8.42. Illustrative Examples.

Ex. 1. Investigate the soBution of the system of linear equations

2y+ 4z+ 5 0,8x- y+ 4z = 12, 16x -y+ 10z = 1.

Çonsider the following row transformations:

0 2 4 1= [-5"
12
8 1 4
16 -1 10

or, 8 12 , by R1 R
0 2 4 5
16 -1 10
-1 12 ,by R3 R3- 2R1
or, 8
0 2
44 5
1 2 23

or, 4 12 ,by RsRs-Ra.

- 5
2 4

A.H.A. 25
386 ADVANCED HIGHER ALGEBRA

The last statement 0 = - i s absurd.

Hence there is no solution of the equations. Thus the system is inconsistent.

Note. Here the rank of Ab is 3, while that of A is 2.

Ex. 2. Investigate.for what values of Aand y,the following equations

X+ y+ z= 6,
X+ 2y+ 3z = 10,

x+ 2y+ Az=
have (i) no solution, (i) a unique solution and (ii) an infinite number of
solutions. [N: B. H. 1985]
We have AX = B, where

A = 1 1X= x and B = 6
2 3 10

The system admits of unique solution, if I Al: 0.

Here
1 1 1= a- 3.

Now, if 3, then the solution will be unique for all values of .

If A 3, then A 1 and Ap= [1 1
=
| 61
3 10

The ranks of these two matrices are not the same unless t= 10 and hence
for = 3 there will be no solution for u 10.
Furthermore, if A = 3 and u =
10, then the system will possess an infinite
number of solutions.

Ex. 3. Solbe the system of equations

2x 3y+ Z= 1, x+ 2y 3z =
4, 4x- y- 2z =
8.
The system of equations can be written as

4 1-2
We apply a few row transformations for the following reduction:

,by RiRz
MATRICES 387

or ,byR2 R2- 2R1,

R3 R3- 2R2

of 2-3

10-11
0 1 1
0 0

10 0| =|3
0 0 1
Thereforex = 3, y= 2 and z = l is the solution.

Ex.4. Solve, by matrix method, the equations

N
I+ y+ z= 8, x- y+ 2z= 6, 3x+ 5y 7z = 14.
[C.H. 1970; B. H. 1995]
The equations are written in the matrix notation as AX= KK, (1)

where Ais the coefficint matrix[ 1

-i -7

Xisthe unknown matrix|x |and Kis the known matrix 8

6

0 0 20- 2 18 0.
Here IAl=1
1
3 2 -10

Now adj.A=| -3 12
13 -10 -1 |
3 -2 2

Therefore A'= - 3 12 3
°13 -10
-2
12
From (1), X=[x]= A- 'K= -3

Hence x 5, y=z=
 ADVANCED HIGHER ALGEBRA
388

Ex.5. Apply the rank test to examine ifthe following system of equations
the complete solution
is consistent and if consistent, then find

X+ 2y z= 6, 3x- y- 2z 3, 4x+ 3y + z= 9.
The equations,when written in matrix form,become

(1)

Here Ab | 1
3-1-2
34

2 1 6. by Rz Rz- 3R1 and R3 - R3- 4R1

1o-7 -15
2 6|, by Rz 2R2
0 14 30
0 5 5 15
1 6, by R2 R2-3Ra3
0
1 -13

2 by R R+5R
0 0 60 600

1 2 -1 6by R R
01 13
00 1

which is in the echelon form.

Thus the rank of Ab is 3.

Deleting the last column of the echelon form of Ab, the echelon form A is
obtained a s | 1 2 - 1|

0 1- 13

Thus the rank of A is 3. Hence the equations are consistent.

Now the matrix form of the given equations (1) reduces to

1
x+ 2 y - z= 6, y - 13z = 15 and z = - 1.
of,
MATRICEs 389

Thereforey= 132+ 15= 13(- 1)+ 15 2

and - 2y+ 2+ 6 1.

Hence thesolution is *= 1, y 2, z = - 1.

Ex. 6. Discuss the consistency and the solutions of the equations

T+ ay+ az = 1, ax + y+ 2az = - 4, ax - a y + 4z = 2
for different
alues of a.
Here the coefficient matrix A
=
aa and A I =
(1 +a)(2-a)
-

The augmented matrix B =

a a 4

The rank of A is 3, that of B is also 3 when a * - 1 and a * 2.

The number of unknowns is 3.

Therefore the equations are consistent. Moreover, the system of equation
has only one solution when a * - l and a* 2.

By Cramer's rule, we get y -

Next, when a = - 1, the rank of A is 2, that of B is also 2.

So the equations have then an infinite number of solutions.

Lastly, when a = 2, the rank of A is 2 and that of B is 3.

Hence the system is inconsistent when a = 2.

Examples VIII (F)

consistent:
1. Show that the following systems of equatiorns
are

4z= 3. [N. B. H. 1999]

z = 9, 3x- 2y+
x + y+ 1= 0.
20y - 6z+ 3 0, 6y 18z
+ =
-

n) 2x + y+ 11 =
0, 6x+
inconsistent :
. S h o w that the following system ofequations is
472= 32.
2r-3y+ 7z= 5, 5x - 2y+ 4z 18, 2x+ 19y
=

3. Find the value of k, such that the following system of linear

quations is consistent:
3, 3y+ 3z = k.
12, x- y- 2z
=

2x+y
-

z=
390 ADVANCED HIGHER ALGEBRA

4. (a) Show that the following system of equations is consistent

x+2y-5z+ 2t0= -

2, 3x- y+ 2z+ 4w = 19,

4x+y-3z+6w =17, 2x-3y+7z+2w=21.

(b) Test the consistency ofthe following equations:
r-5y +3z = - 1, 2x-y -z = 5, 5x -7y + z = 2. C. H. 1980
5 . Find the values of k, for which the system of equations
kx +y+z=1, x+ky +Z = 1, x+y +kz = 1 will have (i) a unique solution,
(ii) no solution and (ii) more than one solution. [N. B. H. 20021
6. Investigate,for which values of À and u the systems of equations

2y+ 3z 5, 3x-y+ 2z 12, 3 hz= u

+
(a) x + = =
y

(b) x + 4y+ 2z = 1, 2x+ 7y+ 5z 2u, 4x

= +
hy + 10z =
2u+ 1

c)X1+ 2 + X3 =
1, x1+ 2x2- X3 = u, 5x1 + 7x2 +
x3= u
will have () no solution, (ii) a unique solution and (i) an infinite
number of solutions.
7. (a) Show that the following set of equations is consistent and

solve it:
2x+ 4y + 3z+ w= 15, 3x+ 7y+ 2w = 16,

5x+ 3y + 5z + 3w 21.
b ) Find the value of ,for which the system of equations

2x1-+ X3t+ x= 1, X1+ - x3+ 4x4= 2,

+ 7x2- 4x3+ 11x4= a is solvable. V.H. 19871
Vc) Find the value of , if any, for whick the system of equations
x+ 2y+ 3z = Ax, 3x + y+ 2z = Ay, 2x+ 3y + | = z

has a non-trivial solution. 20c6 [N. B. H. 1999]

V8. Show that the following set ofequations is inconsistent

4x+8y+ 6z + w = 18,
3y + 4z = 8,
2x+
27
11z+ w = 31.
inconsistent:
V9. Show that the following equations are
X+ 2x2 + 3x3+ X4 = 1,

X1 X2+ 2x3- X4 = -

3,

3x1+ 3x2 + 8x3 + X4=- 3.

 MATRICEs 391

1 0 . Test the consistency of the following equations and solve, if

possible:
2x+X2+4X3 =4, x-3x,-x =-5,
-3x, +2x2-2x, =1, 8x,-3x, +8x, =2. [N. B. H. 1994 ]
11. Solve the following equations by transferring the coefficient
matrix to triangular form or to normal form
x+ 2y+ 3z = 6, 2x+ 3y+ z = 9, 3x+ y+ 2z = 8.

12. Solve the equations by matrix method:

()3x- 2y =4, 4x- 3y 5.
(i) x+ 2y- z=
-

9, 2x- y+ 3z=
-

2, 3x+ 2y+ 3z = 9.
2z 1.
ii) x + y- z= 6, 2x- 3y+ z= 1, 2x 4y+ =

2, 5x- 3z = 1.
o) x -2y =3, 3x+ 4y
-

z= -

) x+ 2y+ 3z 14, = 2x- y+ 5z =

15, 2y+ 4z- 3x= 13.

vi) 2x+ 3y+ z= 11, x+ y+ z= 6, 5x- y+ 10z = 34.

* 13. Given the matrices
A=[13 -22,31,
1
X=[:\, C|1|
21 3
4
AX C and solve for x, y z.
write down the linear equations given by
=

14. FindX, when 11 1 X=|

i-i
2 1 1 [C. H. 1984]
15. Is the system of equations
x+ y+ z= 4, 2x+ 5y- 2z= 3, x+ 7y- z= 5 solvable?
nverse of
16. (a) Show that 1 -1 01is the 3 -3 41
-2 3 -4 |2 -3 4
-2 3 -3 o -1 1
and hence find out the solution of the'system of equations
0.
3x1 3x2+ 4x= 5, 2x1-3x1+ 4x= 4, Xt =
show that
b) If la, ] be an orthogonal matrix, then
21 y=A22, Z=a23 Satisfy the equations
a,X+42y+@g3 2=0.
X *a12y+413Z=0, a21X+4zy+aZ=1,
[ B.H. 2001]
 392 ADVANCED HIGHER ALGEBRA

T
17. For the square matrix A =|
2 21 13
obtain the matrix A' Hence solve the equations
X+ y+ z = 4, 2x - y+ 3z = 1, 3x+ 2y- z= 1.

Verify your result by Cramer's rule.

18. For the square matrix A =| 2 5 . 3 , find the adjoint and the
3 1 2
1 2-1
inverse matrices. Apply your result to solve the equations
2x+ 5y+ 3z = 9, 3x + y+ 2z = 3, x+ 2y- z= 6. [B. H. 1969]|
49. If A = |1 -1 0 and C = 2 2-4then verify CA = 61.
2 3 4 - 4 2 -4

Use this result to solve the

2-1 5
equations
x-y= 3, 2x+ 3y + 4z = 17, y+ 2z = 7.

20. Obtain the inverse of the matrix 2 3 4 and hence obtain

10 1
the solution of the
0 1 4|
equations
2x1 3x2+ 4x= -

4, x1t X3 =0, x2+ 4x3 = 2. [C. H. 1991 ]

-

21. Find a matrix,whose inverse is the matrix

2 3

1-3 2
3
3
Hence solve the system of equations
x+ 2y+ 3z 11, x - 2y + 3z = 3,
=
x+ 2y 3z = -

1.
V22.(a) If A# 14, then show that the system of
-

equations
5x+ 2y-2=
has
1,2x + 3y+ 42 = 7, 4x- 5y + Az \- 5 =

unique solution (0, 1, 1).

a
[B. H. 1988]
6) Find the value of k,for which the system ot equations
x+ y+ 2= 2, 2x+
y+ 3z 1, X+ 3y+ 2z= 5, 3x- 2y+ z k
=
=

is,solvable and then solve it. [V. H. 1989|

) Show that the equations
-

2x+.y+ z= a, x- 2y+ z= b, x*+ y- 2z =

c
have no solution unless b+
a+ C= 0, in which case they have
infinitely many solutions. Find the solutions when a = b= 1, c= -2.
MATRICES 393

23. Apply rank test to show that the following systems of equations
have unique solutions which are trivial
)x+ 2y+ 3z = 0, (i) + 2y+ 3z+ 4w= 0,
2x+ 3y + z= 0, 8x + 5y + Z+ 4w= 0,
3x+ y + 2z = 0. 5x+ 6y + 8z + w = 0,

8x+ 3y+ 7z+ 2w = 0.

x 24. Solve completely the following systems of equations, if possible:
2y+ 32 = 0, i ) x- 2y+ z= 0,
) x+

2x+ 3y+ 4z = 0, X-2y- z= 0,

3x+ 4y + 5z = 0.
2x 4y- 5z = 0.
ii) x- 2y+ z- w 0, (iv) x1+ X2+ 33+ X4= 0,
x+ y- 2z+ 3w= 0, X+ 3x + 2x+ 4x= 0,
4x+ y- 52 + 8w = 0, X3 4= 0.
2x1 +

5x- 7y+ 2z-w=0.

25. Show that the system of equations
Fz 0, Gx+ Fy+ Cz = 0
Ax+ Hy + Gz =
0, Hx+ By+ =

h than three,
is solvable, if the rank of the matrix a 8 beless
|h bf
in
where A, B, C, F, G, H are the respective cofactors óf a, b, c.f. g, h
h

Answers
4. (b) Inconsistent.
3. k 18.
5.4i) k#1, k*-2. (i) k= -2. (ii) k =1.
(ii) A= 2, H= 12.
6.(a)(i) A= 2, 12. (ii) A* 2,H any value.
value. (ii) A =
14, =
()) = 14, u (i) A,14,41 any
1 3.
A# 1, p any value. (ii) a = 1, u = or
-

)0) A= 1, p* -

1 or 3. (ii)
31), k being an

.(a) x=
(51 25k). y= (5+ k), z = k, w= (17k-
) A= 6.
arbitrary real number. (b) A= 5.
0. Consistent; x1 = 1, x = 2, x3= 0. 11. X1'y= z = 18
 394 ADVANCED HIGHER ALGEBRA

12.() x = 2, y= 1. (ii) - y=
11 11 13
(ii) x= 6, y= z=
(iv)x=1y= - 202
()x = 1, y= 2, z= 3. (vi) x= 3, y= 1, z= 2.

13. 1 3
X=
y= 720
14. 1 15. No.

16. (a) x, =1, x^ = 2, x, = 2.

17. A'=|- -I3 1 , y= 3, z= 2

13 13

11 4
13 13 13

13 13 13

18. adj. A =
5 5
7 A 3 11 71
5
5 1 -13 1 13
X 1, y= 2, z= - 1.

19. x = 2, y= - 1, z = 4.

20. 10 18 3;x1= - 1, 2,
4 8 2
x^= x3 = 1.
- 1 2

6 6;x= 1, y= 2, z= 2.
3
2 0-2
22. (b) k= 2; x= 1, y= 2, z= - 1.
(c)x= k- 1,y= k- 1, z= k;k being an arbitrary real number.
24. (i) x =k, y=- 2k, z= k; k being an arbitrary real number.
(ii) x= 2k, y= k, Z= 0; kbeing an arbitrary real number.

(ii) x = ki k, -

y= k-k, z =ki, w= kai kj and k; being arbitrary

real numbers.

(iv)x=- P , = -
+ 38, x = d, X4= B;
2 2
a and Bbeing arbitrary real numbers.