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SAS 1: SELF, FORM OF ★ Plato uses the image of the charioteer

PERSPECTIVE OF (reason) who tries to control horses
PHILOSOPHY representing will and appetite. Reason uses
will to control the appetite
Philosophy
Aristotle
★ The goal of philosophy was “know thyself”
for Socrates ★ Define the soul as the core essence of a
★ Knowing others was wisdom, while knowing living being but argued against its having a
self is enlightenment separate existence
★ Self-knowledge means the highest bliss ★ Unlike Plato and the religious traditions,
★ Knowledge of oneself can be achieved only Aristotle did not consider the soul as
through the Socratic Method some kind of separate, ghostly occupant of
↪ dialogue between the soul and the body
itself, or between a student or ★ In Aristotle view, the soul is an activity of
a teacher the body, it cannot be immortal
★ De Anima (On the Soul), Aristotle’s book
Socrates which provides a good place to start to gain
more understanding of his views

★ Often in the role of questioner, as an

attendant emotional St. Augustine
★ According to Socrates, without this work on
yourself, life is worthless ★ His confessions takes this idea and expands
it into an entire genre that critically inquires
Plato what it means to be a person
★ Identity is achieve through the two-fold
process: self-presentation and
★ Dualist; both immaterial mind (soul) and self-realization
material body ★ Only the presence of the Omnipotent and
★ Believed that the soul or mind attains the Omniscient can the self-attain
knowledge of the forms, as opposed to the happiness and completeness
senses
★ The soul is divided into three parts:
reason, appetite (physical urges), and will
(emotional, passion, spirit); if aspects are
not in harmony, we will experience
conflict.

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Descartes

★ Thought that the self is a thinking thing

distinct from the body
★ Famous principle: “Cogito, ergo sum”,
which means “I think, therefore I am”
★ The mind and the body are mentally
independent and serve their own function
(even though both are physically together
as a whole)

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SAS 2: SELF, FROM THE

PERSPECTIVE OF Three Activities develop the self:

SOCIOLOGY Respond to each

other through
symbols, gestures,
Sociological Perspective on Self
words, and sounds.
Language Conveys others’
★ Self is a relatively stable set of perception attitudes and opinions
toward a subject or
of who we are in relation to ourselves,
person. Example:
others, and to social systems. Shaped emotions
through interaction with other people.
Take on different
roles, pretend, and
Charles Cooley’s theory of the “looking glass express expectations
self” Play of others. Develops
one’s
self-consciousness
★ People’s ideas of themselves have three through role-playing.
principal elements:
○ The imagination of our appearance Understand and
to other persons adhere to the rules
○ The imagination of his judgement through activities.
Game Understanding that
of that appearance
there are rules by which
○ Some sort of self-feeling, such as one must abide in order
pride or mortification to win the game or be
★ The way you imagine other people successful.
perceiving you affects the way you feel
about yourself, which in turn affects your
attitude and even your appearance.

George Herbert Mead’s symbolic

Interactionism

★ Social self is based on the perspective

that the self emerges from social
interactions.

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SAS 3: SELF, FORM OF THE ★ Allow us to better understand why people

PERSPECTIVE OF behave the way they do and how different
ANTHROPOLOGY groups have such amazing variety in their
lifeways
Anthropology ★ Learn about diversity and respect the
adaptability of man to the enormous
variety of environments where people live
★ Scientific study of the origins of humans ★ Seek to understand how people
and what makes us human themselves make sense of the world in
★ Anthropologists take a broad approach to which they live.
understanding the many different aspects ★ Most frequently employed the term ‘identity’
of the human experience, which we call (self); refers to this idea of selfhood in a
holism. loosely Eriksonian way (Erickson 1972)
★ Through archaeology, it can see how many properties based on the uniqueness and
groups lived hundreds or thousands of years individuality which makes a person distinct
ago and what was important to them from others
★ It provides students with a broad ★ Identity refers to qualities of sameness in
introduction to the discipline relation to a person’s connection to others
★ Cultural anthropology brings us into and to a particular group of people
contact with different ways of life and
challenges our awareness of just how
arbitrary our own understanding of the The Self embedded in Culture
world
★ Socialization creates personality patterns
Anthropologist ★ Shapes person’s emotions, thoughts,
behaviours, cultural values, and norms to fit
into function as productive members in
★ Study the culture and its relation to surrounding human society
human life in different times and places
★ Study other societies to gain a clearer
perspective
★ Study the past to help interpret the
present
★ Students who major in anthropology are
curious about other cultures and other
times

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SAS 4: SELF, FROM THE

Impact of the Concept of Culture on the
PERSPECTIVE OF
Concept of Man (Basic Premises)
PSYCHOLOGY BY WILLIAM
JAMES
★ Marriage, economy, religion, etc.
★ What makes people/cultures different; not the William James
same
★ Culture is the "accumulated totality" of
symbolic patterns that appear in different ★ 1842 - 1910; Philosopher and psychologist
societies ★ One of the first to postulate a theory of the
★ What man is capable of and how he actually self in The principle of Psychology
behaves, which in turn helps define human ★ Describes two aspects that he termed the
nature “I Self” and “Me Self”
★ I self reflects what people see or perceive
themselves doing in the physical world
★ Me self is more subjective and
psychological phenomenon, referring to
individuals’ reflection about themselves
★ Three components of Me Self: material self,
social self, and spiritual self
★ Human thoughts concluded that thoughts
have 5 characteristics:
○ All human thoughts are owned by
some personal self
○ All thoughts are constantly changing
or never static
○ There is continuity of thoughts as it
focus shift from one object to another
○ Thought deals with objects that are
different feon independent of
consciousness itself
○ Consciousness can focus on
particular objects and not others

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Me I Ideal-Self

The gifts were sent to I borrowed a book from

me. the library. ★ How we want to be
★ The ideal image we developed over time
based on what we have learned and
Me-Self experienced
★ Includes components of
★ Self as an object of knowledge ○ What our parents have taught us
★ Consists of all qualities that make self unique: ○ What we admire in others
○ Physical and material ○ What our society promotes
○ Psychological ○ What we think is in our best interest
○ Social

I-Self

★ Self as a knower and actor

○ Separate from surrounding world
○ Same over time
○ Has a private inner life
○ Controls own thoughts and actions

Real-Self

★ Who we actually are

★ How we think, we feel, look and act
★ Real self is our self-mage
★ Self-image includes:
○ Physical description
○ Social roles
○ Personal traits
○ Existential statements

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SAS 5: SELF FROM THE

PERSPECTIVE OF self-regulation:

PSYCHOLOGY: SELF AS refers to the

PRO-ACTIVE AND AGENTIC Self-reflection self-examining nature
of human agents;
Self-awareness
Bandura

★ Define human agency as “the human

capabilities to exert influence over one’s
functioning and the course of event’s by
one’s actions.”

Four Core Properties of Human Agency

Forming of intentions
Intentionally that “includes action
plans and strategies
for realizing them.”

Involves “the temporal

extension of agency” by
setting goals and
anticipating future
events: including more
Forethought than future direct plans.
Set goals for
themselves and foresee
the likely outcome of
prospective actions to
guide and motivate their
efforts anticipatorily.

broadens the role of the

agent to be more than
just “planners and
forethinkers” and
Self-reactiveness includes processes of
self-management and
self-motivation, as well
as emotional states that
can undermine

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SAS 6: THE WESTERN

THOUGHT OF SELF Gilbert Simond

★ Developed a theory of individual and

Individualist Self
collective individuation in which the
individual subject is considered as an
★ Individual identifies primarily with self; effect of individualization rather than a
individual being satisfied before those of cause, in individuation psychique et
the group collective
★ Looking after and take care of oneself ★ Individual atom is replaced by a never-ending
★ Independence and self-reliance are greatly ontological process of individuation
stressed and valued ★ Individuation is an always incomplete
★ Tend to distance themselves psychologically process, always leaving a “pre-individual”
and emotionally from each other leftover, making possible future
★ Believe they have specific, distinctive individuations.
attributes that set them apart from the general
population
Bernard Stiegler
★ May choose to join groups, but not essential
to one’s identity or success
★ Individualist characteristics are often ★ His philosophy draws upon and modifies
associated with men or people in urban the work of Gilbert Simond on
setting individuation and also upon similar ideas
★ Principle of individuation, or principium in Friedrich Nietzsche and Sigmund Freud
individuationis, describes the manner in ★ "The I, as a psychic individual, can only be
which a thing is identified as thought in relationship to we, which is a
distinguished from other things collective individual. The constituted in
adopting a collective tradition, which it inherits
and in which a plurality of acknowledge each
Carl Jung
other's existence."

★ Individualization is a process of
individual
transformation, whereby the personal and
collective unconscious is bought into
consciousness to be assimilated into the ★ A person or any specific object in a
whole personality collection
★ Considered individuation to be the central ★ 15th century and earlier, and also today
process of human development within the fields of statistics and metaphysics

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★ individual means "indivisible", typically ○ “private self” emerges with the

describing any numerically singular thing, understanding that one’s
but sometimes meaning "a person." experiences are not directly
★ 17th century on, individual indicates perceived by others but rather
separateness, as in individualism. must be communicated to be
★ Individuality is the state or quality of being shared.
an individuated being, separated from ○ “conceptual self,” one’s
everything with unique character overarching theory or schema
★ In the late twentieth century, researchers about oneself based on one’s
began to argue that the self is a cognitive and reflection on experiences within a
social construction. social and cultural context
★ Cognitive perspectives suggest that one’s
self-representation affects how one thinks
1977 Article
about and gives meaning to experiences.

Ulric Neisser (Psychologist) ★ Psychologist Hazel Markus showed that

one’s self-representation or self-schema
guides information processing and
★ Like James, he distinguished between influences one’s behavior.
one’s self-representation connected to
directly perceived experiences and that
resulting from reflection on one’s Self-Conceptualization
experiences.
★ Two types of self-representation: ★ Is an understanding you have of yourself
ecological self and interpersonal self that is based on your personal images,
★ Ecological self - connections of oneself to body image, the thoughts you have about
experiences in the physical environment yourself, and how you tend to label
★ Interpersonal self - connections of oneself yourself in different situations
to others through verbal or nonverbal ★ Self-concept is built upon perception — how
communication you perceive yourself based on the
★ Identified three types of self-representation knowledge you have gained over a lifetime of
that emerge in later infancy and childhood experience.
with cognitive and social maturation. ★ Self-concept is more or less a collection of
○ “extended self” is based on beliefs you have about your own nature,
memories of one’s past qualities, and behavior.
experiences and expectations for
the future

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SAS 7: THE EASTERN

THOUGHT OF SELF Differences

Individualist Collectivist
(Western Ideas) (Eastern Ideas)
Eastern/Oriental Thought of the Self
Collectivist Self Independent Socially Interdependent

Self-reliant Connected
★ One’s identity is, in large part, a function
of one’s membership and role in a group Achievement Oriented Moderate/Traditional
★ Survival and success of the group ensures
the well-being of the individual Competitive Cooperative
★ Harmony and the interdependence of
Assertive Obedient
group members are stressed and valued
★ Group members are relatively close Pleasure Seeking Self-sacrificing
psychologically and emotionally, but distant
towards non-group members Self-assured Sensitive
★ Collectivist characteristics are often
Direct Self-controlled
associated with women and people in
rural setting Self-interest Equalitarian

Collectivism

★ Is a value that is characterized by an

emphasis on cohesiveness among
individuals and prioritization of the group
over the self
★ Individuals or groups that subscribe to a
collectivist worldview tend to find common
values and goals as particularly salient
and demonstrate greater orientation
toward in-group than toward out-group.
↪ term is thought to be more diffusely
defined for collectivist individuals to
include societal units
★ Idea that the individual’s life belongs not
to him but to the group or society of which
he is merely a part

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SAS 8: FACTORS THAT SAS 9: THE PHYSICAL SELF –

INFLUENCE SELF BODY IMAGE AND
SELF-ESTEEM
Self
Physical Self-concept
★ Classified into three types: biological,
psychological, and socio-economic ★ Individual’s perception of themselves in
areas of physical ability and appearance
★ Physical ability includes concepts of physical
Biological
strength and endurance, while appearance
refers to attractiveness
★ Internal physiological
★ Genetic, hereditary factors, physical Body Image
appearance, and physique and rate of
maturation
★ Temperament, mental characteristics, special ★ How you view your physical self
ability, biological ★ Many people, especially people in their early
teens, body image can be closely linked to
self-esteem
Psychological

Self-Esteem
★ Motives, interests, attitudes, willpower,
intelligence, reasoning, capacities,
★ How you value and respect yourself as a
perception, imagination, a level of
person
understanding and etc.
★ Affects on how you take care of yourself,
emotionally, physically, and spiritually
Socio-economic ★ Body image and self-esteem are directly
influenced to one another

★ Characteristics that define the quality of life in

a society
★ Education, income, social status, and
occupation are the main parameters of
socioeconomic status
★ Socialization, knowledge skills and language
★ Influence

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SAS 10: THE MATERIAL /

Ten Steps to Positive Body Image
ECONOMIC
★ Appreciate all that your body can do Economic Self
★ Keep top-ten things you like about yourself–
things that are not related to how much you
weigh or what you look like ★ Sufficiency or the ability of individuals and
★ Remind yourself that “true beauty” is not families to maintain sufficient income to
simple skin-deep consistently meet their basic
★ Look at yourself as a whole person ★ With no or minimal financial or subsidies
★ Surround yourself with positive people from private or public
★ Shut dow those voices in your head that tell
your body is not “right” or that you are a “bad” Material Self
person
★ Wear clothes that are comfortable and that
★ All of the physical elements that reflect
makes you feel good about your body
who you are
★ Become a critical viewer of social and media
★ Compromised of body, clothes, immediate
messages
family, and home
★ Do something nice for yourself – something
★ Two categories
that lets your body know you appreciate it
○ Bodily part - parts of the body
★ Use the time and energy that you might have
○ Extracorporeal or external self - any
spent worrying about food, calories, and your
possessions which extend us
weight to do something to help others

Social Self
Personal Branding

★ The self is reflected through interactions

★ Process whereby people and their careers
with others
are marked as brands
★ Variety of selves that respond to changes in
★ Concept suggests that success comes
situations and roles
from self-packing
★ Asset that pertains to a particular person or
individual that includes but is not limited to
the appearance and knowledge of the person
– Leading to an indelible impression that is
uniquely distinguishable.

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Self-Concept

★ Can be described simply as how one

perceives himself and his behavior in the
market place
★ Attitude on holds towards himself
★ Not very realistic because an unconscious
component is always present
★ Self-image describes that consumers have a
number of images of what they perceive
themselves as.
★ Divided into six parts

Six Parts of Self-Concept

Actual self How a person actually

perceives himself

How a person would

Ideal self like to perceive
himself

Social self How a person thinks

others perceive him

How a person would

Ideal social self like others to perceive
himself

An image of self
Expected self somewhere in
between the actual
and ideal self

Situational self A person’s self-image

in a specific situation

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