INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE

EEN-112
Electrical Science

Unit-1: Energy Resources and Utilization

Dr. Dheeraj K Khatod

Department of Electrical Engineering
Contents
• Overview of energy
• Sources of energy
– Conventional sources
– Non-conventional sources
• Electrical energy
– Generation
– Transmission and distribution
– Utilization
• Global and Indian energy scenarios
• Indian electricity system

2
Overview of Energy and its
Sources

3
Forms of Energy & Sectors of
Energy Consumption
• Basic forms of energy
– Electrical
– Mechanical
– Thermal
– Chemical
• Electrical energy is most popular form of energy and
convenient to handle, but costliest.
• Sectors of economy and energy consumption
– Agriculture
– Industry
– Transport
– Domestic
– Others

4
Sources of Energy

• History of sources of energy

– during the early age - wood.
– during the iron age - coal.
– during the modern age - fossil fuels like petroleum
and natural gas.
• Good sources of energy should have:
– Optimum heat production per unit of volume/mass
used
– Easy to transport
– Least polluting
– Economical

5
Sources of Energy (cont.)
• Classification of sources of energy on the basis of
traditional use
– Conventional sources of energy
– Non-conventional sources of energy
Conventional Non-conventional
• The resources which have been in • The resources which are yet in the
the use for a long time. process of development over the past
• Examples: coal, natural gas, few years.
petroleum, and water power. • Examples: solar, biomass, wind, biogas,
• Most of these resources are and tidal, geothermal.
exhaustible. • These resources are inexhaustible.
• These resources cause pollution as • These resources are usually pollution-
they emit smoke and ash. free.

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Sources of Energy (cont.)
• Classification of sources of energy on the basis of exhaustibility
– Non-renewable sources of energy
– Renewable sources of energy
Renewable sources Non-renewable sources
• The resources that can be renewed or • The resources that cannot be renewed once they
replaced are called renewable sources of are consumed are called non-renewable sources
energy. of energy.
• Examples: solar energy, geothermal energy, • Examples: Coal, petroleum, nuclear energy and
wind energy, biomass, hydropower and tidal hydrocarbons.
energy.
• These resources do not cause any pollution to • These resources cause pollution to the
the environment. environment.
• Renewable resources are inexhaustible as • Non-renewable resources are exhaustible as
these get naturally replenished. These are these have limited supply source. These are
available plentiful in nature and are extracted from the earth and will run out as time
sustainable. passes.
• Renewable resources are not affected by • Non-renewable resources are affected by human
human activities. activities.

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Electrical Energy

8
Conventional Way of Electricity
Generation
• Hydroelectric power plant
• Thermal power plant
• Nuclear power plant
• Diesel engine plant

9
Operation of Different Power
Plants

10
Hydroelectric Power Plant

11
Hydroelectric Power Plant (cont.)

12
Coal based Thermal Power Plant

Source: https://byjus.com/physics/fossil-fuel/

13
Coal based Thermal Power Plant
(cont.)

14
Gas Turbine based Combined-cycle
Plant

15
Gas Turbine based Combined-cycle
Plant (cont.)

16
Nuclear Power Station

17
Nuclear Power Station (cont.)

18
Diesel Engine Plant

19
Diesel Engine Plant (cont.)

20
Non-conventional Way of
Electricity Generation
• Solar energy,
• Wind energy,
• Tidal energy,
• Geothermal energy,
• Biogas and biomass energy,
• Ocean thermal energy,
• Hydrogen energy,
• Fuel cells,
• Magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD) generator,
• Thermocouples or thermo-electrics.

21
Use of Solar Energy
Solar Thermal System Solar Photovoltaic System
• Converts solar energy to • Directly converts solar
thermal energy energy to electricity

22
Wind Energy Conversion System

23
Tidal Energy

24
Geothermal Energy

25
Biomass Energy Conversion System

26
Biogas Energy Conversion System

27
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion

28
Hydrogen Energy

29
Fuel Cell

30
Magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD)
Generator

31
Thermo-electrics

32
Generation, Transmission, Distribution
and Utilization of Electricity

Source: http://www.bravoprojects.co.in/transmission.php

33
Structure of Power System

34
Utilization of Electrical Energy
• Illumination
• Refrigeration, air conditioning and water cooling
• Electric drives
– Motors used as electric drive in many industrial applications
such as textile mill, paper mill, steel mill, printing press,
crane and lift etc.
– Commonly used motors - induction motors, AC series
motors, fractional kW motors
• Electric traction
• Electrolytic processes
– Electroplating
– Manufacture of chemicals

35
Utilization of Electrical Energy
(cont.)
• Electric heating
– Resistance heating
– Induction heating
– Electric arc heating
– Dielectric heating
– Infrared heating
– Microwave heating
• Electric welding
– Resistance welding
– Electric arc welding

36
Global and Indian Energy
Scenarios

37
Year-wise Global Energy
Consumption

38
Global Total Energy and Electricity

39
Sector-wise Break-up of Electricity
Consumption in India

Data is as of September 30, 2022

40
Source-wise Break-up of Total
Installed Capacity in India

Data is as of September 30, 2022

41
 Sector-wise Installed Capacity in
India
Sector MW % of Total
Central Sector 1,00,055 24.0%

State Sector 1,05,726 25.3%

Private Sector 2,11,887 50.7%

Total 4,17,668 100%

Data is as of Jun 12, 2023

42
Fuel-wise Installed Capacity in
India
Installed Generation % of Share In
Catagory
Capacity (MW) Total
Coal 205,235 49.1%
Lignite 6,620 1.6%
Gas 24,824 6.0%
Diesel 589 0.1%
Total Fossil Fuel 2,37,269 56.8 %
Renewables 173,619 41.6%
Nuclear 6,780 1.6%
Total Non-Fossil Fuel 179,322 43.2%
Total Installed Capacity 4,17,668 100%

Data is as of Jun 12, 2023

43
Indian Electricity System

44
Indian Scenario of Electricity

45
Electricity Regions

46
Power Map of India

47
Suggested Books
S. Year of
No. Name of Authors / Books / Publishers Publication/
Reprint
1. Mukhopadhyaya P., Pant A.K., Kumar V., and Chittore D.S., 1997
“Elements of Electrical Science”, Nem Chand & Brothers.
2. Vincent Del Toro, “Electrical Engineering Fundamentals”, Prentice 2002
Hall of India.
3. Dubey G.K., “Fundamentals of Electric Drives, Narosa Publishing 2007
House”, 2nd Edition.
4. Alexander C.K., and Sadiku M.N.O., “Fundamentals of Electric 2012
Circuits”, McGraw Hill, 5th Edition.
5. Chapman, Stephen, J., “Electric Machinery Fundamentals”, McGraw 1985
Hill Book Company.
6. Hughes Edward, “Electrical & Electronic Technology”, Pearson 2002
Publishing, 8th Edition.
7. Kothari D.P., and Nagrath I.J., “Basic Electrical Engineering”, Tata 2022
McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited, 4th Edition.

48
Thanks

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