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    Skeletal System PT 2

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    The skeletal system consists of 206 bones that make up the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, rib cage) and appendicular skeleton (shoulder and pelvic girdles, upper and lower limbs). The axial skeleton forms the central axis of the body and protects vital organs. It includes 22 bones in the skull and 26 bones in the vertebral column. The rib cage protects the thoracic organs and is made up of ribs and the sternum. Joints allow for movement and connection between bones. The main types are fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints.

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    Skeletal System PT 2

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    31 views70 pages
    The skeletal system consists of 206 bones that make up the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, rib cage) and appendicular skeleton (shoulder and pelvic girdles, upper and lower limbs). The axial skeleton forms the central axis of the body and protects vital organs. It includes 22 bones in the skull and 26 bones in the vertebral column. The rib cage protects the thoracic organs and is made up of ribs and the sternum. Joints allow for movement and connection between bones. The main types are fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints.

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    Skeletal System Pt 2

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    The skeletal system consists of 206 bones that make up the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, rib cage) and appendicular skeleton (shoulder and pelvic girdles, upper and lower limbs). The axial skeleton forms the central axis of the body and protects vital organs. It includes 22 bones in the skull and 26 bones in the vertebral column. The rib cage protects the thoracic organs and is made up of ribs and the sternum. Joints allow for movement and connection between bones. The main types are fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints.

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    31 views70 pages

    Skeletal System PT 2

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    The skeletal system consists of 206 bones that make up the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, rib cage) and appendicular skeleton (shoulder and pelvic girdles, upper and lower limbs). The axial skeleton forms the central axis of the body and protects vital organs. It includes 22 bones in the skull and 26 bones in the vertebral column. The rib cage protects the thoracic organs and is made up of ribs and the sternum. Joints allow for movement and connection between bones. The main types are fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints.

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    Skeletal System ii

    Rejenne Sotes, R.N., M.D.


    Skeletal Anatomy
    Overview
    ● Average adult has 206 bones

    ● Axial Skeleton
    ○ Skull (cranium)
    ○ Vertebral Column
    ○ Rib cage (thoracic cage)
    ● Appendicular Skeleton
    ○ Pectoral girdle and upper limb bones
    ○ Pelvic girdle and lower limb bones
    Axial Skeleton
    Axial Skeleton
    ● Composed of the skull,
    vertebral column, and
    thoracic cage
    ● Forms the CENTRAL axis of
    the body
    ● Protects brain, spinal cord,
    and the vital organs
    housed within the thorax
    SKULL
    22 BONES: 8 cranial bones, 14 facial bones
    Cranial bones
    SKULL
    facial bones
    SKULL
    • 14 facial bones
    • zygomatic bones
    • Maxilla
    • palatine bones
    • lacrimal bones
    • nasal bones
    • inferior nasal
    conchae
    • mandible
    • vomer
    Inferior view of the Skull

    ● Major structures seen:


     Foramen magnum
    (Foramina)
    ● through which the spinal
    cord joins the brain
    ● Major entry and exit points
    for blood vessels that supply
    the brain
     sella turcica - contains
    the pituitary gland
    Paranasal sinuses
    • large cavities which
    open into the nasal
    cavity
    • decrease the weight of
    the skull and act as
    resonating chambers
    during voice production
    • frontal, maxillary,
    ethmoidal, and
    sphenoidal sinuses
    Hyoid bone
    - unpaired, U-shaped bone
    - the only bone in the body that does not articulate with
    another bone
    - provides an attachment for some tongue muscles, and
    for important neck muscles
    Vertebral Column
    extending from the base of the skull to slightly past the end of the
    pelvis
    Vertebral Column
    ● Five major functions:
    ○ Supports the weight of the head and
    trunk
    ○ Protects the spinal cord
    ○ Allows spinal nerve to exit the spinal cord
    ○ Provides a site for muscle attachment
    ○ Permits movement of the head and trunk

    ● 26 bones (5 regions)
    ○ 7 cervical vertebrae
    ○ 12 thoracic vertebrae
    ○ 5 lumbar vertebrae
    ○ 1 sacral bone
    ○ 1 coccygeal bone
    Vertebral column

    ● Adult vertebral column has four


    major curvatures:
    ○ Cervical region is convex anteriorly
    ○ Thoracic region is concave anteriorly
    ○ Lumbar region is convex anteriorly
    ○ Sacral and coccygeal regions are
    concave anteriorly
    ● Spinal curvatures help accommodate
    our upright posture by aligning our
    body weight with our pelvis and
    lower limbs
    General Plan of the Vertebrae
    • Atlas – C1 , no body;
    “yes” motion of the head

    • Axis – C2; considerable


    amount of rotation;
    shaking the head “no”
    Rib Cage
    Rib Cage

    ● Thoracic cage
    ● Protects the vital organs within
    the thorax and prevents the
    collapse of the thorax during
    respiration
    ● Consists of:
    ○ Thoracic vertebrae
    ○ Ribs with their associated coastal (rib)
    cartilages
    ○ Sternum
    Ribs and Costal Cartilages

    ● 12 pairs of ribs are classified as


    either TRUE or FALSE ribs:
     TRUE ribs
     ribs 1–7
     attach directly to the sternum by
    means of costal cartilages

     FALSE ribs
     ribs 8–12, do not attach directly to the
    sternum
     Ribs 8–10 attach by a common
    cartilage
     Ribs 11 and 12 (floating ribs)
    Sternum
    ● Breastbone
     Manubrium
     Body
     Xiphoid process – impt landmark for
    CPR

    ● Jugular notch - depression at the


    superior end of the sternum

    ● sternal angle - slight elevation


    at the junction of the manubrium
    and the body ; LM for 2nd rib
    Appendicular skeleton
    Appendicular Skeleton

    ● Allows movement of
    appendages and supports
    weight in upright position
    ● Composed of:
    ○ Bones of the upper limbs
    ○ Bones of the lower limbs
    ○ Girdles
    ■ Pectoral and Pelvic
    (attachment of limbs to
    the body)
    Pectoral girdle
    Pectoral Girdle (shoulder girdle)

    ● Consists of two pairs of bones that


    attach the upper limb into the body
    1. SCAPULA (shoulder blade)
    - Flat, triangular
    bone
    - Provide
    attachment points for some of the
    shoulder
    muscles
     Acromion process – forms the tip of the
    shoulder

    2. Clavicle (collarbone)
     articulates with the scapula at the
    Upper Limb
    Upper Limb
    ● Arm
    ○ HUMERUS
     deltoid tuberosity - where
    the deltoid muscle attaches

    ● Forearm
    ○ ULNA (medial side of the forearm)
     olecranon process -
    extension of the ulna which
    can be felt as the point of the
    elbow
    ○ RADIUS (lateral or thumb side of
    the forearm)
    Upper Limb

    ● CARPALS
    o Short region between the forearm
    and the hand
    o Composed of 8 carpal bones
     Proximal row (lateral to medial)
     Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum,
    Psiform
     Distal row (medial to lateral)
     Hamate, Capitate, Trapezoid,
    Trapezium
    Hand
    ● Five metacarpal bones and
    constitute the bony framework of
    the hand
    ● Five digits of each hand
    including one thumb and four
    fingers
    ○ Each digit consists of small
    long bones called phalanges
    ○ Thumb - has two phalanges
    (proximal and distal)
    ○ Finger - has three phalanges
    (proximal, middle, and
    distal)
    Pelvic girdle
    Pelvic Girdle
    ● where the lower limbs attach to the body
    ● ring of bone consisting of right and left hip bones
    (anteriorly) and sacrum (posteriorly)
    Hip Bone
    ● Fusion of three bones:
    ○ Ilium, Ischium, and Pubis
    ● Iliac crest - superior portion of the ilium
    ○ Anterior superior iliac spine (anterior end)
    ○ Posterior superior iliac spine (posterior end)
    Male VS Female Pelvis
    ● Male pelvis is usually more massive as a result of the greater weight and
    size of the male body
    ● Female pelvis is broader and larger, more rounded pelvic inlet and outlet
    ○ Consistent with the need to allow the fetus to pass through these openings in the female
    pelvis during childbirth
    Lower limb
    BONES OF THE Lower Limb

    ● Lower limb support the body and are


    essential for standing, walking, and running.
    ● Lower limb are very similar to the upper limb,
    except that the pelvic girdle is attached more
    firmly to the body
    ● Bones in general are thicker, heavier, and
    longer
    thigh
    1. FEMUR
    • has a prominent, rounded
    head, where it articulates
    with the acetabulum, and a
    well-defined neck.
    • BIGGEST BONE IN THE
    BODY
    • Proximal shaft exhibits
    two projections:
    • Greater trochanter (lateral
    to the neck)
    • Lesser trochanter (inferior
    and posterior to the neck)
    thigh

    2. PATELLA (kneecap)
    ○ Large sesamoid bone
    located within the
    tendon of the
    quadriceps femoris
    muscle group
    leg
    ● Part of the lower limb between
    the knee and the ankle
    ● Consists of two bones:
    ○ TIBIA (shin bone) - larger,
    supports weight; medial
    ○ FIBULA - lateral
    ankle
    • Consists of distal ends of the tibia and fibula articulates with a
    bone of the foot (the talus)
     medial malleolus of tibia
    • prominence can be seen on each side of the ankle
     lateral malleolus of fibula
    Foot

    ● Consists of:
    ○ 7 tarsal bones (sole of the
    foot)
    ○ 5 Metatarsal bones
    ○ phalanges of the foot
    joints
    Union or junction between bone & bone or bone & cartilage
    Joints (articulations)

    ● Commonly named according to the bones or portion of bones


    that join together
    ○ E.g. temporomandibular joint - between the temporal bone and mandible
    ● Classified structurally
    ○ Fibrous
    ○ Cartilaginous
    ○ Synovial
    ● Classified functionally
    ○ Synarthroses (nonmovable)
    ○ Amphiarthroses (slightly movable)
    ○ Diarthroses (freely movable)
    Fibrous Joints

    ● Articulates surfaces of two bones united by fibrous connective


    tissue
    ● No joint cavity or no movements
    ● Subdivided further into:
    ○ Sutures - between the bones of the skull
    ○ Syndesmoses - - bones are separated by some distance and
    held together by ligaments
    ○ Gomphoses -fitted into sockets and held in place by
    ligaments
    Fibrous Joints

    Sutures Gomphoses
    Syndesmoses
    Cartilaginous joints
    • unite two bones by means of cartilage
    • Only slight movement
    • Connecting cartilage can be either hyaline cartilage or
    fibrocartilage
    • Hyaline cartilage = synchondroses
    • Fibrocartilage = symphyses
    Cartilaginous joints
    Synovial Joints

    ● Contain synovial fluid


    ○ A viscous lubricating film that
    covers the surfaces of the joint
    ● Allow considerable movement
    between articulating bones
    ● Most joints that unite the bones of
    the appendicular skeleton are
    synovial joints
    Types of Synovial Joint

    ● Classified according to the shape of the adjoining articular


    surfaces:
    ○ Plane
    ○ Saddle
    ○ Hinge
    ○ Pivot
    ○ Ball-and-socket
    ○ Ellipsoid
    Plane Joint

    ● Gliding joint
    ● Consists of two flat bone
    surfaces of about equal size
    between which a slight
    gliding motion can occur
    ● Uniaxial
    ● Example: articular process
    between vertebrae
    Saddle Joint

    ● Consists of two saddled-


    shape articulating
    surfaces oriented at right
    angles to each other so
    that their complementary
    surfaces articulate
    ● Biaxial
    ● Example:
    carpometacarpal joint of
    the thumb
    Hinge Joint

    ● Uniaxial joint in which a


    convex cylinder in one
    bone is applied to a
    corresponding concavity
    in the other bone
    ● Examples:
    ○ Elbow joint
    ○ Knee joint
    Pivot Joint
    ● Uniaxial joint that restricts
    movement to rotation around a
    single axis
    ● Consists of relatively cylindrical
    bony process that rotates
    within a ring composed partly
    of bone and partly of ligament
    ● Example:
    ○ Articulation between the head of
    the radius and the proximal end of
    the ulna
    Ball-and-socket Joint

    ● Consists of a ball (head) at


    the end of one bone and a
    socket in an adjacent
    bone into which a portion
    of the ball fits
    ● Multiaxial - allowing a
    wide range of movement
    in almost any direction
    ● Examples:
    ○ Shoulder joint
    ○ Hip joint
    Ellipsoid Joint
    ● A modified ball-and-socket
    joint
    ● Articular surfaces are
    ellipsoid in shape
    ● Biaxial
    ○ Because the oval shape of
    the joint limits its range
    of movement
    ● Example: atlantoccipital
    joint of the neck
    Range of Motion
    TYPES OF MOVEMENT
    Angular Movements

    ● Flexion and Extension


    ● Dorsiflexion
    ● Plantar flexion
    Angular Movements

    • Abduction and
    Adduction
    Circular Movements

    ● Rotation
    ● Pronation and Supination
    ● Circumduction
    Special Movements

    ● Elevation and depression


    ● Protraction and retraction
    ● Excursion
    ● Opposition and reposition
    ● Inversion and eversion
    end

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