CH 29 Knight 4th

PHYSICS
FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS A STRATEGIC APPROACH 4/E
Chapter 29 Lecture
RANDALL D. KNIGHT
Chapter 29 The Magnetic Field
IN THIS CHAPTER, you will learn about

magnetism and the magnetic field.
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 29-2
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Chapter 29 Content, Examples, and
QuickCheck Questions

Discovering Magnetism: Experiment 1
 Tape a bar magnet to a

piece of cork and allow it
to float in a dish of water.
 It always turns to align
itself in an approximate
north-south direction.
 The end of a magnet that points north is called the

north-seeking pole, or simply the north pole.
 The end of a magnet that points south is called the
south pole.
 If the north pole of one magnet is brought near the

north pole of another magnet, they repel each other.
 Two south poles also repel each other, but the north
pole of one magnet exerts an attractive force on the
south pole of another magnet.

 The north pole of a bar magnet attracts one end of a

compass needle and repels the other.
 Apparently the compass needle itself is a little bar
magnet with a north pole and a south pole.

 Cutting a bar magnet in half produces two weaker but

still complete magnets, each with a north pole and a
south pole.
 No matter how small the magnets are cut, even down
to microscopic sizes, each piece remains a complete
magnet with two poles.

 Magnets can pick up some

objects, such as paper clips,
but not all.
 If an object is attracted to one
end of a magnet, it is also
attracted to the other end.
 Most materials, including
copper (a penny), aluminum,
glass, and plastic, experience
no force from a magnet.

 A magnet does not affect an

electroscope.
 A charged rod exerts a weak
attractive force on both ends
of a magnet.
 However, the force is the
same as the force on a metal
bar that isn’t a magnet, so it
is simply a polarization force
like the ones we studied in
Chapter 22.
 Other than polarization forces, charges have no effects on
magnets.
What Do These Experiments Tell Us?
1. Magnetism is not the same as electricity.

2. Magnetism is a long range force.
3. All magnets have two poles, called north and south
poles. Two like poles exert repulsive forces on each
other; two opposite poles attract.
4. The poles of a bar magnet can be identified by using
it as a compass. The north pole tends to rotate to
point approximately north.
5. Materials that are attracted to a magnet are called
magnetic materials. The most common magnetic
material is iron.

Compasses and Geomagnetism
 Due to currents in
the molten iron core,
the earth itself acts
as a large magnet.
 The poles are slightly
offset from the poles
of the rotation axis.
 The geographic north
pole is actually a
south magnetic pole!

Electric Current Causes a Magnetic Field
 In 1819 Hans Christian Oersted discovered that an

electric current in a wire causes a compass to turn.

 The right-hand rule determines the orientation of

the compass needles to the direction of the current.

 The magnetic field is revealed by the pattern of iron

filings around a current-carrying wire.
Notation for Vectors and Currents Perpendicular
to the Page
 Magnetism requires a three-dimensional perspective,
but two-dimensional figures are easier to draw.
 We will use the following notation:

 The right-hand rule determines the orientation of

the compass needles to the direction of the current.

Magnetic Force on a Compass
 The figure shows a compass

needle in a magnetic field.
 A magnetic force is exerted
on each of the two poles of
the compass, parallel to for
the north pole and opposite
for the south pole.
 This pair of opposite forces
exerts a torque on the
needle, rotating the needle
until it is parallel to the
magnetic field at that point.
 Because compass needles

align with the magnetic
field, the magnetic field at
each point must be tangent
to a circle around the wire.
 The figure shows the
magnetic field by drawing
field vectors.
 Notice that the field is
weaker (shorter vectors) at
greater distances from the
wire.

 Magnetic field lines are

imaginary lines drawn
through a region of space
so that:
 A tangent to a field line is
in the direction of the
magnetic field.
 The field lines are closer
together where the
magnetic field strength is
larger.

Tactics: Right-Hand Rule for Fields

The Source of the Magnetic Field: Moving
Charges
 The magnetic field of a

charged particle q moving
with velocity v is given by
the Biot-Savart law:

The Magnetic Field
 The constant μ0 in the Biot-Savart law is called the

permeability constant:
μ0 = 4π × 10–7 T m/A = 1.257 × 10–6 T m/A
 The SI unit of magnetic
field strength is the tesla,
abbreviated as T:
1 tesla = 1 T = 1 N/A m

Magnetic Field of a Moving Positive Charge
 The right-hand rule for finding

the direction of due to a
moving positive charge is
similar to the rule used for a
current carrying wire.
 Note that the component of
parallel to the line of motion is
zero.

Example 29.1 The Magnetic Field of a Proton




Superposition of Magnetic Fields
 Magnetic fields, like electric fields, have been found

experimentally to obey the principle of
superposition.
 If there are n moving point charges, the net
magnetic field is given by the vector sum:
 The principle of superposition will be the basis for

calculating the magnetic fields of several important
current distributions.

The Cross Product
= (CD sin α, direction given by the right-hand rule)

Magnetic Field of a Moving Charge
 The magnetic field of a charged particle q moving with
velocity is given by the Biot-Savart law:

Example 29.2 The Magnetic Field Direction of a
Moving Electron

The Magnetic Field of a Current
 The figure shows a current-

carrying wire.
 The wire as a whole is electrically neutral, but
current I represents the motion of positive
charge carriers through the wire:


 The magnetic field of a long, straight wire carrying current

I at a distance r from the wire is
 The magnetic field at the center of a coil of N turns

and radius R, carrying a current I is

Problem-Solving Strategy: The Magnetic Field of
a Current

Problem-Solving Strategy: The Magnetic Field of
a Current

Example 29.4 The Magnetic Field Strength Near
a Heater Wire

Example 29.4 The Magnetic Field Strength Near
a Heater Wire

Example 29.6 Matching the Earth’s Magnetic
Field

Field

Field

The Magnetic Field of a Current Loop

The Magnetic Field of a Current Loop
 The magnetic field is revealed by the pattern of iron

filings around a current-carrying loop of wire.
Tactics: Finding the Magnetic Field Direction of a
Current Loop

A Current Loop Is a Magnetic Dipole

The Magnetic Dipole Moment
 The magnetic dipole moment of a current loop

enclosing an area A is defined as

The Magnetic Dipole Moment
 The SI units of the magnetic dipole moment are A m2.

 The on-axis field of a magnetic dipole is

Line Integrals
 Figure (a) shows a

curved line from i to f.
 The length l of this line
can be found by doing
a line integral:

Line Integrals
 Figure (a) shows a

curved line which
passes through a
magnetic field B .
 We can find the line
integral of B from i to f
as measured along this
line, in this direction:

Tactics: Evaluating Line Integrals

Ampère’s Law
 Consider a line
integral of B
evaluated along a
circular path all the
way around a wire
carrying current I.
 This is the line
integral around a
closed curve, which
is denoted

Ampère’s Law
 Because B is tangent
to the circle and of
constant magnitude
at every point on the
circle, we can write
 Here B = μ0I/2πr
where I is the current
through this loop,
hence

Ampère’s Law
 Whenever total current

Ithrough passes through
an area bounded by a
closed curve, the line
integral of the
magnetic field around
the curve is given by
Ampère’s law:

Solenoids
 A uniform magnetic field can

be generated with a solenoid.
 A solenoid is a helical coil of
wire with the same current I
passing through each loop in
the coil.
 Solenoids may have hundreds
or thousands of coils, often
called turns, sometimes
wrapped in several layers.
 The magnetic field is
strongest and most uniform
inside the solenoid.
The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid
 With many current loops along the same axis, the field in
the center is strong and roughly parallel to the axis,
whereas the field outside the loops is very close to zero.

 No real solenoid is ideal, but a very uniform magnetic

field can be produced near the center of a tightly wound
solenoid whose length is much larger than its diameter.
 The figure shows a cross

section through an infinitely
long solenoid.
 The integration path that
we’ll use is a rectangle.
 The current passing
through this rectangle is
Ithrough = NI.
 Ampère’s Law is thus

 Along the top, the line integral
is zero since B = 0 outside the
solenoid.
 Along the sides, the line
integral is zero since the field
is perpendicular to the path.
 Along the bottom, the line
integral is simply Bl.
 Solving for B inside the
solenoid:
where n = N/l is the number

of turns per unit length.
Example 29.9 Generating an MRI Magnetic Field



The Magnetic Field Outside a Solenoid
 The magnetic field outside a solenoid looks like that
of a bar magnet.
 Thus a solenoid is an electromagnet, and you can
use the right-hand rule to identify the north-pole end.

Ampère’s Experiment
 After the discovery that

electric current produces
a magnetic field, Ampère
set up two parallel wires
that could carry large
currents either in the
same direction or in
opposite directions.
 Ampère’s experiment
showed that a magnetic
field exerts a force on a
current.

Magnetic Force on a Charged Particle
 There is no magnetic force on a charged particle at

rest.

Magnetic Force on a Charged Particle
 There is no magnetic force on a charged particle

moving parallel to a magnetic field.

The Magnetic Force on a Moving Charge
 As the angle α between the velocity and the

magnetic field increases, the magnetic force also
increases.
 The force is greatest when the angle is 90º.
 The magnetic force is always perpendicular to the
plane containing v and B.
 The magnetic force on a charge q as it moves

through a magnetic field B with velocity v is
where α is the angle

between v and B.


Example 29.10 The Magnetic Force on an
Electron

Electron

Electron

Electron

Cyclotron Motion
 The figure shows a positive

charge moving in a plane
that is perpendicular to a
uniform magnetic field.
 Since is always
perpendicular to , the
charge undergoes uniform
circular motion.
 This motion is called the
cyclotron motion of a
charged particle in a
magnetic field.
Cyclotron Motion
 Electrons undergoing circular cyclotron motion in a

magnetic field. You can see the electrons’ path because
they collide with a low density gas that then emits light.
Cyclotron Motion
 Consider a particle with mass m and charge q moving
with a speed v in a plane that is perpendicular to a
uniform magnetic field of strength B.
 Newton’s second law for circular motion, which you
learned in Chapter 8, is
 The radius of the cyclotron orbit is
 Recall that the frequency of revolution of circular motion

is f = v/2πr, so the cyclotron frequency is

Cyclotron Motion
 The figure shows a more general

situation in which the charged
particle’s velocity is not exactly
perpendicular to .
 The component of parallel to
is not affected by the field, so the
charged particle spirals around
the magnetic field lines in a
helical trajectory.
 The radius of the helix is
determined by v┴, the component
of perpendicular to .
Aurora

The Cyclotron
 The first practical

particle accelerator,
invented in the 1930s,
was the cyclotron.
 Cyclotrons remain
important for many
applications of nuclear
physics, such as the
creation of radioisotopes
for medicine.

The Hall Effect
 Consider a magnetic field perpendicular to a flat, current-

carrying conductor.
 As the charge carriers move at the drift speed vd, they will
experience a magnetic force FB = evdB perpendicular to
both and the current I.

The Hall Effect
 If the charge carriers are positive, the magnetic force

pushes these positive charges down, creating an
excess positive charge on the bottom surface, and
leaving negative charge on the top.
 This creates a measureable Hall voltage ΔVH which is
higher on the bottom surface.

The Hall Effect
 If the charge carriers are negative, the magnetic force

pushes these positive charges down, creating an
excess negative charge on the bottom surface, and
leaving positive charge on the top.
 This creates a measureable Hall voltage ΔVH which is
higher on the top surface.

The Hall Effect
 When charges are separated by a magnetic field in a
rectangular conductor of thickness t and width w, it
creates an electric field E = ΔVH/w inside the conductor.
 The steady-state condition is when the electric force
balances the magnetic force, FB = FE:
where vd is the drift speed, which is vd = I/(wtne).

 From this we can find the Hall voltage:
where n is the charge-carrier density (charge carriers

per m3).
Example 29.12 Measuring the Magnetic Field



Magnetic Forces on Current-Carrying Wires
 There’s no force on a
current-carrying wire parallel
to a magnetic field.

Magnetic Forces on Current-Carrying Wires
 A current perpendicular to the field

experiences a force in the direction
of the right-hand rule.
 If a wire of length l contains a
current I = q/Δt, it means a charge
q must move along its length in a
time Δt = l/v.
 Thus we have Il = qv.
 Since = q × , the magnetic
force on a current-carrying wire is

Example 29.13 Magnetic Levitation




Magnetic Forces Between Parallel Current-
Carrying Wires: Current in Same Direction

Magnetic Forces Between Parallel Current-
Carrying Wires: Current in Opposite Directions

Forces on Current Loops
 The two figures show alternative but equivalent ways
to view magnetic forces between two current loops.
 Parallel currents attract,  Opposite poles attract,

opposite currents repel. like poles repel.
A Uniform Magnetic Field Exerts a Torque on a
Square Current Loop
 and back are

front
opposite to each other
and cancel.
 Both top and bottom
exert a force of
magnitude F = IlB
around a moment arm
d = ½lsinθ.

A Uniform Magnetic Field Exerts a Torque on a
Square Current Loop
 The total torque is

τ = 2Fd = (Il2)Bsin θ = μBsin θ
where μ = Il2 = IA is the
loop’s magnetic dipole
moment.
 Although derived for a
square loop, the result is
valid for a loop of any
shape:

A Simple Electric Motor

Atomic Magnets
 A plausible explanation for

the magnetic properties of
materials is the orbital motion
of the atomic electrons.
 The figure shows a simple,
classical model of an atom in
which a negative electron
orbits a positive nucleus.
 In this picture of the atom, the electron’s motion is that
of a current loop!
 An orbiting electron acts as a tiny magnetic dipole,
with a north pole and a south pole.
The Electron Spin
 An electron’s inherent magnetic moment is often

called the electron spin because, in a classical
picture, a spinning ball of charge would have a
magnetic moment.
 While it may not be spinning in a literal sense, an
electron really is a microscopic magnet.
Magnetic Properties of Matter
 For most elements, the

magnetic moments of
the atoms are
randomly arranged
when the atoms join
together to form a
solid.
 As the figure shows,
this random
arrangement produces
a solid whose net
magnetic moment is
very close to zero.
Ferromagnetism
 In iron, and a few

other substances, the
atomic magnetic
moments tend to all
line up in the same
direction, as shown
in the figure.
 Materials that behave
in this fashion are
called ferromagnetic,
with the prefix ferro
meaning “iron-like.”

Ferromagnetism
 A typical piece of iron is
divided into small regions,
typically less than 100 μm in
size, called magnetic
domains.
 The magnetic moments of
all the iron atoms within
each domain are perfectly
aligned, so each individual
domain is a strong magnet.
 However, the various
magnetic domains that form
a larger solid are randomly
arranged.

Induced Magnetic Dipoles
 If a ferromagnetic substance is subjected to an external

magnetic field, the external field exerts a torque on the
magnetic dipole of each domain.
 The torque causes
many of the domains
to rotate and become
aligned with the
external field.

Induced Magnetic Dipoles
 The induced magnetic

dipole always has an
opposite pole facing the
solenoid.
 Consequently the
magnetic force between
the poles pulls the
ferromagnetic object to
the electromagnet.

Induced Magnetism
 Now we can explain how a
magnet attracts and picks up
ferromagnetic objects:
1. Electrons are microscopic
magnets due to their spin.
2. A ferromagnetic material in
which the spins are aligned
is organized into magnetic
domains.
3. The individual domains align
with an external magnetic
field to produce an induced
magnetic dipole moment for
the entire object.
Induced Magnetism
 An object’s magnetic dipole may

not return to zero when the
external field is removed because
some domains remain “frozen” in
the alignment they had in the
external field.
 Thus a ferromagnetic object that
has been in an external field may
be left with a net magnetic dipole
moment after the field is
removed.
 In other words, the object has
become a permanent magnet.
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PHYSICS

FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS A STRATEGIC APPROACH 4/E

IN THIS CHAPTER, you will learn about

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 29-3

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 29-4

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 29-5

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 29-6

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 29-7

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 29-8

 Tape a bar magnet to a

 The end of a magnet that points north is called the

 If the north pole of one magnet is brought near the

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 29-10

 The north pole of a bar magnet attracts one end of a

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 29-11

 Cutting a bar magnet in half produces two weaker but

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 29-12

 Magnets can pick up some

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 29-13

 A magnet does not affect an

1. Magnetism is not the same as electricity.

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 29-15

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 29-16

 In 1819 Hans Christian Oersted discovered that an

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 29-17

 The right-hand rule determines the orientation of

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 29-18

 The magnetic field is revealed by the pattern of iron

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 29-20

 The right-hand rule determines the orientation of

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 29-21

 The figure shows a compass

 Because compass needles

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 29-23

 Magnetic field lines are

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 29-24

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 29-25

 The magnetic field of a

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 29-26

 The constant μ0 in the Biot-Savart law is called the

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 29-27

 The right-hand rule for finding

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 29-28

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 29-29

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 29-30

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 29-31

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 29-32

 Magnetic fields, like electric fields, have been found

 The principle of superposition will be the basis for

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 29-33

= (CD sin α, direction given by the right-hand rule)

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 29-34

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 29-35

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 29-36

 The figure shows a current-

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 29-37

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 29-38

 The magnetic field of a long, straight wire carrying current

 The magnetic field at the center of a coil of N turns