Measure of Central

Tendencies
Objectives
At the end of the discussion, students must be able to:
• Recall the concept of summation
• Evaluate summation notation
• Compute the mean, median, and mode of an ungrouped data set.

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 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
Measure of Central Tendency
CENTRAL LOCATION
- a single value representative of the general level of
magnitude of the elements in a data set
- the value that best characterizes a distribution or a set of
data.
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 Measure of Central Tendency
Mean Median Mode
The mean is the The median is the The mode is the
sum of the value in a series value in a series
measurements of ranked of observations
or scores divided observations that or
by the number of divides the series measurements
measurements into halves. with the greatest
or scores.
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frequency.

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Review:

Summation Notation
It is used to denote the sum of values.
∑ (reads “sigma”) shall be employed to signify that
the sum of the values of the variables that follow
is desired.
20 1

෍
𝑖=
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𝑥𝑖 = 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + ⋯ +
𝑥19 + 𝑥20

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Example:
Given the table below on the ages of groups of
boys and girls.
PAIR BOYS (𝒙) GIRLS (𝒚)
1 12 11
2 12 13
3 14 12
4 13 14
5 11 10
Find the following:
5 5 5
1. ෍ 𝑥 2. ෍
𝑖
𝑖=1 𝑖=1

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𝑦𝑖 3. ෍ 2
𝑥𝑖 − 𝑦𝑖
�
�
=
1

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PAIR BOYS (𝒙) GIRLS (𝒚)
1 12 11
2 12 13
3 14 12
4 13 14
5 11 10
5

1. ෍ 𝑥𝑖 = 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 + 𝑥5
𝑖=1
= 12 + 12 + 14 + 13 + 11
= 62
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PAIR BOYS (𝒙) GIRLS (𝒚)
1 12 11
2 12 13
3 14 12
4 13 14
5 11 10

2. ෍ 𝑦𝑖 = 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 + 𝑦3 + 𝑦4 + 𝑦5
𝑖=1
= 11 + 13 + 12 + 14 + 10
= 60
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 PAIR BOYS (𝒙) GIRLS (𝒚)
1 12 11
2 12 13
3 14 12
4 13 14
5 11 10

5 2
3. 𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑦𝑖 = 𝑥1 − 𝑦1 2 2 2 2 2
+ 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 + 𝑥3 − 𝑦3 + 𝑥4 − 𝑦4 + 𝑥5 − 𝑦5
= (12 − 11)2+(12 − 13)2+(14 − 12)2+(13 − 14)2+(11 − 10)2
= (1)2+(−1)2+(2)2+(−1)2+(1)2
=1+1+4+1+1

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=8

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Student No. Age (𝒙)
1 15 Given the data set on
2 16
the7left, solve for the ff.:
3 16 1.σ 𝑥
4 18 𝑖=1 𝑖2
7
5 17 2.σ 𝑥
6 14 𝑖=1 𝑖
7 15

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 Student No. Age (𝒙)
1 15
2 16
3 16
1. σ7𝑖= 𝑥𝑖 = 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 + 𝑥5 + 𝑥6 + 𝑥7 4 18
5 17
= 15 + 16 + 16 + 18 + 17 + 14 + 15 6 14
= 111 7 15

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 Student No. Age (𝒙)
1 15
2 16
3 16
4 18
2. σ7 𝑥 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 5 17
𝑖=1 𝑖 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 14
= 152 + 162 + 162 + 182 + 172 + 142 + 152 7 15
= 225 + 256 + 256 + 324 + 289 + 196 + 225
= 1771

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 Measures of Central Tendency of
UNGROUPED DATA
Ungrouped or Raw Data are those data which are not
yet organized or arranged into frequency distribution.

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Measure of
Statistic Parameter
Central
Tendency

Mean 𝑥ҧ 𝜇

Median mdn Mdn

Mode mo Mo

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 Arithmetic Mean
The arithmetic mean or arithmetic average is defined
as the sum of the values of variables divided by the
number of observations.

The symbol for the sample mean � and for

is �
ഥ
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population mean is Greek letter 𝝁

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POPULATION MEAN SAMPLE MEAN
𝑛 𝑋 𝑛 𝑥
σ𝑖=1 𝑖 σ𝑖=1 𝑖
𝜇= 𝑥ҧ
𝑁 𝑛
=
𝜇 = Population Mean 𝑥ҧ = Sample Mean
𝑋𝑖 = ith observed value. 𝑥𝑖 = ith observed value.
N = total number of observations n = total number of observations
∑ = summation notation ∑ = summation notation

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Example:
The monthly salary of six faculties in the Senior High
School Department at University of Mindanao are:
₱17200, ₱17500, ₱18400, ₱17800, ₱18100 and ₱19000.
Find the average monthly salary.
Given: 𝒏=𝟔
Solution: σ𝒙
𝒙ഥ =
𝒏
17200 + 17500 + 18400 + 17800 + 18100 + 19000
=
6
= 𝟏𝟖, 𝟎𝟎𝟎
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Example:

LeBron James’ scores in his first ten games last

season are 22, 22, 18, 29, 26, 26, 22, 26, 27, and 28.
What is his points per game for his first 10 games?

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Given: 𝒏 = 𝟏𝟎

Solution: σ𝒙
𝒙ഥ =
𝒏
22 + 22 + 18 + 29 + 26 + 26 + 22 + 26 + 27 + 28
=
10
246
=
10

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= 𝟐𝟒. 𝟔

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 When some items appear
several times, the sample
mean is computed by the
formula:
FORMULA
σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑖
𝑥ҧ=
𝑛
where 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑖 is the product of each item (𝑥) and
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its frequency (𝑓) and 𝑛 is the number of
items.

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Example:
The monthly salaries of 12 faculty members in the Senior
High School Department at University of Mindanao are:
₱17200, ₱17200, ₱17200, ₱17500, ₱17500, ₱17800,
₱18100, ₱18100, ₱18400, ₱18400 ₱19000 and ₱26800

Given: 𝒏 = 𝟏𝟐

Solution: σ 𝒇𝒙
𝒙ഥ =
2
𝒏
1720 3 + + 17800 + 2 12
2 + 18400
0 17500 18100
=

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+ 19000 + 26800
= 𝟏𝟖, 𝟔𝟎𝟎

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Example:

The weekly sales of a Burger Stand for the past 15 weeks

are: ₱15600, ₱15600, ₱15600, ₱18590, ₱18590, ₱ 21400,
₱21400, ₱21400, ₱21400, ₱19300, ₱22100, ₱17480,
₱17480, ₱17480, and ₱21000. Find the average weekly
sales.

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Given: 𝒏 = 𝟏𝟓

Solution: σ 𝒇𝒙
𝒙ഥ =
𝒏
1560 3 + 2 + 21400(4) + 19300 + 22100 + 17480(3) + 21000
0 18590
= 15

= 𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟔𝟏. 𝟑𝟑

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 Weighted Mean
- an average where each value has a specific weight
or frequency assigned to it.
FORMULA
σ 𝑥𝑤
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = σ 𝑤
Where 𝑥 is a data value and 𝑤 is the weight assigned
to that data value. The sum is taken over all data
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values.

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Example:

If 9000 Algebra books were sold at ₱215 each, 1200

Trigonometry books at ₱220 each, 5000 Business
Mathematics books at ₱340 each and 4500
Statistics books at ₱270, find the mean sales of four
books.
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 Solution: 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = σ 𝑥𝑤
σ𝑤
215(9000) + 220(1200) + 340
= 5000 + 270(4500)
9000 + 1200 + 5000 + 4500

5 114 000
=
19 700

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= 𝟐𝟓𝟗. 𝟓𝟗

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Example:
A university student recently got her report card and
she got 90 in Calculus II, 97 in College Geometry, 92
in Math Investigation, 88 in Research I, 93 in
Educational Technology, and 87 in Personality
Education. If Math subjects weigh 5 units and other
subjects weigh 2 units, what is her GWA?
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 Solution: 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = σ 𝑥𝑤
σ𝑤
90 5 + 97 5 + 92 5 + 88 2 + 93 2 + 87(2)
=
5+5+5+2+2+2

1931
=
21

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= 𝟗𝟏. 𝟗𝟓

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 The Median
The median of ungrouped data arranged in an array.
(increasing or decreasing order of magnitude)
 If you have an even number of items , the
median is the arithmetic average of two
middle
values.
 If you have an odd number of items , the
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median is the middle observation.

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 𝒏+𝟏
𝒎𝒅𝒏 = 𝒕𝒉
𝟐
Item in an array. We denote this with the symbol
mdn.

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Example:

The weekly wages in pesos of a production

worker in a manufacturing company are: ₱720,
₱738,
₱750, ₱720, ₱732, ₱690, ₱696, ₱684, ₱762, ₱762,
and ₱690. Find the median.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

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₱684 ₱690 ₱690 ₱696 ₱720 ₱720 ₱732 ₱738 ₱750 ₱762 ₱762

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 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
₱684 ₱690 ₱690 ₱696 ₱720 ₱720 ₱732 ₱738 ₱750 ₱762 ₱762

12
𝑚𝑑𝑛 = 𝑡ℎ
2
𝑚𝑑𝑛 = 11 + 1 𝑡ℎ
2 𝒎𝒅𝒏 = 𝟔𝒕𝒉
𝒎𝒅𝒏 = ₱720
The median is ₱720, which is the middle item
when the items are arranged in increasing
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order.

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Example:

Worker participation in management is a new concept that

involves employees in corporate decision making, The
following data are the percentages of employees involved
in worker participation programs in a sample of 12 firms.
32, 33, 35, 42, 43, 42, 45, 46, 44, 47, 48, 48. Find the median.

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
32 33 35 42 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 48

12 + 1
𝑚𝑑𝑛 =
2
𝑡ℎ 𝒎𝒅𝒏 = 𝟔. 𝟓𝒕𝒉
𝒎𝒅𝒏 = 43.5
13 𝟒𝟑 + 𝟒𝟒
𝑚𝑑𝑛 = 𝑡ℎ 𝒎𝒅𝒏 =
2 𝟐

The median is 43.5

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 The Mode
The mode for ungrouped data is defined as the value
that appears with the highest frequency.
 Same Frequency- mode does not exist.
 Unimodal- one mode
 Bimodal- two modes
 Multimodal- three or more modes

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Example:
The weekly wages in pesos of a production worker in a
manufacturing company are: ₱720, ₱738, ₱750, ₱720,
₱732,
₱690, ₱696, ₱684, ₱762, ₱762, and ₱690. Find the mode.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
₱684 ₱690 ₱690 ₱696 ₱720 ₱720 ₱732 ₱738 ₱750 ₱762 ₱762

The values ₱690, ₱720 and ₱762 appeared twice. Therefore, the
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modes are ₱690, ₱720 and ₱762, which is multimodal.

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Example:

Worker participation in management is a new concept that involves

employees in corporate decision making, The following data are the
percentages of employees involved in worker participation programs
in a sample of 12 firms.
32, 33, 35, 42, 43, 42, 45, 46, 44, 47, 48, 48. Find the mode

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
32 33 35 42 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 48

The values 42 and 48 appeared twice. Therefore, the modes are 42

and 48, which is bimodal.

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Determine the three measures of
central tendencies on the following set
of data.

The data show the weight of 20 students

in kilograms:
50, 48, 60, 55, 57, 57, 46, 63, 70, 58, 51, 52,
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55, 54, 59, 49, 55, 50, 52, 68

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 Mean

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
46 48 49 50 50 51 52 52 54 55 55 55 57 57 58 59 60 63 68 70
Solution: σ 𝑓𝑥
𝑥=
𝑛
46 + 48 + 49 + 50 2 + 51 + 52 2 + 54 + 55 3 + 57 2 + 58 + 59 + 60 + 63 + 68 + 70
=
20

1109

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= = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟒𝟓
20

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Median
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
46 48 49 50 50 51 52 52 54 55 55 55 57 57 58 59 60 63 68 70

Solution: 𝒎𝒅𝒏 =
𝒏+
𝒕𝒉

𝟏
𝒕𝒉
𝟐𝟏
𝟐𝟎 +
𝒎𝒅𝒏 =
𝟐

𝒎𝒅𝒏 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟓𝒕𝒉

𝟓𝟓 + 𝟓𝟓
𝒎𝒅𝒏 = = 𝟓𝟓
𝟐
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Mode
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
46 48 49 50 50 51 52 52 55 55 55 56 57 57 58 59 60 63 68 70

Solution: Since 𝟓𝟓 appeared most frequently, (thrice), the mode is 𝟓𝟓.

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End of Presentation
End of Presentation