Pneumonia PPT New

Pneumonia
By Navini Devindi
Group 6
Pneumonia is,
an inflammatory condition of the lung primarily affecting

the small air sacs known as alveoli.
Caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi.
Lobar pneumonia affects one or more sections (lobes) of

the lungs.
Bronchial pneumonia (also known as bronchopneumonia)

affects patches throughout both lungs.
1.Community acquired pneumonia
o Typical lobar pneumonia
o Atypical
2.Hospital acquired pneumonia

Types of o Early
pneumonia o Late
o Ventilator-associated pneumonia
3.Aspiration pneumonia
4. Pneumonia in immunocompromised host

Causes
Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and other organisms entering the lungs can
cause pneumonia
The influenza virus is the most common cause of viral pneumonia

in adults.
Pneumonia caused by the influenza virus can be severe and even

deadly, especially in people with other health conditions such as
heart or lung disease.
Pneumonia is a common illness affecting approximately
450 million people a year and occurring in all parts of the
world.
It is a major cause of death among all age groups resulting in

4 million deaths (7% of the world's total death) yearly.
Epidemiology Rates are greatest in children less than five, and adults older
than 75 years.
It occurs about five times more frequently in the developing

world than in the developed world.
Viral pneumonia accounts for about 200 million cases.

Vary from mild to severe
• Fever with chills & rigors
• Cough
Signs and • Dyspnoea
symptoms • Pleuritic pain
• Systemic symptoms
o Myalgia, headache
o Confusion
• Febrile, tachycardic, tachypnoeic
• Typical pneumococcal pneumonia
o Signs of lobar consolidation
• Atypical organisms
o More systemic symptoms
o Signs not localized

Lobar pneumonia
• A serious infection in which the air sacs fill with pus and
other liquid.
• Lobar pneumonia affects one or more sections (lobes) of the lungs.
• Found in three stages,
Early stage : Accumulation of inflammatory fluid. But there's no full
accumulation, only partial. Fluid is sticky and adhesive.
Adhesion happens in inspiration and expiration.
In every inspiration we have Separation of walls of alveoli, This is the
sound of crepitation ; when it is sticky alveolis are separated , we have
the formation of crepitus.
Crepitation is found in early and late stages.
Second stage : Alveoli are fully filled. Have no expansion of alveoli.So no
production of crepitation.
• No vesicular sounds here but can find consolidation.
• So it becomes good transmitter & there's pathologic bronchial sound.
Inspection
Acrocyanosis
Fish mouth
Asymmetrical chest expansion
No changes in the shape of chest

Palpation
Increased tactile fremitus
Resistance is present
tenderness
Percussion
Topographic : Borders are increased

on the affected side
Comparative : 1st & 3rd stage – dull

tympanic
2nd stage - dull

Auscultation
1st & 3rd stage – Decreased

vesicular sounds & crepitus
2nd stage – Pathological

bronchial & moist ronchi
Diagnosis
Chest radiograph- Air bronchogram
o Confirms, detect complications
Microbiology
o Gram stain of a good quality sputum
sample
o Blood culture
o In selected cases urinary antigens for legionella,
pneumococcal and serology for mycoplasma
• Supportive tests
o Neutrophil leucocytosis
o High ESR, CRP
o Urea, creatinine, electrolytes
o SpO2, ABG
o ECG
Complications
Sepsis with multi organ failure

• Respiratory failure
• Metastatic infections
• Lung abscess
• Pleural effusion
Treatment
Antibiotics
Cough medicine
Fever reducers/pain relievers
These include drugs such as aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and
acetaminophen
Hospitalization
Patient may be admitted to the intensive care unit if you need to be placed on
a breathing machine (ventilator) or if your symptoms are severe.
Prevention
Get the pneumococcal vaccine. Talk to the doctor about what type of
pneumococcal vaccine is right for your aging parent.
Get the flu shot each year. Pneumonia can be a secondary infection after
an initial bout of influenza. People who get the flu shot have a lower risk of
developing pneumonia as a complication of the flu.
Stay up to date on the COVID-19 vaccination. Coronavirus and

pneumonia can be a deadly combination of infections. In addition to any of
the three options for the initial vaccination shots, receiving your COVID-19
booster shot is a great way to further prevent the risk of a double infection.
Wash hands thoroughly and often. Washing your hands before and after preparing food,
Wash before eating, and after using the restroom can help reduce the risks of illness.
Practice good health habits. Stay physically active, and eat a diet rich in fruits, vegetables,
Practice whole grains, and lean proteins.
Manage chronic conditions. Underlying health conditions like asthma, COPD,

Manage and diabetes can worsen pneumonia.
Don’t smoke. If your loved one is a smoker, talk to them and their doctor
Don’t smoke about learning ways to quit smoking.
References
• https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pneumonia/diagnosis-
treatment/drc-20354210
• https://www.aplaceformom.com/caregiver-
resources/articles/pneumonia-facts
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33833230/
• opkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/pneumonia
Thank you

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Pneumonia

an inflammatory condition of the lung primarily affecting

Caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi.

Lobar pneumonia affects one or more sections (lobes) of

Bronchial pneumonia (also known as bronchopneumonia)

o Typical lobar pneumonia

2.Hospital acquired pneumonia

4. Pneumonia in immunocompromised host

The influenza virus is the most common cause of viral pneumonia

Pneumonia caused by the influenza virus can be severe and even

It is a major cause of death among all age groups resulting in

It occurs about five times more frequently in the developing

Viral pneumonia accounts for about 200 million cases.

• Typical pneumococcal pneumonia

o Signs of lobar consolidation

o More systemic symptoms

o Signs not localized

Asymmetrical chest expansion

No changes in the shape of chest

Increased tactile fremitus

Topographic : Borders are increased

Comparative : 1st & 3rd stage – dull

2nd stage - dull

1st & 3rd stage – Decreased

2nd stage – Pathological

Sepsis with multi organ failure

Fever reducers/pain relievers

Stay up to date on the COVID-19 vaccination. Coronavirus and

Manage chronic conditions. Underlying health conditions like asthma, COPD,

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