The Tool of Investigation

• The tools of the investigator are the three “I’s”, namely Information,
Interrogation,
and Instrumentation. Their application varies in proportion depending on
their necessity
to establish the guilt of the accused in a criminal act.
 Information
• It is the knowledge or facts which the investigator had gathered or
acquired from persons or documents which are pertinent concerning the
commission of the crimeor circumstantial activities.
• Information is important in investigating because it answers the questions.
“Who did it?” Once acquired, such information will enable the
investigator to try to solve the problem in order to find the proper solution
Information classified according to Sources
1. Regular source – information that are readily available. Information that iseasiest to
obtain. Also called as open source.
2. Cultivated source – comes from the informant and informer
a. Informant – those individual who gives information voluntarily without
asking/expecting a reward.
b. Informer – those individual who gives information for a corresponding
reward.
3. Grapevine source – sources of information that are difficult to obtain, because in this
source of information you are dealing prisoners, ex-convicts and criminals.
 Different Types of Informant
1. Anonymous Informant – he may be an anonymous telephone caller or
anonymous letter writer. If the person seems to have real information, get all
the possible facts.
2. Rival - elimination Informant – is usually anonymous his purpose in
informing is to eliminate rival or competition.
3. False Informant – reveals information usually of no consequences or stuff
concocted of thin air.
4. Frightened Informant – motivated by anxiety, fear or self-interest.
5. Self-Aggrandizing Informant – hangs about fringes of the criminals and
delights in surprising the police with choice bits of information.

6. Mercenary Information – sell information, sometimes there is revenge motive

present.

7. Double-Crosser Informant – uses his seeming desires to give information as an

excuse to talk to the police in order to get more information from them than he
gives.

8. Woman Informant – maybe the female associate of any criminal. She maybe to
give valuable information, but the investigator must beware because “the female
specie is more deadly than the male”.

9. Legitimate Informant – will include operators of licensed premises who do not

want their place of business to become hangouts of dangerous materials.
 Motives of Information in giving
Information
1. Vanity – this self-aggrandizing person who delights in giving information to gain
favorable attention from the police authorities.
2. Civic mindedness – the public spirited person of good standing in the community who
is interested in seeing that justice is done.
3. Fear – the person under an illusion of oppression by enemies or of other pending
dangers.
4. Repentance – the person, usually an accomplice who has a change of heart and wishes
to report a crime that is prying on his conscience.
5. Avoidance of punishment – the person who is apprehended in the commission of a
minor offense and seeks to avoid prosecution by revealing information concerning a crime
6. Gratitude or gain – the person who is willing to cooperate in giving information to express appreciation or to
obtain a privilege, such as one who is arrested and desire cigarettes or other items, or a former prisoner who
wishes to repay the police officer’s interest in the welfare of his family during his detention.

7. Completion – the person who is wishing by this means to eliminate his competitors.

8. Revenge – the person who wishes to settle a grudge because someone else informed against him took
advantage him or otherwise injured him.

9. Jealousy – a person who is envious of the accomplishments of possession of another and wishes to humiliate
him.

10.Remuneration – the person who informs solely for the monetary or other material gain he is to receive.
 Interrogation
• Interrogation is the process of questioning witnesses and suspects to
obtain further information. The effectiveness of interrogation depends on
the craft, logic and psychological insight of the interrogators in
interpreting the information relevant to the case.
 Interrogation Room
• The room provides freedom from distraction or privacy. It should be
designed simply with no decoration, no excessive furniture to enhance the
concentration of both the interrogator and the subject on the matter under
questioning.
 Purpose of Interrogation
a. To obtain confession to the crime.
b. To induce suspects to make admission
c. To learn the facts of the crime
d. To learn the accomplices
e. To develop information, this will lead to the recovery of the fruit of the
crime.
f. To discover the details of other crimes participated by the suspects.
 WHEN THE INTERROGATION/INTERVIEW
DOES OCCUR?
• Custodial Investigation – law enforcer focuses on a particular suspects or
person, invited or taken into custody; deprived of his/her freedom of
action where a process of interrogation is undertaken.
• Field Inquiry – it is the general questioning of all persons at the crime
scene/traffic accident, no need to recite the Miranda rights.
 Interrogation Techniques
1. Emotional Appeal – place the subject in the proper frame of mind. The
investigator should provide emotional stimuli that will prompt the subject to
unburden himself by confiding. Analyze the subject’s personality and decide
what motivation would prompt him to tell the truth, then provide those
motives through appropriate emotional appeals.
2. Sympathetic Appeal – the suspects feel the need for sympathy or
friendship. He is apparently in trouble. Gestures of friendship may win his
cooperation kindness.
 Interrogation Techniques
1.Shifting the blame – the investigator may persuade the victim by blaming another
rather than the suspect.
2. Mutt and Jeff technique – one investigator will act stiffly and going to waste his
time to furnished the guilty party. While the other is a kind hearted investigator will
plea for the cooperation, while the other is away.
3. Pretense of physical evidence - investigator pretend that certain physical evidence
has been found by laboratory expert against himself.
4. Jolting – maybe applied to calm and nervous subjects. The subject maybe
unnerved to the extent of confessing.
 Interview
• Interview is a questioning of a person who is believes to posses’
knowledge that has official interest to the investigator. In an interview, the
person questioned usually gives his account of an incident user
investigation. The importance of this is, interview may/might be the only
source of information.
 Interview Pattern
I - identify – the investigator should identify himself to the subject by name agency. Except, when there is no
need to know the officers identity.

R – rapport – it is good to get the feeling of the subject towards the investigators such friendly atmosphere is a
vital for both subject and the investigator to have a better interaction.

O – opening statement – the investigator must indicate why the subject is being contracted.

N – narration – the witness should tell all he/she knows with little interruption from investigator.

I – inquiry – after all information given by the subject, that is the time for the investigator to clarify all the
information that the subject tells about the case under investigation.

C – conclusion – after the interview, it is proper to close the interview with outmost courtesy and thanking the
subject for his cooperation.
 Instrumentation
• Instrumentation is the application of instruments and methods of physical
science to the detection of crime. It is the application of physics,
chemistry, and biology in crime detection. It is the sum total of the
application of all sciences in crime detection otherwise known as
criminalistics because it includes also all the technical methods by which
the fugitives may be traced and examined.
Kinds of Criminals identified by Witness
1. Known Fugitives – if the criminal is known, then police records and
pictures are available. His relatives and friends can offer description. Further
description maybe obtained from local police files, background investigation
and fro, verbal descriptions of others.
2. Unknown Criminals –identification of unknown criminals by
eyewitnesses must be approached with caution by the investigator. The
description andcharacteristics may be vague that identification is difficult.
 Methods of Identification by Witness
1. Verbal Description – statement made of witness depend of the capacity of the
witness to describe.
2. Photographic Files – (rouges gallery) where pictures of known criminal are
compiled.
3. Modus Operandi – where techniques of the operation of the criminals are filed.
• General Photographs – where the description and variety of the facial types are
presented. The image of the facial techniques such as nose, ears, eyes and
baldness of a person is presented.
 ADMISSION, CONFESSION AND
WRITTEN STATEMENTS
• Admission
An admission is a self-incriminatory statement by the subject
falling short of an acknowledgement of guilt. It is an acknowledgement of a
fact or circumstance form which guilt maybe inferred.
 Confession
• A confession is a direct acknowledgement of the truth of the facts as
charged or of some essential part of the commission of the criminal act
itself. To be admissible, the confession of the accused must voluntary.
Confession by duress, coercion, extreme psychological restraint is not
admissible in the court of justice
 Kinds of Confession
1. Extra-judicial Confession – confession made outside the court duringpreliminary
investigation.
Type of Extra-judicial Confession
a. Voluntary – the accused made the declaration of his guilt
 In his own free will
 Without the influence of others; or
 Given not as a result of force or intimidation
b. Involuntary – person made the statement of his guilt on consonance of the first type.
 Judicial Confession
– confession made inside the court during trial, usually voluntary and
therefore admissible as evidence in court.
 Undertaken in writing
 Executed while the person is under oath
 Written in a language understood by the accused
 Voluntary and freely given by the accused; and
 Taken while in the presence of the counsel chosen by the accused.
 THANKYOU FOR LISTENING!!
(Goseechoo arigatoogozaimasita)
By: EZRAGRAMAJE