6

3 Fig. 3.1 shows a man pushing a shopping trolley forwards along a level surface.

trolley

Fig. 3.1

(a) Fig. 3.2 shows three of the forces acting on the trolley as the man pushes it.

Fig. 3.2

(i) Draw an arrow on Fig. 3.2 to show the direction of the friction force acting on the trolley.

Label this force R. [1]

(ii) The trolley has a mass of 15 kg.

The gravitational force on unit mass is 10 N / kg.

Calculate the magnitude of force S.

150
force S = ..................... N [1]

(iii) State the magnitude of force Q.

Explain your answer.

150
force Q = ..................... N

Because there is no vertical movement

..................................................................................................................................... [1]
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(b) Fig. 3.3 shows a speed–time graph of the motion of the trolley.

1.0

0.8

0.6
speed
m/s 0.4

0.2

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
time / s

Fig. 3.3

(i) Use Fig. 3.3 to calculate the kinetic energy of the trolley at t = 1.0 s.

The trolley has a mass of 15 kg.

1.2
kinetic energy = ...................................................... J [3]

(ii) Use Fig. 3.3 to calculate the acceleration of the trolley between 2.0 s and 4.0 s.

Give the units of your answer.

0.2 m/s
acceleration = ............................... units ................ [3]

(iii) Between 4.0 s and 10.0 s, the man pushes the trolley with a constant force of 25 N.

Calculate the work done by the man on the trolley between 4.0 s and 10.0 s.

120
work done = ...................................................... J [3]

[Total: 12]
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6 (a) The Earth is heated by infrared radiation from the Sun.

(i) State the speed at which the infrared radiation travels from the Sun to the Earth.
3 x 10^8 m/s
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) The infrared radiation takes 8 min 20 s to travel from the Sun to the Earth.

Use your answer to (a)(i) to calculate the distance in kilometres of the Earth from the
Sun.

1.5 x 10^5
distance = ................................................... km [3]

(iii) Fig. 6.1 shows an incomplete electromagnetic spectrum.

On Fig. 6.1, write infrared radiation in its correct place.

increasing frequency

ultraviolet infrared microwaves

Fig. 6.1
[1]

(b) (i) Fig. 6.2 shows how an infrared ray from the Sun is refracted as it enters the Earth’s
atmosphere.

atmosphere Sun

not to scale

Fig. 6.2

Explain why the ray is refracted as it moves from space into the Earth’s atmosphere.
The atmosphere has a different density which changes the speed of light
...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]
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(ii) Fig. 6.3 shows sunlight shining on a brick wall.

One half of the wall is painted shiny white and the other half is painted dull black.

dull black
paint sunlight
shiny white
paint

Fig. 6.3

Explain why the temperature of the bricks painted dull black increases faster than the
temperature of the bricks painted shiny white.

because black absorbs more radiation

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 8]

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