Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation

 Crime scene investigation

 Law enforcement jobs
 Public Record
Investigation - an inquiry, judicial or Criminal investigation - it is the
otherwise for the discovery and collection of facts in order to accomplish
collection of facts concerning the the three fold aims:
matters involved.
- it is the process of 3 Fold Aims Of Criminal Investigation
inquiring, eliciting, soliciting and
getting vital information, facts,
circumstances in order to establish the 1. To identify the guilty party
truth. 2. To locate the guilty party
3. To provide evidence of his guilt
Criminal Investigator - a public safety
officer who is tasked to conduct the
investigation of all criminal cases as 6 Cardinal points of investigation
provided for and embodied under the
revised penal code, criminals laws and
special laws which are criminal in 1. What specific offense was
nature. committed
- a well trained, 2. How the offense was committed
disciplined and experienced professional 3. Who committed it
in the field of criminal investigation. 4. Where the offense was committed
5. When it was committed
Custodial Investigation - investigation 6. Why it was committed
conducted by law enforcement officers
after a person has been arrested or
deprived of his freedom of action. Tools of an investigator in gathering
facts
Neighborhood Investigation - one of
the most crucial steps in kidnap for 1. Information - data gathered by an
ransom cases which is often overlooked. investigator and other person
The objective is to identify and including the victim himself and
interview in person all individuals in the from:
area where the victim was kidnapped or 1. public records
last known sighting area during the 2. private records
window of opportunity.(last time seen 3. modus operandi file
until the time discovered missing. 2. Interview - skillful questioning of
witness and
Crime scene - a venue or place where suspects.
the alleged crime/incident/event has 3. Instrumentation - scientific
been committed. examination of real
evidence, application of instruments
Corpus delicti - (latin for the body of and
the crime) - used to describe the method of physical sciences in
physical or material evidence that a detecting crime.
crime has been committed. ex. corpse of
a murder victim. Phases of investigations

Confession - is an express 1.Phase 1 - identify the suspect through:

acknowledgement by the accused in a 1. confession
criminal prosecution of the truth of his 2. eyewitness testimony
guilt as to the offense charge. 3. circumstantial evidence
4. associate evidence
Admission - refers to statement of facts 2. Phase 2 - locate and apprehend
not directly constituting an suspect.
acknowledgement of guilt. 3. Phase 3 - gather and provide
evidence to
Organized criminal group - a establish the guilt of the accused.
structured group of three or more
persons existing Composition/Organization of an
for a period of time and acting in investigation team:
concert with the aim of committing one
or more serious crime or offenses.
1. Team leader
Organized crime - a combination of 2. Investigator/recorder
two or more persons who are engaged in 3. Photographer
a criminal or virtual criminal activity on 4. Evidence Custodian
a continuing basis for the purpose of 5. Composite illustrator/Artist
profit or power using gangland style to
attain their purpose.
Equipment of an Investigator
Physical evidence - evidenced
addressed to the senses of the court that
are capable of being exhibited, 1. Police line
examined or viewed by the court. This 2. Video camera
includes but not limited to fingerprints, 3. Voice recorder
body fluid, explosives, hazardous 4. Camera
chemicals, soil/burned debris, bombs, 5. Measuring device
electronic parts used in the commission 6. Gloves
of the crime. 7. Flashlight
8. Fingerprint kit
Victimology/victim profiling - a 9. Evidence bag
detailed account of the victims lifestyle 10. Evidence tag
and personality, assist in determining 11. Evidence bottles/vials
the nature of the disappearance, the risk 12. Investigators tickler
level of the victim and the type of
person who could have committed the
crime. Complete information regarding Investigators Tickler
the victims physical description, normal
behavior patterns, the family dynamics
and known friends and acquintances 1. Investigators checklist
should be obtained as soon as possible. 2. Anatomical diagram form
3. Evidence Checklist
Miranda vs. Arizona - Ernesto 4. Turn-over receipt
Miranda had confessed to rape and
kidnapping, after two hour interrogation.
Because the interrogators failed to Standard Methods of Recording
inform Miranda of his right to counsel Investigative Data:
and remain silent, his conviction was
overturned.
1. Photographs
Waterboarding - refers to the practice 2. Sketching crime scenes
of strapping a suspect to a board with 3. Written notes (what you have
his or her head lowered, then the face is seen/observed)
covered and water is poured over it 4. Developing and lifting
causing the suspect to gag and fingerprints found at the crime
experience the sensation of drowning. scene.
5. Gathering physical evidence
Chinese water torture - interrogation 6. Plaster cast
technique, repeatedly dripping water on 7. Tape recording of sounds
the forehead of the suspect. The goal is 8. Video tape recording of objects
to drive the suspect to near insanity 9. Written statement of objects and
thereby obtaining a confession. witnesses.

Serial Killer - is someone who murders

3 or more people with "cooling off" 2 Kinds of Information
periods in between. 1. Regular sources - ex. citizen,
company records
Police Blotter - is an 18" x 12" logbook 2. Cultivated sources - ex. paid
with hard bound cover that contains the informant
daily register of all crime incident
reports, official summary of arrests and
other significant events reported in a  Interrogation or questioning
police station. A separate police blotter witness or suspect who is
shall be maintained for offenses reluctant to divulge or reveal
requiring confidentiality like violence information with the goal of
against womenand children and those extracting a confession or
cases involving a child in conflict with obtaining information while an
the law to protect their privacy pursuant Interview is simple questioning of
to RA 9262 (anti violence against a person who cooperate with the
women and children act of 2004) and investigator.
RA 9344 ( juvenile justice and welfare
act of 2006). How the Suspect is Identified
1. Confession or Admission - is a
Actus Reus - proof that a criminal act declaration of an
has occurred. accused acknowledging his guilt.
2. Eyewitness testimony
Sketch - a rough drawing or painting, 3. Circumstantial evidence
often made to assist in making a more
finished picture. How circumstantial Evidence
Obtained
Types of Sketches 1. Motive
1. Floor plan (Birds Eye View) 2. Opportunity
2. Elevation Drawing 3. Associative Evidence
3. Exploded View
4. Respective Drawings Types of Interview
1. Informal (on the scene interview) -
Allan Pinkerton - a Scottish american conducted by
detective who created the Pinkerton police/investigator at the crime scene
National Detective Agency, the first to get
detective agency in the US.Pinkerton description of criminal if seen.
foiled a plot to assassinate President 2. Formal - interview conducted by the
Lincoln. investigator
assigned to the case.
Rouges Gallery - is a police collection
of pictures orphotographs of criminals Types of Formal Interview
and suspects kept for identification 1. Normal - for willing or cooperative
purposes.A compilation of descriptions, witness.
methods of operation having places and 2. Group/Pretext Interview - for hostile
names of criminal and their associates. witness or
witness who refuse to cooperate.
Mugshot - is a photographic portrait 3. Follow Up - additional interview in
taken after one is arrested. addition to vital
points if necessary.

Qualifications of Interviewer
1. Salesman
2. Actor
3. Psychologist

Requisites of an Interview
Click to set custom HTML 1. Establish rapport
2. Forcefulness of personality
3. Breadth of interest

Setting of Interview
1. Background Interview - time and
place of
interview are not a consideration
except for busy
person.
2. Routine Criminal Cases - interview
should be
 carefully planned. Busy person can
be interviewed
at night, privacy is important.
3. Important Criminal Cases - should be
conducted in
places other than the subjects
home/office to
prevent him/her feeling confident.
Investigator
should get interviewees respect.
4. Appropriate Time - General rule -
(ASAP) as soon
possible while facts are fresh in the
memory of
interviewees.

Methods of Crime Scene Search

1. Strip method - the area is blocked out
in the form
of a rectangle. The searchers (3
person is good)
proceed slowly at the same pace
along paths
parallel to one side of the rectangle.
2. Double Strip Search Method -
modification of the
strip search method. The rectangle is
traversed
first parallel to the base then parallel
to a side.
3. Spiral Search Method - The searchers
(3 person is
good) follow each other along the
path of a spiral
beginning on the outside and
spiraling in towards
the center.
4. Zone Search Method - one searcher is
assigned
to each subdivision of a quadrant and
then each
quadrant is cut into another set of
quadrants.
5. Wheel Search Method - the area is
considered to
be approximately circular. The
searchers gather at
the center and proceed outward along
radii or
spokes. Procedure is repeated several
times
depending on the size of the circle
and the number
of searchers.

Special Crime Investigation

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Special Crime Investigation - is a special study of modern techniques in the investigation of serious and specific crimes
including murder, homicide, rape, abortion, robbery, arson kidnapping, blackmail, carnapping and criminal negligence.The
emphasis is on physical evidence rather than an extra judicial confession. Special crime investigation focuses on specific
crimes which by their nature are difficult and complex to investigate.

The following are some example of cases subject to special crime investigation.
1. Robbery
2. Arson
3. Kidnapping
4. Abortion
5. Rape
6. Murder
7. Homicide
8. Carnapping
9. Criminal Negligence, Hit and Run cases
10.Drug Cases
11.Bombing
12.Swindling