1(a). Fig. 4.

1 shows the path of a tennis ball after bouncing on the ground at A and hitting a vertical wall at B.

The ball is travelling horizontally as it hits the wall at B. Air resistance has negligible effect on the motion of
the ball.

i. Explain why the horizontal component of the velocity of the ball remains constant as it moves from A to
B.

[1]

ii. The ball loses some of its kinetic energy when it hits the wall at B. It leaves the wall horizontally.
1. On Fig. 4.1, sketch the path of the ball between bouncing at the wall and hitting the ground.
2. Explain how the time taken for the ball to travel from A to B compares with the time it takes to
travel from B to the ground.

[3]

(b). Fig. 4.2 shows a tennis ball moving up a smooth ramp at time t = 0.

Fig. 4.3 shows a graph of velocity v against time t for this ball.

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 i. Describe, without calculation, the motion of the ball between t = 0 and t = 3.0 s.

[3]

ii. Calculate the maximum distance D travelled by the ball up the ramp.

D= ........................................................... m [2]

2. Two cars, A and B, are travelling clockwise at constant speeds around the track shown in Fig. 16.1.
The track consists of two straight parallel sections each of length 200 m, the ends being joined by semi-circular
sections of diameter 80 m.
The speed of A is 20 ms−1 and that of B is 23 ms−1.

i. Calculate the time for A to complete one lap of the track.

time for one lap = .............................s [2]

ii. Starting from the positions shown in Fig. 16.1 determine the shorter of the two distances along the track
between A and B, immediately after A has completed one lap.

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 distance = .............................m [2]

3. Fig. 21.1 shows a toy locomotive on a circular track of radius 0.60 m.

At time t = 0, the locomotive is at point A. The locomotive travels at a constant speed round the track. It takes
20 s to travel completely round the track.

i. Calculate the speed of the locomotive.

speed = ........................................................... m s−1

ii. Fig. 21.2 shows the variation of the magnitude of the displacement s of the locomotive from A with time
t.

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 Explain the graph shown in Fig. 21.2

[2]

4(a). Fig.16 shows typical thinking, braking and stopping distances for cars driven at different initial speeds.
The speed is shown in miles per hour (mph).

State what is meant by thinking distance and state how it varies with initial speed of a car.

[2]

(b). A truck of mass 2300 kg is travelling at a constant speed of 22 m s−1 along a dry, level road. The driver
reacts to a hazard ahead and applies the brakes to stop the truck. The reaction time of the driver is 0.97 s. The
brakes exert a constant braking force of 8700 N.

i. Calculate the magnitude of the deceleration of the truck when braking.

deceleration = ............................................m s−2 [2]

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 ii. Show that the stopping distance of the truck is about 85 m.

[3]

iii. Show that a speed of 22 m s−1 is equivalent to about 50 mph (miles per hour). 1 mile = 1600 m

[1]

iv. Use Fig. 16 and your answer to (ii) to compare the stopping distance of the car and the truck at 50 mph.
Suggest relevant factors that may have affected the stopping distance of the truck.

[4]

5(a). Fig. 2.1 shows the path of a golf ball which is struck at point F on the fairway landing at point G on the
green. The effect of air resistance is negligible.

The ball leaves the club at 17 m s−1 at an angle of 60° to the horizontal at time t = 0.

At t = 1.5 s the ball reaches point H. Calculate

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 i. the maximum height h of the ball

h= .......................................... m [3]

ii. the distance between the points F and G.

distance FG = .......................................... m [2]

(b). Suppose the same golfer standing at F had hit the ball with the same speed but at an angle of 30° to the
horizontal. See Fig. 2.2.

Show that the ball would still land at G.

[3]

(c). Compare the magnitude and direction of the two velocities as the ball lands at G and using this
information suggest, with a reason, which trajectory you would choose to travel a longer distance after hitting
the green at G.

[2]

6(a). Fig. 3 shows a swimmer of mass 65 kg, weight 640 N, being lifted vertically upwards from the sea by a
cable of negligible mass compared to the swimmer.

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The tension T in the cable from the time that she leaves the water at t = 0 until t = 1.5 s is 670 N.
At t = 1.5 s T reduces to and remains constant at 640 N.

i. Use Newton's laws to describe qualitatively the motion of the swimmer for the first 4.0 s of her ascent.

[2]

ii. Show that at t = 4.0 s her height h above the water is more than 2 m and that she is rising at about 0.7 m
s−1.

speed = .......................................... m s−1

h= .......................................... m [4]

(b). The cable is attached to a winch rotated by an electric motor in a rescue helicopter. The electric supply
to the motor has an e.m.f. of 28 V. The circuit has a total resistance of 0.11 Ω. When the swimmer is rising at
0.70 m s−1 the motor draws a current of 30 A from the supply.

Under these conditions calculate:

i. the power lost in the electrical circuit

power lost = .......................................... W [2]

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 ii. the efficiency of the motor

efficiency = .......................................... [4]

7. Fig. 2.2 shows a jet of water from the end of a hosepipe.

Air resistance has negligible effect on the motion of the water jet. The water jet reaches maximum height at
point Y.

i. State the direction of the force acting on the water at Y.

[1]

ii. Describe and explain how the horizontal component of the velocity of the water varies from point X to
point Y.

[2]

iii. Describe how the vertical component of the velocity of the water varies from point X to point Z.

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 [2]

8. An object is placed on a smooth horizontal surface. Two horizontal forces act on this object.
Fig. 21.3 shows the magnitudes and the directions of these two forces.

The mass of the object is 320 g.

Calculate the magnitude of the acceleration of the object.

acceleration = ........................................................... m s−2 [3]

9. A gymnast hangs from the rings apparatus shown in Fig. 17.1. He raises his legs from a vertical to a
horizontal position. Fig. 17.2 shows a simple model to demonstrate the forces exerted on his legs in the
horizontal position. The total weight W of the legs is 260 N and acts at a point 40 cm from the pivot P in the hip.
A force T is supplied by his hip flexor muscles which are attached to a point in the bone 3.0 cm from the pivot
P. When horizontal, force T makes an angle of 50° with his legs.

i. Take moments about P to calculate the force T needed to keep his legs horizontal.

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 T= ............................................N [3]

ii. Describe and explain the change in the force T, if any, as his legs are lowered from the horizontal
position to vertical position.

[2]

10. A cylindrical cup of internal diameter 7.0 cm and height 8.5 cm is filled to the top with water.

The density of water is 1000 kg m−3. The mass of one mole of water is 18 g. The specific heat capacity of water
is 4200 J kg−1 K−1.

Show that the mass of water in the cup is approximately 0.3 kg.

[2]

11. Fig. 19 shows a crane lifting a car of mass 850 kg at constant velocity through a height of 12 m in a time of
40 s. The crane has a working efficiency of 60 %.

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 i. Calculate the tension in the lifting cable.

tension = ............................................N [1]

ii. Calculate the total input power required by the crane to lift the car.

total input power = ............................................W [4]

iii. Suggest and explain two ways the crane can be modified to improve its efficiency.

[2]

12(a). Fig. 1 shows the top of a crane which has an arm AC of mass 1800 kg. The centre of mass of the arm is at
D.

The arm can rotate about the pivot at A. It is supported by a horizontal cable BC. The dimensions are as shown
on the diagram.

i. The arm is in equilibrium. Draw and label three arrows on Fig. 1 to represent the three forces acting on
the arm.

[3]

ii. Calculate the tension in the cable BC.

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 tension = .......................................... kN [3]

(b). The arm is rotated about A by shortening the cable BC. The cable is no longer horizontal.
Explain whether the tension in the cable has increased or decreased.

[3]

13. A cyclist moves along a horizontal road. She pushes on the pedals with a constant power of 250 W. The
mass of the cyclist and bicycle is 85 kg. The total drag force is 0.4 v2, where v is the speed of the cyclist.

i. Calculate the energy provided by the cyclist each minute when the overall efficiency of the cyclist’s
muscles is 65%.

energy = ............................. J [2]

ii. Calculate the drag force and hence the instantaneous acceleration of the cyclist when the speed is 6.0
ms−1.

acceleration = ............................. ms−2 [3]

14. A table tennis ball experiences drag as it travels through the air. Fig. 6.1 shows the ball in three different
situations, A, B and C.

The ball has weight W and the drag force is D.

i. On Fig. 6.1 draw an arrow to show the direction of travel of the ball in situation A.

[1]

ii. In situation B the magnitude of the weight and the drag are the same.

Explain whether or not the ball is travelling at its terminal velocity.

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 [1]

iii. Describe and explain the motion of the ball in situation C.

[2]

15(a). When riding at a steady speed on the flat, a cyclist provides a constant power of 200 W to the rear wheel
of his bicycle. The total mass of bicycle and rider is 120 kg.

The total resistive forces R acting against the motion of the bicycle and the rider vary with the velocity v of the
bicycle as shown in Fig. 1.

i. The cyclist starts from rest. He pedals steadily along a horizontal road. This exerts a constant forward
force of 40 N on the bicycle.

Use Fig. 1 to state and explain how the acceleration and velocity of the bicycle vary as the cyclist
travels along the road.

[3]

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 ii. Calculate
1. the initial acceleration of the bicycle

acceleration = .......................................... m s−2 [1]

2. the maximum speed of the cyclist.

maximum speed = .......................................... m s−1 [2]

(b). The cyclist reaches a hill.

The cyclist has to double the power provided to the rear wheel to maintain the same maximum speed reached
on the flat road.

Assume that the total resistive force is unchanged.

The gradient of the hill is 1 in x.

Calculate x.

x= .......................................... m [3]

END OF QUESTION PAPER

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Mark scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

Not ‘horizontal acceleration is zero’ –

since horizontal velocity is constant
is given in the question

Examiner's Comments

About a quarter of the candidates

There is only a vertical force / weight
ignored the instruction that air
1 a i is vertical / no horizontal force(s) / B1
resistance had negligible effect on
acceleration is vertical
the motion of the ball and gave
incorrect answers in terms of drag.
The vast majority of the candidates
gave succinct answers such as ‘the
only force acting is the vertical
weight’ and ‘there is only vertical
acceleration of g’.

Note: The ball must hit the ground

closer to wall. The rebound path
ii 1 Correct sketch of the rebound path. B1
should be curved and below the
original path.

ii 2 The time is the same. M1

ii For both, the height / vertical A1 Allow with s and a the same
distance and (vertical) acceleration (for both)
are the same.
Examiner's Comments

Most candidates sketched the

correct path of the ball after hitting
the vertical wall. Many candidates
struggled to explain the time of fall
for the rebounding ball. Candidates
who were confident with projectile
motion managed to pick up at least
one mark for stating that the time
was the same. The two most
frequent incorrect answers were:

 The time is greater because

the kinetic energy is reduced.
 The time is smaller because
the distance travelled is less.

Too many candidates were using the

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 term gravity to mean either
gravitational force or acceleration
due to free fall. It is best to avoid
using the term gravity at this level.

Allow constant / uniform acceleration

Constant deceleration or uniform
/ acceleration is 2.66… (m s−2)
deceleration or constant negative
b i B1 Allow ‘constant rate of deceleration
acceleration or constant rate (of
or acceleration’
change) of velocity
Not ‘slowing down‘

(Momentarily) stops at 1.5 (s) or

i B1
reaches maximum height at 1.5 (s)

Allow: (The ball) goes up and (then)

down (the ramp)
Not: velocity changes sign or
direction changes

Examiner's Comments

Most candidates scored more than

two marks for their descriptive
answers. Most candidates did
appreciate that the ball had a
constant deceleration whilst moving
i Clear idea of returning back. (AW) B1
up the slope. It was important to
qualify the constant nature of the
deceleration. Candidates were
frequently switching between the
terms acceleration and deceleration.
Examiners were happy to condone
this as long as there were no serious
contradictions. There was a mark for
realising that the ball stopped
momentarily at time t = 1.5 s and
another for appreciating that the ball
came back down the ramp.

Note: Speed in range 3.0 to 5.0 (m s−1)

ii distance = ½ × 4.0 × 1.5 C1
and v ≠ 4.0 ( m s−1), then possible ecf

ii distance = 3.0 (m) A1 Allow 1 sf answer

Allow full credit for correct use of
equation(s) of motion
Special case: total distance travelled
is calculated; allow 1 mark for an
answer of 6.0 (m)

Examiner's Comments

Most candidates scored full marks by

determining the maximum distance
travelled from the area under the
graph from t = 0 to t = 1.5 s. A

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 significant number of candidates also
used an equation of motion to
determine this distance. Success
with this method depended on using
the correct negative sign for the
acceleration a in the equations s = ut
+ ½ at2 or v2 = u2 +2as. A
disappointing number of candidates
misread the graph.

Total 9

Circumference = (2 × 200) + (2π × 40)

2 i C1
= 651.3 m

accept 32.6
i A1

Distance moved by B = 23 × 32.6 = Accept calculation of relative speed

ii C1
749.8 m followed by relative distance.

(B leads A by) 749.8 − 651.3 = 98.5

ii A1 accept 108 m for 33 s
(m)

Total 4

3 i C1

i speed = 0.19 (m s−1) A1

Displacement is the direct distance

ii of the locomotive from A, so the B1
graph is symmetrical about t = 10 s.

At t = 20 s it returns back to A or at t
ii = 10 s it is 1.2 m from A or at t = 10 s, B1
it is at C.

Total 4

Distance travelled from the moment

4 a the driver sees a hazard until the B1
brakes are applied

Distance proportional to speed (for

B1
constant thinking time)

b i a=F/m / a = 8700 / 2300 C1

i a = 3.8 A1 Note answer is 3.78 to 3 s.f.

ii Dthinking = u × t = 22 × 0.97 = 21.3 (m) C1 Allow 21.34

Dbraking = u2 / 2a or 222 / (2 × 3.8)

ii C1 Allow 63.98
= 64.0 (m)

ii stopping distance = Dthinking + C1 Allow ecf

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 Dbraking or 21.3 + 64.0

ii stopping distance = 85.3 (m) A0 Allow 85.32

iii 22 × 3600 / 1600 (= 49.5 mph) B1

Thinking distance for truck longer

iv B1
than in chart

iv Suggested reason e.g. tired B1 Allow any relevant factor

Braking distance for truck longer

iv B1
than in chart

Suggested reason e.g. truck more

iv massive than a car, truck’s brakes B1 Ignore reference to road conditions
are poor quality

Total 12

5 a i u = 17 cos 30 = 14.7 (m s–1) C1

h = ut − ½gt2; = 14.7 × 1.5 − ½ × 9.81

i C1
× 1.52 or use v2 = u2 – 2gs or s = (u + v)t/2

i h = 11 (m) A1 note: if g = 10 is used, then maximum

score is 2/3

ii s = 2 × 8.5 × 1.5 C1
ecf 2a

ii s = 26 (m) A1
allow 25.5 m

b 0 = 17 sin 30 t - ½ × 9.81 × t2 C1

so t = 0 or 17/9.81 = 1.73 C1

s = 14.7 × 1.73 = 25.4 (m) A1 allow s = 15 × 1.7 = 25.5 (accept 25 or

26 to 2 sf)

the ball has the same speed (of 17 m

c s–1) but is at different (either at 60o or B1
30o) angle to the horizontal.

larger horizontal velocity (second

trajectory) so travels further or
accept any sensible answer, e.g.
higher bounce (first trajectory) so B1
steeper bounce loses more energy in
less drag from grass so travels
impact so slows more.
further.

Total 10

t = 0 to 1.5 s, constant force (of 30 N)

6 a i B1 or reference to N2
causes constant acceleration

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 t = 1.5 to 4.0 s zero (resultant) force
i B1 or reference to N1
so constant speed

acceleration = 30/65 = 0.46 (m s−2)

ii M1

speed v at 1.5 s = at = 0.46 × 1.5 =

ii A1 ecf acceleration value
0.69 (m s−1)

distance = ½at2 + vt' = 0.23 × 1.52 +

ii C1 ecf acceleration and speed values
0.69 × 2.5

ii s = 2.24 m A1

b power lost in circuit = 302 × 0.11 C1 Apply ecf rule as appropriate

= 99(w) C1

mechanical power = 640 × 0.70 = 448

C1 allow 3 marks for 53%
(W)

electrical power input = 28 × 30 =

C1
840 (W)

input power to motor = 741 (W) C1

efficiency = 448 / 741 = 0.60 or 60% A1

Total 12

Allow a downward arrow on Fig. 2.2

Examiner's Comments

7 i Down B1
Most candidates gained a mark for
stating the direction as ‘down’. The
most frequent incorrect answers
were: vertical, right and horizontal.

Horizontal component of the velocity Allow: There is no horizontal

ii B1
is constant acceleration

ii There is no horizontal force B1 Allow: Weight / g has no horizontal

component
or Weight / g is 90° to the horizontal
or Weight / g is vertical
or ‘there is only a vertical force’

(Not ‘gravity’ for ‘weight’; allow ‘force

of gravity’)

Examiner's Comments

Many candidates would have

benefitted from concise answers in
bullet form. The majority of the
candidates scored either one or two

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 marks. The horizontal component of
the velocity remains the same. The
reason why this is the case eluded
some candidates. Examiners were
looking for the idea that there is no
‘horizontal force’ on the water. There
were some flawless answers such as
‘the component of the weight
horizontally is zero because
mgcos90° = 0’. A small number of
candidates thought that the
horizontal component of the velocity
remains the same because ‘the hose
stops providing a horizontal force’ or
‘there was no drag’.

Ignore description in terms of

acceleration or deceleration

Allow it changes sign / direction from

X to Z

Examiner's Comments
Any two from:
This proved to be a more challenging
 It decreases from X to Y question with many candidates
 It is zero at Y / It has the same demonstrating a poor knowledge of
magnitude at X and Z projectiles and kinematics. It was
iii B1 × 2
 It increases from Y to Z difficult to make sense of sentences
 It is positive from X to Y and such as ‘the velocity decelerates
negative from Y to Z (or vice from X to Y’ or ‘the water floats at Y’.
versa) Candidates in the upper quartile had
no problems and gave eloquent
description of the variation of the
vertical component of the velocity.
Many of these candidates knew that
the vertical component of the
velocity decreased in magnitude from
X to Y, increased in magnitude from Y
to Z and was zero at Y.

Total 5

resultant force = (7.02 + 5.02 − 2 × 7.0 Allow: resultant force = [(7.0 − 5.0 ×
8 C1
× 5.0 × cos40)1/2 cos40)2 + (5.0 × sin40)2]1/2

Allow full marks for a correct scale

resultant force = 4.51 (N) C1 drawing to determine the resultant
force; resultant force = 4.5 ± 0.1 N

Allow full marks for resolving into

acceleration = 4.51 / 0.320 = 14 (m
A1 horizontal and vertical components
s−2)
and combining correctly.

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 Total 3

9 i (Clockwise moment) T sin 50° × 0.030 C1

i (Anticlockwise moment) 260 × 0.40 C1 Allow N cm

i T sin 50° × 0.030 = 260 × 0.40

i T = 4500 N A1 Allow 4525 N

Perpendicular distance of weight to

ii M1
P decreases

ii So T must decrease. A1

Total 5

volume = π × 0.0352 × 0.085 =

10 C1
0.000327

m = ρ V = 1000 × 0.000327 C1

mass = 0.33 (kg) A0

Total 2

11 i tension = 850 kg × 9.81 = 8300 N B1

ii work done = mgh = 850 × 9.81 × 12 C1

ii work done = 100 kJ C1

output power = 100 × 103 / 40 (=2501

ii C1
W)

ii input power (= 2501 / 0.6) = 4200 (W) A1

Suggestion to reduce heat losses

iii through friction in moving parts e.g. B1
oil, bearings

Use a stiffer / stronger cable to

iii reduce energy loss through B1
stretching

Total 7

Weight (or 17.6 or 18 kN) through D

12 a i B1
vertically down

i tension along CB B1

reaction from A passing through

i point where weight arrow meets B1
tension arrow

ii Taking moments about A C1

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 1800 × 9.8 × 3.0 × cos 30
ii C1 for reversing sin and cos
= T × 6.0 × sin 30

ii T = 15(.3) kN A1 Allow 2 marks for 5.1 kN

b Moment of weight of arm decreases M1

perpendicular distance of BC from A

M1
increases

therefore tension decreases A1

Total 9

13 i 250 × 60 = 15000 J C1

i A1

ii drag force = 0.4 × 6.02 = 14.4 N C1

forward force = power / velocity =

ii C1
250/6.0 = 41.7 N

ii A1

Total 5

Ignore position and length of arrow

Examiner's Comments

Arrow directly opposite to D on Fig. About a third of the candidates

14 i B1
6.1 correctly drew an arrow opposite to
the direction of D. Most candidates
drew an arrow in the direction of the
resultant force of the weight and
drag.

Not D and W are at 90°

Examiner's Comments

A pleasing number of candidates

The ball is not at terminal velocity, realised that for terminal velocity, the
since D and W are not (directly) drag had to be opposite in direction
ii B1
opposite / The ball is not at terminal to the weight. For some candidates,
velocity because there is a net force the answer was much simpler - ‘there
is a non-zero resultant force on the
ball’. Sadly, some candidates thought
that the ball was travelling at its
terminal velocity because drag and
weight had the same magnitude.

iii It is travelling (vertically) upwards M1

iii It will slow down / It decelerates / It A1

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 Examiner's Comments

This proved to be a challenging

question, with many candidates not
realising that the ball had to be
travelling vertically upwards. A
accelerates (vertically) downwards /
significant number of candidates had
There is a net downward force / drag
the ball accelerating vertically
opposes motion
downwards because the direction of
the resultant force. Some candidates
had the ball ‘decelerating slowly’; this
does not make much sense. A small
number of candidates saw no
difference between ‘velocity’ and
‘acceleration’.

Total 4

1. either resultant force F = ma – R

allow for points 2 and 3 when F = R
15 a i or resultant force decreases as R B1
appearing only once
increases

2. acceleration a decreases to zero

i B1
when F = R

3. velocity rises from zero to a

i B1
terminal / maximum value when F = R

1 initial acceleration is 40/120 = 0.33

ii B1
(m s−2)

2 from the graph Rv = 200 (W) so R = or forward force = 40 N so R = 40 N

ii C1
40 N for constant

ii and terminal velocity v is 5 (m s−1) A1 speed / zero acceleration

p.e. / second = mgvsin θ = 120 × 9.81 allow force downhill F = mgsin θ,

b C1
× 5 × sin θ extra power = Fv

extra power= 200 (W) C1

so sin θ = 1/29.4 giving × = 29 m A1

Total 9

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