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    Chapter 2 STS - Updated - 1stsem - SY2021-2022

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    Reanne Guinto
    The document summarizes several intellectual revolutions that transformed society: 1) The Copernican Revolution initiated a paradigm shift from the Ptolemaic geocentric model of the universe to the heliocentric model proposed by Copernicus, with the Sun at the center. This challenged religious dogma and took over 150 years to become widely accepted. 2) Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, published in 1859, fundamentally changed approaches to biology but took over a century to gain popularity due to religious objections. 3) Freud developed psychoanalysis and the theory that unconscious thoughts and childhood experiences influence behavior, challenging traditional views of consciousness and motivation. His work dominated attempts to understand the hidden structures of personality.

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    Chapter 2 STS - Updated - 1stsem - SY2021-2022

    Uploaded by

    Reanne Guinto
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    The document summarizes several intellectual revolutions that transformed society: 1) The Copernican Revolution initiated a paradigm shift from the Ptolemaic geocentric model of the universe to the heliocentric model proposed by Copernicus, with the Sun at the center. This challenged religious dogma and took over 150 years to become widely accepted. 2) Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, published in 1859, fundamentally changed approaches to biology but took over a century to gain popularity due to religious objections. 3) Freud developed psychoanalysis and the theory that unconscious thoughts and childhood experiences influence behavior, challenging traditional views of consciousness and motivation. His work dominated attempts to understand the hidden structures of personality.

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    The document summarizes several intellectual revolutions that transformed society: 1) The Copernican Revolution initiated a paradigm shift from the Ptolemaic geocentric model of the universe to the heliocentric model proposed by Copernicus, with the Sun at the center. This challenged religious dogma and took over 150 years to become widely accepted. 2) Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, published in 1859, fundamentally changed approaches to biology but took over a century to gain popularity due to religious objections. 3) Freud developed psychoanalysis and the theory that unconscious thoughts and childhood experiences influence behavior, challenging traditional views of consciousness and motivation. His work dominated attempts to understand the hidden structures of personality.

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    12 views2 pages

    Chapter 2 STS - Updated - 1stsem - SY2021-2022

    Uploaded by

    Reanne Guinto
    The document summarizes several intellectual revolutions that transformed society: 1) The Copernican Revolution initiated a paradigm shift from the Ptolemaic geocentric model of the universe to the heliocentric model proposed by Copernicus, with the Sun at the center. This challenged religious dogma and took over 150 years to become widely accepted. 2) Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, published in 1859, fundamentally changed approaches to biology but took over a century to gain popularity due to religious objections. 3) Freud developed psychoanalysis and the theory that unconscious thoughts and childhood experiences influence behavior, challenging traditional views of consciousness and motivation. His work dominated attempts to understand the hidden structures of personality.

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    CHAPTER 2

    INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT TRANSFORMED SOCIETY

    Introduction

    Societies all around the world are striving to achieve a progressive humanity. Intellectual revolution is a
    movement about enlightenment initiated during the 17th century where people are more driven by new
    discoveries in science and technology and cultural relativism resulting from the explorations. It is an era
    marked by questioning of traditional dogmas / values. A revolution of people where faith in the power of
    human reason should not be set aside and the great premium placed on the discovery of the truths through
    observations of nature rather than through authoritative sources. It emphasizes the idea of universal human
    progress, as well as free use of reason, logic, and critical thinking. Greek philosopher Ptolemy formulates the
    model of the cosmos that the sun, moon, planets and stars all revolve around the earth in circular orbits.

    THE COPERNICAN REVOLUTION

    The Copernican Revolution is the paradigm shift from the Ptolemaic model of the heavens. The Earth is
    stationary at the center of the universe, to the heliocentric model with the Sun at the center of the Solar
    System. Nicolaus Copernicus is a Polish astronomer who proposes that the planets have the Sun as the fixed
    point to which their motions are to be referred. The earth orbiting the sun annually, turns once daily on its
    own axis; the slow long-term changes in the direction of this axis account for the precession of the equinoxes.

    Copernicus is a distinguished churchman, in his theory, he is not just challenging orthodox science; he is
    challenging the established religious view of reality. Fearing the wrath of the church, he kept his ideas to
    himself for thirty years. Only as he was nearing death and feeling that he did not want to take this important
    knowledge with him to the grave, he finally decided to publish his little book On the Revolutions of the
    Celestial Spheres in 1543.

    For nearly eighty years it remained ignored and forgotten until the Italian scientist Galileo Galilei took up an
    interest in planetary motions. Utilizing the newly invented telescope, he found convincing evidence in favor of
    the Copernican model, dispelling the idea that everything went around the earth. After publishing his findings,
    Galileo was contacted by Pope Paul V, who demanded he retract his heretical ideas. Fearing for his life, he did
    so. But a few years later, unhappy that so important a truth should remain suppressed, he published a
    brilliantly composed dialogue in which he defended and supported the Copernican theory. Again, under threat
    of torture, he was forced to "abjure, curse, and detest" the absurd view that the earth moves around the sun.
    He was then put under house-arrest so that he could be watched and prevented from causing any further
    trouble -- and remained there till his death.

    The journey had been started by Copernicus but putting it all together had involved other equally significant
    breakthroughs in thinking and had taken nearly 150 years to complete. In 1992 the Vatican finally admitted
    Galileo was right. The Church regrets its mistake and insists that there can be no genuine conflict between
    science and faith

    DARWINIAN REVOLUTION

    In 1859, a groundbreaking revolution in both the scientific and religious realms. The origin of species, by
    Charles Darwin, is published. Darwin’s opinions are not fully acknowledged until a hundred years later. The
    book changed how people approach biology forever, and has fundamental impacts on modern science,
    religion, and other aspects of society.

    At the time when Origin of Species was published, the theories did not immediately gain popularity. A slow
    change stretched out over the course of a century. Most of the questions come from people who come from a
    religious background and the concept of evolution particularly disputed the existence of a creator. Darwin’s
    response is safe yet smart: instead of labeling himself as an atheist, he resorts to being an agnostic, refusing to
    enter the debate of whether God exists.
    FREUDIAN REVOLUTION

    The Freudian Cognitive Revolution

    Sigmund Freud (1856 to 1939) The father of psychoanalysis, a method for treating mental illness and a theory
    which explains human behavior. He is the first psychoanalyst and a pioneer in the recognition of the
    importance of unconscious mental activity. His theories on the inner workings of the human mind, which
    seemed so revolutionary at the turn of the century, are now widely accepted by most schools of psychological
    thought. Freud had been considered radical by many in his profession. Freud believes that psychoanalysis is
    the most effective method of obtaining knowledge of the mind. Through psychoanalysis, patients free
    themselves from terrible mental anguish and achieve greater understanding of themselves and others. Freud's
    philosophically momentous change of mind anticipated much of what occurred during the cognitive revolution
    of the late 20th century.

    Freud believes that events in our childhood have a great influence on our adult lives, shaping our personality.
    Thus, when we explain our behavior to us or others (conscious mental activity), we rarely give a true account
    of our motivation. Freud's life work was dominated by his attempts to find ways of penetrating this often
    subtle and elaborate camouflage that obscures the hidden structure and processes of personality. His lexicon
    has become embedded within the vocabulary such as anal (personality), libido, denial, repression, cathartic,
    Freudian slip.

    On the surface is consciousness, and this is seen as the tip of the iceberg. The preconscious consists of all
    which can be retrieved from memory. The third and most significant region is the unconscious. Here lie the
    processes that are the real cause of most behavior. Like an iceberg, the most important part of the mind is the
    part you cannot see. The unconscious mind acts as a repository, a ‘cauldron’ of primitive wishes and impulse
    kept at bay and mediated by the preconscious area.

    Freud assumed the id operated at an unconscious level according to the pleasure principle (gratification from
    satisfying basic instincts). The id comprises two kinds of biological instincts (or drives) which Freud called Eros
    and Thanatos. Eros, or life instinct, helps the individual to survive; it directs life-sustaining activities such as
    respiration, eating, and sex. The energy created by the life instincts is known as libido.

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