIPINOS-essay
* A LA JUVENTUD FILIPINA- a poem Rizal dedicated to the Filipino youth
studying in UST.
* JUNTO AL PASIG- written by Rizal when he was 14 years old
GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA
Works:

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1. FRAY BOTOD

2. LA HIJA DEL FRAILE and EVERYTHING IS HAMBUG

3. HONOR EN PILIPINAS

4. INSTITUCION NG PILIPINAS

MARCELO H. DEL PILAR

Pen names: (Plaridel, Piping Dilat, Pupdoh and Dolores Manapat)
1. PAG-IBIG SA TINUBUANG LUPA (LOVE OF COUNTRY)

2. KAIINGAT KAYO (Be Careful)

3. DASALAN AT TOCSOHAN (Prayers and Jokes)

4. ANG CADAQUILAAN NG DIOS (God’s Goodness)

5. SAGOT NG ESPANYA SA HIBIK NG PILIPINAS

ANTONIO LUNA (Tagailog)

1. NOCHE BUENA (CHRISTMAS 3. POR MADRID (For Madrid)
EVE)
4. LA CASA DE HUESPEDES (The
2. LA TERTULIA FILIPINA (A Filipino Landlady’s House)
Conference or Feast)

MARIANO PONCE- (Tikbalang, Kalipulako, and Naning)

1. PAGPUGOT KAY LONGINOS (The beheading of Longinus)

2. SOBRE FILIPINOS (About Filipinos)

PEDRO PATERNO
1. NINAY

2. A MI MADRE

3. SAMPAGUITA Y POESIAS VARIAS

PERIOD OF ACTIVE REVOLUTION (1896-1898)

1. ANDRES BONIFACIO (Father of the Filipino Democracy) (Father of Katipunan)

* ANG DAPAT MABATID NG MGA TAGALOG

* KATUNGKULANG GAGAWIN NG MGA ANAK NG BAYAN
* PAG-IBIG SA TINUBUANG LUPA
* HULING PAALAM
EMILIO JACINTO
1. KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN

2. LIWANAG AT DILIM

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 3. A MI MADRE

4. A LA PATRIA

APOLINARIO MABINI
1. EL VERDADERO DECALOGO (The True Decalogue or Ten Commandments)

2. EL DESAROLLO Y CAIDA DE LA REPUBLICA PILIPINA (The Rise and Fall of the

Philippine Republic)

3. SA BAYANG PILIPINO (To the Filipino Nation)

JOSE PALMA
1. HIMNO NACIONAL FILIPINO (THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL ANTHEM)

NEWSPAPERS DURING THE REVOLUTION:

1. HERALDO DE LA REVOLUCION

2. LA INDEPENDENCIA

3. LA REPUBLICA PILIPINA

4. LA LIBERTAD

5. AMERICAN REGIME (1898-1941)

✓ Philippine literary production during the American Period in the Philippines was
spurred by two significant developments in education and culture. One is the
introduction of free public instruction for all children of school age and two, the use of
English as medium of instruction in all levels of education in public schools.
✓ Free public education made knowledge and information accessible to a greater
number of Filipinos. Those who availed of this education through college were able to
improve their social status and joined a good number of educated masses who
became part of the country’s middle class.
✓ During the first year of the American period, the languages used in writing were
Spanish and Tagalog and the dialects of the different regions, but Spanish and
Tagalog predominated.

THREE TYPES OF WRITING DURING THIS PERIOD:

1. LITERATURE IN 2. LITERATURE IN 3. LITERATURE IN
SPANISH FILIPINO ENGLISH

LITERATURE IN SPANISH
✓ The inspiration of our Filipino writers was Rizal

✓ Writers in Spanish were wont to write on nationalism like honoring Rizal and other
heroes.

✓ Works:

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 * CECILIO APOSTOL- A RIZAL(To Rizal)
* FERNANDO MA. GUERRERO- INVOCACION A RIZAL (A Call to Rizal)
* JESUS BALMORI- Pen name: Batikuling
* CLARO M. RECTO- Ante El Martir! (Before the Martyr)
FILIPINO LITERATURE
1. POETS OF THE HEART (MAKATA NG PUSO)

2. POETS OF LIFE (MAKATA NG BUHAY)

3. POETS OF THE STAGE (MAKATA NG TANGHALAN)

WRITERS:
1. LOPE K. SANTOS- “FATHER OF NATIONAL LANGUAGE GRAMMAR)

“APO” OF THE TAGALOG WRITERS BANAAG AT SIKAT was his masterpiece

2. JOSE CORAZON DE JESUS- Pen name: Huseng Batute
“POET OF LOVE”
“ANG ISANG PUNONG KAHOY” (A Tree)-his masterpiece, “PAG-IBIG”
3. AMADO V. HERNANDEZ- dubbed as Makata ng mga Manggagawa (Poet of the
Laborers)
4. VALERIANO HERNANDEZ PEÑA- Nena at Neneng (his masterpiece)
5. IÑIGO ED. REGALADO
TAGALOG DRAMA:
6. SEVERINO REYES- Father of the Tagalog Drama and author of the immortal
WALANG SUGAT
7. AURELIO TOLENTINO- Luhang Tagalog (his masterpiece) & Kahapon, Ngayon at
Bukas
8. PATRICIO MARIANO- Ninay and Anak ng Dagat (Son of the Sea)
9. JULIAN CRUZ BALMACEDA- BUNGANGA NG PATING
PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH
PERIOD:
1. THE PERIOD OF RE-ORIENTATION: (1898-1910)

2. THE PERIOD OF IMITATION: (1910-1925)

3. THE PERIOD OF SELF-DISCOVERY: (1925-1941)

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6. PERIOD OF RE-ORIENTATION (1898-1910)

✓ 1900, English came to be used as a medium of instruction in the public schools.

✓ From the American forces were recruited the first teachers of English.

✓ 1908, the primary and intermediate grades were using English. It was also about this
time when UP, the forerunner in the use of English in higher education, was founded

✓ Writers of this period were still adjusting to the newfound freedom

✓ They were adjusting to the idea of democracy, to the new phraseology of the English
language and to the standards of the English literary style.

✓ Not much was produced during this period and what literature was not produced was
not much of literary worth. The first attempts in English were in two periodicals of this
time:

* EL RENACIMIENTO: founded in Manila by Rafael Palma in 1901

* Philippines Free Press: established in Manila in 1905 by R. McCullough Dick and
D. Theo Rogers
✓ 1907, Justo Juliano’s SURSUM CORDA which appeared in the Renacimiento was
the first work to be published in English

7. THE PERIOD OF IMITATION (1910-1924)

✓ By 1919, the UP College Folio published the literary compositions of the first Filipino
writers in English. They were the pioneers in short story writing. They were then
groping their way into imitating American and British models which resulted in a
stilted, artificial and unnatural style, lacking vitality and spontaneity.

SHORT STORIES
✓ DEAD STARS by PAZ MARQUEZ BENITEZ- written in the early 1920’s stand out
as a model of perfection in character delineation, local color, plot and message.

✓ The UP College Folio was later replaced by the PHILIPPINE COLLEGIAN

8. PERIOD OF SELF-DISCOVERY AND GROWTH (1925-1941)

✓ By this time, Filipino writers had acquired the mastery of English writing. They now
confidently and competently wrote on a lot of subjects although the old-time favorites
of love and youth persisted. They went into all forms of writing like the novel and the
drama.

✓ Jose Garcia Villa, the first to break away from the conventional forms and themes of
Philippine poetry placed the Philippines on the literary map with the publication of his
books in the US

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✓ The commonwealth Literary Contest awarded first prize to How My Brother Leon
Brought Home A Wife by Manuel Arguilla

9. JAPANESE PERIOD (1941-1945)

Except for the TRIBUNE and the PHILIPPINE REVIEW, almost all new newspapers in
English were stopped by the Japanese.
✓ Writers in English turned to writing in Filipino.

✓ Juan Laya who used to write in English turned to Filipino because of the strict
prohibitions of the Japanese regarding any writing in English.

✓ The weekly LIWAYWAY was placed under strict surveillance until it was managed by
a Japanese named Ishiwara.

✓ Common themes of poems: nationalism, country, love, life in the barrios, faith,
religion and the arts

THREE TYPES OF POEMS

✓ HAIKU- a poem of free verse that the Japanese liked. It was made up of 17 syllables
divided into three lines. The first line had 5 syllables, the second, 7 syllables, and the
third, five. The Haiku is allegorical in meaning, is short and covers a wide scope in
meaning.

✓ TANAGA- like the Haiku, is short but it had measure and rhyme. Each line had 17
syllables and is also allegorical in meaning.

✓ KARANIWANG ANYO (Usual form)- like those mentioned earlier in the beginning
chapters of this book.

HAIKU
TUTUBI
Hila mo’y tabak.. Ang bulaklak nanginig Sa paglapit mo.
FILIPINO DRAMA
1. JOSE MA. HERNANDEZ- wrote PANDAY PIRA

2. FRANCISCO SOC RODRIGO- wrote sa PULA, SA PUTI

3. Clodualdo del Mundo- wrote BULAGA

4. JULIAN CRUZ BALMACEDA- wrote SINO BA KAYO?

5. DAHIL SA ANAK
6. HIGANTENG PATAY

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10. PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH (1941-1945)

✓ Because of the strict prohibitions by the Japanese in the writing and publishing of
works in English, Philippine literature in English experience a dark period. The few
who dared to write did so far for their bread and butter or for propaganda.

NOTEWORTHY WRITER:
1. CARLOS P. ROMULO who won the Pulitzer Prize for his bestsellers-

I SAW THE FALLL OF THE PHILIPPINES

I SEE THE PHILIPPINES RISE
MOTHER AMERICA AND MY BROTHER AMERICANS
2. NICK JOAQUIN- THE WOMAN WHO LOOKED LIKE LAZARUS
3. RAFAEL ZULUETA DA COSTA- LIKE THE MOLAVE
4. MANUEL E. ARGUILLA- HOW MY BROTHER BROUGHT HOME A WIFE (Short
Story)

11. THE REPUBLIC (1946-1985)

1. THE REBIRTH OF FREEDOM (1946-1970)

2. PERIOD OF ACTIVISM (1970-1972)

3. PERIOD OF THE NEW SOCIETY (1972-1980)

4. PERIOD OF THE THIRD REPUBLIC (1981-1985)

12. THE REBIRTH OF FREEDOM (1946-1970)

4 Journalists had their day. They indulged in more militant attitude in their reports
which bordered on the libelous. Gradually, as normality was restored, the tones and
themes of the writings turned to the less pressing problems of economic survival.
Some Filipino writers who had gone abroad and had written during the interims came
back to publish their works.

13. THE REPUBLIC (1945-1985)

• PERIOD OF ACTIVISM (1970-1972)

✓ Because of the ills of society, the youth moved to seek reforms. Some continued to
believe that the democratic government is stable and that it is not only the people
running the government who is at fault.

✓ Some believed that communism should replace democracy.

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 ✓ Many young people became activists to ask for changes in the government

✓ Many young activists were imprisoned in military camps together with rebel writers.

14. THE REPUBLIC (1945-1985)

• PERIOD OF THE NEW SOCIETY (1972-1980)

✓ Started on September 21, 1972

✓ Almost all themes in most writings dealt with the development or progress of the
country- like the Green Revolution, family planning, proper nutrition, environment,
drug addiction and pollution.

✓ The military government established a new office called the MINISTRY OF PUBLIC
AFFAIRS that supervised the newspapers, books, and other publications.

✓ The government took part in reviving old plays like the CENACULO, The
ZARZUELA, and the EMBAYOKA of the Muslims.

✓ CULTURAL CENTER OF THE PHILIPPINES, FOLK ARTS THEATER AND

METROPOLITAN THEATER

✓ Those sent abroad promoted many Filipino songs.

POPULAR TELEVISION PLAYS

✓ * GULONG NG PALAD, FLOR DE LUNA, and ANA LIZA

✓ * SUPERMAN and TARZAN

FILIPINO FILMS
✓ * MINSA’Y ISANG GAMU-GAMO- Nora Aunor was the principal performer

✓ * AGUILA- led by Fernando Poe

THE REPUBLIC (1945-1970)

PERIOD OF THE THIRD REPUBLIC (1981-1985)

✓ Martial rule was at last lifted on January 2, 1981

✓ Former senator Benigno S. Aquino Jr., the idol of the masses, whom they hoped to
be the next president, was brutally murdered on August 21, 1983

✓ After the Aquino assassination, the people’s voices could no longer be contained.
Both the public and private sectors in government were chanting, and shouting;

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 women and men and the youth became bolder and their voices were raised in
dissent.

FILIPINO SONGS:
✓ LABAN NG BAYAN KO- composed by Coritha and Freddie Aguilar and this was
sung by Coritha during the National Unification Conference of the Opposition in
March, 1985. Also sung during the Presidential Campaign Movement for Cory Aquino
to inspire the movement against Marcos in February 1986.

✓ Freddie Aguilar revived the song BAYAN KO which was written by Jose Corazon de
Jesus and C. de Guzman during the American Period

PHILIPPINE FILMS DURING THIS PERIOD

✓ The yearly Festival of Filipino Films continued to be held during this period. The
people’s love for sex films also was unabated. Many producers took advantage of
this at the expense of public morality.

FILIPINO SONGS:
✓ LABAN NG BAYAN KO- composed by Coritha and Freddie Aguilar and this was
sung by Coritha during the National Unification Conference of the Opposition in
March, 1985. Also sung during the Presidential Campaign Movement for Cory Aquino
to inspire the movement against Marcos in February 1986.

✓ Freddie Aguilar revived the song BAYAN KO which was written by Jose Corazon de
Jesus and C. de Guzman during the American Period

PHILIPPINE FILMS DURING THIS PERIOD

The yearly Festival of Filipino Films continued to be held during this period. The people’s love
for sex films also was unabated. Many producers took advantage of this at the expense of
public morality.

LEARNING RESOURCES

You may also read the following articles to add up to your knowledge about
Philippine Literature in English.

de Ungria, R. (undated article). Philippine Literature in English. Available at

https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-
sca/literary-arts/philippine-literature-in-english/.

Philippine Literature in English. Available at

https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/pampanga-state-agricultural-
university/survey-of-philippine-literature-in-english/introduction-philippine-
literature/12181125

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 STUDY QUESTIONS

After a thorough study of the lessons, you must be ready now to test what you have
learned in this module.

Write the letter of the correct answer on the line provided.

___ 1. The famous work Fray Botod was written by

a. Andres Bonifacio
b. Graciano Lopez Jaena
c. Jose P. Rizal
d. Marcelo H. Del Pilar

___ 2. The Philippine Literature in English started in

a. Period of the Republic

b. Rebirth of Freedom
c. Period of Imitation
d. American Regime

___ 3. The song Bayan Ko was composed by

a. Freddie Aguilar and Coritha

b. Jose Corazon De Jesus and C. De Guzman
c. Lamberto Avellana and Tito Sotto
d. Ryan Cayabyab and Nonong Pedero

___ 4. Like the Molave was penned by

a. Atang de la Rama
b. Jose Garcia-Villa
c. Quijano de Manila
d. Rafael Zulueta Da Costa

___ 5. Oyayi is a Filipino ancient word that means

a. A love song
b. harana
c. lullaby
d. storytelling

___ 6. Filipinos are known all over the world as

a. hard workers
b. hospitable
c. resilient
d. all of the above

___ 7. During the American Period, the writers and most Filipinos wrote in

a. English

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 b. Malay
c. Spanish
d. None of the above

___ 8. During the Martial Law era, the Filipinos became very fond of watching

a. Action
b. Drama
c. Sex (or bold movies)
d. None of the above

___ 9. Philippine Literature in English studies the works of Filipino writers

a. That are written in Filipino and English

b. That are written in Filipino
c. That are written in English
d. That are written in English, Filipino, and Spanish

___ 10. Dubbed as “Poet of the Laborers”

a. Amado V. Hernandez
b. Carlos P. Romulo
c. Jose Garcia Villa
d. Paz Marquez Benitez

___ 11. Adjudged Nobel laureate in Journalism

a. Carlos P. Romulo
b. Karen Davila
c. Maria Ressa
d. Noli De Castro

___ 12. We have a rich literary history because

a. We are a great nation

b. We are great storytellers.
c. We were colonized more than once.
d. We were submissive to our colonizers.

___ 13. National Artist for Movies Nora Cabaltera Villamayor aka Nora Aunor played Elsa in
this movie adjudged the best Asian movie of the century by CNN.

a. Carmela
b. Himala
c. Merika
d. Minsa’y isang Gamu-gamo

___ 14. The very first work to be published in English

a. Dead Stars
b. El Renacimiento
c. How my Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife
d. Sursum Corda

___ 15. Pulitzer Prize winner and great statesman

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 a. Andres Bonifacio
b. Carlos P. Romulo
c. Ferdinand E. Marcos, Sr.
d. Rodrigo R. Duterte

LEARNING ACTIVITIES

1. Draw the timeline of Philippine Literature by showing the salient dates that cover
the whole of the history of literature in the country.
2. Write a 500-word reflection of what you have learned by asking yourself: Why is
the literary history of the Philippines integral to my knowledge as a Filipino?

Submit your answers in the Google classroom.

REFERENCE USED

Lesson 1: Mapping the History of Philippine Literature. Downloaded and available at

https://www.academia.edu/39688881/LESSON1_Mapping_the_History_of_Philippine
_Literature

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