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    Api 574 2016

    Uploaded by

    ARUL Aron Jose
    This document provides recommended inspection practices for piping system components. It notes that the document addresses general problems and issues and that local, state and federal laws should be reviewed. It disclaims any warranty or liability for the accuracy of the information and recommends using sound engineering judgment when applying the practices. The document is intended to make proven engineering practices broadly available but not to replace engineering analysis for specific circumstances.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Api 574 2016

    Uploaded by

    ARUL Aron Jose
    1K views122 pages
    This document provides recommended inspection practices for piping system components. It notes that the document addresses general problems and issues and that local, state and federal laws should be reviewed. It disclaims any warranty or liability for the accuracy of the information and recommends using sound engineering judgment when applying the practices. The document is intended to make proven engineering practices broadly available but not to replace engineering analysis for specific circumstances.

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    API 574 2016

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    This document provides recommended inspection practices for piping system components. It notes that the document addresses general problems and issues and that local, state and federal laws should be reviewed. It disclaims any warranty or liability for the accuracy of the information and recommends using sound engineering judgment when applying the practices. The document is intended to make proven engineering practices broadly available but not to replace engineering analysis for specific circumstances.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    1K views122 pages

    Api 574 2016

    Uploaded by

    ARUL Aron Jose
    This document provides recommended inspection practices for piping system components. It notes that the document addresses general problems and issues and that local, state and federal laws should be reviewed. It disclaims any warranty or liability for the accuracy of the information and recommends using sound engineering judgment when applying the practices. The document is intended to make proven engineering practices broadly available but not to replace engineering analysis for specific circumstances.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    I

    nspect
    ionPr
    acti
    cesforPi
    ping
    Syst
    em Component
    s

    APIRECOMMENDEDPRACTI
    CE574
    FOURTHEDI
    TION,
    NOVEMBER2016
    Speci
    alNot
    es

    APIpubli
    cati
    onsnecessar
    il
    yaddresspr
    oblemsofagener
    alnat
    ure.Wi
    thr
    espectt
    opar
    ti
    cul
    arci
    rcumst
    ances,
    local
    ,
    st
    ate,andfeder
    all
    awsandr egul
    ati
    onsshouldber
    evi
    ewed.

    Neit
    herAPInoranyofAPI '
    sempl oyees,subcont
    ract
    ors,consultants,committ
    ees,orot herassigneesmakeany
    warrantyorrepr
    esentati
    on,ei
    therexpressorimpli
    ed,wit
    hr especttot heaccur
    acy,completeness,orusefulnessof
    thei
    nf ormati
    oncontainedherei
    n,orassumeanyl i
    abil
    it
    yorr esponsibili
    tyf
    oranyuse,orther esult
    sofsuchuse, of
    anyinformati
    onorpr ocessdiscl
    osedi nthi
    spubli
    cati
    on.Nei t
    herAPInoranyofAPI 'sempl oyees,subcontract
    ors,
    consultant
    s,orotherassigneesrepresentthatuseoft hi
    spubl i
    cat i
    onwoul dnotinfri
    ngeuponpr ivat
    elyowned
    ri
    ghts.

    APIpubli
    cationsmaybeusedbyany onedesiri
    ngtodoso.Ev er
    yefforthasbeenmadebyt heInst
    it
    utetoensur e
    theaccuracyandrel
    i
    abili
    tyoft
    hedatacont
    ainedint
    hem; however
    ,theInsti
    tutemakesnor epresent
    ati
    on,warr
    anty,
    orguaranteeinconnecti
    onwiththi
    spubli
    cati
    onandherebyexpresslydisclai
    msanyliabili
    tyorresponsi
    bil
    i
    tyf or
    l
    ossordamager esulti
    ngfrom i
    tsuseorfortheviol
    ati
    onofanyaut horit
    ieshavingj
    urisdicti
    onwithwhicht his
    publi
    cati
    onmayconf l
    ict.

    APIpubl i
    cat
    ionsarepublishedtofacili
    tatethebroadavail
    abil
    i
    tyofproven,soundengi neeri
    ngandoper at
    ing
    pract
    ices.Thesepublicat
    ionsarenoti ntendedtoobviat
    et heneedforapplyingsoundengi neeri
    ngjudgment
    regar
    ding when and wher ethese publi
    cati
    ons shoul
    d be uti
    li
    zed.The f
    ormul at
    ion and publ
    icat
    ion ofAPI
    publi
    cati
    onsisnoti
    ntendedinanywayt oinhibi
    tanyonef
    rom usi
    nganyotherpracti
    ces.

    Usersofthi
    sr ecommendedpracti
    ceshouldnotrelyexcl
    usi
    vel
    yont heinf
    ormat
    ioncont
    ainedinthi
    sdocument.
    Sound busi
    ness,sci
    enti
    fi
    c,engineer
    ing,and saf
    etyjudgmentshould beused i
    n empl
    oy i
    ng t
    heinf
    ormati
    on
    cont
    ainedherein.

    Usersofinst
    ruct
    ionsshoul
    dnotrel
    yexcl
    usivel
    yontheinfor
    mati
    oncont
    ainedinthi
    sdocument.Soundbusi
    ness,
    sci
    enti
    fi
    c,engi
    neeri
    ng,andsaf
    etyj
    udgmentshouldbeusedinempl
    oyi
    ngtheinf
    ormati
    oncont
    ainedherei
    n.

    Wher
    eappl
    i
    cabl
    e,aut
    hor
    it
    ieshav
    ingj
    uri
    sdi
    cti
    onshoul
    dbeconsul
    ted.

    Anymanuf act
    urermar kingequipmentormat eri
    alsinconfor
    mancewi t
    ht hemarki
    ngrequir
    ement sofanAPI
    standardissolelyresponsibl
    eforcomplyi
    ngwi thallt
    heappli
    cablerequi
    rement
    softhatstandard.APIdoesnot
    represent
    ,warrant,
    orguar ant
    eethatsuchproductsdoinf
    actconformtotheappl
    icabl
    eAPIstandard.
    For
    ewor
    d

    NothingcontainedinanyAPIpubl
    i
    cati
    onistobeconstr
    uedasgr ant
    inganyr i
    ght
    ,byimplicat
    ionorotherwi
    se,for
    themanuf acture,sal
    e,oruseofanymethod,appar
    atus,orproductcoveredbyletter
    spat ent.Nei
    thershould
    anythingcontainedinthepubl
    i
    cat
    ionbeconst
    ruedasinsur
    inganyoneagainstli
    abi
    l
    ityforinf
    ringementoflet
    ters
    patent.

    Shal
    l
    :Asusedi
    nast
    andar
    d,“
    shal
    l
    ”denot
    esami
    nimum r
    equi
    rementi
    nor
    dert
    oconf
    ormt
    othest
    andar
    d.

    Should:Asusedi
    nastandard,“shoul
    d”denot
    esar
    ecommendat
    ionort
    hatwhi
    chi
    sadv
    isedbutnotr
    equi
    redi
    n
    ordertoconf
    ormt
    othestandard.

    May
    :Asusedi
    nast
    andar
    d,“
    may
    ”denot
    esacour
    seofact
    ionper
    missi
    blewi
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    mit
    sofa

    st
    andar
    d.Can:
    Asusedi
    nast
    andar
    d,“
    can”denot
    esast
    atementofpossi
    bil
    i
    tyorcapabi
    l
    ity
    .

    Thisdocumentwaspr oducedunderAPIst andardi


    zati
    onproceduresthatensureappropri
    atenot i
    fi
    cati
    onand
    part
    ici
    pat i
    oni nt hedev elopment alprocessandi sdesignat
    edasanAPIst andard.Questi
    onsconcer ningthe
    i
    nterpr
    et at
    ionoft hecontentoft hispubli
    cationorcomment sandquestionsconcerni
    ngthepr oceduresunder
    whicht hispubl icati
    onwasdev elopedshoul dbedi rectedinwrit
    ingtot heDirect
    orofSt andards,Amer i
    can
    Petrol
    eum I nsti
    tute,1220LSt reet,NW, Washington,DC20005.Requestsforper
    mi ssi
    ontoreproduceort r
    ansl
    ate
    al
    loranypar toft hemat er
    ial
    publishedhereinshouldalsobeaddressedtothedi
    rector
    .

    General
    ly
    ,APIstandar
    dsar er
    eviewedandr evised,reaff
    ir
    med,orwithdr
    awnatl easteveryf
    iveyears.Aone-ti
    me
    extensi
    onofupt otwoyearsmaybeaddedt othisreviewcycl
    e.Stat
    usofthepublicati
    oncanbeascer t
    ainedfr
    om
    theAPIStandar
    dsDepartment,t
    elephone(202)682-8000.AcatalogofAPIpubl
    icationsandmateri
    alsispubli
    shed
    annuall
    ybyAPI,1220LStreet
    ,NW, Washington,DC20005.

    Suggestedrevi
    sionsar
    einvi
    tedandshoul
    dbesubmi
    tt
    edt
    otheSt
    andar
    dsDepar
    tment
    ,API
    ,1220LSt
    reet
    ,NW,
    Washington,DC20005,st
    andar
    ds@api
    .or
    g.

    i
    i
    i
    Cont
    ent
    s

    1 Scope 1
    2 Nor
    mat
    iveRef
    erences 1
    3 Terms,Def
    ini
    ti
    ons,Acronyms,andAbbr
    evi
    ati
    ons 2
    3.
    1 Ter
    msandDefini
    ti
    ons 2
    3.
    2 Acr
    ony
    msandAbbr ev
    iat
    ions 11
    4 Pipi
    ngComponent s 12
    4.
    1 Pipi
    ng 12
    4.
    2 Tubing 23
    4.
    3 Valv
    es 23
    4.
    4 Fi
    tti
    ngs 28
    4.
    5 Fl
    anges 31
    4.
    6 ExpansionJoi
    nts 31
    4.
    7 Pipi
    ngSupports 31
    4.
    8 Fl
    exibleHoses 33
    5 Pipe-j
    oini
    ngMet hods 33
    5.
    1 General 33
    5.
    2 ThreadedJoi nts 33
    5.
    3 WeldedJoi nts 33
    5.
    4 Fl
    angedJoi nt
    s 34
    5.
    5 CastIronPi peJoints 34
    5.
    6 TubingJoints 34
    5.
    7 SpecialJoints 34
    5.
    8 Nonmet all
    icPipingJoint
    s 37
    6 ReasonsforInspecti
    on 38
    6.
    1 General 38
    6.
    2 ProcessandPer sonnelSaf
    ety 38
    6.
    3 Reli
    ableOperati
    on 38
    6.
    4 Regulat
    oryRequirements 39
    7 I
    nspecti
    onPlans 39
    7.
    1 Gener
    al 39
    7.
    2 Devel
    opinganInspecti
    onPlan 39
    7.
    3 Monit
    ori
    ngPr ocessPipi
    ng 41
    7.
    4 I
    nspecti
    onforSpecifi
    cDamageMechani
    sms 47
    7.
    5 I
    ntegr
    it
    yOperat i
    ngWindows 63
    8 Fr
    equencyandExt entofI
    nspect
    ion 64
    8.
    1 General 64
    8.
    2 On-str
    eam Inspect
    ion 64
    8.
    3 Off
    lineInspecti
    on 65
    8.
    4 I
    nspectionScope 65
    9 SafetyPrecauti
    onsandPr
    epar
    ator
    yWor
    k 65
    9.
    1 SafetyPrecauti
    ons 65
    9.
    2 Communi cat
    ion 66
    9.
    3 PreparatoryWork 66
    9.
    4 I
    nv est
    igationofLeaks 68
    v
    Cont
    ent
    s
    10 I nspecti
    onPr oceduresandPr
    act
    ices 68
    10.
    1 ExternalVi
    sual I
    nspecti
    on 68
    10.
    2 ThicknessMeasur ements 73
    10.
    3I nter
    nalVisualInspect
    ion 80
    10.
    4 Nonmet all
    icPiping 85
    10.
    5 Flexi
    bleHoses 87
    11 Pr essureTest
    s 88
    11.
    1 PurposeofTesting 88
    11.
    2 Perfor
    mi ngPressureTest s 88
    11.
    3 HammerTest ing 90
    11.
    4 Tell
    -t
    aleHoleDril
    li
    ng 90
    11.
    5InspectionofPipingWel ds 91
    11.
    6 OtherInspect
    ionMet hods 91
    11.
    7Inspect i
    onofUnder groundPi pi
    ng 91
    11.
    8Inspect i
    onofNewFabr icati
    on,Repai
    rs,
    andAl
    ter
    ati
    ons 100
    12 Determinat
    ionofMini
    mum Requi
    redThi
    ckness 102
    12.
    1 Pi
    ping 102
    12.
    2 Val
    vesandFlangedFi
    tt
    ings 105
    13 Recor ds 106
    13.
    1 General 106
    13.
    2 Sketches 106
    13.
    3 Number ingSy
    stems 108
    13.
    4 ThicknessData 108
    13.
    5 ReviewofRecords 108
    13.
    6 RecordUpdates 108
    13.
    7 AuditofRecords 108
    AnnexA(
    inf
    ormat
    ive)Ext
    ernalI
    nspect
    ionCheckl
    istf
    orPr
    ocessPi
    ping 110
    Bi
    bli
    ogr
    aphy 111
    Fi
    gur
    es
    1 Cr ossSect ionofaTy picalWedgeGat eVal ve 24
    2 Cr ossSect ionofaTy picalGlobeVal ve 25
    3 Cr ossSect ionsofTypicalLubr i
    catedandNonl ubri
    catedPlugValv
    es 26
    4 Cr ossSect ionofaTy picalBallValve 26
    5 Cr ossSect ionofaTy picalDiaphragm Val ve 27
    6 Ty pical
    But terf
    lyVal
    ve 27
    7 Cr ossSect ionsofTypicalCheckVal v es 28
    8 Cr ossSect ionofaTy picalSl
    ideVal ve 29
    9 Fl anged- endFi t
    ti
    ngsandWr oughtSt eelBut t
    -weldedFitt
    ings 30
    10 For gedSt eelThreadedandSocket -weldedFi t
    ti
    ngs 30
    11 CrossSect ionofaSocket -weldedTeeConnect ion 35
    12 FlangeFaci ngsCommonl yUsedi nRef ineryandChemi calPl
    antPi
    ping 35
    13 TypesofFl anges 36
    14 CrossSect ionofaTy picalBell
    -and-spigotJoint 36
    15 CrossSect ionsofTypicalPackedandSl eeveJoints 36
    16 CrossSect ionsofTypicalTubingJoi nts 37
    17 PipingCi rcuitExample 48
    Cont
    ent
    s

    18 Erosi onofPi pi
    ng 49
    19 Cor rosionofPi pi
    ng 49
    20 InternalCor r
    osionofPi ping 50
    21 Sev ereAt mospher i
    cCor rosi onofPiping 50
    22 SAICor rosion 57
    23 CaseofDoubl i
    ngduet oModeConv ert
    edShearWav eEchoOccurr
    ingBetweentheBackwall
    Echoes 75
    24 Exampl eofScr eenDi splayofUTThi cknessGaugewi thAutomaticTemperat
    ureCompensation 78
    25 Radi ogr aphofaCat aly t
    icRef ormerLine 80
    26 Radi ogr aphofCor r
    odedPi peWhoseI nternalSurfaceisCoatedwithIr
    onSulfi
    deScale 80
    27 Sket chandRadi ogr aphofDead- endCor rosion 80
    28 Under groundPi pi ngCor rosionBeneat hPoor lyAppl i
    edTapeWr ap 92
    29 Pipe- to-soilI
    nternalPot ent ialSurveyUset oI denti
    fyActi
    veCorrosionSpot
    sinUndergroundPipi
    ng.9330
    Exampl
    eofPi pe-t
    o-Soi lPot entialSur veyChart 94
    31 WennerFour -pinSoi lResi stivi
    tyTest 96
    32 SoilBarUsedf orSoi lResi stivit
    yMeasur ement s 97
    33 TwoTy pesofSoi lBoxesUsedf orSoilResi st
    ivit
    yMeasur ements 98
    34 Typical Isomet ri
    cSket ch 107
    35 Typical Tabul at
    ionofThi cknessDat a 109
    Tabl
    es
    1 Nomi nalPipeSizes,Schedul
    es,Wei ghtClasses,andDi mensi onsofFerr
    it
    icSt
    eelPi
    pe 14
    2 Nomi nalPipeSizes,Schedul
    es,andDi mensi onsofSt ainlessSteelPi
    pe 18
    3 Per mi
    ssibleToler
    ancesinDiamet erandThi cknessf orFer r
    it
    icPipe 20
    4 Mi xPointThermalFatigueScreeningCrit
    eria 53
    5 DamageMechani smsAssoci at
    edwi thNonmet al
    li
    cPi pi
    ng 62
    6 Compar isonofCommonNonmet all
    icPi
    pingNDETechni ques 86
    7 Mi ni
    mum Thi cknessesforCarbonandLow- all
    oySt eelPipe 105
    I
    nspect
    ionPr
    act
    icesf
    orPi
    pingSy
    stem Component
    s

    1 Scope

    Thisrecommendedpr actice(RP)suppl ement sAPI570bypr ovidi


    ngpi pinginspectorswi thi
    nfor mat i
    ont hat
    cani mprov eskillandi ncreasebasi cknowl edgeofi nspect ionpract i
    ces.Thi sRP descr ibesi nspection
    practi
    cesf orpipi
    ng,tubing,v alv
    es( otherthancontrolvalves) ,andfit
    tingsusedi npetroleum refineriesand
    chemicalpl ants.Common pi ping component s,valvet ypes,pi pe joining met hods,inspection pl anning
    processes,inspecti
    oni nterval
    sandt echniques,andt ypesofr ecordsar edescribedtoai dtheinspect ors i n
    ful
    fil
    l
    ingtheirroleimplement i
    ngAPI570.Thi spublication doesnotcov erinspection ofspeci al t
    yi tems,
    i
    ncludinginstrumentation,furnacetubulars,andcontrolval
    v es.

    2 Nor
    mat
    iveRef
    erences
    Thef ol
    lowingref
    erenceddocument
    sarei ndi
    spensablef
    ortheappli
    cat
    ionofthisdocument
    .Fordat ed
    ref
    erences,onl
    yt heedit
    ioncit
    edappli
    es.Forundat edr
    efer
    ences,t
    hel at
    estedi
    ti
    onofther ef
    erenced
    document(incl
    udi
    nganyamendments)appl
    ies.
    Pi
    API570, pi
    ngI
    nspect
    ionCode:
    Inspect
    ion,
    Repai
    r,Al
    ter
    ati
    on,
    andRer
    ati
    ngofI
    n-ser
    vicePi
    pingSy
    stems
    APIRecommendedPr
    act
    i DamageMechani
    ce571, smsAf
    fect
    ingFi
    xedEqui
    pmenti
    ntheRef
    ini
    ngI
    ndust
    ry
    APIRecommendedPr
    act
    i Wel
    ce577, dingI
    nspect
    ionandMet
    all
    urgy
    APIRecommendedPr
    act
    i Mat
    ce578, eri
    alVer
    if
    icat
    ionPr
    ogr
    am f
    orNewandExi
    sti
    ngAl
    l
    oyPi
    pingSy
    stems
    API579-
    1/ 11,
    ASMEFFS- Fit
    ness-
    For
    -Ser
    vice
    APIRecommendedPr
    act
    i Ri
    ce580, sk-
    BasedI
    nspect
    ion
    APIRecommendedPr
    act
    i Cor
    ce583, rosi
    onUnderI
    nsul
    ati
    onandFi
    repr
    oof
    ing
    APIRecommendedPr
    act
    i I
    ce584,nt
    egr
    it
    yOper
    ati
    ngWi
    ndows
    APISt
    andar Val
    d598, veI
    nspect
    ionandTest
    ing
    APIRecommendedPr
    act
    ice932-B,Desi
    gn,Mat
    eri
    als,Fabr
    icat
    ion,Operat
    ion,andI
    nspect
    ionGui
    del
    i
    nesf
    or
    Cor
    rosi
    onCont
    roli
    nHydr
    oprocessi
    ngReact
    orEf
    fl
    uentAirCooler(REAC)Systems
    APIRecommendedPracti
    ce941,St
    eelsforHy
    drogenSer
    viceatEl
    evat
    edTemper
    atur
    esandPr
    essur
    esi
    n
    Pet
    rol
    eum Ref
    iner
    iesandPet
    rochemicalPl
    ant
    s
    ASMEB16.
    5,Pi
    peFl
    angesandFl
    angedFi
    tt
    ings:NPS1/
    2Thr
    oughNPS24Met
    ri
    c/I
    nchSt
    andar
    d
    ASMEB16. Met
    20, all
    i
    cGasket
    sforPi
    peFl
    anges:Ri
    ng-
    Joi
    nt,
    Spi
    ral
    -Wound,
    andJacket
    edASME
    B16. But
    25, twel
    di
    ngEnds
    ASMEB16. Val
    34, ves:Fl
    anged,
    Thr
    eaded,
    andWel
    dingEnd
    ASMEB16. Lar
    47, geDi
    amet
    erSt
    eelFl
    anges:NPS26Thr
    oughNPS60Met
    ri
    c/I
    nchSt
    andar
    d
    ASMEB31.
    3,Pr
    ocessPi
    ping
    ASMEBoi
    l
    erandPr
    essur
    eVesselCode(
    BPVC)
    ,Sect
    ionV:Nondest
    ruct
    iveExami
    nat
    ion
    ASMEBoil
    erandPr
    essureVesselCode(BPVC),Sect
    ionV:Nondest
    ruct
    iveExami
    nat
    ion;
    Art
    icl
    e11:Acoust
    ic
    Emissi
    onExami
    nat
    ionofFi
    berReinfor
    cedPlast
    icVessel
    s
    ASMEPCC-
    1,Gui
    del
    i
    nesf
    orPr
    essur
    eBoundar
    yBol
    tedFl
    angeJoi
    ntAssembl
    y
    ASMEPCC-
    2,Repai
    rofPr
    essur
    eEqui
    pmentandPi
    ping

    1
    ASMEI
    nter
    nat
    ional
    ,2Par
    kAv
    enue,
    NewYor
    k,NewYor
    k10016-
    5990,
    www.
    asme.
    org.
    1
    2 APIRECOMMENDEDPRACTI
    CE574

    ASMERTP-
    1,Rei
    nfor
    cedTher
    mosetPl
    ast
    icCor
    rosi
    on-
    Resi
    stantEqui
    pment
    ASTM G572,St
    andar
    dTestMet
    hodf
    orFi
    el
    dMeasur
    ementofSoi
    lResi
    sti
    vi
    tyUsi
    ngt
    heWennerFour
    -El
    ect
    rode
    Method
    3 Ter
    ms,
    Def
    ini
    ti
    ons,
    Acr
    ony
    ms,
    andAbbr
    evi
    ati
    ons
    3.
    1 Ter
    msandDef
    ini
    ti
    ons
    Fort
    hepur
    posesoft
    hisdocument
    ,thef
    oll
    owi
    ngdef
    ini
    ti
    onsappl
    y.
    3.1.
    1
    al
    loymat eri
    al
    Anymet all
    i
    cmat eri
    al(i
    ncl
    udi
    ngwel
    dingfi
    l
    lermateri
    als)t
    hatcont
    ainsal
    l
    oyi
    ngelements,suchaschromi
    um,
    ni
    ckel,ormol ybdenum,whichar
    eint
    enti
    onall
    yaddedt oenhancemechani
    calorphy
    sicalproper
    ti
    esand/
    or
    corr
    osionresistance.Al
    loy
    smaybeferr
    ousornonferr
    ousbased.
    NOTE Forpur
    posesoft
    hisRP,
    car
    bonst
    eel
    sar
    enotconsi
    der
    edal
    l
    oys.

    3.1.2
    alter
    ation
    A phy sicalchange i
    n anycomponentt hathas desi
    gn impli
    cati
    ons af f
    ect
    ing t
    he pr
    essur
    e-cont
    aini
    ng
    capabili
    tyorf l
    exi
    bil
    it
    yofapi pingsyst
    em beyondthescopeofi t
    sor igi
    naldesi
    gn.Thefol
    lowi
    ngar enot
    consideredalt
    erati
    ons:comparabl
    eordupl
    i
    caterepl
    acementandreplacementsinki
    nd.

    3.1.3
    auxil
    iarypiping
    I
    nst r
    umentandmachi nerypiping,t
    ypical
    l
    ysmal l-
    boresecondar
    yprocesspi
    pingt hatcanbeisol
    atedf
    rom
    primarypipingsyst
    emsbuti snor mal
    lynotisol
    ated.Exampl
    esincl
    udefl
    ushli
    nes,sealoill
    i
    nes,
    anal
    yzerl
    i
    nes,
    balanceli
    nes, andbuf
    fergaslines.

    3.1.
    4
    cl
    adding
    Amet alpl
    atebondedontoasubst
    rat
    emetalunderhi
    ghpressur
    eandtemper
    atur
    ewhosepr
    oper
    ti
    esar
    e
    bett
    ersuit
    edtoresistdamagef
    rom t
    hepr
    ocessthanthesubstr
    atemet
    al.

    3.1.5
    conditionmoni t
    ori
    ngl ocati
    ons
    CMLs
    Designatedar easonpi pi
    ngsystemswher eperi
    odicexaminat
    ionsar
    econductedinor dertoassesst he
    conditionofthepiping.CMLsmaycont ainoneormor eexaminati
    onpoi
    ntsandutil
    i
    zemul ti
    pleinspecti
    on
    techniquesthatarebasedont hepr edi
    cteddamagemechani sm(s)
    .CMLscanbeasi ngl
    esmal lareaona
    pipi
    ngsy stem (e.
    g.a2- i
    n.diameterspotorplanet
    hroughasecti
    onofpipewhereexaminati
    onpointsexistin
    allf
    ourquadr antsoftheplane).
    NOTECMLsnowi
    ncl
    ude,
    butar
    enotl
    i
    mit
    edt
    o,whatwer
    epr
    evi
    ousl
    ycal
    l
    edt
    hicknessmoni
    tor
    ingl
    ocat
    ions(
    TMLs)
    .

    3.1.
    6
    contactpoint
    s
    Thel ocat
    ionsatwhi chapi peorcomponentr est
    sonoragai nstasupportorotherobject
    ,whi
    chmay
    i
    ncreasei t
    ssusceptibi
    li
    tytoexternalcorr
    osion,fr
    etti
    ng,wear,ordefor
    mat
    ion,especi
    all
    yasar esul
    tof
    moistureand/orsol
    i
    dscol l
    ecti
    ngattheint
    erf
    aceoft hepipeandsuppor
    ti
    ngmember.

    3.1.
    7
    corrosionall
    owance
    Mat eri
    althi
    cknessi
    nexcessoft
    hemi ni
    mum requi
    redt
    hicknesst
    oal
    l
    owf
    ormet
    all
    oss(
    e.g.cor
    rosi
    onor
    erosion)duri
    ngtheser
    vicel
    if
    eofthepipi
    ngcomponent
    .
    NOTECor
    rosi
    onal
    l
    owancei
    snotusedi
    ndesi
    gnst
    rengt
    hcal
    cul
    ati
    ons.

    2
    ASTM I
    nter
    nat
    ional
    ,100Bar
    rHar
    borDr
    ive,
    WestConshohocken,
    Pennsy
    lvani
    a19428,
    www.
    ast
    m.or
    g.
    I ONPRACTI
    NSPECTI CESFORPI
    PINGSYSTEM COMPONENTS 3

    3.1.8
    corrosi
    onr at
    e
    Ther at
    eofmet all
    oss[
    e.g.r
    educti
    oninthi
    cknessduetoerosi
    on,er
    osion/
    cor
    rosi
    on,orthechemi
    cal
    reacti
    on(s)wit
    htheenv
    ironment,
    etc.
    ]fr
    om int
    ernaland/
    orext
    ernaldamagemechanisms.

    3.1.
    9
    corr
    osionspecial
    ist
    A personacceptabletotheowner /
    userwhoi sknowl edgeabl
    eandexper
    iencedinthespeci
    fi
    cpr
    ocess
    chemistr
    ies degradat
    ion mechani
    sms,mat eri
    als selecti
    on,cor
    rosi
    on miti
    gat
    ion met
    hods,cor
    rosi
    on
    monitori
    ngtechni
    ques,andthei
    rimpactonpi
    pingsystems.

    3.1.10
    corrosionunderi
    nsul
    ati
    on
    CUI
    Externalcorr
    osi
    onofcarbonst
    eelandlow-
    all
    oyst
    eelpi
    pingresul
    ti
    ngfr
    om watertrappedunderinsul
    ati
    on.
    Externalchl
    ori
    destr
    esscorr
    osi
    oncracki
    ng(
    ECSCC)ofausteni
    ti
    candduplexst
    ainl
    esssteelunderi
    nsulat
    ion
    i
    sal soclassi
    fi
    edasCUIdamage.

    3.1.11
    crit
    icalcheckval
    ves
    Checkv alvesi
    npipi
    ngsyst
    emsthathav
    ebeeni
    dent
    if
    iedasvi
    talt
    oprocesssaf
    ety.Cr
    it
    icalcheckv
    alv
    esare
    thoset hatneedtooperat
    erel
    iabl
    yinordert
    oavoidthepotent
    ialf
    orhazardouseventsorsubstant
    ial
    consequencesshouldr
    ever
    sefl
    owoccur.

    3.1.12
    cyclicservi
    ce
    Referstoserv i
    ceconditionsthatmayr esul
    tincy cl
    i
    cloadingandpr oducefati
    guedamage( e.
    g.cycl
    icloadi
    ng
    fr
    om pr essure,thermal,and/ormechani calloads).Othercyclicl
    oadsassociatedwi thvibr
    ati
    onmayar i
    se
    fr
    om such sour ces as impact ,tur
    bulentflow v or
    ti
    ces,r esonance i
    n compr essors,and wind,orany
    combi nat
    ion thereof.Also seeAPI579- 1/ASME FFS- 1 defini
    ti
    on ofcycli
    cser vicein Sect
    ion I.
    13 and
    screeningmet hodi nAnnexB1. 5,aswel last hedef i
    nit
    ionof“ sever
    ecy cl
    iccondi t
    ions”inASMEB31. 3,
    Sect i
    on300.2,Defini
    ti
    ons.

    3.1.
    13
    damagemechani sm
    Anyt ypeofdeteriorat
    ionencounter
    edint her efi
    ningandchemi calprocessindustrythatcanr esul
    tinmet al
    l
    oss/ f
    laws/def
    ectst hatcanaffecttheintegrityofpipingsy st
    ems( e.g.corrosi
    on,cracki
    ng,er osi
    on,dents,
    andot hermechani cal
    ,physi
    cal
    ,orchemi calimpact s).SeeAPI571f oracompr ehensi
    velistanddescript
    ion
    ofdamagemechani smsthatmayaf f
    ectpr ocesspi pi
    ngsystemsinther efi
    ning,petr
    ochemi cal
    ,andchemi cal
    processindust
    ries.

    3.1.14
    dead-legs
    Component sofapi pi
    ngsy stem t
    hatnormallyhavel i
    tt
    leornosi gni
    fi
    cantf l
    ow.Someexampl esi nclude
    blanked( bli
    nded)branches,l
    ineswithnormall
    yclosedblockval
    ves,li
    neswi t
    honeendbl anked,pressurized
    dummysuppor tlegs,stagnantcont r
    olval
    veby passpi pi
    ng,sparepumppi pi
    ng,levelbri
    dles,pressur e-
    reli
    evi
    ngv al
    veinl
    etandout l
    etheaderpipi
    ng,pumpt ri
    m bypassl
    ines,hi
    gh-poi
    ntv ent
    s,samplepoints,drains,
    bleeders,andi nstr
    umentconnect ions.Dead-l
    egsal so i
    ncl
    udepi pi
    ngthati sno longerinusebutst il
    l
    connect edtotheprocess.

    3.1.
    15
    defect
    Animperf
    ect
    ionofat
    ypeormagni
    tudeexceedi
    ngt
    heaccept
    ancecr
    it
    eri
    a.

    3.1.
    16
    designpr essur
    e( ofapi
    pingcomponent )
    Thepr essureatthemostsev er
    econditi
    onofcoincidentint
    ernal
    orext
    ernalpr
    essureandt
    emperat
    ure
    (minimum ormaxi mum)expecteddur
    ingser
    vice.Itisthesameasthedesignpressur
    edefi
    nedi
    nASME
    4 APIRECOMMENDEDPRACTI
    CE574

    B31.3andot
    hercodesect
    ionsandi
    ssubj
    ectt
    othesamer
    ulesr
    elat
    ingt
    oal
    l
    owancesf
    orv
    ari
    ati
    onsof
    pressur
    eort
    emperatur
    eorboth.

    3.1.17
    designtemper atur
    e(ofapipingcomponent)
    Thet emperatureatwhi
    ch,underthecoinci
    dentpr
    essure,
    thegreat
    estt
    hicknessorhighestcomponentr
    ati
    ng
    i
    sr equir
    ed.Itisthesameast hedesi
    gntemperatur
    edefi
    nedinASMEB31. 3andot hercodesecti
    onsandis
    subjecttot
    hesamer ul
    esrelati
    ngtoall
    owancesforvar
    iat
    ionsofpr
    essur
    eort emperatureorbot
    h.

    NOTEDif
    fer
    entcomponent sinthesamepipi
    ngsy
    stem orci
    rcui
    tcanhavedif
    fer
    entdesigntemperatures.I
    nestabli
    shi
    ng
    t
    hist
    emperatur
    e,considerat
    ionshouldbegi
    ventopr
    ocessf l
    uidtemper
    atur
    es,ambienttemperatures,heat
    ing/
    cooli
    ng
    medi
    atemperat
    ures,andinsulat
    ion.

    3.1.18
    exami nati
    onpoint
    recordingpoint
    ,measurementpoint,
    testpoint
    Aspeci fi
    clocat
    iononapipi
    ngsy st
    em toobtainar
    epeat
    abl
    ethi
    cknessmeasur ementf
    ort
    hepur
    poseof
    establi
    shinganaccurat
    ecorr
    osionrate.CMLsmaycontai
    nmult
    ipl
    et estpoi
    nts.
    NOTETestpointi
    sat
    erm nol
    ongeri
    nuse,
    as“
    test
    ”int
    hisRPr
    efer
    stomechani
    cal
    orphy
    sical
    test
    s(e.
    g.t
    ensi
    l
    etest
    sor
    pr
    essur
    etest
    s).

    3.1.
    19
    examinati
    on
    Theactofperfor
    minganyt
    ypeofnondest
    ruct
    iveexami
    nat
    ion(
    NDE)f
    ort
    hepur
    poseofdat
    acol
    l
    ect
    ion
    and/orqual
    it
    ycontr
    olf
    unct
    ionsper
    for
    medbyexami ner
    s.
    NOTEExami nat
    ionswoul
    dbet ypi
    cal
    l
    ythoseacti
    onsconductedbyNDEper
    sonnel
    ,wel
    dingi
    nspect
    ors,orcoat
    ing
    i
    nspect
    ors,
    butmayalsobeconduct
    edbyaut
    hor
    izedpi
    pingi
    nspect
    ors.

    3.1.
    20
    examiner
    Apersonwhoassi st
    sthei nspectorbyper
    formingspecif
    icNDEonpipingsyst
    em componentsandeval
    uates
    totheappli
    cableacceptancecr i
    teri
    a(wherequali
    fi
    edt odoso),butdoesnotevaluat
    etheresul
    tsofthose
    examinat
    ionsinaccordancewi thAPI570r equi
    rements,unl
    essspeci
    fical
    l
    ytr
    ainedandauthori
    zedtodoso
    bytheowner/user
    .

    3.1.21
    externalinspecti
    on
    Av i
    sualinspectionperformedf rom t
    heout si
    deofapi pingsy st
    em t ol ocateexter
    nalissuesthatcould
    i
    mpactt hepi pi
    ngsy st
    ems’abi l
    i
    tyt omaintainpressureintegri
    ty.Exter
    nali nspect
    ionsarealsointendedto
    fi
    ndcondi t
    ionsthatcompr omiset hei
    ntegrit
    yofcoat ings,insul
    ationcov eri
    ngs,supporti
    ngstruct
    ures,and
    attachment s(e.
    g.stanchions,
    pipesupports,shoes,hangers,andsmal lbranchconnections).

    3.1.
    22
    fi
    berreinfor
    cedplast
    icspeci
    ali
    st
    FRPspeci al
    ist
    Aper sonacceptabl
    etotheowner /
    userwhoi sknowledgeableandexperi
    encedi
    nfi
    berrei
    nfor
    cedpl
    ast
    ics
    (FRPs) concerni
    ng the process chemist
    ri
    es,degr adati
    on mechanisms,mater
    ial
    s sel
    ecti
    on,f
    ail
    ure
    mechani sms,f
    abri
    cati
    onmethods,andthei
    rimpactonpipingsyst
    ems.

    3.
    1.23
    Fi
    tness-
    For-
    Serv
    iceeval
    uati
    on
    An engi
    neeri
    ng methodol
    ogy wher
    eby f
    laws and otherdeter
    iorat
    ion/
    damage cont
    ained wit
    hin pi
    ping
    syst
    emsareassessedinordert
    odeter
    minethestruct
    urali
    ntegr
    ityofthepi
    pingf
    orcontinuedserv
    ice(see
    API579-
    1/ASMEFFS-1).
    I ONPRACTI
    NSPECTI CESFORPI
    PINGSYSTEM COMPONENTS 5

    3.
    1.24
    fi
    tti
    ng
    Pipi
    ngcomponentusual
    l
    yassoci
    atedwit
    habranchconnect
    ion,
    achangei
    ndi
    rect
    ion,
    orachangei
    npi
    ping
    di
    ameter.Fl
    angesar
    enotconsi
    deredf
    it
    ti
    ngs.

    3.
    1.25
    fl
    ammablemat er
    ial
    s
    Asusedint
    hisRP, i
    ncl
    udesal
    lfl
    uidst
    hatwi
    l
    lsuppor
    tcombust
    ion.Ref
    ert
    oNFPA704f
    orgui
    danceon
    cl
    assi
    fyi
    ngf
    luids.

    NOTESomer egulat
    orydocumentsincl
    udesepar
    atedefini
    ti
    onsoffl
    ammablesandcombust i
    blesbasedonthei
    rfl
    ash
    poi
    nt.I
    nthisdocument ,f
    lammablei
    susedtodescribebothandthef
    lashpoi
    nt,boi
    l
    ingpoi
    nt,auto-
    igni
    ti
    ont
    emperat
    ure,
    orot
    herpropert
    iesareusedinaddi
    ti
    ontobett
    erdescri
    bethehazar
    d.

    3.1.26
    flashpoint
    Thel owesttemperat
    ureatwhi
    chaflammabl
    eproductemit
    senoughvaportofor
    m anigni
    tabl
    emixt
    urei
    nai
    r
    (e.g.gasol
    ine’
    sfl
    ashpointi
    sabout−45°
    F,di
    esel
    ’sfl
    ashpoi
    ntvar
    iesf
    rom about125°Fto200°F)
    .

    NOTEAni
    gni
    ti
    onsour
    cei
    srequi
    redt
    ocausei
    gni
    ti
    onabov
    ethef
    lashpoi
    nt,
    butbel
    owt
    heaut
    o-i
    gni
    ti
    ont
    emper
    atur
    e.

    3.1.
    27
    fl
    aw
    Animperf
    ecti
    oninapipi
    ngsyst
    em usual
    l
    ydet
    ect
    edbyNDE,
    whi
    chmayormaynotbeadef
    ect
    ,dependi
    ng
    upontheappl
    iedaccept
    ancecr
    it
    eri
    a.

    3.1.
    28
    generalcorrosi
    on
    Corr
    osiont hati
    sdistr
    ibut
    edmor
    eorl
    essuni
    for
    mlyov
    ert
    hesur
    faceoft
    hepi
    ping,
    asopposedt
    obei
    ng
    l
    ocali
    zedi nnature.

    3.
    1.29
    hol
    dpoint
    Apointi
    ntherepai
    roral
    ter
    ati
    onprocessbey
    ondwhichworkmaynotpr
    oceedunt
    ilt
    her
    equi
    red
    i
    nspecti
    on/
    examinati
    onhasbeenperfor
    medandver
    ifi
    ed.

    3.1.
    30
    i
    mper f
    ecti
    on
    Fl
    awsorot herdi
    scont
    inui
    ti
    esnot
    eddur
    ingi
    nspect
    iont
    hatmaybesubj
    ectt
    oaccept
    ancecr
    it
    eri
    adur
    ingan
    engi
    neeri
    ngandinspecti
    onanal
    ysi
    s.

    3.
    1.31
    i
    ndicat
    ion
    Aresponseorev
    idencer
    esul
    ti
    ngf
    rom t
    heappl
    i
    cat
    ionofanondest
    ruct
    iveev
    aluat
    iont
    echni
    que.

    3.
    1.32
    i
    ndustry-
    qual
    if
    iedult
    rasoni
    canglebeam examiner
    Apersonwhopossessesanul t
    rasoni
    c(UT)anglebeam quali
    fi
    cati
    onfr
    om API(
    e.g.APIQUTE/
    QUSE,
    Det
    ectionandSizi
    ngTests)oranequi
    valentqual
    if
    icat
    ionapprovedbyt
    heowner/user
    .

    NOTERul
    esf
    orequi
    val
    encyar
    edef
    inedont
    heAPII
    ndi
    vi
    dual
    Cer
    ti
    fi
    cat
    ionPr
    ogr
    am (
    ICP)websi
    te.

    3.1.33
    i
    njectionpoint
    s
    Inj
    ecti
    onpoi nt
    sarelocat
    ionswherewater,st
    eam, chemi
    cal
    s,orpr
    ocessaddi
    tiv
    esareint
    roducedi
    ntoa
    processstream atr
    elat
    ivel
    ylowfl
    ow/volumer at
    esascomparedtothefl
    ow/volumerat
    eoftheparent
    stream.
    6 APIRECOMMENDEDPRACTI
    CE574

    NOTE1Cor r
    osi
    oninhi
    bit
    ors,neutr
    ali
    zers,processantif
    oulant
    s,desalt
    erdemulsi
    fi
    ers,oxygenscavengers,caust
    ic,and
    waterwashesaremostof tenrecognizedasr equi
    ri
    ngspecialattent
    ionindesi
    gningt hepointofinjecti
    on.Process
    addit
    ives,
    chemi
    cal
    sandwat erareinj
    ectedintoprocessstr
    eamsinor dert
    oachi
    evespecificpr
    ocessobjectiv
    es.

    Examplesi
    ncludechl
    ori
    nat
    ingagentsinreformers,wat
    erinj
    ect
    ioni
    nov
    erheadsy
    stems,pol
    ysul
    fi
    dei
    nject
    ioni
    ncat
    aly
    tic
    cracki
    ngwetgas,ant
    if
    oam i
    nject
    ions,
    inhi
    bitor
    s,andneutr
    ali
    zer
    s.

    NOTE2I
    nject
    ionpoi
    ntsdonoti
    ncl
    udel
    ocat
    ionswher
    etwopr
    ocessst
    reamsj
    oin[
    seemi
    xingpoi
    nts(
    3.1.
    49)
    ].

    3.1.
    34
    i
    nser vi
    ce
    Designat
    esapipi
    ngsystem thathasbeenplacedi
    noperat
    ionasopposedt
    onewconst
    ructi
    onpr
    iort
    obeing
    pl
    acedi nserv
    iceorretir
    ed.A pipi
    ngsy st
    em notcur
    rentl
    yinoperati
    onduet
    oapr ocessout
    agei ssti
    l
    l
    consider
    edtobeinser
    vice.

    NOTE1Doesnoti ncl
    udepi
    pingsyst
    emsthatarest
    il
    lunderconst
    ruct
    ionori
    ntr
    anspor
    ttot
    hesi
    tepr
    iort
    obei
    ngpl
    aced
    i
    nserv
    iceorpi
    pingsyst
    emsthathavebeenret
    ir
    ed.

    NOTE2Pi pi
    ngsystemsthatarenotcurr
    entl
    yinoperat
    ionduetoatempor
    aryout
    ageofthepr
    ocess,t
    urnar
    ound,orother
    maintenanceacti
    vit
    yarestil
    lconsi
    deredtobe“ i
    nservi
    ce.”I
    nst
    all
    edspar
    epipi
    ngisal
    soconsider
    edinservi
    ce,wher
    eas
    sparepipi
    ngthatisnoti
    nstal
    ledisnotconsi
    deredinserv
    ice.

    3.1.
    35
    i
    n-servi
    ceinspect
    ion
    Alli
    nspecti
    onacti
    vit
    iesassoci
    atedwi
    thpi
    pingaf
    teri
    thasbeeni
    nit
    ial
    l
    ypl
    acedi
    nser
    vice,
    butbef
    orei
    thas
    beenreti
    red.

    3.
    1.36
    i
    nspection
    Theexternal
    ,i
    nter
    nal,oron-
    str
    eam eval
    uat
    ion(oranycombi
    nat
    ionoft
    het
    hree)ofpi
    pingcondi
    ti
    onconduct
    ed
    bytheauthori
    zedinspect
    ororhis/
    herdesi
    gnee.

    NOTE NDEmaybeconduct edbyexaminersatthediscr


    eti
    onoftheresponsi
    bl
    eauthor
    izedpi
    pingi
    nspect
    orandbecome
    par
    toft
    hei
    nspect
    ionpr
    ocess,
    butt
    heresponsibl
    eauthori
    zedpipi
    nginspect
    orshal
    lrev
    iewandapprov
    et her
    esul
    ts.

    3.
    1.37
    i
    nspecti
    oncode
    Short
    enedt
    it
    lef
    orAPI570.

    3.1.
    38
    i
    nspecti
    onplan
    Adocumentedsetofacti
    onsandstr
    ategi
    esdet
    ail
    ingthescope,extent
    ,methods,andt
    imi
    ngofspeci
    fi
    c
    i
    nspecti
    onacti
    vit
    iesi
    nordert
    odeterminethecondi
    ti
    onofapi pi
    ngci r
    cui
    tbasedondefi
    ned/
    expect
    ed
    damage(seeSecti
    on7)
    .

    3.
    1.39
    i
    nspector
    Anauthor
    izedpi
    pingi
    nspect
    orperAPI570.

    3.1.40
    i
    nt egri
    tyoper
    ati
    ngwindow
    Est abl
    i
    shedli
    mitsf
    orprocessvar
    iabl
    es(par
    ameter
    s)thatcanaff
    ecttheint
    egr
    it
    yoftheequi
    pmenti
    fthe
    processoperati
    ondevi
    atesfr
    om theest
    abli
    shedl
    imit
    sforapredeter
    minedamountofti
    me.

    3.
    1.41
    i
    ntermitt
    entserv
    ice
    Theconditi
    onofapipingsystem wherebyiti
    snoti
    ncont
    inuousoper
    ati
    ngser
    vice(
    i.
    e.i
    toper
    atesatr
    egul
    ar
    ori
    rregul
    arint
    erval
    srathert
    hancontinuously
    ).
    I ONPRACTI
    NSPECTI CESFORPI
    PINGSYSTEM COMPONENTS 7

    NOTE Occasi onalt


    urnaroundsorotheri
    nfr
    equentmai
    ntenanceout
    agesi
    nanot
    her
    wisecont
    inuouspr
    ocessser
    vice
    donotconst
    it
    uteint
    ermitt
    entserv
    ice.

    3.
    1.42
    i
    nternalinspect
    ion
    Ani nspecti
    onperfor
    medont hei
    nsidesur
    faceofapipi
    ngsystem usi
    ngv i
    sualand/
    orNDEmet hods(e.g.
    boroscope).NDEont heout
    sideofthepi
    petodeter
    mineremai
    ningthi
    cknessdoesnotconst
    it
    uteanint
    ernal
    i
    nspect i
    on.

    3.
    1. 43
    j
    urisdicti
    on
    Alegallyconst
    it
    utedgov
    ernment
    aladmi
    nist
    rat
    iont
    hatcanadoptr
    ulesr
    elat
    ingt
    opr
    ocesspi
    pingsy
    stems.

    3.
    1.44
    l
    evelbri
    dle
    Thepipi
    ngassembl
    yassoci
    atedwi
    thal
    evel
    gaugeat
    tachedt
    oav
    essel
    .

    3.1.45
    l
    ining
    Anonmetal
    li
    cormetal
    li
    cmater
    ial
    ,i
    nstal
    l
    edontheinter
    iorofpi
    pe,
    whosepr
    oper
    ti
    esar
    ebet
    tersui
    tedt
    oresi
    st
    damagefr
    om thepr
    ocesst
    hanthesubstr
    atemat
    erial
    .

    3.
    1.46
    l
    ocali
    zedcorr
    osion
    Det
    eri
    orat
    ionrestr
    ict
    edtoisol
    atedregionsonapi
    pingsy
    stem,
    i.
    e.cor
    rosi
    ont
    hati
    sconf
    inedt
    oal
    i
    mit
    edar
    ea
    oft
    hemet al
    surface(e.
    g.nonunif
    orm corr
    osi
    on)
    .

    3.1.47
    mi ni
    mum al er
    tthi
    ckness(f
    lagt
    hickness)
    At hicknessgr
    eatert
    hanthemini
    mum r equi
    redthi
    cknessthatprovi
    desforear
    lywarni
    ngfrom whi
    chthe
    futureservi
    celi
    feofthepi
    pingi
    smanagedt hroughfurt
    herinspect
    ionandremaini
    ngli
    feassessment
    .

    3.1.48
    mi ni
    mum r equi
    redt hi
    ckness
    Thet hicknesswithoutcorr
    osi
    onal
    lowanceforeachcomponentofapipi
    ngsyst
    em basedontheappr
    opr
    iat
    e
    designcodecal culat
    ionsandcodeallowabl
    est r
    essthatconsiderpr
    essur
    e,mechanical
    ,andstr
    uct
    ural
    l
    oadi ngs.

    NOTE Al t
    ernat
    ely
    ,mi
    nimum r
    equi
    redt
    hicknessescanber
    eassessedusi
    ngFi
    tness-
    For
    -Ser
    viceanal
    ysi
    sinaccor
    dance
    wi
    thAPI579-
    1/ASMEFFS-1.

    3.1.49
    mi xi
    ngpoi
    nt
    Mixingpoi
    ntsarelocati
    onsinapr ocesspipi
    ngsyst
    em wheret woormor estreamsmeet.Thedif
    fer
    encei
    n
    streamsmaybecomposi t
    ion,t
    emper atur
    e,oranyotherparameterthatmaycausedeteri
    orat
    ionandmay
    requir
    eaddi
    ti
    onaldesignconsi
    derati
    ons,oper
    ati
    ngli
    mits,i
    nspecti
    on,and/orpr
    ocessmoni
    tori
    ng.

    3.1.
    50
    on-str
    eam pi
    ping
    Pipi
    ngsystemsthathav
    enotbeeni
    sol
    atedanddecont
    ami
    nat
    ed,
    i.
    e.st
    il
    lconnect
    edt
    oin-
    ser
    vicepr
    ocess
    equipment
    .

    NOTE Pi pi
    ngsyst
    emsthatar
    eon-
    stream canbef
    ull
    ofproductdur
    ingnormalprocessingorempt
    yormaysti
    ll
    haveresi
    dualpr
    ocessf
    lui
    dsint
    hem andnotbecurr
    ent
    lypartoft
    heprocesssyst
    em (e.g.tempor
    ari
    l
    yval
    vedoutof
    ser
    vice).
    8 APIRECOMMENDEDPRACTI
    CE574

    3.
    1.51
    owner /user
    Theor ganizat
    ionthatexer
    cisescont
    rolovert
    heoperat
    ion,
    engi
    neer
    ing,
    inspect
    ion,
    repai
    r,al
    ter
    ati
    on,
    pressuretesti
    ng,andrerat
    ingofthepipi
    ngsystems.

    3.
    1.52
    pi
    pe
    Apressur
    e-t
    ightcyl
    inderusedtoconvey
    ,di
    str
    ibut
    e,mix,
    separat
    e,di
    schar
    ge,
    met er
    ,contr
    ol,orsnubfl
    uidfl
    ows
    ort
    ot r
    ansmitaflui
    dpr essur
    eandthati
    sordi
    nari
    lydesi
    gnated“pi
    pe”i
    nappl
    icabl
    emat er
    ial
    specifi
    cat
    ions.

    NOTE Mat eri


    alsdesignat
    ed“tube”or“
    tubing”i
    nthespeci
    fi
    cati
    onsaret
    reat
    edaspipewheni
    ntendedf
    orpr
    essur
    e
    ser
    viceext
    ernalt
    of i
    redheater
    s.Pipi
    nginter
    naltofi
    redheat
    ersshoul
    dbeincompl
    iancewi
    thAPI530.

    3.1.
    53
    pipespool
    Asectionofpipi
    ngwithafl
    angeorotherconnect
    ingf
    it
    ti
    ng,
    suchasauni
    on,
    onbot
    hends,
    whi
    chal
    l
    owst
    he
    removalofthesect
    ionfr
    om thesy
    stem.

    3.1.54
    piperackpiping
    Processpi pi
    ngthati
    ssuppor
    tedbyconsecut
    ivest
    anchi
    onsorsl
    eeper
    s(i
    ncl
    udi
    ngst
    raddl
    eracksand
    extensions).

    3.1.
    55
    pipi
    ngcircuit
    A subsectionofpi
    ping syst
    emst hatincl
    udespipi
    ng and component
    st hatareexposed t
    o apr ocess
    envi
    ronmentofsimi
    larcorr
    osi
    vit
    yandexpecteddamagemechanismsandi sofsimil
    ardesi
    gncondi
    ti
    onsand
    constr
    uctionmat
    eri
    al,wher
    ebytheexpectedtypeandrat
    eofdamagecanr easonabl
    ybeexpectedtobet he
    same.

    NOTE1Complexprocessunit
    sorpi
    pingsy
    stemsar
    edi
    vi
    dedi
    ntopi
    pingci
    rcui
    tst
    omanaget
    henecessar
    yinspect
    ions,
    dat
    aanal
    ysi
    s,andr
    ecordkeepi
    ng.

    NOTE2Whenestabl
    ishingt
    heboundar
    yofapar t
    icul
    arpi
    pingci
    rcui
    t,i
    tmaybesi
    zedt
    opr
    ovi
    deapr
    act
    ical
    packagef
    or
    r
    ecor
    dkeepi
    ngandperformi
    ngfi
    eldi
    nspect
    ion.

    3.1.
    56
    pipi
    ngengineer
    One ormor e per
    sons ororgani
    zati
    ons acceptabl
    et ot he owner
    /userwho are knowl
    edgeabl
    e and
    experi
    enced in the engi
    neeri
    ng disci
    pli
    nes associated wi t
    h evaluat
    ing mechani
    cal and mater
    ial
    charact
    eri
    sti
    csthataf
    fectt
    heint
    egr
    ityandrel
    iabi
    li
    tyofpipingcomponentsandsyst
    ems.

    Thepipi
    ngengi neer
    ,byconsul
    ti
    ngwi t
    happropri
    atespecial
    i
    sts,shoul
    dber
    egar
    dedasacomposi
    teofal
    l
    ent
    it
    iesnecessarytopr
    oper
    lyaddresspi
    pingdesi
    gnrequi
    rements.

    3.1.
    57
    pipi
    ngsystem
    Anassembl yofi
    nter
    connect
    edpi
    pethatt
    ypi
    cal
    l
    yar
    esubj
    ectt
    othesame(
    ornear
    lyt
    hesame)pr
    ocessf
    lui
    d
    composi
    tionand/ordesi
    gncondi
    ti
    ons.

    NOTE Pi pi
    ngsy st
    emsalsoincl
    udepipe-
    suppor
    ti
    ngelement
    s(e.
    g.spr
    ings,
    hangers,
    gui
    des,etc.
    ),butdonoti
    ncl
    ude
    suppor
    tst
    ruct
    ures,suchasst
    ruct
    ural
    frames,ver
    ti
    cal
    andhori
    zont
    albeams,andfoundat
    ions.

    3.
    1.58
    pr
    essuredesi
    gnthickness
    Mini
    mum pipewall
    t hi
    cknessneededt
    ohol
    dthedesi
    gnpr
    essur
    eatt
    hedesi
    gnt
    emper
    atur
    e.

    NOTE1Pr essur
    edesi
    gnthi
    cknessdoesnoti
    ncl
    udet
    hicknessforstruct
    urall
    oads,
    corrosi
    onal
    l
    owance,ormil
    l
    t
    oler
    ancesandther
    efor
    eshouldnotbeusedast
    hesol
    edet er
    mi nantofstr
    uctur
    ali
    ntegri
    tyf
    ort
    ypi
    cal
    processpipi
    ng.
    I ONPRACTI
    NSPECTI CESFORPI
    PINGSYSTEM COMPONENTS 9

    NOTE2Pr essur
    edesi
    gnt
    hicknessi
    sdet
    ermi
    nedusi
    ngt
    her
    ati
    ngcodef
    ormul
    a,i
    ncl
    udi
    ngneededr
    einf
    orcement
    t
    hickness.

    3.
    1.59
    pr
    imaryprocesspiping
    Pr
    ocesspipinginnormal,act
    iveservi
    cethatcannotbeval
    vedof
    for
    , i
    fitwer
    eval
    vedoff
    ,woul
    dsigni
    fi
    cantl
    y
    af
    fectunitoperabi
    li
    ty.Pr
    imarypr ocesspipi
    ngt ypi
    cal
    l
    ydoesnotincludesmal
    l
    -bor
    eorauxil
    iar
    yprocess
    pi
    ping(seealsosecondar
    yprocesspi pi
    ng).

    3.
    1.60
    pr
    ocesspi ping
    Hydrocarbonorchemicalpipi
    nglocatedat,orassoci
    atedwith,ar
    efiner
    yormanufact
    uri
    ngfaci
    l
    ity
    .Pr
    ocess
    pi
    pingincludespi
    per
    ack,tankfar
    m, andprocessunitpi
    ping,
    butexcludesut
    il
    it
    ypi
    ping(e.
    g.st
    eam,wat
    er,
    air
    ,
    ni
    trogen,etc.
    ).

    3.
    1. 61
    qualit
    yassur ance
    Allplanned,systemati
    c,andprevent
    ati
    veacti
    onsrequir
    edtodeter
    minei fmater
    ial
    s,equipment,orser
    vices
    willmeetspeci fi
    edrequi
    rementssothatthepipi
    ngwillper
    for
    m sati
    sfactor
    il
    yinservi
    ce.Quali
    tyassur
    ance
    pl
    answi l
    lspecif
    ythenecessar
    yquali
    tycontr
    olact
    ivi
    ti
    esandexaminat
    ions.

    NOTE Thecontent
    sofaqual
    i
    tyassur
    ancei
    nspect
    ionmanagementsy
    stem f
    orpi
    pingsy
    stemsar
    eout
    li
    nedi
    nAPI570,
    Sect
    ion4.
    3.1.

    3.1.
    62
    quali
    tycontr
    ol
    Thosephy si
    calact
    ivi
    ti
    esthatareconductedtocheckconf
    ormancewithspeci
    ficati
    onsinaccordancewith
    thequali
    tyassuranceplan(e.g.NDEt echni
    ques,hol
    dpointi
    nspect
    ions,materialver
    if
    icat
    ions,checki
    ng
    cert
    if
    icat
    iondocuments,et
    c.)
    .

    3.1.
    63
    rati
    ng
    Thewor kpr
    ocessofmakingcalculati
    onstoestabl
    i
    shpressur
    esandtemper
    atur
    esappropr
    iat
    eforapipi
    ng
    system,i
    ncl
    udi
    ngdesignpressure/temper
    atur
    e,maximum all
    owabl
    eworki
    ngpressur
    e( MAWP),st
    ruct
    ural
    minimums,r
    equir
    edthi
    cknesses,et
    c.

    3.1.64
    repair
    Ar epai
    rist
    heworknecessar
    ytor
    est
    oreapi
    pingsy
    stem t
    oacondi
    ti
    onsui
    tabl
    eforsaf
    eoper
    ati
    onatt
    he
    designcondi
    ti
    ons.

    NOTEI fanyoftherest
    orativechangesr esul
    tinachangeofdesi gntemper
    atureorpr essure,t
    her equi
    rement
    sfor
    rer
    ati
    ngalsoshal
    lbesat
    isf
    ied.Anywelding,cut
    ti
    ng,
    orgri
    ndingoperat
    iononapressure-
    contai
    ningpipi
    ngcomponentnot
    speci
    fi
    cal
    lyconsi
    der
    edanal t
    erat
    ionisconsider
    edarepai
    r.Repai
    rscanbetemporaryorpermanent.

    3.1.65
    rerati
    ng
    Achangeint
    hedesi
    gnt
    emper
    atur
    e,desi
    gnpr
    essur
    e,ort
    heMAWPofapi
    pingsy
    stem.

    NOTEArer
    ati
    ngmayconsistofanincr
    ease,decr
    ease,oracombi
    nat
    ion.Der
    ati
    ngbel
    owor
    igi
    naldesi
    gncondi
    ti
    onsi
    sa
    meanst
    oprov
    idei
    ncr
    easedcorrosi
    onal
    lowance.

    3.1.66
    Risk-BasedInspect
    ionRBI
    Ar i
    skassessmentandr i
    skmanagementprocessthati
    sfocusedoni nspect
    ionplanni
    ngforpi
    pingsyst
    ems
    forl oss ofcontai
    nmentin pr
    ocessi
    ng faci
    l
    iti
    es,which consi
    ders botht he pr
    obabi
    l
    ityoff ai
    l
    ure and
    consequenceoff ai
    l
    ureduetomater
    ial
    sofconstr
    ucti
    ondeteri
    orat
    ion.
    10 APIRECOMMENDEDPRACTI
    CE574

    3.1.
    67
    scanning
    Themov ementofadevi
    ce(
    v i
    sual,ul
    tr
    asonic,et
    c.)ov
    erawideareaasopposedtoaspotr
    eadi
    ngandusedt
    o
    fi
    ndflaws/def
    ect
    s(e.
    g.t
    hethinnestt
    hicknessmeasurementataCMLorcr acki
    ngi
    naweldment)
    .

    3.1.
    68
    secondaryprocesspiping
    Processpipi
    nglocateddownstream ofablockv
    alv
    ethatcanbeval
    vedoffwit
    houtsi
    gni
    fi
    cantl
    yaff
    ect
    ingthe
    processunitoperabil
    i
    tyiscommonl yreferr
    edtoassecondar
    yprocesspipi
    ng.Oft
    en,secondar
    yprocess
    pipi
    ngissmall-
    borepiping(SBP).

    3.
    1.69
    small
    -bor
    epipi
    ngSBP
    Pi
    peorpipecomponent
    sthatar
    elesst
    hanorequal
    toNPS2.

    3.1.
    70
    soil
    -t
    o-ai
    rint
    erf
    ace
    SAI
    Anareainwhichexter
    nalcor
    rosi
    onmayoccurorbeaccel
    erat
    edonpar
    ti
    all
    ybur
    iedpi
    peorbur
    iedpi
    pewher
    e
    i
    tegressesfr
    om thesoil
    .

    NOTEThezoneoft hecorrosionwil
    lvar
    ydependi
    ngonf act
    orssuchasmoi st
    ure,oxy
    gencontentoft
    hesoilandthe
    operat
    ingt
    emper
    ature.Thezonegeneral
    l
    yisconsi
    deredtobefr
    om 12in.(30cm)belowto6in.(15cm)abov
    et hesoi
    l
    surf
    ace.Pi
    per
    unni
    ngpar al
    lel
    wi t
    hthesoi
    lsur
    facet
    hatcont
    actst
    hesoil
    isincl
    uded.

    3.
    1.71
    st
    ri
    plini
    ng
    St
    ri
    psofmetal
    plat
    esorsheet
    sthatar
    ewel
    dedt
    othei
    nsi
    deoft
    hepi
    pewal
    l
    .

    NOTENormall
    y,t
    hestri
    psar
    eofamor ecor
    rosi
    on-
    resi
    stantorer
    osi
    on-
    resi
    stantal
    l
    oyt
    hant
    hepi
    pewal
    landpr
    ovi
    de
    addi
    ti
    onal
    cor
    rosi
    on/
    erosi
    onr
    esi
    stance.

    3.1.72
    structuralmini
    mum thickness
    Minimum r equir
    edt
    hicknesswi t
    houtcor
    rosi
    onall
    owance,basedont
    hemechani
    cal
    loadsot
    hert
    hanpr
    essur
    e
    topr eventsaggi
    ng,
    buckling,andpl
    asti
    ccoll
    apseoft
    hepiping.

    NOTE Thet hi
    cknessiseit
    herdet
    ermi
    ned from astandar
    dchar
    torengi
    neer
    ing cal
    cul
    ati
    ons.I
    tdoesnoti
    ncl
    ude
    t
    hicknessf
    orcorrosi
    onal
    l
    owanceormil
    ltol
    erances.

    3.1.73
    tell
    -tal
    eholes
    Smal lpil
    otholesdril
    ledint
    hepi
    peorcomponentwal
    lusi
    ngspeci
    fi
    edandcontr
    oll
    edpatter
    nsanddept
    hsto
    actasanear l
    ydet ect
    ionandsaf
    eguar
    dagainstr
    uptur
    esresul
    ti
    ngfr
    om int
    ernalcor
    rosi
    on,er
    osi
    on,and
    erosion-cor
    rosion.

    3.1.
    74
    temporar
    yr epair
    s
    Repair
    smadet opipi
    ngsy
    stemsinordert
    or est
    oresuf
    fi
    cienti
    ntegr
    it
    ytocont
    inuesaf
    eoperat
    ionuntil
    permanentr epai
    rscanbeschedul
    edandaccompli
    shedwit
    hinatimeperi
    odaccept
    abl
    et ot
    heinspect
    or
    and/orpi
    pingengineer
    .

    3.1.
    75
    test
    ing
    Procedur
    esusedt
    odet
    ermi
    nepr
    essur
    eti
    ght
    ness,
    mat
    eri
    alhar
    dness,
    str
    engt
    h,andnot
    cht
    oughness.

    Exampl
    esincl
    udepressur
    etest
    ing,
    whetherper
    for
    medhy
    drost
    ati
    cal
    l
    y,pneumat
    ical
    l
    y,oracombi
    nat
    ionof
    hydr
    ost
    ati
    c/pneumati
    c,ormechani
    cal
    testi
    ng.
    I ONPRACTI
    NSPECTI CESFORPI
    PINGSYSTEM COMPONENTS 11

    NOTE Test
    ingdoesnotr
    efert
    oNDEusi
    ngt
    echni
    quessuchasl
    i
    qui
    dpenet
    rant(
    PT)
    ,magnet
    icpar
    ti
    cle(
    MT)
    ,et
    c.

    3.
    1.76
    ut
    il
    itypi
    ping
    Nonprocesspi
    pingassoci
    atedwi
    thapr
    ocessuni
    t(e.
    g.st
    eam,
    air
    ,wat
    er,
    nit
    rogen,
    etc.
    ).

    3.
    1.77
    wel
    dov er
    lay
    Ali
    ningappl
    iedbywel
    dingofamet
    alt
    othesur
    face.

    NOTE Thef
    il
    lermet
    alt
    ypi
    cal
    l
    yhasbet
    tercor
    rosi
    onand/
    orer
    osi
    onr
    esi
    stancet
    otheenv
    ironmentt
    hant
    heunder
    lyi
    ng
    metal
    .

    3.
    2 Acr
    ony
    msandAbbr
    evi
    ati
    ons

    Fort
    hepur
    posesoft
    hisdocument
    ,thef
    oll
    owi
    ngacr
    ony
    msandabbr
    evi
    ati
    onsappl
    y.

    ACFM al
    ter
    nat
    ingcur
    rentf
    iel
    dmeasur
    ement
    AE acoust
    icemi
    ssi
    onexami
    nat
    iont
    echni
    que
    AWWA Amer
    icanWat
    erWor
    ksAssoci
    ati
    on
    CR comput
    edr
    adi
    ogr
    aphy
    CML condi
    ti
    onmoni
    tor
    ingl
    ocat
    ion
    CSCC chl
    ori
    dest
    resscor
    rosi
    oncr
    acki
    ng
    CUI cor
    rosi
    onunderi
    nsul
    ati
    on
    DN nomi
    nal
    diamet
    er(
    usedi
    nSIsy
    stem t
    odescr
    ibepi
    pesi
    ze)
    ECSCC ext
    ernal
    chl
    ori
    dest
    resscor
    rosi
    oncr
    acki
    ng
    EMAT el
    ect
    romagnet
    icacoust
    ict
    ransducer
    ERW el
    ect
    ri
    cresi
    stancewel
    ded
    ET eddycur
    rentexami
    nat
    iont
    echni
    que
    FCC f
    lui
    dcat
    aly
    ticcr
    acki
    ng
    FRP f
    iberr
    einf
    orcedpl
    ast
    ic
    GRP gl
    assr
    einf
    orcedpl
    ast
    ic
    HF hy
    drof
    luor
    icaci
    d
    HI
    C hy
    drogen-
    inducedcr
    acki
    ng
    I
    D i
    nsi
    dedi
    amet
    er
    I
    DMS I
    nspect
    ionDat
    aManagementSy
    stem
    I
    LI i
    n-l
    i
    nei
    nspect
    ion
    I
    P i
    nit
    ial
    pul
    se
    LCD l
    i
    qui
    dcr
    yst
    aldi
    spl
    ay
    LED l
    i
    ght
    -emi
    tt
    ingdi
    ode
    MOC managementofchange
    MAWP maxi
    mum al
    l
    owabl
    ewor
    kingpr
    essur
    e
    12 APIRECOMMENDEDPRACTI
    CE574

    MFL magnet
    icf
    luxl
    eakage
    MT magnet
    icpar
    ti
    cleexami
    nat
    iont
    echni
    que
    MW mi
    crowav
    eexami
    nat
    iont
    echni
    que
    NPS nomi
    nalpi
    pesize(f
    oll
    owed,
    whenappr
    opr
    iat
    e,byt
    hespeci
    fi
    csi
    zedesi
    gnat
    ion
    numberwi
    thoutani
    nchsymbol
    )
    OD out
    sidedi
    amet
    er
    OSHA Occupat
    ional
    Saf
    etyandHeal
    thAdmi
    nist
    rat
    ion
    P&I
    D pi
    pingandi
    nst
    rumentdi
    agr
    am
    PAUT phasedar
    rayul
    tr
    asoni
    ctest
    ing
    PEC pul
    sededdycur
    rent
    PFD pr
    ocessf
    lowdi
    agr
    am
    PMI posi
    ti
    vemat
    eri
    ali
    dent
    if
    icat
    ion
    PPE per
    sonal
    prot
    ect
    iveequi
    pment
    PRD pr
    essur
    e-r
    eli
    efdev
    ice
    PT l
    i
    qui
    dpenet
    rantexami
    nat
    iont
    echni
    que
    PWHT post
    wel
    dheatt
    reat
    ment
    RBI Ri
    sk-
    BasedI
    nspect
    ion
    RT r
    adi
    ogr
    aphi
    cexami
    nat
    iont
    echni
    que
    SAI soi
    l
    -to-
    airi
    nter
    face(
    ofbur
    iedpi
    ping)
    SBP smal
    l
    -bor
    epi
    ping
    SCC st
    resscor
    rosi
    oncr
    acki
    ng
    SDO st
    andar
    dsdev
    elopmentassoci
    ati
    on
    TML t
    hicknessmoni
    tor
    ingl
    ocat
    ion
    TOFD t
    ime-
    of-
    fl
    ightdi
    ff
    ract
    ion
    UT ul
    tr
    asoni
    cexami
    nat
    iont
    echni
    que
    UV ul
    tr
    avi
    olet
    WFMT wetf
    luor
    escentmagnet
    icpar
    ti
    cleexami
    nat
    ion

    t
    echni
    queWPS wel
    dingpr
    ocedur
    especi
    fi
    cat
    ion

    4 Pi
    pingComponent
    s
    4.
    1 Pi
    ping
    4.
    1.1 Gener
    al

    Pipingcanbemadef rom anymat er


    ialthatcanber oll
    edandwel ded,cast,ordrawnt hroughdiest of
    or ma
    tubularsect
    ion.Thetwomostcommoncar bonsteelpi
    pingmaterialsusedint hepetr
    ochemi cali
    ndust
    r yare
    ASTM A53/ A53M andASTM A106.Thei ndustr
    yusesbot hseaml essandel ectr
    icresi
    stancewel ded(ERW)
    pipi
    ngf orprocessservi
    ces,dependi
    nguponcur renteconomi
    csandt hepot enti
    alforaccelerat
    edcorrosion
    ofthewel dseam int heservi
    ce.Pipingofanomi nalsizel
    argert han16i n.(406mm)i susuallymadeby
    roll
    i
    ng
    I ONPRACTI
    NSPECTI CESFORPI
    PINGSYSTEM COMPONENTS 13

    platestosi zeandweldingt
    heseams.Centri
    fugall
    ycastpipi
    ngcanbecastt
    henmachi
    nedtoanydesir
    ed
    thickness.Steelandal
    loypi
    pingar
    emanufacturedtostandar
    ddi
    mensi
    onsinnomi
    nalpi
    pesi
    zes(NPSs)up
    to48i n.(1219mm) .

    Pipewal lthicknessesar edesi gnatedaspi peschedul esi nNPSsupt o36i n.(914mm) .Thetr adi
    ti
    onal
    thi
    cknessdesi gnations—standar dweight,extrast rong,anddoubl eextrastrong—di fferf rom schedulesand
    areusedf orNPSsupt o48i n.(1219mm) .Inal lstandardsizes,t heoutsidedi amet er( OD)r emainsnear l
    y
    constantregar dlessoft het hickness.Thesi zer eferstot heappr oximatei nsidedi amet er( I
    D)ofst andard
    weightpipef orNPSsequal t
    oorl essthan12i n.(305mm) .Thesi zedenotest heactual ODf orNPSsequal to
    orgreatert han14i n.(
    356mm) .Thepipedi amet erisexpr essedasNPS,whi chi sbasedont hesesi ze
    pract
    ices.Tabl e1andTabl e2l i
    stthedimensi onsoff er r
    it
    icandst ai
    nlessst eelpipef om NPS 1/
    r 8[DN
    (nominaldiamet er)6]upt hroughNPS24( DN600) .SeeASMEB36. 10M fort hedimensi onsofwel dedand
    seamlesswr oughtst eelpi
    pingandASMEB36. 19M f orthedimensi onsofst ainlesssteel pipi
    ng.

    All
    owabl etolerancesi npi
    pedi ameterdiff
    erfrom onepi pingmat erialt oanot her.Table3l i
    stst heaccept able
    tol
    erancesf ordi amet erandt hi
    cknessofmostASTM f err
    iti
    cpi pest andards.Theact ualthicknessof
    seamlesspi pingcanv aryfrom it
    snomi nalt hicknessbyamanuf act uri
    ngt oleranceofasmuchas12. 5%.
    Theundert olerancef orweldedpipingis0.01i n.(0.25mm) .Castpi pinghasat hicknesst oleranceof+1/ 16in.
    (1.
    6mm)and–0i n.( 0mm) ,asspecifi
    edi nASTM A53/ A53M.Consul tt heASTM ort heequi val
    entASME
    materialspecificationt odet ermi
    newhatt olerancesareper mittedf oraspeci ficmat erial.Pipi
    ngt hathas
    endsthatar ebev el edort hreadedwi t
    hstandar dpipethreadscanbeobt ainedi nv ar
    iousl engths.Pi pingcan
    beobt ai
    nedi ndi fferentstrengthlevel
    sdependi ngonthegr adesofmat er i
    al,i
    ncl udi
    ngal loy i
    ngmat er i
    aland
    theheattreatment sspecified.

    Castironpipingisgenerall
    yusedfornonhazardousserv
    ice,suchaswater
    ;iti
    sgener
    all
    ynotrecommended
    forpressuriz
    edhy drocarbonserv
    icebecauseofi tsbri
    ttl
    enat ur
    e.Thestandar
    dsandsizesforcasti
    ron
    pipi
    ngdifferfrom t
    hoseforweldedandseaml esspi
    ping.

    4.
    1.2 FRPPi
    pe

    Nonmetal
    licmater
    ial
    salsohav
    esomel i
    mit
    edusesi npipi
    ngsystemsinthehy
    drocar
    bonprocessindustry
    .
    They hav
    e signi
    fi
    cantadvant
    ages ov
    ermor ef amil
    iarmetal
    li
    c mater
    ial
    s,butthey al
    so have unique
    const
    ruct
    ionanddeter
    ior
    ati
    onmechani
    smsthatcanleadtopr
    emat ur
    efai
    l
    uresi
    fnotaddr
    essedadequately.

    Theter
    m nonmetal
    l
    ichasabr oaddefi
    nit
    ionbutinthissect
    ionr eferstothefiberrei
    nforcedpl
    asti
    cgroups
    encompassedbythegenericacrony
    m FRP andGRP ( gl
    assr einforcedplasti
    c).Theext r
    uded,gener
    all
    y
    homogenousnonmetal
    l
    ics,suchashigh-andlow-densi
    typolyethylene,ar
    eexcludedf r
    om coverageinthi
    s
    documentbutar
    eal
    sousedi nsomeutil
    it
    yandspecial
    tyserv
    ices.

    Typicalser
    viceappli
    cati
    onsofFRPpi pingincl
    udeser vi
    cewater
    ,processwater
    ,cool
    ingmedi
    um,pot
    abl
    e
    water,sewage/graywat er
    ,nonhazar
    douswast e,nonhazar
    dousdrai
    ns,nonhazar
    dousvent
    s,chemi
    cal
    s,
    fi
    rewaterri
    ngmains,fi
    rewaterdel
    ugesystems,andproducedandbal
    l
    astwater.
    14 APIRECOMMENDEDPRACTI
    CE574

    Tabl
    e1—Nomi
    nalPi
    peSi
    zes,
    Schedul
    es,
    Wei
    ghtCl
    asses,
    andDi
    mensi
    onsofFer
    ri
    ti
    cSt
    eelPi
    pe

    Pi
    peSi
    ze Appr
    oximat
    e Appr
    oximat
    e Nomi nal Nomi nal
    Act
    ualOD Act
    ualOD Weight
    Schedul
    e I
    D I
    D Thi
    ckness Thi
    ckness
    i
    n. mm Class
    NPS DN i
    n. mm i
    n. mm
    1
    /
    8 6 0.
    405 10.
    3 40 STD 0.
    269 6.
    84 0.
    068 1.
    73
    80 XS 0.
    215 5.
    48 0.
    095 2.
    41
    1
    /
    4 8 0.
    540 13.
    7 40 STD 0.
    364 9.
    22 0.
    088 2.
    24
    80 XS 0.
    302 7.
    66 0.
    119 3.
    02
    3
    /
    8 10 0.
    675 17.
    1 40 STD 0.
    493 12.
    48 0.
    091 2.
    31
    80 XS 0.
    423 10.
    7 0.
    126 3.
    20
    1
    /
    2 15 0.
    840 21.
    3 40 STD 0.
    622 15.
    76 0.
    109 2.
    77
    80 XS 0.
    546 13.
    84 0.
    147 3.
    73
    160 0.
    464 11.
    74 0.
    188 4.
    78
    — XXS 0.
    252 6.
    36 0.
    294 7.
    47
    3
    /
    4 20 1.
    050 26.
    7 40 STD 0.
    824 20.
    96 0.
    113 2.
    87
    80 XS 0.
    742 18.
    88 0.
    154 3.
    91
    160 0.
    612 15.
    58 0.
    219 5.
    56
    — XXS 0.
    434 11.
    06 0.
    308 7.
    82
    1 25 1.
    315 33.
    4 40 STD 1.
    049 26.
    64 0.
    133 3.
    38
    80 XS 0.
    957 24.
    3 0.
    179 4.
    55
    160 0.
    815 20.
    7 0.
    250 6.
    35
    — XXS 0.
    599 15.
    22 0.
    358 9.
    09
    1
    1/
    4 32 1.
    660 42.
    2 40 STD 1.
    380 35.
    08 0.
    140 3.
    56
    80 XS 1.
    278 32.
    5 0.
    191 4.
    85
    160 1.
    160 29.
    5 0.
    250 6.
    35
    — XXS 0.
    896 22.
    8 0.
    382 9.
    70
    1
    1/
    2 40 1.
    900 48.
    3 40 STD 1.
    610 40.
    94 0.
    145 3.
    68
    80 XS 1.
    500 38.
    14 0.
    200 5.
    08
    160 1.
    338 34.
    02 0.
    281 7.
    14
    — XXS 1.
    100 28 0.
    400 10.
    15
    2 50 2.
    375 60.
    3 40 STD 2.
    067 52.
    48 0.
    154 3.
    91
    80 XS 1.
    939 49.
    22 0.
    218 5.
    54
    160 1.
    687 42.
    82 0.
    344 8.
    74
    — XXS 1.
    503 38.
    16 0.
    436 11.
    07
    1
    2/
    2 65 2.
    875 73.
    0 40 STD 2.
    469 62.
    68 0.
    203 5.
    16
    80 XS 2.
    323 58.
    98 0.
    276 7.
    01
    160 2.
    125 53.
    94 0.
    375 9.
    53
    — XXS 1.
    771 44.
    96 0.
    552 14.
    02
    3 80 3.
    500 88.
    9 40 STD 3.
    068 77.
    92 0.
    216 5.
    49
    80 XS 2.
    900 73.
    66 0.
    300 7.
    62
    160 2.
    624 66.
    64 0.
    438 11.
    13
    — XXS 2.
    300 58.
    42 0.
    600 15.
    24
    1
    3/
    2 90 4.
    000 101.
    6 40 STD 3.
    548 90.
    12 0.
    226 5.
    74
    80 XS 3.
    364 85.
    44 0.
    318 8.
    08
    I ONPRACTI
    NSPECTI CESFORPI
    PINGSYSTEM COMPONENTS 15

    Tabl
    e1—Nomi
    nalPi
    peSizes,Schedul
    es,
    WeightClasses,
    andDi
    mensi
    onsof
    Ferr
    it
    icSteelPi
    pe(Cont
    inued)
    Pi
    peSi
    ze Appr
    oximat
    e Appr
    oximat
    e Nomi nal Nomi nal
    Act
    ualOD Act
    ualOD Weight
    Schedul
    e I
    D I
    D Thi
    ckness Thi
    ckness
    i
    n. mm Class
    NPS DN i
    n. mm i
    n. mm

    4 100 4.
    500 114.
    3 40 STD 4.
    026 102.
    26 0.
    237 6.
    02
    80 XS 3.
    826 97.
    18 0.
    337 8.
    56
    120 3.
    624 92.
    04 0.
    438 11.
    13
    160 3.
    438 87.
    32 0.
    531 13.
    49
    — XXS 3.
    152 80.
    06 0.
    674 17.
    12
    5 125 5.
    563 141.
    3 40 STD 5.
    047 128.
    2 0.
    258 6.
    55
    80 XS 4.
    813 122.
    24 0.
    375 9.
    53
    120 4.
    563 115.
    9 0.
    500 12.
    70
    160 4.
    313 109.
    54 0.
    625 15.
    88
    — XXS 4.
    063 103.
    2 0.
    750 19.
    05
    6 150 6.
    625 168.
    3 40 STD 6.
    065 154.
    08 0.
    280 7.
    11
    80 XS 5.
    761 146.
    36 0.
    432 10.
    97
    120 5.
    501 139.
    76 0.
    562 14.
    27
    160 5.
    187 131.
    78 0.
    719 18.
    26
    — XXS 4.
    897 124.
    4 0.
    864 21.
    95
    8 200 8.
    625 219.
    1 20 8.
    125 206.
    4 0.
    250 6.
    35
    30 8.
    071 205.
    02 0.
    277 7.
    04
    40 STD 7.
    981 202.
    74 0.
    322 8.
    18
    60 7.
    813 198.
    48 0.
    406 10.
    31
    80 XS 7.
    625 193.
    7 0.
    500 12.
    70
    100 7.
    437 188.
    92 0.
    594 15.
    09
    120 7.
    187 182.
    58 0.
    719 18.
    26
    140 7.
    001 177.
    86 0.
    812 20.
    62
    — XXS 6.
    875 174.
    64 0.
    875 22.
    23
    160 6.
    813 173.
    08 0.
    906 23.
    01
    10 250 10.
    75 273.
    0 20 10.
    250 260.
    3 0.
    250 6.
    35
    30 10.
    136 257.
    4 0.
    307 7.
    80
    40 STD 10.
    020 254.
    46 0.
    365 9.
    27
    60 XS 9.
    750 247.
    6 0.
    500 12.
    70
    80 9.
    562 242.
    82 0.
    594 15.
    09
    100 9.
    312 236.
    48 0.
    719 18.
    26
    120 9.
    062 230.
    12 0.
    844 21.
    44
    140 8.
    750 222.
    2 1.
    000 25.
    40
    160 8.
    500 215.
    84 1.
    125 28.
    58
    16 APIRECOMMENDEDPRACTI
    CE574

    Tabl
    e1—Nomi
    nalPi
    peSizes,Schedul
    es,
    WeightCl
    asses,
    andDi
    mensi
    onsof
    Fer
    ri
    ti
    cSt eelPi
    pe(
    Conti
    nued)
    Pi
    peSi
    ze Appr
    oximat
    e Appr
    oximat
    e Nomi nal Nomi nal
    Act
    ualOD Act
    ualOD Weight
    Schedul
    e I
    D I
    D Thi
    ckness Thi
    ckness
    i
    n. mm Class
    NPS DN i
    n. mm i
    n. mm
    12 300 12.
    750 323.
    8 20 12.
    250 311.
    1 0.
    250 6.
    35
    30 12.
    090 307.
    04 0.
    330 8.
    38
    — STD 12.
    000 304.
    74 0.
    375 9.
    53
    40 11.
    938 303.
    18 0.
    406 10.
    31
    — XS 11.
    750 298.
    4 0.
    500 12.
    70
    60 11.
    626 295.
    26 0.
    562 14.
    27
    80 11.
    374 288.
    84 0.
    688 17.
    48
    100 11.
    062 280.
    92 0.
    844 21.
    44
    120 10.
    750 273 1.
    000 25.
    40
    140 10.
    500 266.
    64 1.
    125 28.
    58
    160 10.
    126 257.
    16 1.
    312 33.
    32
    14 350 14.
    000 355.
    6 10 13.
    500 342.
    9 0.
    250 6.
    35
    20 13.
    376 339.
    76 0.
    312 7.
    92
    30 STD 13.
    250 336.
    54 0.
    375 9.
    53
    40 13.
    124 333.
    34 0.
    438 11.
    13
    — XS 13.
    000 330.
    2 0.
    500 12.
    70
    60 12.
    812 325.
    42 0.
    594 15.
    09
    80 12.
    500 317.
    5 0.
    750 19.
    05
    100 12.
    124 307.
    94 0.
    938 23.
    83
    120 11.
    812 300.
    02 1.
    094 27.
    79
    140 11.
    500 292.
    088 1.
    125 31.
    756
    160 11.
    188 284.
    18 1.
    406 35.
    71
    16 400 16.
    000 406.
    4 10 15.
    500 393.
    7 0.
    250 6.
    35
    20 15.
    376 390.
    56 0.
    312 7.
    92
    30 STD 15.
    250 387.
    34 0.
    375 9.
    53
    40 XS 15.
    000 381 0.
    500 12.
    70
    60 14.
    688 373.
    08 0.
    656 16.
    66
    80 14.
    312 363.
    52 0.
    844 21.
    44
    100 13.
    938 354.
    02 1.
    0311 26.
    19
    120 13.
    562 344.
    48 1.
    219 30.
    96
    140 13.
    124 333.
    34 1.
    438 36.
    53
    160 12.
    812 325.
    42 1.
    594 40.
    49
    18 450 18.
    000 457 10 17.
    500 444.
    3 0.
    250 6.
    35
    20 17.
    376 441.
    16 0.
    312 7.
    92
    — STD 17.
    250 437.
    94 0.
    375 9.
    53
    30 17.
    124 434.
    74 0.
    438 11.
    13
    — XS 17.
    000 431.
    6 0.
    500 12.
    70
    40 16.
    876 428.
    46 0.
    562 14.
    27
    60 16.
    500 418.
    9 0.
    750 19.
    05
    80 16.
    124 409.
    34 0.
    938 23.
    83
    100 15.
    688 398.
    28 1.
    156 29.
    36
    120 15.
    250 387.
    14 1.
    375 34.
    93
    140 14.
    876 377.
    66 1.
    562 39.
    67
    160 14.
    438 366.
    52 1.
    781 45.
    24
    I ONPRACTI
    NSPECTI CESFORPI
    PINGSYSTEM COMPONENTS 17

    Tabl
    e1—Nomi
    nalPi
    peSizes,Schedul
    es,
    WeightCl
    asses,
    andDi
    mensi
    onsof
    Fer
    ri
    ti
    cSt eelPi
    pe(
    Conti
    nued)
    Pi
    peSi
    ze Appr
    oximat
    e Appr
    oximat
    e Nomi nal Nomi nal
    Act
    ualOD Act
    ualOD Weight
    Schedul
    e I
    D I
    D Thi
    ckness Thi
    ckness
    i
    n. mm Class
    NPS DN i
    n. mm i
    n. mm
    20 500 20.
    000 508 10 19.
    500 495.
    3 0.
    250 6.
    35
    20 STD 19.
    250 488.
    94 0.
    375 9.
    53
    30 XS 19.
    000 482.
    6 0.
    500 12.
    70
    40 18.
    812 477.
    82 0.
    594 15.
    09
    60 18.
    376 466.
    76 0.
    812 20.
    62
    80 17.
    938 455.
    62 1.
    031 26.
    19
    100 17.
    438 442.
    92 1.
    281 32.
    54
    120 17.
    000 431.
    8 1.
    500 38.
    10
    140 16.
    500 419.
    1 1.
    750 44.
    45
    160 16.
    062 407.
    98 1.
    969 50.
    01
    22 550 22.
    000 559 10 21.
    500 546.
    3 0.
    250 6.
    35
    20 STD 21.
    250 539.
    94 0.
    375 9.
    53
    30 XS 21.
    000 533.
    6 0.
    500 12.
    70
    60 20.
    250 514.
    54 0.
    875 22.
    23
    80 19.
    750 501.
    84 1.
    125 28.
    58
    100 19.
    250 489.
    14 1.
    375 34.
    93
    120 18.
    750 476.
    44 1.
    625 41.
    28
    140 18.
    250 463.
    74 1.
    875 47.
    63
    160 17.
    750 451.
    04 2.
    125 53.
    98
    24 600 24.
    000 610 10 23.
    500 597.
    3 0.
    250 6.
    35
    20 STD 23.
    250 590.
    94 0.
    375 9.
    53
    — XS 23.
    000 584.
    6 0.
    500 12.
    70
    30 22.
    876 581.
    46 0.
    562 14.
    27
    40 22.
    624 575.
    04 0.
    688 17.
    48
    60 22.
    062 560.
    78 0.
    969 24.
    61
    80 21.
    562 548.
    08 1.
    219 30.
    96
    100 20.
    938 532.
    22 1.
    531 38.
    89
    120 20.
    376 517.
    96 1.
    812 46.
    02
    140 19.
    876 505.
    26 2.
    062 52.
    37
    160 19.
    312 490.
    92 2.
    344 59.
    54
    18 APIRECOMMENDEDPRACTI
    CE574

    Tabl
    e2—Nomi
    nalPi
    peSi
    zes,
    Schedul
    es,
    andDi
    mensi
    onsofSt
    ainl
    essSt
    eelPi
    pe

    Pi
    peSi
    ze Act
    ualOD Act
    ualOD Wal
    lThickness Wal
    lThi
    ckness
    Schedul
    e
    i
    n. mm in. mm
    NPS DN
    1
    /
    8 6 0.
    405 10.
    3 10S 0.
    049 1.
    24
    40S 0.
    068 1.
    73
    80S 0.
    096 2.
    41
    1
    /
    4 8 0.
    540 13.
    7 10S 0.
    065 1.
    65
    40S 0.
    088 2.
    24
    80S 0.
    119 3.
    02
    3
    /
    8 10 0.
    675 17.
    1 10S 0.
    065 1.
    65
    40S 0.
    091 2.
    31
    80S 0.
    126 3.
    20
    1
    /
    2 15 0.
    840 21.
    3 5S 0.
    065 1.
    65
    10S 0.
    083 2.
    11
    40S 0.
    109 2.
    77
    80S 0.
    147 3.
    73
    3
    /
    4 20 1.
    050 26.
    7 5S 0.
    065 1.
    65
    10S 0.
    083 2.
    11
    40S 0.
    113 2.
    87
    80S 0.
    154 3.
    91
    1 25 1.
    315 33.
    4 5S 0.
    065 1.
    65
    10S 0.
    109 2.
    77
    40S 0.
    133 3.
    38
    80S 0.
    179 4.
    55
    1
    1/
    4 32 1.
    660 42.
    2 5S 0.
    065 1.
    65
    10S 0.
    109 2.
    77
    40S 0.
    140 3.
    56
    80S 0.
    191 4.
    85
    1
    1/
    2 40 1.
    900 48.
    3 5S 0.
    065 1.
    65
    10S 0.
    109 2.
    77
    40S 0.
    145 3.
    68
    80S 0.
    200 5.
    08
    2 50 2.
    375 60.
    3 5S 0.
    065 1.
    65
    10S 0.
    109 2.
    77
    40S 0.
    154 3.
    91
    80S 0.
    218 5.
    54
    1
    2/
    2 65 2.
    875 73 5S 0.
    083 2.
    11
    10S 0.
    120 3.
    05
    40S 0.
    203 5.
    16
    80S 0.
    276 7.
    01
    3 80 3.
    500 88.
    9 5S 0.
    083 2.
    11
    10S 0.
    120 3.
    05
    40S 0.
    216 5.
    49
    80S 0.
    300 7.
    62
    I ONPRACTI
    NSPECTI CESFORPI
    PINGSYSTEM COMPONENTS 19

    Tabl
    e2—Nomi
    nalPi
    peSi
    zes,
    Schedul
    es,
    andDi
    mensi
    onsofSt
    ainl
    essSt
    eelPi
    pe(
    Cont
    inued)

    Pi
    peSi
    ze Act
    ualOD Act
    ualOD Wal
    lThickness Wal
    lThi
    ckness
    Schedul
    e
    i
    n. mm in. mm
    NPS DN
    1
    3/
    2 90 4.
    000 101.
    6 5S 0.
    083 2.
    11
    10S 0.
    120 3.
    05
    40S 0.
    226 5.
    74
    80S 0.
    318 8.
    08
    4 100 4.
    500 114.
    3 5S 0.
    083 2.
    11
    10S 0.
    120 3.
    05
    40S 0.
    237 6.
    02
    80S 0.
    337 8.
    56
    5 125 5.
    563 141.
    3 5S 0.
    109 2.
    77
    10S 0.
    134 3.
    40
    40S 0.
    258 6.
    55
    80S 0.
    375 9.
    53
    6 150 6.
    625 168.
    3 5S 0.
    109 2.
    77
    10S 0.
    134 3.
    40
    40S 0.
    280 7.
    11
    80S 0.
    432 10.
    97
    8 200 8.
    625 219.
    1 5S 0.
    109 2.
    77
    10S 0.
    148 3.
    76
    40S 0.
    322 8.
    18
    80S 0.
    500 12.
    70
    10 250 10.
    750 273.
    1 5S 0.
    134 3.
    40
    10S 0.
    165 4.
    19
    40S 0.
    365 9.
    27
    80S 0.
    500 12.
    70
    12 300 12.
    750 323.
    9 5S 0.
    156 3.
    96
    10S 0.
    180 4.
    57
    40S 0.
    375 9.
    53
    80S 0.
    500 12.
    70
    14 350 14.
    00 355.
    6 5S 0.
    156 3.
    96
    10S 0.
    188 4.
    78
    16 400 16.
    00 406.
    4 5S 0.
    165 4.
    19
    10S 0.
    188 4.
    78
    18 450 18.
    00 457 5S 0.
    165 4.
    19
    10S 0.
    188 4.
    78
    20 500 20.
    00 508 5S 0.
    188 4.
    78
    10S 0.
    218 5.
    54
    22 550 22.
    00 559 5S 0.
    188 4.
    78
    10S 0.
    218 5.
    54
    24 600 24.
    00 610 5S 0.
    218 5.
    54
    10S 0.
    250 6.
    35
    20 APIRECOMMENDEDPRACTI
    CE574

    Tabl
    e3—Per
    missi
    bleTol
    erancesi
    nDi
    amet
    erandThi
    cknessf
    orFer
    ri
    ti
    cPi
    pe

    ASTM
    Acceptabl
    eThickness
    Mater
    ial Accept
    abl
    eDi
    amet
    erTol
    erancesa
    Tol ancesb
    er
    St
    andard

    NPS11/
    2 +1/
    64i
    n.(
    0.4mm) –1/
    64i
    n.(
    0.4mm)
    A53
    >NPS11/
    2 ±1%

    NPS1/ 1
    8NPS1/ 2 +1/
    64i
    n.(
    0.4mm) –1/
    64i
    n.(
    0.4mm)

    >NPS11/
    2NPS4 +1/
    32i
    n.(
    0.79mm) –1/
    32i
    n.(
    0.79mm)

    A106 >NPS4NPS8 +1/


    16i
    n.(
    1.59mm) –1/
    32i
    n.(
    0.79mm) –12.
    5%
    A312/A312M
    A530/A530M >NPS8NPS18 +3/
    32i
    n.(
    2.38mm) –1/
    32i
    n.(
    0.79mm)
    A731/A731M
    A790/A790M >NPS18NPS26 +1/
    8in.(
    3.18mm) –1/
    32i
    n.(
    0.79mm)

    >NPS26NPS34 +5/
    32i
    n.(
    3.97mm) –1/
    32i
    n.(
    0.79mm)

    >NPS34NPS48 +3/
    16i
    n.(
    4.76mm) –1/
    32i
    n.(
    0.79mm)

    Accept
    ablet
    oler
    anceofpl
    ate
    A134 Ci
    rcumf
    erence±0.
    5%ofspeci
    fi
    eddi
    amet
    er
    st
    andard

    A135/
    A135M +1%ofnomi
    nal –12.
    5%

    A358/
    A358M ±0.
    5% –0.
    01i
    n.(
    0.3mm)

    Wal
    l<0.
    188i
    n.(
    4.8mm)t
    hickness±0.
    20%
    A409/
    A409M –0.
    018i
    n.(
    0.46mm)
    Wal
    l0.
    188i
    n.(
    4.8mm)t
    hickness±0.
    40%

    A451/
    A451M — +1/
    8in.(
    3mm)
    ;–0

    NPS1/ 1
    81/ 2 +1/
    64i
    n.(
    0.4mm) –1/
    32i
    n.(
    0.8mm)

    NPS11/
    24 +1/
    32i
    n.(
    0.8mm) –1/
    32i
    n.(
    0.8mm)

    A524 NPS48 +1/


    16i
    n.(
    1.6mm) –1/
    32i
    n.(
    0.8mm) –12.
    5%

    NPS818 +3/
    32i
    n.(
    2.4mm) –1/
    32i
    n.(
    0.8mm)

    NPS18 +1/
    8in.(
    3.2mm) –1/
    32i
    n.(
    0.8mm)

    A587 SeeASTM A587,


    Tabl
    e4

    10%great
    ert
    hanthespeci
    fi
    ed
    mini
    mum wal
    lthi
    ckness
    A660/
    A660M —
    Zerolesst
    hanthespeci
    fi
    ed
    minimum wal
    lthi
    ckness

    A671/
    A671M +0.
    5%ofspeci
    fi
    eddi
    amet
    er
    0.01i
    n.(0.
    3mm)l esst
    hant
    he
    A672/
    A672M, speci
    fi
    edthickness
    ±0.
    5%ofspeci
    fi
    eddi
    amet
    er
    A691/A691M
    I ONPRACTI
    NSPECTI CESFORPI
    PINGSYSTEM COMPONENTS 21

    Tabl
    e3—Per
    missi
    bleTol
    erancesi
    nDi
    amet
    erandThi
    cknessf
    orFer
    ri
    ti
    cPi
    pe(
    Cont
    inued)

    ASTM
    Acceptabl
    eThickness
    Mater
    ial Accept
    abl
    eDi
    amet
    erTol
    erancesa
    Tol ancesb
    er
    St
    andard

    NPS11/
    4 ±0.
    010i
    n.(
    0.25mm)

    NPS11/
    2NPS6 ±0.
    020i
    n.(
    0.5mm) ±12%f orwallt
    hickness
    <0.188in.(
    4.8mm)
    A813/
    A813M NPS8NPS18 ±0.
    030i
    n.(
    0.75mm)
    ±0.
    030i n.(
    0.8mm)forwal
    l
    NPS20NPS24 ±0.
    040i
    n.(
    1mm) thi
    ckness0.188i
    n.(4.
    8mm)

    NPS30 ±0.
    050i
    n.(
    1.25mm)

    A814/
    A814M SeeASTM A814/A814M,
    Tabl
    e1

    a
    Tol
    eranceonDNunl
    essot
    her
    wisespeci
    fi
    ed.
    b
    Tol
    eranceonnomi
    nal
    wal
    lthi
    cknessunl
    essot
    her
    wisespeci
    fi
    ed.

    Designoft hesepi pi ngsy


    stemsi slargelydependentont heappl i
    cati
    on.Manycompani eshav edev eloped
    thei
    rownspeci f
    icat i
    onsthatout l
    inet hemat er
    ials,quali
    ty ,fabricat
    ionrequir
    ements,anddesi gnf actors.
    ASME B31. 3,Chapt erVI
    Icov ers desi gn requirementsf ornonmet all
    i
    c piping.American WaterWor ks
    Associat
    ion( AWWA)i sanorganizationt hatalsopr ovi
    desgui danceonFRPpi pedesignandt esti
    ng.These
    codesandst andar ds,however,donotof ferguidanceast ot her i
    ghtchoiceofcorrosionbarri
    ers,resins,
    fabr
    icati
    ngmet hods,andj oi
    ntsy stemsf orapar t
    icularapplication.Theusershoul dconsiderot
    hersour ces
    suchasr esi
    nandpi pemanufacturersforgui danceont heirpar ti
    cularappli
    cati
    on.

    Hi
    stor
    ical
    l
    y,manyofthefai
    l
    uresi
    nFRPpipi
    ngarer
    elat
    edtopoorconstr
    uct
    ionpract
    ice.Lackoffamil
    iar
    it
    y
    wi
    ththemater
    ial
    scanleadt
    oafai
    lur
    etor
    ecogni
    zet
    hedetai
    lofcar
    ethatmustbeappl
    iedinconst
    ructi
    on.

    FRP mat eri


    alsr equi
    resomeunder standi
    ngast ot heirmanuf acture.Eachmanuf acturi
    ngt echniquewi l
    l
    gener ateadi f
    ferentsetofphy sicalpr operti
    es.Eachresinsy st
    em hasat emperatureli
    mi t
    ati
    on,andeachj oi
    nt
    system hasi t
    sadv antagesanddi sadv antages.Quali
    ficati
    onofbonder sandjointersisasi mportantforFRP
    fabricati
    onasqual i
    fi
    cat i
    onofwel dersi sf ormetalf abri
    cati
    on.Duet ol i
    mitati
    onsi nNDEmet hods,t he
    emphasi smustbepl aced onpr ocedur eand bonderqual i
    ficati
    onsand t esting.Similarl
    y,becauset he
    mat erialsti
    ffnessi smuchl esst hanmet alandbecauseFRP hasdi f
    fer
    entt ypesofshear ,smal l-
    bore
    connect ionswi l
    lnotwi thstandt hesameshearst r
    ess,wei ghtloadings,orvibrati
    onst hatarecommonwi th
    met all
    icpiping;supportingattachment ssuchasv alves,etc.onsmal l-
    boreconnect i
    onsshoul dbeanal yzedin
    detail.

    FRPpi pi
    ngi smanuf acturedi nmanyway s.Ev eryserviceapplicationshouldber eviewedf orproperresin,
    catalyst,corrosionbar rier(l
    iner
    )composi t
    ion,andst r
    ucturalintegri
    ty.Al
    thoughFRPi sconsi deredtobe
    corrosionr esist
    ant ,usingt hewrongresi
    norcor r
    osionbarriercanbeacausef orprematur
    ef ail
    ure.FRPpipe
    canexper ienceul t
    raviolet(UV)degr
    adationov erti
    mei fnotadequat elyprot
    ected.AddingaUVi nhibi
    tori
    nthe
    resi
    nwi l
    lhel ppr eventpr emat ur
    efi
    berbloomi ngcausedbyUV.Theusershoul dconsiderthisopt i
    onforall
    FRPpi pingappl icationsandbeawar ethatthiswouldbeasuppl ement alspeci
    ficati
    on.

    AllFRPpi pi
    ngshoul dbei nspectedbyaper sonthati sknowl edgeabl einthecur i
    ng,fabri
    cation,andqualit
    yof
    FRPmat eri
    als.Thelevelofinspectionshoul dbedet ermi nedbyt heuser .ASMERTP- 1,
    Table6-1canbeused
    asagui det oidenti
    fylinerandst r
    uctureimper f
    ecti
    onst hatarecommoni nFRPl aminates.Standardi
    zedFRP
    pi
    pingsy stemscommonl ycalled“commodi t
    ypipi
    ng”ar emanuf acturedforav ariet
    yofser vi
    cesandar esold
    aspr oductswi thapr edetermineddesi gn,resi
    n,cor rosionbar r
    ier,andst r
    ucture.Thepi pingmanuf acturer
    s
    ty
    picall
    yhav eaqual it
    ycont rolspecifi
    cati
    ont hati
    dent ifi
    esthel evelofqualityandal lowabletoler
    ancethatis
    buil
    tintotheirproduct.Custom fabricat
    edpi peistypicallydesignedandmanuf acturedfora
    22 APIRECOMMENDEDPRACTI
    CE574

    speci
    fi
    cappli
    cati
    on.Theresi
    n,catal
    ystsy
    stem,cor
    rosi
    onbar r
    ier,andst
    ruct
    urearespeci
    fi
    edandt
    hepi
    pei
    s
    manufact
    uredtoaspecif
    icat
    ionandtoaspecif
    iedl
    evelofquali
    tyandtol
    erances.

    TheFRPi nspect
    orshouldveri
    fybydocumentati
    onandi nspect
    ionthatt
    hepipingsyst
    em hasbeenbui
    ltwit
    h
    the pr
    opermat eri
    als,qual
    it
    y,hardness,and t
    hicknessasr equested i
    nt he pi
    pe speci
    fi
    cat
    ion.A f
    inal
    i
    nspecti
    onshouldbeper for
    medatt hejobsit
    etoensur ethatthepipehasnotexperi
    encedanymechanical
    damagedur i
    ngshipment.

    4.
    1.3 SBP,
    Secondar
    yPi
    ping,
    andAuxi
    li
    aryPi
    ping

    SBPcanbeusedaspr i
    maryprocesspipi
    ngorasni ppl
    es, secondar ypiping,andauxi
    li
    arypiping.Nippl
    esar e
    normall
    y6in.(152mm)orl essinlengt
    handar emostof tenusedi nv ent
    satpi pi
    nghighpointsanddr ai
    nsat
    pipi
    nglowpointsandusedt oconnectsecondary
    /auxil
    i
    arypi ping.Secondar ypipi
    ngisnormallyisol
    atedfrom
    themainprocesslinesbyclosedval
    vesandcanbeusedf orsuchf uncti
    onsassampl etaps.Auxi l
    i
    arypiping
    i
    snor mall
    yopent oser vi
    cebutcanbei sol
    atedfrom thepr imarypr ocess.Examplesincludef l
    ushlines,
    i
    nstrumentpi
    ping,analy
    zerpipi
    ng,l
    ubri
    cati
    on,andsealoilpipingf orrotat
    ingequipment.

    I
    nspect
    orsandpi
    pingengi
    neer
    sshouldbeawar eofdesi
    gn,maint
    enance,andoper
    ati
    ngi
    ssuest
    hatcause
    SBPfai
    lur
    esandmayrequi
    remit
    igat
    ion.Thosei
    ssuesi
    ncl
    udebutarenotli
    mitedt
    o:

    — mi
    smat
    cheduni
    onconnect
    ionsf
    rom di
    ff
    eri
    ngmanuf
    act
    urer
    s;

    — t
    hepot
    ent
    ial
    fort
    her
    mal
    growt
    horcont
    ract
    iont
    hatcoul
    dcauseSBPst
    ressest
    hatmayl
    eadt
    ofai
    l
    ure;

    — cycl
    icloadi
    ngf r
    om t
    hermalormechani
    calloadst
    hatcoul
    dcausef
    ati
    guecr acki
    ng(e.g.over
    hungSBP
    pipi
    ng systems,potent
    ialforPRV chat
    teri
    ng i
    n cer
    tai
    nreli
    efscenar
    ios,f l
    ow induced vi
    brat
    ion,
    vapori
    zati
    on,andcav
    itat
    ion)
    ;

    — i
    nadequate managementofchange ( MOC)consi
    der
    ati
    on t
    hatmay cause unant
    ici
    pat
    ed t
    her
    mal
    ,
    mechanical
    ,orcor
    rosi
    vescenar
    iosonSBP;

    — i
    nadequat
    e desi
    gn (
    e.g.suppor
    tand pi
    pe schedul
    e)f
    ort
    he v
    ari
    ousunant
    ici
    pat
    ed t
    ransi
    entl
    oads
    i
    mposedonSBP;

    — i
    nadequat
    epr
    otect
    ionf
    rom ext
    ernal
    impact
    s(e.
    g.v
    ehi
    cul
    art
    raf
    fi
    candmai
    ntenanceact
    ivi
    ti
    es)
    ;

    — i
    nadequatepr
    otect
    ionorsupportf
    orSBPt hatcoul
    dbesubjectt
    obei
    ngusedasper
    sonnel
    or
    t
    ool/
    equipmentsuppor
    t(e.
    g.step,t
    ie-
    off
    ,handr ai
    l
    ,pul
    l
    ey,
    lever)
    ;

    — i
    mpr
    oper
    lysel
    ect
    edcomponent
    sfort
    hecl
    assofser
    vice;

    — i
    nadequat
    econsiderat
    ionfortheuseofsocketwel
    dv er
    susthr
    eadedf
    it
    ti
    ngs,
    bot
    hofwhi
    chcanl
    eadt
    o
    pr
    ematurefai
    l
    ureifnotspecif
    iedand/
    orinstal
    l
    edproperl
    y;

    — i
    nadequat
    ethi
    cknessf
    ort
    hreadedSBPafteraccounti
    ngfort
    hel
    ossoft
    hicknessf
    rom t
    hreadcut
    ti
    ngor
    l
    ackofbott
    om gapwhenweldi
    ngsocketweldedfi
    tti
    ngs,

    — noti
    ncl
    udi
    ngal
    l
    oySBPi
    nposi
    ti
    vemat
    eri
    ali
    dent
    if
    icat
    ion(
    PMI
    )pr
    ocedur
    es;

    — noti
    ncl
    udi
    ngSBPi
    npi
    pingdamagemechani
    sm r
    evi
    ews;

    — repl
    acementofSBPcomponent
    swithdi
    ffer
    entall
    oyswit
    houtadequat
    econsi
    derati
    onforpot
    ent
    ial
    new
    damagemechanisms(e.
    g.“
    upgradi
    ng”t
    ostainl
    esssteel
    inawetchlor
    ideenv
    ironment
    ).
    I ONPRACTI
    NSPECTI CESFORPI
    PINGSYSTEM COMPONENTS 23

    4.
    1.4 Pi
    peLi
    nings

    Internall
    ini
    ngscanbei ncor poratedintopipingdesi gnt or educecor rosi
    on,erosion,productcontamination,
    andpi pemet altemper atures.Thel i
    ningscangener all
    ybechar acteri
    zedasmet allicandnonmet al
    l
    ic.Met all
    ic
    l
    inersar einstal
    ledinv ariousway s,suchascl adding,wel dov erlay,andstripli
    ning.Cladpipehasamet all
    ic
    l
    inert hatisani ntegralpar toft heplatemat er ialrol
    ledorexpl osionbondedbef orefabri
    cati
    onoft hepi pe.
    Theymayi nsteadbesepar at
    est ri
    psofmet alfast enedt ot hepi pebywel dingr ef
    err
    edt ost r
    iplining.
    Cor r
    osion-r
    esistantmet alcanal sobeappl iedt ot hepi pesur f
    acesbyv ari
    ouswel dov er
    layprocesses.
    Met all
    icli
    nerscanbemadeofanymet alresistantt ot hecor rosiveorerosiveenv ir
    onment,dependingupon
    i
    t spurpose.Thesei ncludest ainl
    essst eel
    s,highal l
    oys, cobalt
    -basedal l
    oys,etc.

    Nonmetall
    i
    cl i
    ner
    scanbeusedt
    oresistcorr
    osi
    onanderosi
    onortoinsul
    ateandreducethetemper
    atureon
    thepi
    pewal l
    .Somecommonnonmetall
    icl
    ini
    ngmater
    ial
    sforpi
    pingareconcr
    ete,
    castabl
    eref
    ract
    ory
    ,plast
    ic,
    andthi
    n-f
    il
    m coati
    ngs.

    4.
    2 Tubi
    ng

    Withtheexcepti
    onofheat er,boi
    ler
    ,andex changertubes,tubingissimi
    lart opiping,butismanuf actur
    edi n
    manyODsandwal lt
    hicknesses.Tubingisgenerall
    yseaml ess,butcanbewel ded.It
    sstatedsizeistheactual
    ODr at
    herthanNPS.[ASTM B88t ubi
    ng,whichisof t
    enusedf orsteam t
    racing,isanex cepti
    oninthatitssi
    ze
    desi
    gnati
    oni s1/
    8in.(3.2mm)l essthantheact ualOD.]Tubi ngisusuallymadei nsmal ldiametersandi s
    mainlyusedf orheatexchanger s,inst
    rumentpi pi
    ng,lubricati
    ngoilser vices,steam traci
    ng,andsi milar
    serv
    ices.

    Acommonlyusedtubingmateri
    ali
    sthe18Cr-
    8Ni f
    amilyofstainl
    esssteels,
    suchasTy pes304and316.
    Howev
    er,
    itshoul
    dbenot edthatev
    enthoughthesetubingmat er
    ialsmayber esi
    stantt
    omanychemicalf
    lui
    ds,
    t
    heyar
    esuscepti
    bletopit
    ti
    ngandchlori
    destr
    esscorrosioncracking(CSCC)if:

    a) thereisapr esenceofchl ori


    dest hatmaycomef rom insulat
    ion,PVCi nsul
    ati
    oncladding/
    jacketi
    ng,t
    he
    atmosphere,rain( especial
    lyinmar ineenvi
    ronments)
    ,delugewat ersystems,washdownofsur roundi
    ng
    decksandr oads, etc.Inter
    nall
    y ,chl
    ori
    descanbecommoni nmanypr ocessstreamsandmay ,i
    nfact,
    be
    i
    ntroducedbyhy drotestwat er.Concentr
    ati
    onmechanismssuchasl ocalevaporat
    ionofwatercanalso
    i
    ncreasesuscept ibil
    it
    yt ocracking;

    b) t
    her
    eisapresenceofwat
    er.Sour
    cesar
    esi
    mil
    art
    ochl
    ori
    desabov
    e.Of
    tent
    hechl
    ori
    desar
    edi
    ssol
    vedi
    n
    v
    ari
    ouswat
    ersources;

    c) exposedt
    oat
    emper
    atur
    eabov
    eabout140°
    F(60°
    C);

    NOTEItshoul
    dbenotedt
    hatchl
    ori
    depi
    tt
    ingandCSCCcanoccurattemperat
    uresbel
    ow140°
    Finsomei
    nst
    ances,
    suchaslowpHenvi
    ronment
    s,ori
    ncomponentswi
    thhi
    ghresi
    dualst
    ress.

    d) t
    herei stubi
    ng materi
    alstr
    ess,which i
    s common from resi
    dualstr
    esses i
    mpar
    ted dur
    ing t
    ube
    manufact
    uri
    ngprocessesorduri
    nginst
    all
    ati
    onpr
    ocessesli
    ket ubebendingandcompressi
    onfit
    ti
    ng
    makeup.

    Tubingfail
    uresduetoCSCCand/ orpitt
    ingcanbet oounpredi
    ctabl
    et omanaget hr
    oughinspect
    ioneffort
    s;
    ther
    efore,amateri
    alsorcorrosi
    onspeci ali
    st/
    engineershoul
    dbeconsul t
    edf orall
    oyrecommendat i
    onsused
    i
    naggr essiveenvi
    ronments.Considerati
    onshoul dbegi ventousingmat erialsl
    ikeIncol
    oy825( formany
    elev
    atedt emperat
    urerefi
    ningapplicati
    ons),Hast el
    l
    oyC276( forsourwat erorhothy dr
    ofl
    uori
    caci d[HF]
    servi
    ceswher eoxidizi
    ngspeciesar epr esent)
    ,andAl loy20Cb3( f
    orsulfur i
    cacidappli
    cati
    ons)orot her
    avail
    abl
    ehi ghal
    loy
    sbecauseoft hei
    rimpr ovedresist
    ancetoCSCCand/ orpitti
    ng.

    4.
    3 Val
    ves
    4.
    3.1 Gener
    al

    Thebasictypesofvalvesaregat e,gl
    obe, pl
    ug,bal
    l,diaphr
    agm,but t
    erf
    ly,check,andsli
    dev al
    ves.Valvesar
    e
    madeinst andar
    dpipesizes,mat eri
    als,bodythi
    ckness,andpr essurer
    atingsthatpermitthem tobeusedin
    anypressure-
    temperat
    ureser v
    icei naccordancewi t
    hASMEB16. 34orAPI599,API600,API602,API603,
    API608,orAPI609,asapplicable.Valvebodiescanbecast ,f
    orged,machi nedfr
    om barstock,orfabr
    icat
    ed
    24 APIRECOMMENDEDPRACTI
    CE574

    byweldi
    ngacombi nat i
    onoft woormor emat eri
    als.Theseat i
    ngsurfacesi nthebodycanbei nt
    egralwitht he
    body,ortheycanbemadeasi nsert
    s.Thei nser tmat eri
    alcanbet hesameasordi f
    fer
    entfrom thebody
    materi
    al.Whenspeci alnonmet al
    li
    cmat eri
    alt hatcouldf ai
    linaf i
    reisusedt opr ev
    entseatl
    eakage,met al-
    to-
    metalbackupseatingsur f
    acescanbepr ovided.Ot herpar t
    soft hev alvetri
    m canbemadeofanysui table
    materi
    alandcanbecast ,formed,forged,ormachi nedf r
    om commer ci
    alroll
    edshapes.Valveendscanbe
    fl
    anged,threaded fort hreaded connect i
    ons,r ecessed forsocketwel di
    ng,orbev eled f
    orbut t
    -welding.
    Alt
    houghmanyv al
    vesar emanuallyoper ated,theycanbeequi ppedwi thelect
    ricmotor
    sandgearoper at ors
    orotherpoweroper atorstoaccommodat eal argesizeori naccessiblelocati
    onort opermitactuat
    ionby
    i
    nstruments.Bodyt hicknessesandot herdesi gndat aar egiveninAPI594,API599,API600,API602,API
    603,API608,API609, andASMEB16. 34.

    4.
    3.2 Gat
    eVal
    ves

    Agatevalv
    econsistsofabodythatcontai
    nsagat ethatint
    erruptsf
    low.Thistypeofval
    v eisnormallyused
    i
    naf ul
    lyopenorf ul
    lycl
    osedposit
    ionandassuchi softencalleda“blockvalve,
    ”si
    ncei tisnotgenerall
    y
    desi
    gnedforregul
    ati
    ngfl
    uidfl
    ow.Gat eval
    vesl
    argerthan2i n.(51mm)usual lyhaveportopeningsthatare
    appr
    oximatel
    ythesamesizeasthev al
    veendopenings—thistypeofvalv
    ei scal
    ledaful
    l-
    por t
    edv al
    ve.Fi
    gure
    1showsacr osssect
    ionofaful
    l-
    port
    edwedgegat evalve.

    Reducedportgateval
    vesar ealsover
    ycommonandhav eportopeni
    ngst hataresmall
    erthantheend
    openi
    ngs.Reducedportval
    vesshouldnotbeusedasbl
    ockvalv
    esassoci
    atedwi t
    hpressur
    e-r
    eli
    efdev
    ices
    (PRDs)ori
    nerosi
    veappli
    cat
    ions,
    suchassl
    urr
    ies,
    orl
    i
    nest
    hatar
    etobe“pi
    gged.”

    Fi
    gur
    e1—Cr
    ossSect
    ionofaTy
    picalWedgeGat
    eVal
    ve
    I ONPRACTI
    NSPECTI CESFORPI
    PINGSYSTEM COMPONENTS 25

    4.
    3.3 Gl
    obeVal
    ves

    Agl obev alve,whichiscommonl yusedt oregulatefluidfl


    ow, consi stsofav al
    vebodythatcontainsaci rcul
    ar
    disct hatmov espar all
    eltothedi scaxisandcont actstheseat .Thest ream fl
    owsupwar dgener al
    l
    y ,except
    forv acuum ser vi
    ceorwhenr equi r
    edbysy st
    em desi gn(e.g.f ailclosed),t
    hroughtheseatar eaagai nstthe
    disc,andt henchangesdi r
    ecti
    ont of l
    owt hrought hebodyt ot heout l
    etdisc.Theseati
    ngsur f
    acecanbef l
    at
    ort apered.Forf i
    ne-throt
    tl
    ingser vi
    ce,av eryst eept aper
    edseatcanbeused;t hi
    sparti
    culartypeofgl obe
    valvei sreferr
    edtoasaneedl ev alve.Aglobev alvei scommonl yconstructedwithi
    tsinl
    etandout letinl i
    ne
    andwi thit
    spor topeningatrightangl estotheinletandout let.Figur e2ill
    ustr
    atesacrosssect i
    onofagl obe
    valve.

    Fi
    gur
    e2—Cr
    ossSect
    ionofaTy
    picalGl
    obeVal
    ve

    4.
    3.4 Pl
    ugVal
    ves

    Apl ugv alv econsistsofat aperedorcy l


    indricalplugf i
    ttedsnuglyint
    oacor r
    espondi ngl
    yshapedseati nt he
    valv
    ebody .Plugv alvesusual lyf unctionasbl ockv alv
    est ocloseofffl
    ow.Whent hevalveisopen, anopeni ng
    i
    nt hepl ugi sinlinewi tht hef low openi ngsi nthev alvebody .Thevalvei
    scl osedbyt urningthepl ugone-
    quartert ur nsot hati tsopeni ngi satr i
    ghtangl est otheopeni ngsinthev alvebody .Plugv alvescanbe
    operatedbyagear -operateddev i
    ceorbyt ur ningawr enchont hestem.Plugv alv
    esar eeitherlubri
    catedor
    nonlubri
    cat ed;Figur e3i ll
    ust ratesbot ht ypes.Lubr i
    catedplugv alvesuseagr ease-l
    ikel ubr
    icantthati s
    pumpedi ntot hev alvethroughgr oov esint hebodyandpl ugsur f
    acestoprov i
    deseal i
    ngf orthev alv
    eand
    promot eeaseofoper at
    ion.Nonl ubricatedpl ugv alvesont heotherhanduseasseal ingelement smet alseats
    ornonmet all
    icsl
    eev es,seat s,orcompl et
    eorpar ti
    al l
    i
    ningsorcoat i
    ngs.

    4.
    3.5 Bal
    lVal
    ves

    Aballv al
    veisanot herone-quart
    ert urnv al
    vesimi l
    artoaplugv al
    v eexceptthatthepl uginaballvalveis
    spheri
    calinsteadoftaper
    edorcy l
    indrical.Ballv
    alvesusuall
    yfuncti
    onasbl ockvalv
    est ocloseofffl
    ow.They
    arewel lsuit
    edf orcondit
    ionst hatr equi requickon/ offorbubble-t
    ightservi
    ce.A bal lval
    veistypicall
    y
    equi
    ppedwi thanelastomericseat i
    ngmat er
    ialt
    hatpr ovi
    desgoodshutoffcharact
    erist
    ics;however
    ,all
    -metal,
    hi
    gh-pressureballv
    alvesareav ai
    lable.Figure4i l
    lustr
    atesaballv
    alve.
    26 APIRECOMMENDEDPRACTI
    CE574

    Fi
    gur
    e3—Cr
    ossSect
    ionsofTy
    picalLubr
    icat
    edandNonl
    ubr
    icat
    edPl
    ugVal
    ves

    Fi
    gur
    e4—Cr
    ossSect
    ionofaTy
    picalBal
    lVal
    ve

    4.
    3.6 Di
    aphr
    agm Val
    ves

    Adiaphr agm v al
    veisapackl essv al
    vethatcontai
    nsadi aphragm madeofaf l
    exiblemater
    ialthatfunctions
    asbot hacl osureandaseal .Whent hev al
    vespi ndleisscr eweddown,i tforcesthef l
    exiblediaphragm
    againstaseat ,ordam,inthev al
    vebodyandbl ockst heflowoff l
    uid.Thesevalv
    esar enotusedextensivelyin
    thepetrochemi cali
    ndustr
    y,butt heydohav e appl
    icationincor r
    osiveserv
    ices below approximately250° F
    (121°C), wherealeakti
    ghtv alveisneeded.Fi
    gure5i ll
    ustrat
    esadi aphragm val
    ve.

    4.
    3.7 But
    ter
    fl
    yVal
    ves

    Abut terf
    lyval
    veconsi stsofadi scmount edonast em i
    nt hef
    lowpat hwithinthevalvebody .Thebodyi s
    usuallyfl
    angedandoft helugorwaf ertype.Aone-quart
    ertur
    noft hestem changest hevalvefrom full
    y
    closedt ocompl et
    elyopen.But t
    erfl
    yv al
    vesar emostof t
    enusedi nl ow-pressureservi
    cef orcoar sef
    low
    control
    .Theyareav ai
    lablei
    nav ari
    etyofseatingmateri
    al
    sandconfigur
    at i
    onsf ort
    ightshutoffi
    nlow-andhi gh
    -pressureservi
    ces.Lar gebutterfl
    yv al
    vesar egeneral
    lymechanicall
    yoper ated.Themechani calfeatur
    ei s
    i
    nt endedtopreventthem from slammi ngshutinservi
    ce.Fi
    gure6ill
    ustrat
    est hetypeofbut t
    erf
    lyvalv
    eusual l
    y
    specifi
    edforwaterservice.
    I ONPRACTI
    NSPECTI CESFORPI
    PINGSYSTEM COMPONENTS 27

    Fi
    gur
    e5—Cr
    ossSect
    ionofaTy
    picalDi
    aphr
    agm Val
    ve

    Fi
    gur
    e6—Ty
    picalBut
    ter
    fl
    yVal
    ve
    28 APIRECOMMENDEDPRACTI
    CE574

    4.
    3.8 CheckVal
    ves

    Acheckvalveisusedtoautomati
    cal
    l
    ypr eventbackfl
    ow.Themostcommontypesofcheckval
    vesareswing,
    l
    if
    t-
    pist
    on,ball
    ,andspri
    ng-
    loadedwafercheckv al
    ves.Fi
    gure7i
    l
    lust
    rat
    escr
    osssect
    ionsofeachtypeofval
    ve;
    t
    heseviewspor t
    rayt
    ypi
    calmethodsofpreventi
    ngbackflow.

    Fi
    gur
    e7—Cr
    ossSect
    ionsofTy
    picalCheckVal
    ves

    4.
    3.9 Sl
    ideVal
    ves

    Thesli
    dev alveisaspeci al
    izedgat evalvegener all
    yusedi nerosiveorhigh- t
    emper atur
    eservice.Itconsistsof
    aflatplatethatslidesagai nstaseat .Thesl i
    dev al
    v eusesaf i
    xedorificeandoneort wosol idsli
    dest hat
    mov einguides,creati
    ngav ariabl
    eor i
    fi
    cethatmaket hev alvesuitabl
    ef ort hrott
    li
    ngorblocking.Sli
    dev alves
    donotmakeagast i
    ghtshut off.Onepopul arapplicationoft histypeofv al
    v eiscontr
    oll
    ingflui
    dizedcat al
    yst
    fl
    owi nflui
    dcat al
    yticcracking( FCC)units.Internalsur facesoft hesev alvest hatareexposedt ohighwear
    fr
    om thecatalystarenor mal l
    ycov er
    edwi t
    her osion-resistantrefr
    actor
    y.Fi gur e8ill
    ust
    rat
    esasl idevalve.

    4.
    4 Fi
    tt
    ings

    4.
    4.1 Met
    all
    icFi
    tt
    ings

    Fit
    ti
    ngsar eusedtoconnectpipesecti
    onsandchanget hedirecti
    onoff l
    oworal l
    owt hefl
    owt obediver t
    edor
    addedt o.Fit
    ti
    ngscanbecast,forged,drawnf r
    om seamlessorwel dedpipe,orf ormedandwel ded.Fi t
    ti
    ngs
    canbeobt ai
    nedwiththei
    rendsflanged,recessedforsocketwelding,bev el
    edf orbutt
    -wel
    ding,orthreaded
    forthreadedconnecti
    ons.Fi
    tt
    ingsaremadei nmanyshapes,suchaswy es,tees,el
    bows,crosses,lateral
    s,
    andr educers.Fi
    gure9i l
    l
    ustr
    atestypesoff langedandbut t-
    weldedf i
    tt
    ings.Fi gur
    e10i ll
    ustr
    atesty pesof
    thr
    eadedandsocket -wel
    dedfi
    tti
    ngs.
    I ONPRACTI
    NSPECTI CESFORPI
    PINGSYSTEM COMPONENTS 29

    Fi
    gur
    e8—Cr
    ossSect
    ionofaTy
    picalSl
    ideVal
    ve

    4.
    4.2 FRPFi
    tt
    ings

    FRP f itt
    ingsar emanuf acturedbydi f f
    erentprocesses.I njecti
    onmol di
    ng,f i
    lamentwi ndingandcont act
    mol dingar et hemostcommont echniques.Thesamecr i
    teri
    ausedt oacceptt hepipeshoul dbeappliedt o
    fi
    ttings.I npar t
    icular,cont actmol dedf i
    tti
    ngsshoul dbei nspectedtoensur et hattheyaremanuf acturedt o
    thesamespeci ficati
    onast hepi pe.Cont actmol dedfitti
    ngsf abri
    cationiscr it
    icalbecauset helayersof
    reinforcementmustbeov erlappedt omakesur et hatthest rengthoft helayersi snotcompr omised.One-
    piece cont actmol ded f i
    ttings ar et he prefer
    red met hod,butmanyi t
    ems such as t ees and branch
    connect ionsar eof tenmanuf acturedusi ngtwopi ecesofpi pe.Thei nspectormustcheckt omakesur ethat
    ther einforcementont hosepi ecesandt hegapbet weent hem iswithinthet ol
    erancespecifi
    ed.Theexposed
    cutedgesmustbepr ot ectedaccor di
    ngly.
    30 APIRECOMMENDEDPRACTI
    CE574

    Fi
    gur
    e9—Fl
    anged-
    endFi
    tt
    ingsandWr
    oughtSt
    eelBut
    t-
    wel
    dedFi
    tt
    ings

    Fi
    gur
    e10—For
    gedSt
    eelThr
    eadedandSocket
    -wel
    dedFi
    tt
    ings
    I ONPRACTI
    NSPECTI CESFORPI
    PINGSYSTEM COMPONENTS 31

    4.
    5 Fl
    anges

    4.
    5.1 Met
    all
    icFl
    anges

    ASMEB16.5cov er
    sf l
    angesofvari
    ousmateri
    alst
    hroughaNPSof24in.(610mm) .ASMEB16.47cover
    s
    st
    eelfl
    angesthatrangefrom NPS26throughNPS60.Thef l
    angesofcastfi
    tt
    ingsorval
    vesareusual
    l
    y
    i
    ntegr
    alwit
    hthefit
    ti
    ngorthevalv
    ebody.

    4.
    5.2 FRPFl
    anges

    FRPf l
    angesaremanufacturedusingthesamemet hodsast hefit
    tings.Contactmoldedf
    langesshoul
    dbe
    i
    nspectedfordi
    mensions,drawback,andfacefl
    atness.Thelayersofr einf
    orcementshoul
    dextendontothe
    pipeinordertocr
    eatethepr operbondandhubr einf
    orcement.Mor einf
    ormationonFRPf l
    angescanbe
    foundinMTIProj
    ect160-04.FRPflangesshoul
    dhav ethepropertorquesandgasket s.

    4.
    6 Expansi
    onJoi
    nts

    Expansionj oi
    nt saredev i
    cesusedt oabsorbdi mensi onalchangesi npi pingsy stems,suchast hosecaused
    bythermalexpansi on,topr ev entexcessivestresses/ str
    ainsbei ngt r
    ansmi ttedt oot herpipingcomponent s,
    and connect ionst o pressurev essel
    sand r ot at
    ing equi pment .Whi let here ar esev eraldesigns,those
    commonl yfoundi napl antar emet all
    icbel
    lowsandf abri
    cj oi
    ntdesi gns.Met al
    li
    cbel lowscanbesi ngl
    ewal l
    ormul t
    ilayered,containingconv oluti
    onstopr ovidef l
    exibili
    ty.Often,t hesej ointswi llhav eotherdesign
    feat
    ures,suchasgui des,tol imi tthemotionoft hej oi
    ntort ypeofl oadingappl i
    edt ot hej oi
    nt.Metal
    li
    c
    bell
    owsar eof t
    enfoundi nhi gh-temperatur
    eser v i
    cesandar edesi gnedf orthepr essureandt emperat
    ureof
    thepipi
    ngsy stem.Fabricjointsar eoftenusedi nf luegasser v
    icesatl owpr essureandwher etemperatur
    es
    donotexceedt her
    ati
    ngoft hef abri
    cmat er
    ial
    .

    4.
    7 Pi
    pingSuppor
    ts
    4.
    7.1 Gener
    al

    Therearemanydi ff
    erentpi
    pesuppor tdesigns,t
    ypes, andsty
    les.Theyincludehangert ype,
    supportshoes,
    saddles,beari
    ngsurf
    aces(e.g.str
    ucturalmember s,concret
    eplinthblocks,etc.
    ),spri
    ngtype,dummyl egs
    (t
    runnions),sl
    i
    deplates,
    swaybr aces/snubbers/
    struts,st
    ands,sleeves,r
    oller
    s,straps,cl
    amps,andrestri
    cti
    ve
    guidesoranchors.

    Anunder standingofthef unct


    ionanddesi gnofpipesupport
    sisrequi
    redtomanageboththeiri
    ntegri
    tyand
    theintegr
    ityofpipi
    ngsy stems.Pipesuppor t
    scanbesubjecttovari
    ousdamagemechanisms(see7. 4.
    17)as
    wellassi gnif
    icantst
    ressesf rom stat
    icloadingandthermalmov ementsthatcanaf
    fectthepipesupport
    i
    tself,
    aswel lthesupportedpipingandpipingcomponents.

    4.
    7.2 Pi
    pingSuppor
    tDesi
    gn—Gener
    alConsi
    der
    ati
    ons

    Pipi
    ngsupportsusual
    l
    yaredesignedtocar
    rytheweightofpipi
    ngincl
    udi
    ngval
    ves,i
    nsul
    ati
    on,andtheweight
    ofthefl
    uidcontai
    nedint
    hepipe,i
    ncludi
    nghydrost
    ati
    ctestcondi
    ti
    ons.Pr
    oper
    lydesi
    gnedpipi
    ngsupport
    swi l
    l
    ensuret
    hat:

    a) pi
    pesandpi
    pingcomponent
    sar
    enotsubj
    ect
    edt
    ounaccept
    abl
    est
    ressesf
    rom sust
    ainedl
    oads,
    ext
    ernal
    l
    oads,
    orvi
    brati
    on;

    b) thepipi
    ngdoesnotimposeanunacceptabl
    eloadont
    heconnect
    ionst
    otheequi
    pmenti
    tser
    vices(
    e.g.
    pressur
    evessel
    s,pumps,t
    urbi
    nes,
    tanks);

    c) ther
    malmov ementiscont
    rol
    l
    edwithi
    nall
    owabl
    edispl
    acementssoasnott
    oint
    erf
    erewi
    thadj
    acent
    pipi
    ngorequipmentandbemaint
    ainedwi
    thi
    nall
    owablest
    resslev
    els;

    d) t
    hepot
    ent
    ial
    forcor
    rosi
    on,
    cracki
    ng,
    andot
    heri
    n-ser
    vicedamagei
    smi
    nimi
    zed.
    32 APIRECOMMENDEDPRACTI
    CE574

    4.
    7.3 Pi
    pingSuppor
    tDesi
    gn—Speci
    fi
    cConsi
    der
    ati
    ons

    Pipesupportdesignconsider
    ati
    onscandiff
    erdependingonthesupporttypeorst
    yle.Whil
    esomepi pe
    supportmanuf actur
    ersof
    ferinnov
    ati
    veandpropriet
    arydesi
    gnstoeliminateorminimizesomeoft he
    potenti
    aldamagemechanisms,thefol
    lowi
    ngisalistofsomespeci
    alpi
    pingsuppor
    tdesignparamet
    ersto
    takeint
    oconsiderati
    on.

    a) PipeShoes—I ti
    si mport
    antthatt
    heshoei slongenoughand/orguidesorstopsareprovi
    dedont he
    struct
    uralst
    eeltopreventtheshoefrom comingoffthesupport
    ,whi chcoul
    dcausetear
    ingorother
    damaget othepipe.Also,somepipeshoesmayt r
    apwat erbet
    weent hepipeandshoe(e.
    g.clamp-
    on,
    bolt-
    on,saddlesthathavebeenst i
    chwel ded,et
    c.)andmakei nspectiondi
    ffi
    cul
    ttodeterminethe
    conditi
    onofthepipe.

    b) PipeSl eeves—Pipesleevesar eof t


    enusedwher epi pepassest hroughawal l
    ,underar oadway ,or
    throughanear thenberm.Whenused,desi gnprecautionsshoul
    dbet akentopreventcorr
    osi
    ononbot h
    thepipe,aswel lasthepipesl eev
    e.Cent eringdevicesshouldal
    sobeconsi der
    edtokeept heinnerpipe
    centered and preventcoating damageand cor r
    osion.Full
    ywel ded and/orsealedsleevesmaybe
    considerediflossofcontainmentdet ectionandcont rolarenecessary.Itshoul
    dbenot edthatsleeves
    canmakef utur
    epipeinspectionsandex ami nat
    ionsmuchmor edif
    ficult
    .

    c) DoublerPlates,Hal
    fSoles,andWearPads—Addi t
    ionalpl
    atesmaybeat tachedt oapi pesystem atpoi nts
    wheret hepiperest
    sonbear ingsurfaces.Platesshouldbeful
    lyweldedtoav oidcrevicecorrosionexcept
    i
    nhy drogenchar gi
    ngenv i
    ronments,wher eaweephol eshoul
    dbeincludedt hatwillnotleadt omoi sture
    i
    ngress.Theuseofadhesi vebondedst ai
    nlesssteelorcompositehalfsolesmaybeconsi dered, butitis
    veryimpor t
    antt omakesur ethatt headhesi veisf ul
    l
    ybondedandmai ntainedsoast oef fecti
    vely
    eli
    minate wat erentr
    apment .Galvanic corrosi
    on should al
    so be considered when usi ng dissimi l
    ar
    materialsf
    ort hi
    spurpose.

    d) DummyLegs( Trunnions)—Histori
    call
    y ,dummyl eg(trunni
    on)suppor tswer esimpl eopen-endedl engths
    ofpi peweldedt oapi pi
    ngsy stem fr
    om whi chthepi pingsystem wassuppor t
    ed.Anopen- endeddesi gn
    canal l
    owmoi stureanddebr i
    st obecomet rappedi nsidethesuppor tandcausecor rosi
    onoft hesuppor t
    i
    tselfandoft hepi pe.Dummyl egdesi gnshoul dincl
    ude, asami nimum, dr
    ainholesnosmal l
    ert han1/4i n.
    (6mm)l ocat
    edatal owpoi nt,withtheunat tachedendoft hesuppor tbeingfit
    tedwi t
    haf ull
    ywel dedcap
    orendpl atetopr eventdebr i
    sorani mal sfrom entering.Trunniondesigncanbei mpr ovedbyusi ngsol i
    d
    sectionssuchas“ C”channel sor“І/H”beams,t or educet her i
    skoft hisproblem.Howev er,ev ensol i
    d
    membersect i
    onscant r
    apwat eranddebr i
    sdependi ngupont heirdesignandor i
    entati
    on.Incor porati
    nga
    ful
    lyweldeddoubl erpadt othepipeatt hetrunnionat t
    achmentl ocati
    oncanpr ovi
    deaddi t
    ionalcor rosion
    protecti
    onandmayhel pt omor eev enlydistri
    butel oads.Theendofadummyl egsuppor tt hatisnot
    attachedtothepi pemayormaynotbeanchor edorr estr
    ained.

    e) Suppor
    tsonI
    nsulat
    edLines—Specialat
    tent
    ionisnecessar
    yfort
    hedesi
    gnofsupport
    soninsul
    atedl
    i
    nes
    soastomini
    mizethepossibi
    l
    ityofwateri
    ngressandwicki
    ngofwat
    erint
    otheinsul
    ati
    on.

    f
    ) Accessi
    bil
    it
    y—Theaccessi
    bil
    i
    ty,andt
    her
    efor
    einspect
    abi
    l
    ity
    /mai
    ntai
    nabi
    l
    ity
    ,ofpi
    pesuppor
    tsshoul
    dbe
    consi
    dereddur
    ingdesi
    gn.

    g) Weldi
    ng—Pat hsforwateringressintoholl
    ow support
    scanbemi ni
    mi zedwiththeuseoff ul
    l
    ywel ded
    seams.Av oidweldi
    ngundercutorexcessivepenetr
    ati
    on.Weldingdef ectassoci
    atedwithsupport
    scan
    contr
    ibutetolossofcontai
    nmentev ent
    sand, i
    nsomecases, beofsuf fici
    entl
    ysmallsi
    zesoast omake
    l
    eakdet ect
    ionandsourceidenti
    fi
    cati
    ondiff
    icul
    t.I
    nhydrogenchargingenv i
    ronments,aweepholeshould
    beprovidedtoavoidbui
    ldupofpressurebetweentheplat
    eandpi pe.

    h) Anchor
    sandRestr
    aints—Att
    achmentofananchororr
    estrai
    ntt
    oapipeshoul
    dprefer
    abl
    yencir
    clet
    he
    pi
    peinordert
    odi
    str
    ibutet
    hestressesev
    enl
    yaboutt
    heci
    rcumfer
    enceoft
    hepi
    pingcomponent
    (s)
    .
    I ONPRACTI
    NSPECTI CESFORPI
    PINGSYSTEM COMPONENTS 33

    4.
    8 Fl
    exi
    bleHoses

    Flexi
    blehosesar eoftenusedt ot r
    ansferhy dr ocarbonsandot herpr ocessf luidsonat empor ar
    ybasisto
    facil
    i
    tateturnaroundactivi
    ti
    es(clear i
    ngequi pment ,de-i
    nv ent
    oryi
    ng, purging,
    et c.)andfortransf
    erofprocess
    fl
    uids/productstor ai
    lcarsand/ ort ankertrucksf orshi pment.Flexibl
    ehosesmayal sobei nstall
    edwithi
    n
    processpi pi
    ngsy stemst omiti
    gat et heeffectsoft hermalexpansi on,vibrat
    ion,ormov ementdur i
    ngnormal
    operati
    ons.Somesi t
    eswi llmaint ainsever alf l
    exiblehosest obeusedasneededi nmul t
    ipleserv
    ices.
    Flexi
    blehosescomei nav ari
    etyofdi f
    fer
    entconst ructionmat er
    ialsanddesi gns.Owner /usersshouldhave
    appropri
    atequal ityassurancesy stemsi npl acet o ensurethateachdi f
    fer enttypeoff l
    exibl
    ehosei s
    compat i
    blewi t
    ht heprocessservicei nwhichi tisused.

    5 Pi
    pe-
    joi
    ningMet
    hods

    5.
    1 Gener
    al

    Thecommonj oi
    ningmet hodsusedt oassemblepipi
    ngcomponentsarewelding,thr
    eadi
    ng,andf
    langi
    ng.
    Pipi
    ngshoul
    dbef abr
    icat
    edinaccordancewi t
    hASMEB31. 3.Addi
    tional
    ly
    ,castironpipi
    ngandthinwall
    tubi
    ngr
    equir
    especialconnect
    ions/
    joi
    ningmethodsduetoi
    nher
    entdesignchar
    acteri
    sti
    cs.

    5.
    2 Thr
    eadedJoi
    nts

    Thr
    eadedjoi
    ntsaregeneral
    lyli
    mitedt
    oauxil
    iar
    ypipi
    ngi
    nnoncri
    ti
    calserv
    ice(mi
    norconsequenceshoul
    da
    l
    eakoccur)t
    hathasanomi nalsi
    zeof2in.(
    51mm)orsmall
    er.Threadedj
    oint
    sforNPSsof24i n.(
    610mm)
    andsmall
    erarest
    andardi
    zed(seeASMEB1.20.1).

    Lengthsofpi pecanbej oi
    nedbyanyofsev eralt
    ypesoft hreadedfitt
    ings(
    see4. 4).Coupl
    ings,whichare
    sleevest appedatbot hendsf orrecei
    vingapi pe,ar
    enor mal l
    yusedt oconnectlengthsoft hr
    eadedpi pe.
    Wheni ti
    snecessar ytoremov eordisconnectthepipi
    ng,threadedunionsormatingflangesarerequi
    red(see
    5.4).Threadedj ointsthatarel ocatedadjacenttor ot
    atingequi pmentorotherspeci f
    icsourcesofhi gh
    vibrat
    ioncanbeespeci allysusceptibl
    et ofai
    lureduetof atigue.Speci
    alconsi
    derationshouldbegi vento
    thesesi t
    uations.

    5.
    3 Wel
    dedJoi
    nts

    5.
    3.1 Gener
    al

    Weldedjointshaveforthemostpartrepl
    acedthreadedandfl
    angedj oi
    nts,
    excepti
    nSBPwher esomeusers
    st
    il
    lrelyont hreadedjoint
    sandi ncaseswher epipingisconnectedtoequipmentthatrequi
    resper
    iodi
    c
    maintenance.Joint
    sareeitherbut
    t-
    welded(i
    nv ari
    oussizesofpipe)orsocket-
    wel
    ded(typi
    call
    yNPS2and
    small
    er).

    5.
    3.2 But
    t-
    wel
    dedJoi
    nts

    Butt-
    weldedconnect
    ionsaret hemostcommonl yfoundinthepetr
    ochemicali
    ndust
    ry.Theendsoft
    hepipe,
    fi
    tt
    ing,orv al
    veareprepared( bevel
    ed)andali
    gnedwithadequat
    er ootopeni
    nginaccordancewit
    hASME
    B16.25oranyot herendpr eparat
    ionthatmeet
    st heweldi
    ngprocedurespeci
    fi
    cati
    on( WPS)
    ,per
    mitt
    ingt
    he
    endstobej oi
    nedbyfusionwel di
    ng.

    5.
    3.3 Socket
    -wel
    dedJoi
    nts

    Socket
    -wel
    dedjoint
    sar
    emadebyi nsert
    ingtheendoft
    hepipeintoarecessi nafi
    tt
    ingorval
    veandthenfi
    l
    let
    weldi
    ngthejoi
    nt.Asmallspace,pertheconstr
    ucti
    oncode,shoul
    dbepr ovidedbetweentheendofthepi
    pe
    andthebott
    om ofthesockettoall
    owf orpi
    peexpansionandwel dshr
    inkage.Twol engt
    hsofpi
    peortubi
    ng
    canbeconnectedbythismet hodusingasocket-wel
    dcoupling.Fi
    gure11i l
    l
    ust
    ratesacrosssect
    ionofa
    socket
    -wel
    dedjoint
    .
    34 APIRECOMMENDEDPRACTI
    CE574

    5.
    3.4 Wel
    dedBr
    anchConnect
    ions

    Al argenumberofpi pingf ai
    luresoccuratpi pe-to-pipewel dedbr anchconnect ions.Ther easonf orthe
    fai
    luresi st hatbranchconnect i
    onsar eof t
    ensubj ectt ohigher -than-normalstressescausedbyexcessi ve
    structuralloadingsfrom unsuppor tedv al
    v esorpiping,v i
    bration,t hermalexpansi on,orotherconf i
    gurations.
    Ther esul tisconcentratedt r
    i-
    axialstr
    esses( e.
    g.bendi ngandt orsional)thatcancausef atiguecr ackingor
    othert ypesoff ai
    lur
    es.Wher ejoi
    ntsaresuscept ibl
    et osuchf ailures,af or
    gedpipingt eetypicallyoffer
    sbet ter
    rel
    iabilit
    ybecausei tr emov esthewel df rom thepoi ntofhi ghestst ressconcentration.Wel d-o-l
    etsalsocan
    offerbet terreli
    abil
    it
    yi ftheyar eproper l
    ywel dedt ot hemai npi peusi ngappr opriateweldpr oceduresand
    manuf acturer’
    srecommendat i
    onsf orfullpenetrat
    ionwel ds

    5.
    4 Fl
    angedJoi
    nts

    Flangedj oi
    ntsar emadebybol t
    ingtwof l
    angestogetherwi thsomef or
    m ofgasketbet weentheseating
    surfaces.Thegasketsur facescan bef l
    atand r angefrom ser r
    ated (
    concentricorspiral
    )t o smooth
    (dependingont het ypeofgasket,gasketmateri
    al,
    andser v
    iceconditi
    ons),
    orgr oovescanbecutf orseat
    ing
    met al
    -ri
    nggasket s.Flangedjoint
    sshouldbeassembl edbyt rai
    nedandqual i
    fi
    edper sonnel(
    seeAppendixA
    ofASMEPCC- 1)
    .Consi derati
    onshouldbegiventoestabl
    ishingafini
    shedjointexaminati
    onprocess.See6.2
    onf l
    angedjointleakage.

    Fi
    gure12i l
    l
    ust
    ratescommonf l
    angefaci
    ngsforvar
    iousgaskets.Thecommontypesoff
    langesarewel
    ding
    neck,
    sli
    p-onwelding,
    thr
    eaded,
    bli
    nd,
    lapjoi
    nt,
    andsocketwelded.Eachty
    pei
    sil
    l
    ustrat
    edi
    nFi gur
    e13.

    5.
    5 CastI
    ronPi
    peJoi
    nts

    Castironpipejointscanbeoft hef langed,packed,sleeve,hub-and-


    spigot
    -endorhub- and-
    plain-end,orbel l
    -
    and-spigot-
    endorbel l
    -and-
    plai
    n-endt ype.Push-onj oi
    ntswithrubberorsyntheti
    cringgasketsar eav ai
    lable.
    Clampedj oint
    sar ealsoused.Thehub- and-plai
    n-endjoi
    ntisshowni nFigure14.Figure15i l
    lustratescross
    secti
    onsofabel l
    -ty
    pemechani caljoint,asleeveconnection,andat ypi
    calpropri
    etaryconnection(see5. 7).
    Theset ypesofjoint
    sar erar
    elyusedi npr ocesspipingservi
    cebecauseoft heirl
    owt oughnessandt endency
    towardbr i
    tt
    lefr
    acture.

    5.
    6 Tubi
    ngJoi
    nts

    Tubingcanbej oinedbywelding,sol
    dering,orbrazingorbyusi ngf l
    aredorcompr essi
    onfit
    ti
    ngs.Figur
    e16
    i
    ll
    ustratesf l
    ared and compressionjoints.Tubing joint
    sshoul d beassembl edbyt rai
    ned and qual
    if
    ied
    personnel.Considerat
    ionshouldbegivent oestabl
    ishingafi
    nishedj oi
    ntexaminati
    onprocessinaccordance
    wit
    ht ubingjoi
    ntmanuf act
    urer’
    srecommendat ions.

    5.
    7 Speci
    alJoi
    nts

    Propri
    etar
    yjoi
    ntsar
    eavai
    l
    ablet
    hati
    ncor
    porat
    euniquegaskets,cl
    amps,andbol
    tingarr
    angements.These
    designsoff
    ersomeadv
    ant
    agesi
    nsomeserv
    icesov
    erconventi
    onaljoi
    ntsi
    ncer
    tai
    nservi
    cesincl
    udi
    ng:

    a) hi
    gherpr
    essur
    eandt
    emper
    atur
    erat
    ings,

    b) smal
    l
    erdi
    mensi
    ons,

    c) easi
    eri
    nst
    all
    ati
    on—ax
    ial
    andangul
    aral
    i
    gnmentr
    equi
    rement
    sar
    elessst
    ri
    ngent
    ,

    d) gr
    eat
    erf
    orceandmomentt
    oler
    ati
    on.
    I ONPRACTI
    NSPECTI CESFORPI
    PINGSYSTEM COMPONENTS 35

    Fi
    gur
    e11—Cr
    ossSect
    ionofaSocket
    -wel
    dedTeeConnect
    ion

    Fi
    gur
    e12—Fl
    angeFaci
    ngsCommonl
    yUsedi
    nRef
    iner
    yandChemi
    calPl
    antPi
    ping
    36 APIRECOMMENDEDPRACTI
    CE574

    Fi
    gur
    e13—Ty
    pesofFl
    anges

    Fi
    gur
    e14—Cr
    ossSect
    ionofaTy
    picalBel
    l-
    and-
    spi
    gotJoi
    nt

    Fi
    gur
    e15—Cr
    ossSect
    ionsofTy
    picalPackedandSl
    eev
    eJoi
    nts
    I ONPRACTI
    NSPECTI CESFORPI
    PINGSYSTEM COMPONENTS 37

    Fi
    gur
    e16—Cr
    ossSect
    ionsofTy
    picalTubi
    ngJoi
    nts

    5.
    8 Nonmet
    all
    icPi
    pingJoi
    nts

    5.
    8.1 Gener
    al

    Therearesev eralmet
    hodsofjoi
    ningFRPpipeandfit
    ti
    ngs.Joint
    sinnonmetal
    li
    cpi
    pingar
    eoft
    enofsev
    er al
    di
    fferentdesignsdependi
    ngupont hemanufact
    urerofthepipe.Somecommonj oi
    ntdesi
    gnsinFRPpipe
    systemsincludeabellandspi
    got
    ,buttandwrap,
    taper
    -taper
    ,andfl
    ange-
    fl
    ange.

    5.
    8.2 Bel
    landSpi
    got
    /Taper
    -t
    aper

    Bell
    -and-spigotandt aper-t
    aperj
    ointsar
    ecr eatedbyi
    nserti
    ngt hespi
    gotendi nt
    othebellend.Pr
    opersurface
    preparati
    on, i
    nsertion,andadequateadhesivearethekeyt omaket hesetypesofjoi
    nts.Thesejoi
    ntsshould
    beinspect edinternall
    ywhenpossi bleforexcessadhesivethatcanrestr
    ictthefl
    owandspeci f
    iedgap.The
    i
    nspect orshouldper form anexternalinspecti
    ontol ookf orpropersurfacepreparat
    ion,i
    nsert
    ion,j
    oint
    assembl y,andalignment .

    5.
    8.3 But
    tandWr
    ap

    Butt
    -and-wr
    ap joi
    ntsinv ol
    ve butt
    ing pl
    ain end pi
    pe t oget
    herand appl
    yi
    ng l
    ayers ofresi
    n and fi
    ber
    rei
    nfor
    cementlayer
    sar oundthejoint
    .Thesetypesofjointsshoul
    dbedonebyquali
    fi
    edsecondarybonder
    s.
    Thejoint
    sshoul
    dbei nspectedint
    ernal
    lyf
    orpropergap,cutedgeprot
    ecti
    onandr
    equir
    epastetofi
    llt
    hegap.
    38 APIRECOMMENDEDPRACTI
    CE574

    Exter
    nall
    y,thej
    ointshoul
    dbecheckedf
    orpr
    operal
    i
    gnment
    ,gapt
    oler
    ance,
    thi
    ckness,
    widt
    h,l
    ami
    nat
    e
    sequence,andtaper.

    NOTE Fitt
    ingthi
    cknessi
    soft
    engreat
    erthanthematchi
    ngpi
    pet
    hickness.Pr
    opert
    aperoft
    hef
    it
    ti
    ngt
    hicknessi
    s
    r
    equi
    redi
    nordertomakethepr
    operbutt
    -and-
    wrapj
    oint.

    5.
    8.4 Fl
    ange-
    fl
    ange

    Flangejointsrequi
    repr opergasket
    sandt orques.Acal i
    brat
    edt orquewr enchshouldbeusedt oensur e
    propertorquei
    ngandt oavoi
    ddamagebyov er
    stressingtheFRPf langes.Properflangeali
    gnment(incl
    uding
    fl
    atnessandwav i
    nessaccordingtothespecifi
    cation)isrequir
    edinor dert
    opr eventdamageatt hespecif
    ied
    torquev al
    ues.Full-
    facegasketsarer equir
    edf orbol ti
    ngf ul
    l-
    facef l
    anges.Flangesbol t
    edt orai
    sed-face
    connecti
    onsmustbeev al
    uat
    edindiv
    iduall
    yforrequiredtorquevaluesandpr opergasketrequi
    rements.

    6 Reasonsf
    orI
    nspect
    ion

    6.
    1 Gener
    al

    Thepr i
    mar ypurposesofi nspecti
    onist oobser ve,report
    ,andquant ifydamage( seeAPI571)andt hent o
    specif
    y needed r epairs orr epl
    acement .Planning f orinspecti
    on ent ail
    si dent i
    fyi
    ng potentialdamage
    mechani smsf orpur posesofdi r
    ecti
    ngt heinspect i
    onact ivi
    ty.Thei nspectionact ivi
    tyrequir
    esobt aining
    i
    nformat i
    onaboutt hephy sicalcondit
    ionoft hepi ping,whichwi l
    lleadt odet er
    mi ni
    ngt hecausesofany
    deteri
    orati
    onandt her at
    eofdet eri
    orati
    on.Bydev elopi
    ngadat abaseofi nspectionhi st
    ory,t
    heusercan
    predi
    ctandr ecommendf uturerepai
    rsandr eplacement s,acttopr eventorr etardfurtherdeter
    iorati
    on,and
    mosti mportantl
    y,pr ev
    entl ossofcont ai
    nment .Theseact ionsshouldr esultini ncreasedoperat i
    ngsaf ety
    ,
    reduced mai nt
    enance cost s,and mor erel
    iable and ef f
    ici
    entoper at
    ions.API570 pr ovi
    des t he basic
    requi
    rement sforsuchani nspectionprogram.

    6.
    2 Pr
    ocessandPer
    sonnelSaf
    ety

    Al eakorfail
    ur einapi pingsy stem canbeami norinconveni
    encef orlow-consequencef l
    uidsoritcan
    becomeapot ent i
    alsour ceofapr ocesssaf et
    yincidentforhigherconsequencef lui
    dsdependingont he
    temperatur
    e,pressure,cont ents,andl ocati
    onofthepi pi
    ng.Pi
    pinginapet rochemicalpl
    anttypi
    call
    ycont ains
    fl
    ammabl ef l
    uids,acids,al kal
    is,toxicf l
    uids,andot herharmfulflui
    dst hatwoul dmakel eakspot entially
    hazardoustoexposedper sonnel.Leaksi nthesekindsofpi pingsystemscanal sohav eenv i
    ronment al
    consequencesassoci atedwi ththeirfail
    ure.Adequateinspect
    ionisaprerequisit
    eformaintai
    ningthistypeof
    pipingi
    nasaf e,rel
    iabl
    econdi t
    ion.

    Leakagecanoccuratf langedjoi
    ntsinpipi
    ngsy st
    emsf orav ari
    etyofreasonsi ncludingcorrosion,cr
    acking,
    boltti
    ghtnessissues,gasketi ssues,andthermalexpansionissues,especiall
    yi nhigh-temperatureser
    vices,
    duringstart
    -upsorshut downs,andsomet imesdur i
    ngnor maloperati
    on.Fort heser easons,itisimportant
    thatprocessplantpr act i
    cesincl
    udequalit
    yassurance/controlpr
    ocedurest oensur et hatfl
    angedj oi
    ntsar e
    properl
    y assembl ed,i nspected,and tested aft
    ermai ntenance acti
    vit
    ies wher et he j
    oints have been
    disassembledandt hatt hepropergasketshav ebeensel ectedandi nst al
    led.ASMEPCC- 1isausef ul
    standardforfl
    angej ointassemblypracti
    ces.

    6.
    3 Rel
    iabl
    eOper
    ati
    on

    Inadditi
    ont ot
    heneedf orinspecti
    ontoprovi
    def orpr ocessandper sonnelsaf
    ety
    ,thoroughi nspecti
    on,data
    analysi
    s,andmaintenanceofdet ai
    l
    edinspect
    ion/repair/r
    eplacementrecordsofpi
    pingsy stemsar eessential
    totheat t
    ainmentofaccept abl
    eprocessreli
    abil
    it
    yi nor dertomeett hebusinessplan.Pi pi
    ngmai ntenance
    andr epl
    acementschedul esaredev el
    opedtocoi ncidewi thscheduledmai nt
    enancet urnaroundstoav oid
    unplannedoutagesandt heconsequencesoflostproduct i
    onopportunit
    ies.
    I ONPRACTI
    NSPECTI CESFORPI
    PINGSYSTEM COMPONENTS 39

    6.
    4 Regul
    ator
    yRequi
    rement
    s

    Regul at
    oryrequi
    rementsmaycov erthosepipingsystemst hatcouldaffectper
    sonnelorpr
    ocesssafetyand
    envir
    onment alconcerns.Processsaf etyr
    egulatonssuchasOSHA29CFR1910.
    i 119intheUnit
    edSt ates
    havemandat edthatequipment,i
    ncludingpipi
    ng,thathandlessi gni
    fi
    cantquant
    iti
    esofhazardouschemicals
    be inspected accordi
    ng to accepted codes and st andards,which incl
    udes API570.Localand st ate
    regulati
    onsmayal socoverprocesspipinginspecti
    onandmai ntenance.

    7 I
    nspect
    ionPl
    ans

    7.
    1 Gener
    al

    Aninspect
    ionpl
    ani
    softendevel
    opedandi
    mplementedforpi
    pingsy
    stemswithi
    nthescopeAPI570.Ot
    her
    pi
    pingsyst
    emsmayalsobeincl
    udedint
    hei
    nspect
    ionprogr
    am andaccor
    dingl
    yhaveani
    nspect
    ionpl
    an.

    Aninspecti
    onpl anshouldcont
    aintheinspecti
    ont asks,scopeofi nspecti
    on,andschedul
    er equir
    edto
    monit
    oridenti
    fi
    eddamagemechanismsandensur ethemechani cali
    ntegr
    ityofthepi
    pingcomponentsint
    he
    sy
    stem.API570def i
    nesthemini
    mum contentsofaninspecti
    onplan.

    I
    nspect
    ionplansf
    orpi
    pingsystemscanbemai
    ntai
    nedi
    nspr
    eadsheet
    s,har
    dcopyf
    il
    es,andpr
    opr
    iet
    ary
    i
    nspect
    ionsoft
    war
    edat
    abases.

    7.
    2 Dev
    elopi
    nganI
    nspect
    ionPl
    an

    7.
    2.1 Gener
    al

    Ani nspecti
    onpl ani softendev elopedt hrought hecol laborati
    vewor koft heinspect or,pi pi
    ngengi neer,
    corr
    osionspeci ali
    st,andoper ati
    ngper sonnel.Thet eam shoul dconsi dersev eralpiecesofi nfor
    mat ionsuch
    asoper ati
    ngt emper aturer anges,oper atingpr essurer anges,pr ocessf luidcor rosivecont aminantl evels,
    pipi
    ng mat eri
    al of const ructi
    on, pipi ng sy stem conf i
    gurat i
    on, pr ocess st ream mi xi
    ng, and
    i
    nspection/maintenancehi story.Inadditi
    on,ot herinformat i
    onsour cescanbeconsul t
    ed,i ncludi
    ngAPIand
    NACEpubl i
    cations,toobt aini ndustryex peri
    encewi thsimi l
    arsy stems.Al loft hisinformat i
    onpr ovidesa
    basisfordefiningthet ypesofdamageandl ocat i
    onsf oritsoccur rence.Knowl edgeoft hecapabi li
    t i
    esand
    l
    imitati
    onsofNDEt echni
    quesal lowst hepr operchoi ceofexami nat i
    ont echnique(s)t oi dentif
    ypar t
    icul
    ar
    damagemechani sm inspeci ficlocati
    ons.Ongoi ngcommuni cationwi thoper ati
    ngper sonnelwhenpr ocess
    changesand/ orupset soccurt hatcouldaf f
    ectdamagemechani smsandr atesar ecr i
    ticalt okeepi ngan
    i
    nspectionplanupdat ed.

    Forpi
    pingsy
    stems,
    inspect
    ionpl
    ansshoul
    daddr
    esst
    hef
    oll
    owi
    ng:

    a) condi
    ti
    onmoni
    tor
    ingl
    ocat
    ions(
    CMLs)f
    orspeci
    fi
    cdamagemechani
    sms;

    b) pi
    pingcont
    actpoi
    ntsatpi
    pesuppor
    t;

    c) pi
    pesuppor
    tsandsuppor
    tappur
    tenances;

    d) cor
    rosi
    onunderi
    nsul
    ati
    on(
    CUI
    );

    e) i
    nject
    ionpoi
    nts;

    f
    ) pr
    ocessmi
    xi
    ngpoi
    nts;

    g) soi
    l
    -to-
    air(
    concr
    ete-
    to-
    air
    )int
    erf
    aces(
    SAI
    s);

    h) dead-
    legsect
    ionsofpi
    pe;
    40 APIRECOMMENDEDPRACTI
    CE574

    i) PMI
    ;

    j) auxi
    l
    iar
    ypi
    ping;

    k) cr
    it
    ical
    uti
    l
    itypi
    pingasdef
    inedbyowner
    /user
    ;

    l) v
    ent
    s/dr
    ains;

    m) t
    hreadedpi
    pej
    oint
    s;

    n) i
    nter
    nal
    li
    nings;

    o) cr
    it
    ical
    val
    ves;

    p) expansi
    onj
    oint
    s.

    I
    nspecti
    onplansmaybebaseduponv
    ari
    ouscr
    it
    eri
    abutshoul
    dincl
    udear
    iskassessmentorf
    ixedi
    nter
    val
    sas
    def
    inedinAPI570.

    7.
    2.2 Ri
    sk-
    BasedI
    nspect
    ion(
    RBI
    )Pl
    ans

    Inspecti
    onplansbaseduponanassessmentoft heli
    keli
    hoodoff ail
    ureandtheconsequenceoff ai
    lur
    eofa
    pipi
    ngsy st
    em orcircuitisRBI.RBImaybeusedt odeter
    mineinspectioni
    nterv
    alsorduedat esandthetype
    and extentoff uturei nspect
    ion/
    examinat
    ions.API580 det ail
    st he syst
    ematic ev
    aluat
    ion ofbotht he
    l
    ikeli
    hood off ai
    lure and consequence off ai
    l
    uref orestabl
    ishing RBIplans.API581 det ail
    s an RBI
    met hodol
    ogythathasal lofthekeyel
    ementsdefinedinAPI580.

    Ident i
    fyi
    ngandev aluat
    ingpot entialdamagemechani sms,cur r
    entpipingcondit
    ion,andt heef f
    ectiv
    enessof
    thepasti nspecti
    onsar eimpor tantst epsi nassessingt hel i
    kel
    i
    hoodofapi pingf ai
    lur
    e.Thel ikel
    ihood
    assessmentshoul dconsideral lf ormsofdegr adati
    ont hatcouldr easonablybeexpect edt oaf f
    ectpi pi
    ng
    circuitsinanypar t
    icul
    arserv i
    ce.Exampl esoft hosedegr adati
    onmechani smsincludeinternalorext ernal
    met all ossf r
    om ani denti
    fi
    edf or m ofcor rosi
    on( local
    izedorgener al)
    ,allf
    or msofcr acking,incl
    uding
    hydr ogen-assi
    stedandst r
    esscor rosioncracking( SCC)(from theinsideoroutsidesur f
    acesofpi ping),and
    anyot herf or
    msofmet al
    l
    urgical,cor r
    osion,ormechani caldegradat
    ion, suchasfati
    gue,embr it
    tl
    ement ,creep,
    etc.SeeAPI571f ordetai
    lsofcommondegr adati
    onmechani sms.

    Identi
    fyi
    ngandeval
    uati
    ngtheprocessf
    lui
    d(s)
    ,pot
    ent
    iali
    njuri
    es,envir
    onment
    aldamage,uni
    tpipi
    ngand
    equipmentdamage,andunitl
    ossofproducti
    onarei
    mpor tantaspectsi
    nassessi
    ngtheconsequences
    associat
    edwit
    hafai
    lur
    eofpipi
    ng.

    AnyRBIassessmentshouldbethoroughl
    ydocumentedinaccor
    dancewit
    hAPI580,def
    ini
    ngal
    lthef
    act
    ors
    cont
    ri
    but
    ingtoboththeprobabi
    l
    ityandconsequenceofafai
    l
    ureoft
    hepipi
    ngsy
    stem.

    Aft
    eranRBIassessmenti
    sconduct
    ed,t
    her
    esul
    tsmaybeusedt
    oest
    abl
    i
    sht
    hei
    nspect
    ionpl
    anandbet
    ter
    def
    inet
    hefol
    lowi
    ng:

    a) t
    hemostappr
    opr
    iat
    einspect
    ionandNDEmet
    hods,
    tool
    s,andt
    echni
    ques;

    b) t
    heext
    entofNDE(
    e.g.per
    cent
    ageofpi
    pingt
    oexami
    ne)
    ;

    c) t
    hedat
    efori
    nter
    nal
    ,ext
    ernal
    ,andon-
    str
    eam i
    nspect
    ions;

    d) t
    heneedf
    orpr
    essur
    etest
    ingaf
    terdamagehasoccur
    redoraf
    terr
    epai
    rs/
    alt
    erat
    ionshav
    ebeencompl
    eted;

    e) t
    hepreventi
    onandmi ti
    gati
    onstepstoreducet
    hepr
    obabi
    l
    ityandconsequenceofapi
    pingf
    ail
    ure(
    e.g.
    r
    epai
    rs,
    pr ocesschanges,
    inhi
    bit
    ors,
    etc.)
    .
    I ONPRACTI
    NSPECTI CESFORPI
    PINGSYSTEM COMPONENTS 41

    7.
    2.3 I
    nter
    val
    -basedI
    nspect
    ionPl
    ans

    I
    nspecti
    onplanst hatarebasedupont hespecif
    icinspect
    ionint er
    val
    sf orthev ar
    ioustypesofpi pi
    ng
    i
    nspecti
    onandofspeci fi
    ctypesofdamagear econsideredi
    ntervalbased.Thet ypesofinspect
    ionwhere
    maximum int
    erval
    sar edefi
    nedi nAPI570includeexter
    nalv i
    sual,CUI,t
    hicknessmeasurement,inj
    ecti
    on
    poi
    nt,SAI
    ,SBP,auxil
    iar
    ypipi
    ng,andthr
    eadedconnecti
    ons.

    Theint
    ervalforinspecti
    onsi sbaseduponanumberoff actor
    s,includingthecorr
    osionrat
    eandr emaini
    ng
    l
    if
    ecalculat
    ions,pipi
    ngserviceclassi
    ficati
    on,appl
    icablejurisdi
    cti
    onalr equi
    rement
    s,andthejudgmentofthe
    i
    nspector
    , t
    hepipingengineer,oracorr osi
    onspeciali
    st.Thegov erningf act
    orint
    heinspecti
    onplanformany
    pi
    pingcir
    cuitsi
    st hepipi
    ngser vi
    ceclassifi
    cat
    ion.

    7.
    2.4 Cl
    assi
    fyi
    ngPi
    pingSer
    vice

    Accor di
    ngtoAPI570, Secti
    on6. 3.
    4,allpr
    ocesspipingshall beclassif
    iedaccor di
    ngtoconsequenceoff ai
    lure,
    exceptf orpipi
    ngt hathasbeenpl annedont hebasi sofRBI .Pipingcl assesv aryf r
    om Class1—hi gh
    consequencet oCl ass3—l owconsequence.Addi t
    ionall
    y,thereisaCl ass4f orservicesthatareessentiall
    y
    nonflammabl eandnont oxic.Addingmor eCMLsi nappr opriatelocat i
    onst ohigherconsequencepi ping
    subjecttohighercor rosi
    onr at
    esorl ocali
    zedcorrosionandmoni t
    oringt hoseCMLsmor efrequent
    lymay
    reducetheli
    kelihoodofhi gh-consequenceev ent
    s.Thisstrategygivesmor eaccuratepr edi
    cti
    onofreti
    rement
    datesandr educesi nspectionuncer tai
    ntyinthepi pingwher er el
    iabil
    ityismor ei mpor t
    ant.Factorst o
    considerwhencl assify
    ingpipingare:

    a) t
    oxi
    cit
    y,

    b) v
    olat
    il
    it
    y,

    c) combust
    ibi
    l
    ity
    ,

    d) l
    ocat
    ionoft
    hepi
    pingwi
    thr
    espectt
    oper
    sonnel
    andot
    herequi
    pment
    ,and

    e) exper
    ienceandhi
    stor
    y.

    7.
    3 Moni
    tor
    ingPr
    ocessPi
    ping

    7.
    3.1 Gener
    al

    Thesi nglemostfrequentdamagemechani sm l
    eadingtopipereplacementi
    scor r
    osi
    on.Forthi
    sr eason,an
    eff
    ect i
    ve process pi
    ping i
    nspect
    ion pr
    ogram shouldi ncl
    ude moni t
    ori
    ng pipi
    ng t
    hickness f
    rom whi ch
    corrosion rat
    es,remaini
    ng li
    fe,nextinspect
    ion dates,and project
    ed pi
    ping r
    eti
    rementdates can be
    determi ned.

    A keyt ot heef f
    ecti
    vemonit ori
    ngofpi pi
    ngcor r
    osionisidenti
    fyi
    ngandest abl
    i
    shingCMLs.CMLsar e
    designated areas i
    nt he piping sy
    stem wher e measurements are peri
    odical
    l
    yt aken.UT thickness
    measur ementsar eobtai
    nedwi t
    hinexami nati
    onpoi ntsont hepipe.Thicknessmeasur ement
    smaybe
    averagedwi t
    hintheexaminat
    ionpoint.Bytakingrepeatedmeasurementsandr ecor
    dingdatafr
    om thesame
    pointsoverextendedperi
    ods,damager at
    escanmor eaccurat
    elybecalcul
    atedorassessed.

    Someoft
    hef
    act
    orst
    oconsi
    derwhenest
    abl
    i
    shi
    ngt
    hecor
    rosi
    on-
    moni
    tor
    ingpl
    anf
    orpr
    ocesspi
    pingar
    e:

    a) cl
    assi
    fyi
    ngt
    hepi
    pingser
    vicei
    naccor
    dancewi
    thAPI570orr
    iskr
    anki
    ngbasedonRBIanal
    ysi
    s;

    b) cat
    egori
    zi
    ngthepipi
    ngsyst
    emsi
    ntopi
    pingci
    rcui
    tsofsi
    mil
    arcor
    rosi
    onbehav
    ior(
    e.g.l
    ocal
    i
    zed,
    gener
    al,
    envi
    ronment
    alcr
    acking)
    ;

    c) i
    dent
    if
    yingsuscept
    ibl
    elocat
    ionswher
    eaccel
    erat
    eddamagei
    sexpect
    ed;
    42 APIRECOMMENDEDPRACTI
    CE574

    d) accessi
    bil
    i
    tyoft
    heCMLsf
    ormoni
    tor
    ingwhenl
    ocal
    i
    zedcor
    rosi
    oni
    snotpr
    edi
    cted;

    e) RBIt
    oident
    if
    yhi
    gh-
    ri
    skpi
    pingci
    rcui
    tsand/
    orspeci
    fi
    cpi
    pingl
    ocat
    ions.

    7.
    3.2 Pi
    pingSy
    stems

    Developi
    ngpipingsystemsandci r
    cuitsbasedonexpect
    ed/i
    dent
    ifi
    eddamagemechanismsenabl
    esthe
    developmentofconciseinspect
    ionplansandformst
    hebasisfori
    mpr ov
    eddat
    aanal
    ysi
    s.Ref
    ertoAPI570
    forthecommonchar acter
    ist
    icsofpi
    pingsystems.

    Thefol
    lowi
    ngaresomeexamplesofdocumentingpi
    pingsy
    stems.Pi
    pingsyst
    emscanbedocument edon
    thepr
    ocessfl
    owdi
    agrams(PFDs)asdescr
    ibedbel
    owandcontai
    nthef
    ollowi
    nginf
    ormat
    ionf
    oreach.

    a) Sy
    stemscanbehi
    ghl
    i
    ght
    edbyauni
    quecol
    orcodi
    ngandname.

    b) Pi
    pingsystem nomenclatur
    emayut il
    i
    zeconventi
    onsthatarer eadil
    yunderstoodwi thinthefacil
    i
    ty,
    i
    deall
    yprovi
    dingacommonl anguagebetweenoper
    ati
    ngandi nspecti
    onpersonnel.Typical
    ly
    ,thepipi
    ng
    sy
    stem ident
    ifi
    eris appended to a unitpr
    efi
    x,wit
    h pipi
    ng sy st
    em and individualpipi
    ng cir
    cuit
    s
    i
    ncrementi
    ngf r
    om uni
    tfeedtoproductstr
    eams.

    c) Eachpipingsyst
    em mayhav eot hercharact
    eri
    sti
    csassoci
    atedwit
    hthem document
    ed,incl
    udi
    ngthe
    boundar
    ies,generalprocess concer
    ns,i nt
    egri
    ty oper
    ati
    ng wi
    ndow par
    amet er
    s,generaldamage
    mechanisms,andprocesscor
    rosi
    oncontrolmeasures.

    7.
    3.3 Pi
    pingCi
    rcui
    ts

    Complex pr ocess units orpipi


    ng sy stems are divi
    ded int
    o pipi ng ci
    rcuitst o manage the necessar y
    i
    nspections,calculati
    ons,andrecordkeeping.Whenest abli
    shingtheboundar yofapar t
    icul
    arpipi
    ngci r
    cui t
    ,
    theinspect ormayal so si
    zeitt o provideapr acti
    calpackagef orrecordkeeping and per
    forming field
    i
    nspection.Byi dentif
    yingli
    keenvir
    onment sanddamagemechani smsasci rcuit
    s,thespreadofcal cul
    ated
    corr
    osionr atesoft heCMLsi neachci rcuiti
    sreduced.Properselect i
    onofcomponent sinthepipingcircuit
    andthenumberofCMLsar epart
    icular
    lyimpor t
    antwhenusi ngstatisti
    calmet hodstoassesscor r
    osionrat es
    andremai ningli
    fe.Figure17isanexampl eofonewayt obreakpipingupi ntocircuit
    s.

    Pi
    pingcir
    cui
    tlayoutandassociat
    edCMLsar eoftenident
    if
    iedoni nspect
    ionpipingsket
    chest
    oai
    dthe
    i
    nspect
    orinper
    formingi
    nspect
    iontasks.See13.
    2forinf
    ormationonpipi
    ngsketches.

    Mat er
    ial
    sofconst ructi
    onhavespeci fi
    cpotentialforcorrosi
    on/erosioncharacteri
    sti
    csandmayr espond
    dif
    ferentl
    ywhen pl aced i
    ntolike operat
    ing parameters.Mat er
    ialofconst ructi
    on is a keyelementi n
    determini
    ngt hedamagemechani smsand/ orrateofdamagebasedonoper ati
    ngenv i
    ronment.Circui
    t
    breaksshouldbepl acedwhent hereisachangei npipingmat eri
    alsofconst ruct
    ion,whichcancausea
    changei ncorrosiv
    e/ er
    osi
    vebehav ior
    .A met al
    l
    urgist
    /corrosi
    onengi neerexperiencedinthepr ocessunit
    underr evi
    ew shouldbeconsul tedf orassi
    gnmentofdamagemechani smsand/ orrat
    eofdamagef or
    dif
    feri
    ngmat eri
    alsofconstr
    uct
    ion.

    Anumberoffact
    orscanaf f
    ecttherateandnatureofpi
    pewal
    lcorr
    osi
    on.I
    ndiv
    idualci
    rcui
    tsshoul
    dbeli
    mit
    ed
    t
    opipingcomponentswi t
    hinthesy stem wherethedamagerat
    eandt ypeofdamage( commondamage
    mechani
    sms)areconsistent.Considerat
    ionsforthel
    imi
    tsofthepipi
    ngcircui
    tmayi ncl
    ude,butar
    enot
    l
    imi
    tedto,t
    hefol
    lowi
    ngitems:

    a) pi
    pingmet
    all
    urgy
    ;

    b) pr
    ocessf
    lui
    dandi
    tsphase(
    e.g.gas,
    li
    qui
    d,t
    wophase,
    sol
    i
    d);

    c) f
    lowv
    eloci
    ty;

    d) t
    emper
    atur
    e;
    I ONPRACTI
    NSPECTI CESFORPI
    PINGSYSTEM COMPONENTS 43

    e) pr
    essur
    e;

    f
    ) changesi
    ntemper
    atur
    e,v
    eloci
    ty,
    pressur
    e,di
    rect
    ion,
    phase,
    met
    all
    urgy
    ,orpi
    pecr
    osssect
    ion;

    g) i
    nject
    ionofwat
    erorchemi
    cal
    s;

    h) pr
    ocessf
    lui
    dcont
    ami
    nant
    s;

    i
    ) mi
    xi
    ngoft
    woormor
    est
    reams;

    j
    ) pi
    pingext
    ernal
    condi
    ti
    ons,
    incl
    udi
    ngcoat
    ing/
    pai
    nti
    ng,
    insul
    ati
    on,
    andsoi
    lcondi
    ti
    ons,
    asappl
    i
    cabl
    e;

    k) st
    agnantf
    lowar
    eas(
    e.g.dead-
    legs)
    .

    Pipi
    ngcir
    cui
    tsshoul
    dbeidenti
    fi
    edwi
    thcommondamagemechanismst
    ofaci
    l
    itat
    einspect
    ionpl
    anni
    ngand
    dataanal
    ysi
    sandwil
    lgener
    all
    yhavet
    hefol
    l
    owi
    ngchar
    act
    eri
    sti
    cs.

    a) Commonmat
    eri
    alsofconst
    ruct
    ion.

    b) Commondesi
    gncondi
    ti
    ons.

    c) Commonoper
    ati
    ngcondi
    ti
    ons

    d) Commonset(
    oneormor
    e)ofdamagemechani
    sms.

    e) Commonexpect
    edcor
    rosi
    onr
    ate.

    f
    ) Commonexpect
    eddamagel
    ocat
    ions/
    mor
    phol
    ogy
    .

    g) Forri
    sk-basedpr ograms,pipi
    ngci r
    cuit
    smaybef ur
    thersubdivi
    dedbasedonri
    skl evel.Forexampl
    e,a
    pumpdi schargeorupst r
    eam ofacont rolvalvemayhav ethesamecorrosi
    oncharacteri
    sti
    csaspump
    sucti
    onordownst r
    eam oft hecontrolv
    alve,butt
    heriskmaybegr eat
    eronthehigh-pressur
    esegments
    duetohi gherleakratepotenti
    al.I
    nsuchcases,thehi gherpr
    essur
    ecomponentsmaybeassi gnedt
    oa
    separat
    eci r
    cuit

    I
    naddit
    ion,basedonthenat
    ureoft
    hecor
    rosi
    on,damaget
    ype/
    mor
    phol
    ogy
    ,andpi
    pingmet
    all
    urgy
    ,ci
    rcui
    ts
    maycontai
    nthefol
    lowi
    ng.

    a) Mul
    ti
    plel
    i
    nenumber
    s.

    b) Mul
    ti
    plel
    i
    nesi
    zes.

    c) Bot
    hpr
    imar
    yandsecondar
    ypi
    pingcomponent
    s.

    d) Shortdead-l
    egs(e.
    g.thegr erof<2D or8i
    eat n.i
    nlength)(e.
    g.dr
    ains/
    vent
    sandbl
    i
    nded/
    cappedt
    ee
    runs)
    ,dependingont
    hepotenti
    alf
    ordead-
    leg/
    under
    -deposi
    tcorr
    osi
    on.

    Thef ol
    lowi
    ngar esomeexamplesofdocument
    ingpipi
    ngcircui
    ts.Pi
    pingci
    rcuit
    saretypi
    cal
    lyshownon
    i
    somet r
    icdrawingsort
    hepi
    pingandi
    nstr
    umentdiagr
    am (P&I
    D)andmaycont ainthef
    oll
    owinginf
    ormat
    ion
    foreachcir
    cuit
    .

    Pipi
    ngcir
    cuit
    smaybehi
    ghli
    ght
    edbyauni quecol
    orcodi
    ng(
    orsy
    mbol)andname.Eachpipi
    ngcir
    cui
    tcanbe
    furt
    herdocument
    ed(wr
    it
    tendescr
    ipt
    ion)
    ,whichincl
    udest
    heboundar
    iesf
    orthecircui
    tandthefol
    lowi
    ng
    i
    nformati
    on.
    44 APIRECOMMENDEDPRACTI
    CE574

    a) Speci
    fi
    cdamagemechani
    smsexpect
    edt
    obeact
    ive.

    b) Met
    all
    urgy
    .

    c) Damaget
    ype—degr
    eeofgener
    ali
    zedorl
    ocal
    i
    zedcor
    rosi
    onexpect
    ed.

    d) Gener
    ali
    zedlocat
    ionswher
    einspect
    ionpoi
    ntsshoul
    dbespeci
    fi
    edbasedonoper
    ati
    ngcondi
    ti
    onsand
    metal
    l
    urgy.

    e) Speci
    fi
    cconcer
    nlocat
    ionsorar
    eas—i
    nject
    ionpoi
    nti
    mpi
    ngement
    ,dead-
    legs/
    drai
    nsf
    orcondensedaci
    d,
    et
    c.

    f
    ) Speci
    fi
    cpr
    ocessconcer
    ns.

    g) Pr
    ocesscor
    rosi
    oncont
    rol
    measur
    es.

    Pi
    pingci
    rcui
    tsmayalsobeidenti
    fi
    edonindivi
    dualisomet
    ricdr
    awings.Addi
    tional
    att
    ri
    butesmaybei
    dent
    if
    ied
    ontheci
    rcui
    tdr
    awingstofaci
    li
    tat
    eoridenti
    fyotherspeci
    alemphasisprogr
    ams, i
    ncl
    udi
    ng:

    a) number
    edi
    nject
    ionormi
    xpoi
    ntl
    ocat
    ions,

    b) cont
    actsuppor
    tlocat
    ionsf
    ori
    nspect
    ion,

    c) SAIl
    ocat
    ions,

    d) ext
    entofi
    nsul
    ati
    on,

    e) CUI
    /CUFl
    ocat
    ionsf
    ori
    nspect
    ion.

    7.
    3.4 St
    ati
    sti
    calAnal
    ysi
    sofCi
    rcui
    tCMLs

    Ther
    ear emanyst at
    isti
    calt
    oolsthatcanbeempl oyedoncepipingci
    rcui
    tshav ebeenpr operl
    yestabli
    shed.
    Whil
    esuchcal cul
    ationsoff
    eraconv enientmeanst onumeri
    call
    ysummar izecircui
    tdata,itisoftent he
    combinati
    onofdescr i
    pti
    vestat
    isti
    csplusdat av i
    suali
    zat
    iont
    hroughstat
    ist
    icalplotsthatprovi
    dethemost
    usef
    ulresult
    s.Theresult
    sofst at
    ist
    icalanaly
    sisoft heCMLdatausingdescr i
    pti
    vestati
    sti
    csandst ati
    sti
    cal
    pl
    otsshoul dbeev aluat
    ed forvali
    dityand interpr
    eted byapersonwho i sdeemed compet entbyt he
    owner/user
    .

    Probabi li
    typlotsar econvenienttoolsf ormodel ingci r
    cuitthicknessorcor rosi
    onrat
    edata.Therearemany
    statisti
    calpr ogramst hatcanbeut il
    izedt ov i
    sual izelargequant iti
    esofdat aandobtaintheparametersof
    i
    nt erest.Gener all
    y,simplet wo-paramet erdistr
    ibut ionssuchasnor mal ,l
    ognor mal
    ,andWei bul
    laregood
    candi datest odescr i
    bet hicknessandcor r
    osionr at
    et rends.I nmanycases,t he“goodnessoff it
    ”toa
    par t
    iculardistri
    butioncanbev isuall
    yassessedf r om apr obabil
    it
    ypl ot,al
    thoughmanystati
    sti
    calpackages
    al
    sopr ovidegoodnessoff i
    tst ati
    sti
    cs.Anysi gnificantdev iati
    onf rom thebestfitl
    i
    nemaybeani ndicati
    onof
    l
    ocal izedcor rosi
    onand/ ordataanomal i
    estobei nv esti
    gated.

    Graphicalv isuali
    zat
    iontoolsmaybeusedi nadditi
    ont odescri
    pti
    vestatist
    icstodemonstr
    atethev ali
    dit
    yof
    thest atisti
    calmodel i
    ngassumpt i
    onsandgoodnessoff i
    tofthedata,especiall
    yintherangeofhi ghest
    i
    nt er
    estf r
    om ani ntegri
    typointofview.Examplesi ncl
    udet heuseofnor malprobabi
    li
    tyorext r
    emev alue
    distr
    ibutionpl otstoi ndicat
    egoodnessoff i
    tf orl ar
    gestorsmal l
    estv aluesinadat asetofi nterest
    .
    Visualizati
    onofal ldataonanappr opri
    atel
    ysel
    ectedscal emayreveallackofgoodnessoffitorcorrel
    ations
    thatarenotr eadi
    lyapparentfr
    om descri
    pti
    vestat
    isti
    cs.

    Whil
    ethefollowingdiscussi
    onf ocusesont heuseofpr obabil
    i
    typlot
    s,similarresul
    tsmaybeobt ai
    ned
    wit
    houtpl
    ott
    ingsof t
    ware.Descr
    ipti
    vestati
    sti
    csmaybegener at
    edinspreadsheetsthatesti
    matedistr
    ibuti
    on
    par
    ameter
    s,calculat
    eproject
    edvalues,andprov
    ideot
    herusefulci
    rcui
    tanal
    ysisinf
    ormation.I
    fcal
    culati
    ons
    I ONPRACTI
    NSPECTI CESFORPI
    PINGSYSTEM COMPONENTS 45

    ar
    eperfor
    medwithoutt
    heaidofdat
    avi
    sual
    izat
    ion,someassessmentast
    othegoodnessoff
    itand
    pr
    esenceofout
    li
    erswouldpr
    ovi
    deaddi
    ti
    onaldata.

    Ty
    pical
    cir
    cui
    tanal
    ysi
    sappl
    i
    cat
    ionsi
    ncl
    udet
    hef
    oll
    owi
    ng.

    1) Cr
    eatingsepar
    atepl
    otsforl
    ong-
    ter
    m andshor
    t-
    ter
    m cor
    rosi
    onr
    ates,
    todet
    ermi
    nei
    fther
    ate
    di
    str
    ibuti
    onsaresi
    gni
    fi
    cantl
    ydif
    fer
    ent
    .

    Ashi fti
    nthedistri
    buti
    on’slocati
    onparamet er(e.
    g.t
    hemean,f ornor maldi
    stribut
    ion)mayi ndicate
    higherorlowerrates,whi
    lechangesi ntheshapeparameter(e.g.thestandarddev i
    ation)suggesta
    changei nthedegr eeofl ocali
    zedcorrosion.Thistypeofanal ysi
    scanbeusef ulf orassessing
    feedstockandot herprocesschangest hatmayhav eoccur
    redov eraperiodoft i
    me.Duet ot he
    i
    mpactoft hi
    cknessmeasur ementaccur aciesandthephysicalnat ur
    eofcor r
    osionphenomena,
    specialcareshoul dbet akenwhencompar i
    ngdat
    asetsov erdiff
    erenttimei nterval
    s.A direct
    compar i
    sonof1-yearint
    ervalto5-yeari
    ntervaldat
    amaybemi sleadingfort
    hef oll
    owingt woreasons.

    — Thetimescaleofcor
    rosi
    onphysicsdict
    atesdecr
    easi
    ngcorrel
    ati
    onbetweenmeasur
    ementsas
    theti
    mel agbet
    weensuccessi
    vemeasur ement
    sincr
    eases.Ther
    efor
    e,shor
    t-
    ter
    m andlong-
    ter
    m
    vari
    abi
    li
    tyusual
    l
    yhavedif
    fer
    entscatt
    er.

    — Measur ementuncer
    tai
    ntytends t
    o af
    fectt
    he resul
    ts as wel
    l
    .Ifthe measur
    ement
    s are
    signi
    ficant
    lyi
    mpacted by measur
    ementerr
    ors,the scat
    terwoul
    df ol
    l
    ow a squareroot
    relat
    ionshi
    pwit
    hti
    me.

    2) Scr
    eeni
    ngci
    rcui
    tcor
    rosi
    onr
    ateandt
    hicknessdat
    aforuni
    for
    mvs.l
    ocal
    i
    zedt
    rends

    Whenpl otti
    ngt hi
    cknessesorcorrosi
    onr ates, t
    hebest -
    fi
    tt
    ingdi stri
    butiont y
    peaswel l ast r
    endsint he
    par ameterscanbeusedt oscreenforlocalizedcor rosion.Par amet ertrendsmayaddi t
    ional
    lyreveal
    i
    mpor t
    antchanges ov ert i
    me,r el
    ati
    ng t o hi ghercor r
    osi on rates and/ orl ocalized corrosion
    tendencies.Forexampl e,corr
    osionratedi stri
    but i
    onsf oruni form servicestendt of ollow anormal
    distri
    bution.Signifi
    cantl
    ynonuni f
    orm/localizedser vices( suchammoni um bisul
    fi
    deornapht henic
    acidcor rosion)willty
    pical
    lyfitbesttoal ognor maldi stributionwi t
    hawi deshapepar ameter.On
    thicknesspl ots,reducti
    onsi nthescal epar amet erar erel atedtot hecor r
    osionr ate,whilewi der
    shapepar ameterssuggestmor elocal
    izedbehav ior.

    3) Est
    imat
    ingar
    epr
    esent
    ati
    vecor
    rosi
    onr
    atef
    orapi
    pingci
    rcui
    t.

    Onceacor rosi
    onrateplothasbeenpr epared(consi
    deri
    ngbot hl ong-t
    erm andshor t-t
    ermr at
    es) ,a
    representat
    iveratemaybeassi gnedf ortheenti
    repipingcircuit.Theowner /usermayest abl i
    sh
    guideli
    nesbased( forexample)onserv i
    ceclassorri
    sk,uti
    li
    zingaspeci f
    icoccurrencelevelrate,in
    remainingli
    f ecal
    culat
    ions.Forunif
    orm servi
    ces,ameanr atemi ghtbeappr opri
    ate,whi l
    elocalized
    corrosionservi
    cesmayr equi
    reamuchhi gheroccur
    rencelevel(say0. 90or0.95) .Ifanadditi
    onal
    factorofsafetyisneeded,confi
    denceinter
    valsmaybeaddedt otheplotandaspeci f
    iedoccurrence
    l
    ev elattheupperconfi
    denceinterv
    alcouldbeused.

    4) Eval
    uat
    ingtheci
    rcui
    tdesi
    gn,t
    oconf
    ir
    mtheassumpt
    ionofsi
    mil
    ardamagemechani
    smsand
    corr
    osi
    onrateswit
    hinaci
    rcui
    t.

    Ifallcorr
    osionr atesinaci rcuitdonotdemonst r
    ateasat i
    sfactor
    yf i
    tasdef i
    nedbyowner /user,
    considergroupingt hedatabasedonknowl edgeoft hepipi
    ngdesi gn,assi
    gneddamagemechani sms,
    andper ti
    nentpr ocessconditi
    ons.Thistypeofgr oupingisgener all
    yrequir
    edwhensubpopul ati
    ons
    maybepr esent.Forexampl e,apl otofal lcircui
    tcorrosiondat amaynotexhi bi
    tasat i
    sfactory
    goodnessoff i
    t.Itmaybesubsequent lyobser vedthathigherratestendtobeassoci atedwithelbow
    fi
    tti
    ngs( orev enmor especifical
    ly,t
    heext rados).Thiswoul dsuggestt hatel bow (orextr
    ados)
    readingsbepl ottedseparat
    ely.Ift
    heresulti
    ngpl otsdemonst rateasignif
    icantlyimpr
    ov edgoodness
    offit
    , t
    hecircuitdesignmaybev al
    idat
    ed,butt heassigneddamagemechani smsmayr equi
    rereview.
    Thist y
    peoff eedbackoftenprov i
    desconsiderableinsi
    ghtt otheinspecti
    onpr ogram.
    46 APIRECOMMENDEDPRACTI
    CE574

    Anongr aphi
    calmethodforidenti
    fyi
    ngpot
    ent
    ialsubpopul
    ati
    onsi st
    ocalculat
    et hecovari
    ance.For
    example,acovari
    anceexceeding10%couldsuggestthepresenceofsubpopulati
    ons,r
    equir
    ingthe
    datat
    obegr ouped,asoutl
    i
    nedabov e.

    5) I
    dent
    if
    yingdat
    aout
    li
    ersandot
    heranomal
    i
    es.

    Sometimes,thedatathatdoesnotfi
    tthemodelisofmosti nterest
    .Elevat
    edcor r
    osionr at
    esorlow
    thi
    cknessesthatappearasout l
    i
    ers(e.
    g.pointsl
    yingoutsi
    det heplotconfidenceinterv
    als)shoul
    d
    notbedi scar
    dedunlessaspeci f
    iccausecanbeassi gned.Eachsuchout li
    ershouldbecar eful
    l
    y
    rev
    iewedt oconf
    ident
    lyrul
    eoutthepossibi
    l
    ityofl
    ocal
    izedcorr
    osion.Insomecases, thismayrequir
    e
    obtai
    ningconfi
    rmati
    onreadings.

    6) Esti
    matingthet
    hicknessatalowoccurr
    encelevel
    ,ortheprobabi
    l
    ityoft
    hemi
    nimum r
    equi
    red
    thi
    cknessforaparti
    cul
    arsize/
    componentwit
    hinacircui
    t.

    Thicknesspr obabil
    it
    yplotsmaybeusedt oestimatethemi nimum t hi
    cknessatasel ectedlow
    occur r
    ence level(say0. 001)f orsize/componentcombi nations i
    n a circui
    t.Alter
    nat i
    vely
    ,t he
    probabili
    tyofr eachi
    ngthemi nimum r equir
    edthicknessmaybeest imated,essenti
    all
    yy iel
    dinga
    probabili
    tyofreti
    rementthatmaybeusedi nri
    sk-
    basedpr ograms.Sui t
    abledataval
    idati
    ont oidenti
    f y
    replacementsect i
    onsorpot ent
    ialschedulechangeswouldt ypi
    callyaccompanyt hi
    stypeofanal ysis.

    Becauseofthi
    cknessmeasurementuncer
    tai
    nty
    ,thescatt
    erinthecor
    rosi
    onr
    atedistr
    ibut
    ioncanbe
    over
    esti
    mated.Anythi
    cknessmeasurementuncert
    aint
    yeffect
    sshoul
    dbeesti
    mated,withadequat
    e
    corr
    ecti
    ons made, to mi nimi
    ze the impact on pr obabil
    i
    ty esti
    mat
    es, otherwise some
    over
    conser
    vati
    sm maybeexpectedinther
    esult
    s.

    7) Assessi
    ngt
    hest
    andar
    der
    roroft
    hedat
    a.

    Iti
    sof tenusefult
    ogai nanunderstandi ngofhow“ good”arepresentati
    v ecorrosionrateormi nimum
    thicknessest i
    mat emaybe.I tmayal sobeofi nt
    eresttoest
    imat ehowmuchdat ashoul dbet akenfor
    subsequenti nspections.Suchesti
    mat escanbemadebyexpl oringdifferentconf i
    denceintervalson
    thepr obabil
    i
    typl ot
    .Cur r
    entandf uturei nspecti
    onscanbemodel edt oest imatet heef fect
    sof
    addi t
    ional(orless)data.Theowner / usermaychooset oadoptpr act
    icesusingv ari
    ableconf i
    dence
    i
    nt ervals depending on servi
    ce class orr isk to est
    imate mi nimum dat ar equir
    ement s.Such
    techniquesmayal sobeusedt oquant i
    fyrepresentat
    ivesampli
    ngr equirements.

    Givent henat ureofpi pi


    ngt hicknessdat aandi tsmanysour cesofer ror,al
    ldatausedi nany
    stati
    sti
    calanalysisshoul dbecar efull
    yvali
    dated.Thev al
    idat
    ionmi ghti ncl
    udestepstoident
    if
    y,tothe
    extent possible,t y
    picali ssues such as undocument ed replacement s,anomalous readi
    ngs,
    cali
    brati
    onshi ft
    s,ordat aentryer r
    ors.Theer rorcanandshoul dbepr eventedwit
    hadequateQA/ QC,
    tr
    aining/cert
    if
    icati
    onofper sonnel( dataentry,undocumentedr eplacement s,useofimpropertools,
    probesort echniques),andper i
    odicsy stem cali
    brat
    ions.

    Therearenumer ousrelatedst ati


    sti
    caltechni
    quest hatmaybeempl oyedintheanal
    ysi
    sofci
    rcui
    t
    thi
    cknessdata.Theowner /usermayel ecttouset hemet hodol
    ogiesout l
    i
    nedaboveormayut
    ili
    ze
    mor eadvancedstati
    sticalt echni
    ques( ei
    thercorr
    osionr ateorthicknessbased)asameanst o
    establ
    i
    shrepresentat
    iveratesandest imateminimum r emaini
    ngt
    hickness.

    Anystat
    ist
    icalappr
    oachshouldbedocumented.Car
    eshoul
    dbetakentoensur
    ethatt
    hestat
    ist
    ical
    tr
    eat
    mentofdat aresul
    tsref
    lect
    sar easonabl
    yconser
    vat
    iver
    epresent
    ati
    onofthevar
    iouspipe
    componentswithi
    ntheci
    rcui
    t.

    7.
    3.5 I
    dent
    if
    yingLocat
    ionsSuscept
    ibl
    etoAccel
    erat
    edCor
    rosi
    on

    Inthepr
    esenceofcert
    aincorrodants,
    corrosi
    onratesarenormall
    yincr
    easedatareasofi
    ncreasedvel
    oci
    ty
    and/ort
    urbul
    ence.El
    bows,reducers,mixi
    ngpoints,cont
    rol
    valv
    es,andorif
    icesar
    eexamplesofpipi
    ng
    I ONPRACTI
    NSPECTI CESFORPI
    PINGSYSTEM COMPONENTS 47

    component swher eaccel


    erat
    edcorrosioncanoccurbecauseofi ncr
    easedveloci
    tyand/orturbulence.Such
    component sarenor mal
    lyareaswher eani nspectorwouldlocateaddit
    ionalCMLsi napi ping ci
    rcui
    t.
    Howev er
    , t
    heinspectorshoul
    dalsobeawar ethatareasofnoflow,suchasdead-legs(see7.4.4),cancause
    accel
    eratedcorrosionandmayneedaddi ti
    onalCMLs.Insi
    tuat
    ionswherecrackingisanti
    cipat
    ed, aCMLmay
    beestabl
    ishedtempor ari
    l
    ytomonitortherateofcracki
    ng.

    7.
    3.6 Accessi
    bil
    it
    yofCMLs

    WhenassigningCMLs,t hei nspectorshouldconsideraccessibi


    l
    ityf
    ormonit
    ori
    ngthem.CMLsatgr adel evel
    nor
    mal l
    yprovidetheeasiestaccessi bi
    li
    ty.Otherareaswithgoodaccessi
    bil
    i
    tyareequi
    pmentplat
    formsand
    l
    adders.Insomepi pingsy stems,t henatureoft heactivedamagemechanismswi l
    lrequi
    remonitori
    ngat
    l
    ocati
    onswi t
    hl imit
    edaccessi bil
    it
    y.Inthesecases,i nspecti
    onplanni
    ngshoul
    ddecideamongscaf folding,
    por
    tablemanlift
    s,orothermet hodst oprovi
    deadequat eaccess.

    7.
    4 I
    nspect
    ionf
    orSpeci
    fi
    cDamageMechani
    sms
    7.
    4.1 Gener
    al

    Oilrefi
    neryandchemi calplantpipingcanbesubj ecttointernalandexternaldamagemechani sms.This
    pi
    pingcarriesar angeoff l
    uidsthatcanbehi ghl
    ycor rosi
    ve,erosiv
    e,andpronet oSCCorsubj ecttomat er
    ial
    degradati
    oni nservi
    ce.Inaddi t
    ion,bothabovegr
    oundandbur iedpipingissubjecttoexternalcorr
    osion.The
    i
    nspectorshouldbef amili
    arwi ththepotenti
    aldamagemechani smsf oreachpi pingsystem.API571has
    beendev elopedt ogivethei nspectoraddedinsightsonv ariouscausesofdamage.Fi gure18,Figure19,
    Fi
    gur e20,andFigure21i l
    lustr
    atesev er
    alexamplesofcor r
    osionander osi
    onofpi ping.

    I
    fani nspect
    ionofanar eaofpipingindicatesdamageisoccur
    ri
    ng,thepipingupst
    ream anddownstream of
    thi
    sar ea,al
    ong wi th associ
    ated equi pment,shoul
    d al
    so beinspected.Additi
    onal
    ly
    ,i fdet
    eri
    orati
    on is
    detect
    edinpr essur
    eequi pment,associatedpipi
    ngshoul
    dalsobeinspected.

    Eachowner/usershoul
    dprovi
    despecif
    icatt
    ent
    iont
    otheneedsf orinspect
    ionofpi
    pingsy
    stemst
    hatar
    e
    suscept
    ibl
    etothefol
    lowi
    ngspeci
    fi
    ctypesandar
    easofdet
    eri
    orat
    ion:

    a) i
    nject
    ionpoi
    nts,

    b) pr
    ocessmi
    xi
    ngpoi
    nts,

    c) dead-
    legs,

    d) CUI
    ,

    e) SAI
    s,

    f) ser
    vicespeci
    fi
    candl
    ocal
    i
    zedcor
    rosi
    on,

    g) er
    osi
    onander
    osi
    on-
    cor
    rosi
    on,

    h) env
    ironment
    alcr
    acki
    ng,

    i
    ) cor
    rosi
    onbeneat
    hli
    ningsanddeposi
    ts,

    j
    ) f
    ati
    guecr
    acki
    ng,

    k) cr
    eepcr
    acki
    ng,

    l
    ) br
    it
    tl
    efr
    act
    ure,

    m) f
    reezedamage,

    n) cont
    actpoi
    ntcor
    rosi
    on,

    o) dew-
    poi
    ntcor
    rosi
    on.
    Fi
    gur
    e17—Pi
    pingCi
    rcui
    tExampl
    e

    48
    I ONPRACTI
    NSPECTI CESFORPI
    PINGSYSTEM COMPONENTS 49

    Fi
    gur
    e18—Er
    osi
    onofPi
    ping

    Fi
    gur
    e19—Cor
    rosi
    onofPi
    ping
    50 APIRECOMMENDEDPRACTI
    CE574

    Fi
    gur
    e20—I
    nter
    nalCor
    rosi
    onofPi
    ping

    Fi
    gur
    e21—Sev
    ereAt
    mospher
    icCor
    rosi
    onofPi
    ping
    I ONPRACTI
    NSPECTI CESFORPI
    PINGSYSTEM COMPONENTS 51

    7.
    4.2 I
    nject
    ionPoi
    nts

    API570hasidenti
    fi
    edinj
    ect i
    onpoi nt
    sforaddit
    ionalmonitor
    ingand/orenhancedinspectiondur i
    ngoperation.
    Thiswasdoneinrecogni
    tionoft hefactthati
    nject
    ionshavecausedsignif
    icantequipmenti nt
    egri
    typroblems,
    andpartofthereasonwast hatthei
    rdesignandoper ati
    onmi ghthavereceivedinsuff
    icientscrut
    iny.Some
    i
    nject
    ionpoi
    ntshavebeeni nstal
    ledwithoutcl
    oseat t
    enti
    onsimplybecauset heywer eperceivedassmal ladd
    -onswit
    hli
    tt
    lepotenti
    alf
    orcausi ngapr obl
    em.

    Manydi f
    ferentt
    y pesofpr ocessaddit
    ivesareusedt omaint
    ainrel
    iabi
    li
    tyandoptimalperf
    ormanceofplant
    operat
    ions.Typicall
    y,additi
    vesareinjectedintopipi
    ngsystemsthroughsmal lbranchconnecti
    onseit
    her
    di
    rectl
    yorthroughaqui llorspraynozzle.Thelocat
    ionsatwhicht
    heseadditi
    vesareintr
    oducedint
    oprocess
    str
    eamsar ecommonl yrefer
    redtoasinjecti
    onpoints.

    Anaddi
    ti
    vemaybeoneoft
    hef
    oll
    owi
    ngt
    ypes:

    a) apr
    opr
    iet
    arychemi
    cal
    suchasacor
    rosi
    oni
    nhi
    bit
    or,
    ant
    if
    oul
    ant
    ,oroxy
    genscav
    enger
    ;

    b) awat
    erst
    ream i
    nject
    edt
    odi
    ssol
    vesal
    tdeposi
    ts;

    c) di
    l
    utecor
    rosi
    vepr
    ocesscomponent
    s.

    Somecommoni
    nject
    ionsy
    stemsf
    oundi
    nref
    iner
    yappl
    i
    cat
    ionsi
    ncl
    ude:

    a) ammoni
    um pol
    ysul
    fi
    de(
    APS)i
    nject
    ioni
    ntosourgasst
    reams(
    FCC,
    coker
    ,sourwat
    erst
    ri
    pper
    );

    b) st
    eam/
    condensat
    einj
    ect
    ioni
    ntof
    luegasandcat
    aly
    stpi
    ping;

    c) washwat erinject
    ion(
    cont
    inuousandi
    nter
    mit
    tent)i
    ntohydropr
    ocessi
    ngeffl
    uentt
    ocontr
    olcor
    rosi
    on,
    whichmaybecausedbyNH4HSandNH4Clsal t
    s.Refert
    oAPI932- B,Sect
    ion6.
    8.1andTabl
    e2f or
    addit
    ionaldetail
    s;

    d) cr
    udedesal
    terwashwat
    er;

    e) caust
    ici
    nject
    ioni
    ntocr
    udef
    eed;

    f
    ) caust
    ici
    nject
    ioni
    ntor
    efor
    merr
    egener
    ati
    onsect
    ionpi
    ping;

    g) chl
    ori
    de,
    e.g.PERC(
    per
    chl
    oret
    hyl
    ene)
    ,inj
    ect
    ioni
    ntor
    efor
    merr
    eact
    orf
    eedpi
    ping;

    h) met
    hanol
    /condensat
    einj
    ect
    ioni
    ntor
    efor
    merr
    eact
    orsy
    stem pi
    ping;

    i
    ) ammoni
    aorneut
    ral
    i
    zingami
    nei
    nject
    ioni
    ntocr
    udet
    owerov
    erheadsy
    stems;

    j
    ) col
    dH2quenchi
    nject
    ioni
    ntohy
    dropr
    ocessi
    ngr
    eact
    orsy
    stem pi
    ping;

    k) Fi
    l
    mingami
    nei
    nhi
    bit
    ori
    nject
    ioni
    ntof
    ract
    ionat
    ionandgaspl
    antov
    erheadpi
    ping.

    Severalcorrosi
    onmechanismsassoci at
    edwi t
    hinject
    ionpoi
    ntshavebecomeappar entovertheyear
    s.Many
    oft hese probl
    ems haver esul
    ted in hi
    ghlylocali
    zed det
    eri
    orat
    ion.Corrosi
    on damage associat
    ed wi
    th
    i
    njectionpointsmaypr oducecorrosionratesoneor derofmagni t
    udehigherthanreportedforthemain
    processstreams,wi
    thlocali
    zedlossesbeingthemostcommonf orm ofpr
    oblem.

    Corrosi
    onassociat
    edwithinj
    ect
    ionpoint
    smaybehi ghlylocali
    zed.Inspecti
    onpracti
    cesgearedtoscanning
    areasofthepipi
    ngarenecessar
    ytobeabletodetectt helocali
    zedcor r
    osion.Pr
    oblemswi t
    hinj
    ecti
    onpoints
    havegeneral
    lybeenavoidedwhenspecifi
    cat
    ion,design,trai
    ning,operati
    on,andconditi
    onmonitori
    ngwer e
    adequatel
    ycarri
    edout
    .Afteri
    nst
    all
    ati
    onofinj
    ecti
    onsy stemst hefoll
    owingshouldber ev
    iewed:

    a) i
    nject
    ionsy
    stem hasbeendocument
    edandi
    nst
    all
    edhar
    dwar
    ehasbeenchecked,

    b) pr
    ocedur
    esandmeasur
    ement
    sinpl
    acet
    over
    if
    yinj
    ect
    ionsy
    stem per
    for
    mance,
    52 APIRECOMMENDEDPRACTI
    CE574

    c) i
    nspect
    ionpl
    ani
    npl
    acet
    ocheckf
    orequi
    pmentdegr
    adat
    ionr
    elat
    edt
    othei
    nject
    ion.

    Dur
    ingt
    hedesi
    gnandper
    iodaudi
    toft
    hei
    nject
    ionsy
    stems,
    thef
    oll
    owi
    ngwoul
    dty
    pical
    l
    ybeconsi
    der
    ed:

    a) t
    hei
    nject
    ionwasdesi
    gnedt
    oachi
    evei
    tspr
    ocessobj
    ect
    ives;

    b) t
    herangeofdesi
    redi
    nject
    ionr
    atesandt
    her
    angeofpr
    ocesscondi
    ti
    onsexpect
    edi
    nther
    ecei
    vi
    ngst
    ream
    wer
    econsider
    ed;

    c) t
    heul
    ti
    mat
    edest
    inat
    ionoft
    hei
    nject
    antandi
    tscomponent
    swer
    econsi
    der
    ed;

    d) desi
    gnoft
    heinjecti
    onasasy
    stem,i
    ncl
    udi
    ngt
    hei
    nject
    ionpoi
    nt,suppl
    ysy
    stem,i
    nst
    rument
    ati
    on,and
    cont
    rol
    wasconsider
    ed;

    e) t
    hesy
    stem wasdesi
    gnedt
    oachi
    evet
    hedesi
    redpr
    ocessr
    eli
    abi
    l
    ity
    ;

    f
    ) potent
    ialmateri
    alsdegradat
    ionpr
    obl
    emswer eant
    ici
    pated,
    anddesi
    gnsandmat
    eri
    alsofconst
    ruct
    iont
    o
    achiev
    et hedesi
    redpressureequi
    pmentr
    eli
    abil
    i
    tywerechosen;

    g) anapprovedMOCpr ocesswasusedi ni
    mpl
    ement
    ingormodi
    fyi
    ngt
    hei
    nject
    ion,
    asawayt
    oensur
    ethat
    changeswereadequatel
    ythoughtout
    ;

    h) oper
    ati
    ngandmai
    ntenanceper
    sonnelwer
    etr
    ainedont
    hepr
    operoper
    ati
    onandser
    vici
    ngoft
    hei
    nject
    ion
    equi
    pment
    ;

    i
    ) per
    for
    manceoft heinj
    ectionwasveri
    fi
    edandmonit
    oredt
    oseet
    hati
    twasaccompl
    i
    shi
    ngi
    tsobj
    ect
    ive
    andnotcausi
    ngunanti
    cipatedpr
    ocessprobl
    ems;

    j
    ) t
    hei
    ntegr
    it
    yoft
    hei
    nject
    ionpoi
    ntandr
    elat
    edequi
    pmentwasmoni
    tor
    ed;

    k) minimum inspect
    ionrequi
    rement
    sforinj
    ect
    ionpointsi
    naccordancewi t
    hAPI570wer
    eimpl
    ement
    ed.
    Potent
    ial
    problem pr
    ocessmixi
    ngpoint
    swereident
    ifi
    edandsi
    mi l
    arl
    yinspect
    ed;

    l
    ) t
    heinject
    ionsyst
    em,incl
    udi
    ngtheprocessoperat
    ingwi
    ndow,anti
    cipat
    edcondit
    ions,equi
    pmentdesign,
    mater
    ialsofconstr
    ucti
    on,ant
    ici
    pat
    edchemi calandphysi
    calint
    eracti
    ons,andmoni tor
    ing/
    inspect
    ion
    r
    equir
    ement swer
    edocumented;

    m)i
    nject
    ionquil
    l
    sandnozzl
    est
    hatpr
    ojecti
    ntot
    hepr
    ocessst
    ream wer
    evi
    sual
    l
    yinspect
    edf
    orf
    oul
    i
    ngand
    l
    ooseningofjoi
    nts;

    n) i
    nject
    ionqui
    ll
    sandnozzl
    est
    hatpr
    ojecti
    ntot
    hepr
    ocessst
    ream t
    hatar
    esubj
    ectt
    ofat
    iguewer
    eli
    qui
    d
    penet
    ranti
    nspect
    ed;

    o) spr
    aypat
    ter
    nsofnozzl
    eswer
    etest
    ed;

    p) ant
    ibl
    owoutf
    eat
    uresofr
    etr
    act
    abl
    einj
    ect
    ionhar
    dwar
    ewer
    einspect
    ed.

    Formor
    ethor
    oughandcompl
    etei
    nfor
    mat
    ion,
    seeNACESP0114.

    7.
    4.3 Pr
    ocessMi
    xingPoi
    nts
    7.
    4.3.
    1 Gener
    al

    Processmixingpoint
    soccurwherepipecomponent
    scombinet
    wopr ocessstreamsofdif
    feri
    ngcompositi
    on,
    temperat
    ure,orotherparameterthatcoul
    dcausedamage.Mi xi
    ngpoi nt
    scanbesubj ectt oaccel
    erat
    ed
    damageei therfr
    om corrosi
    onormechani calmechani
    sms(e.
    g.t her
    malf ati
    gue)
    .Problemswi t
    hmi xi
    ng
    point
    s
    I ONPRACTI
    NSPECTI CESFORPI
    PINGSYSTEM COMPONENTS 53

    havegeneral
    lybeenavoi
    dedwhenspeci
    fi
    cat
    ion,desi
    gn,t
    rai
    ning,oper
    ati
    on,andcondi
    ti
    onmoni
    tor
    ingwer
    e
    adequat
    elycarr
    iedout
    .

    Someexampl
    esofpr
    ocessmi
    xi
    ngpoi
    ntsi
    ncl
    ude:

    a) mixi
    ngofachlori
    de-
    contai
    ningst
    ream f
    rom acat
    aly
    ticr
    efor
    mer(
    e.g.napht
    ha)wi
    thawethy
    drocar
    bon
    st
    ream f
    rom el
    sewhere;

    b) mixingal
    ow-temper
    atur
    e,hi
    gh-
    sulf
    ur-
    containi
    nghydr
    ocarbonstream wit
    hahi
    gh-t
    emperatur
    est
    ream i
    s
    anissuewhenbulkf
    lui
    dtemper
    aturei
    sincreasedwherehigh-
    temperatur
    esul
    fi
    dat
    ionbecomesacti
    ve;

    c) mi
    xi
    nghy
    drogeni
    ntoahy
    drocar
    bonst
    ream wher
    ethest
    ream t
    emper
    atur
    esar
    esi
    gni
    fi
    cant
    lydi
    ff
    erent
    ;

    d) mi
    xi
    ngofst
    reamsf
    rom hy
    dropr
    ocessi
    nghotandcol
    dsepar
    ator
    s;

    e) mixi
    ngwher ehi
    gh-
    temper
    atur
    esul
    fi
    dat
    ioncanbecomeani
    ssuei
    ftheov
    eral
    lfl
    uidt
    emper
    atur
    eis
    i
    ncreased.

    Thei nspect
    or,uni
    tprocessengineer,
    andcor r
    osionengi neerwi llt
    ypicall
    yreviewPFDst oidenti
    fysuscepti
    ble
    processmi xi
    ngpointsanddefinetheextentofthemi xpoi ntcircuit
    .Mor eint
    ensiveinspecti
    onchosenf orthe
    damagemechani sm isusuall
    yr equi
    redatspeci fi
    cmi xingpoi nt
    s.Thi scouldincl
    udecl osegr i
    dt hi
    ckness
    sur v
    eys,UT scanning techni
    ques,and profileradiographi cexami nat i
    on (RT)forcor r
    osion.Ot herNDE
    techniques(e.
    g.anglebeam UT,PT,et c.
    )maybeappr opriatewheni nspect
    ingforthermalfatiguecracki
    ng.
    Undersomecondi ti
    ons,usersmayappl yinject
    ionpoi nti nspectionr equi
    rementst osuscept i
    bleprocess
    mi xi
    ngpoints.

    Somemixingpoi
    ntsmayi ncorpor
    ateprovent
    echnol
    ogyresul
    ti
    ngincomplet
    emixi
    ngofeachstream.These
    mixi
    ngpoi
    ntsmaynotfallwithi
    ntheint
    endedscope/
    defi
    nit
    ionofcor
    rosi
    vemixi
    ngpoi
    ntsand,
    theref
    ore,
    may
    notr
    equi
    reanyspeci
    alemphasi si
    nspecti
    ons

    7.
    4.3.
    2 Mi
    xingPoi
    ntDesi
    gnConsi
    der
    ati
    ons

    Iti
    simportantt
    oident
    ifymixingpointsinthedesi
    gnphaseoft hepipingsystem’sl
    ifecycl
    e.Properdesignof
    mixi
    ng pointsshouldincorporate a numberofconsi der
    ations,li
    ke mixing ef
    fecti
    veness,fl
    ow regime,
    materi
    alsofconst
    ructi
    on,str
    eam composi ti
    onandstream volume,andnor maloperati
    ngconditi
    ons,aswel l
    as abnormaloperati
    ng condi t
    ions along wit
    ht he li
    kel
    ihood/fr
    equency oft hose abnormal/excursi
    ve
    condi
    ti
    ons.

    Table4isanexampl ethatmaybeusedf orscr


    eeni
    ngthemat eri
    al,f
    lui
    dty
    pesandt emper
    aturedif
    fer
    ence
    betweenthetwost reamsatami xi
    ngpointtodeter
    minewhetherthermalfat
    iguemaybeaconcer n.I
    fthe
    temperat
    urediff
    erencebetweentwoprocessstr
    eamsexceedst henumberbelow,ather
    malsleevemaybe
    neededinordertopreventther
    malf
    ati
    gue.

    Caut
    ion—Thi
    stablei
    sfort
    hepotent
    ialforther
    malcr
    acki
    ngatmi
    xpoi
    nts.Cor
    rosi
    onatmi
    xpoi
    ntscanbe
    cr
    eatedatmuchlowert
    emper
    atur
    edifferent
    ial
    s.

    Tabl
    e4—Mi
    xPoi
    ntTher
    malFat
    igueScr
    eeni
    ngCr
    it
    eri
    a

    Fl
    owMedi
    um Del
    taTemp(
    °F)
    Mai
    nPi
    pe Secondar
    yPi
    pe Fer
    ri
    ti
    c St
    ainl
    ess

    Gas Gas 450 300


    Li
    qui
    d Li
    qui
    d 450 300
    Li
    qui
    d Gas 450 300
    Gas Li
    qui
    d 275 125
    54 APIRECOMMENDEDPRACTI
    CE574

    7.
    4.3.
    3 Ef
    fect
    ivenessofMi
    xingandFl
    owRegi
    me

    Whent wostreamsar ecombi ned,t


    urbul
    encestart
    sthemi xingprocess, andtheeffect
    ivenesswilldependon
    thedegreeofpenetrati
    onbyt hemixi
    ngstream andwhet herthet wost reamsaremi scibleorimmi sci
    ble.If
    thest r
    eamsar emi sci
    ble,thenasi ngl
    ephasewi l
    lbef ormed,butdi sper
    sionanddi ssol
    uti
    onar etime
    dependent.Completemi xi
    ngmaynotdev el
    opunt i
    l100pi pediamet ersormor edownst r
    eam;i nspecti
    on
    plansshouldconsiderthear eawher ei
    ncompletemi xi
    ngi spredicted.I ft
    hestreamsar eimmi sci
    ble,two
    phasesmayr emai
    ni nthemi xedst
    ream orat hi
    rdphasemayf or m downst r
    eam oft hemi xi
    ngpoi nt(e.g.
    ami nesal
    tdeposi
    ti
    on) .

    Thef
    lowr
    egi
    met
    hatdev
    elopsdependson:

    a) st
    ream v
    eloci
    ty,

    b) r
    elat
    iveamount
    s/densi
    ti
    esoft
    hephases,

    c) si
    zeandor
    ient
    ati
    onofbot
    hli
    nes.

    Fl
    owr egi
    mesar edi
    ff
    erenti
    nhori
    zont
    alandver
    ti
    call
    i
    nesbecauseofgr
    avi
    ty.Ful
    l
    ydev
    elopedf
    lowmaynot
    occurunt
    ilmanypi
    pediameter
    sdownstr
    eam.

    7.
    4.3.
    4 Mi
    xing,
    Cont
    act
    ing,
    orWet
    ti
    ng

    I
    nject
    ionandmi
    xi
    ngpoi
    ntsi
    nvol
    vemi
    xi
    ng,
    cont
    act
    ing,
    orwet
    ti
    ng.

    a) Mixi
    ng—Ther at
    eofmixingisimpr
    ovedbyani ncr
    easeinvel
    oci
    tyoft
    hei
    nject
    edst
    ream,whi
    chcanbe
    accompl
    ishedbyinj
    ect
    ingthr
    oughaquil
    lorspr
    aynozzle.

    b) Contact
    ing—Contact
    ingorint
    imatemixi
    ngofthesepar
    atephasesi
    simpr
    ovedbymaxi
    mizi
    ngt
    hear
    ea
    bet
    weent hephases(e.
    g.byaspraynozzl
    e).

    c) Wetti
    ng—I
    nsi ngl
    e-phasestreams,wet
    ti
    ngofwallsbyinj
    ectedf l
    uidi
    sreadil
    yachi
    eved.Intwo-
    phase
    st
    reams,wett
    ingisdependentonthefl
    owregimewit
    hannular,
    bubble,
    andfrothf
    lowenhanci
    ngwett
    ing
    ofthewal
    ls,
    whi l
    estrat
    if
    iedandwavyfl
    owwill
    impedewall
    wet t
    ing.

    7.
    4.3.
    5 Quant
    it
    yofI
    nject
    ed/
    MixedWat
    er

    I
    nsomesi t
    uati
    ons,thequantit
    yofwaterneedstobecalcul
    atedcar
    eful
    lytoensur
    esuffi
    cientun-
    vapor
    ized
    waterr
    emainstof ul
    fi
    llthefunct
    ionandnotexacerbat
    ecorrosi
    on.Processengi
    neer
    sshoul dcheckt hi
    s
    per
    iodi
    cal
    l
    y.Waterquali
    tycanalsoaff
    ectcor
    rosi
    onrat
    es.

    SeeNACESP0114f
    oraddi
    ti
    onal
    inf
    ormat
    ion.

    7.
    4.4 Dead-
    legs

    Thecor rosionr atei ndead-l


    egscanv arysignif
    icantlyfrom adjacentact iv
    epi ping.Thei nspectorshoul d
    moni t
    orwal lthicknessonsel ecteddead-legs,i
    ncludingbot hthestagnantendandatt heconnect i
    ont oan
    acti
    vel ine.Insy stemssuchast oweroverheadsy stemsandhy drotr
    eateruni t
    swher eammoni um saltsare
    present,t hecor rosioncanoccuri nthear eaoft hedead- l
    egwher et hemet alisatt hesaltingordew- poi
    nt
    temper ature.Inhotpi pingsystems,thehigh-poi
    ntar eacancor rodeduet oconv ectiv
    ecur r
    entssetupi nthe
    dead-l
    eg.Fort heser easons,considerati
    onshoul dbegi ventor emov ingdead- legsthatser venof urt
    her
    processpur pose.Forsuchsy stems,extensiveinspectioncoverageusi ngsucht echniquesasUTscanni ng
    andpr of i
    leRTmaybenecessar yinordertolocatet heareawher edew- pointorammoni um-saltcorrosionis
    occurri
    ng.Addi tionall
    y,wat
    ercancol lectindead-legs,whichcanf reezei ncolderenv ir
    onment s,r
    esultingin
    piperupt ure.
    I ONPRACTI
    NSPECTI CESFORPI
    PINGSYSTEM COMPONENTS 55

    7.
    4.5 CUI
    7.
    4.5.
    1 Gener
    al

    Exter
    nalinspect
    ionofi
    nsulatedpi
    pingsy st
    emsshoul dincl
    udear eviewoftheinsulat
    ionsy stem i
    ntegr
    ityf
    or
    conditi
    onsthatcouldl
    eadt oCUIandsi gnsofongoi ngCUI.API570document sther equirementsofaCUI
    i
    nspect i
    onprogram.Sourcesofmoi st
    urecani ncl
    uder ai
    n,waterleaks,condensati
    on,delugesy st
    ems,and
    cooli
    ngt owers.Thetwof or
    msofCUIar elocal
    izedcor r
    osionofcar bonst eelandCSCC ofaust eni
    ti
    c
    stai
    nlesssteel
    s.SeeAPI571andAPI583f oraddit
    ionaldet
    ail
    sonCUImechani smsandi nspection.

    Thi
    ssect i
    onprovi
    desguideli
    nesf oridenti
    fyi
    ngpot enti
    alCUIar easforinspect
    ion.TheextentofaCUI
    i
    nspecti
    onprogr
    am mayv arydependingont helocalcli
    mate.Mar i
    nelocat
    ionsinwarmerareasmayrequi
    re
    averyacti
    vepr
    ogram,whereascooler
    , dr
    ier
    ,mid-conti
    nentlocat
    ionsmaynotneedasext ensi
    veaprogr
    am.

    7.
    4.5.
    2 I
    nsul
    atedPi
    pingSy
    stemsSuscept
    ibl
    etoCUI

    Cer
    tai
    nar
    easofpi
    pingsy
    stemsar
    epot
    ent
    ial
    l
    ymor
    esuscept
    ibl
    etoCUI
    ,i
    ncl
    udi
    ng:

    a) t
    hoseexposedt
    omi
    stov
    er-
    spr
    ayf
    rom cool
    i
    ngwat
    ert
    ower
    s;

    b) t
    hoseexposedt
    ost
    eam v
    ent
    s;

    c) t
    hoseexposedt
    odel
    ugesy
    stems;

    d) t
    hosesubj
    ectt
    opr
    ocessspi
    l
    lsori
    ngr
    essofmoi
    stur
    eoraci
    dvapor
    s;

    e) carbonsteelandlow-al
    loypipi
    ngsystems,i
    ncludingonesinsul
    atedforper
    sonnelpr
    otect
    ion,operati
    ng
    between10° F(–12°C)and350° F(175°C);CUIispart
    icul
    arl
    yaggressi
    vewher
    eoperati
    ngtemper atur
    es
    causefr
    equentorcont i
    nuouscondensat
    ionandreevaporat
    ionofatmospher
    icmoist
    ure;

    f
    ) car
    bonsteelandl
    ow- al
    l
    oypi
    pingsy
    stemst
    hatnor
    mal
    l
    yoper
    atei
    nser
    viceabov
    e350°
    F(175°
    C),
    butar
    e
    i
    ninter
    mitt
    entser
    vice,

    g) areaswher
    etemperat
    ureregimesar
    emov i
    ngint
    oandoutoft
    heCUIt
    emper
    atur
    erange(
    thi
    sappl
    i
    est
    o
    bothcar
    bonsteel
    andstai
    nlessst
    eelsuscept
    ibi
    li
    tyr
    anges)
    ;

    h) dead-
    legsandatt
    achmentsthatpr
    otr
    udefrom i
    nsul
    atedpi
    pingandoper
    ateatadi
    ff
    erentt
    emper
    atur
    e
    thant
    heoperat
    ingtemper
    atur
    eoftheact
    iveli
    ne;

    i
    ) austeni
    ti
    cst ai
    nlesssteelpi
    ping sy
    stemsoper
    ati
    ng bet
    ween 140 °
    F(60 °
    C)and 350 °
    F(205 °
    C)
    (suscept
    ibl
    etoCSCC) ;

    j
    ) v
    ibr
    ati
    ngpipi
    ngsyst
    emst
    hathav
    eat
    endencyt
    oinf
    li
    ctdamaget
    oinsul
    ati
    onj
    acket
    ingpr
    ovi
    dingapat
    h
    f
    orwateri
    ngr
    ess;

    k) st
    eam t
    racedpi
    pingsy
    stemst
    hatcanexper
    iencet
    raci
    ngl
    eaks,especi
    all
    yatt
    ubi
    ngf
    it
    ti
    ngsbeneat
    hthe
    i
    nsul
    ati
    on;

    l
    ) pi
    ping syst
    emswi th deteri
    orat
    ed i
    nsulat
    ion,coat
    ings,and/orwrappi
    ngs;bul
    gesorst ai
    ning oft
    he
    i
    nsulat
    ionorjacket
    ingsystem ormi
    ssingbands(bul
    gescani ndi
    cat
    ecorr
    osionpr
    oductbui
    l
    dup) ;

    m)pipi
    ngsyst
    emssuscept
    ibl
    etophy
    sicaldamageoft
    hecoat
    ingori
    nsul
    ati
    on,t
    her
    ebyexposi
    ngt
    hepi
    ping
    totheenvi
    ronment
    .

    7.
    4.5.
    3 Ty
    picalLocat
    ionsonPi
    pingCi
    rcui
    tsSuscept
    ibl
    etoCUI

    Theabov
    enotedar
    easofpi
    pingsyst
    emscanhav
    especi
    fi
    clocat
    ionswi
    thi
    nthem t
    hatar
    emor
    esuscept
    ibl
    e
    toCUI
    .Thesear
    easi
    ncl
    udethefol
    l
    owing.

    a) Al
    lpenet
    rat
    ionsorbr
    eachesi
    nthei
    nsul
    ati
    onj
    acket
    ingsy
    stems,
    suchas:

    1) dead-
    legs(
    vent
    s,dr
    ains,
    etc.
    );
    56 APIRECOMMENDEDPRACTI
    CE574

    2) pi
    pehanger
    sandot
    hersuppor
    ts;

    3) v
    alv
    esandf
    it
    ti
    ngs(
    ir
    regul
    ari
    nsul
    ati
    onsur
    faces)
    ;

    4) bol
    t-
    onpi
    peshoes;
    and

    5) st
    eam andel
    ect
    ri
    ctr
    acert
    ubi
    ngpenet
    rat
    ions.

    b) Ter
    minat
    ionofi
    nsul
    ati
    onatf
    langesandot
    herpi
    pingcomponent
    s.

    c) Damagedormi
    ssi
    ngi
    nsul
    ati
    onj
    acket
    ing.

    d) I
    nsul
    ati
    onj
    acket
    ingseamsl
    ocat
    edont
    het
    opofhor
    izont
    alpi
    pingori
    mpr
    oper
    lyl
    appedorseal
    ed
    i
    nsul
    ati
    onj
    acket
    ing.

    e) Ter
    minat
    ionofi
    nsul
    ati
    oni
    nav
    ert
    ical
    pipe.

    f
    ) Caul
    ki
    ngt
    hathashar
    dened,
    separ
    ated,
    ori
    smi
    ssi
    ng.

    g) Lowpoi
    ntsi
    npipingsyst
    ems,part
    icul
    arl
    yonest
    hathaveaknownbreachintheinsul
    ati
    onsyst
    em,
    i
    ncl
    udi
    nglowpointsi
    nlongunsupport
    edpipi
    ngrunsandver
    ti
    cal
    tohorizont
    altr
    ansit
    ions.

    h) Carbonorlow-
    all
    oyst
    eel
    flanges,
    bol
    ti
    ng,
    andot
    hercomponent
    sunderi
    nsul
    ati
    oni
    nhi
    gh-
    all
    oypi
    ping
    systems.

    Par t
    icul
    aratt
    enti
    onshoul dbegiventolocati
    onswhereinsul
    ati
    onplugshav ebeenr
    emov edtopermitpipi
    ng
    thicknessmeasurement soninsulat
    edpiping.Thesepl
    ugsshouldbepr omptl
    yrepl
    acedandsealed.Several
    typesofr emovableplugsarecommer cial
    lyavail
    abl
    ethatper
    mitinspecti
    onandidenti
    fi
    cat
    ionofinspecti
    on
    pointsforfut
    urerefer
    ence.

    7.
    4.6 SAI

    Inspectionatgr adeshoul di ncludechecki ngforcoat ingdamage,bar epipe,andpi tdept hmeasur ement s.If
    signif
    icantcor rosioni snot ed,thicknessmeasur ement sandexcav ati
    onmayber equir
    edt oassesswhet her
    thecor rosi
    oni sl ocal i
    zedt otheSAIorcanbemor eper vasivetothebur iedsy stem.Thi cknessr eadingsat
    SAIscanexposet hemet alandaccel eratecor rosioni fcoatingsandwr appingsar enotpr operlyrestored.
    Figure22i sanexampl eofcor rosionataSAIal thoughi thadbeenwr appedwi t
    ht ape.Ifthebur i
    edpi pinghas
    satisfactor
    ycat hodi cprotectionasdet erminedbymoni tori
    ngi naccordancewi t
    hAPI570,excav ati
    oni s
    requiredonlyift her eisevidenceofcoat i
    ngorwr appingdamage.Exper iencehasshownt hatcorrosioncoul d
    occurundert het apeev ent houghi tappearst obei ntact.Considerati
    onshoul dbegi vent oexcav atedown
    12i n.(300mm)deepandr emov ethet apef orinspect i
    on, orusingappropr i
    ateNDEi nlieuoft heexcav ation
    andt aper emov al
    ,t oinspectf orpossi blecor r
    osi onunder neat hthetape.Ifthebur i
    edpi pi
    ngi suncoat edat
    grade,consi derationshoul dbegi ventoexcav ating6i n.( 150mm)t o12i n.(300mm)deept oassesst he
    potent i
    alforhi ddendamage.Al ternately,specializedUTt echniquessuchasgui dedwav ecanbeusedt o
    screenar easf ormor edetailedev aluati
    on.

    Atconcrete-
    to-
    airandasphal t
    -t
    o-ai
    rinterf
    acesforbur
    iedpipingwit
    houtcathodi
    cprot
    ect
    ion,theinspector
    shouldlookforevidencethatthecaul ki
    ngorsealattheinterf
    acehasdeteri
    orat
    edandallowedmoi sture
    i
    ngress.Ifsuchacondi t
    ionexist
    sonpi pi
    ngsystemsover10y ear
    sold,i
    tmaybenecessaryt oinspectfor
    corr
    osionbeneaththesurfacebefor
    er eseal
    ingt
    hejoi
    nt.

    SeeAPI571f
    oraddi
    ti
    onal
    inf
    ormat
    iononcor
    rosi
    onatSAI
    s.
    I ONPRACTI
    NSPECTI CESFORPI
    PINGSYSTEM COMPONENTS 57

    Fi
    gur
    e22—SAICor
    rosi
    on

    7.
    4.7 Ser
    vice-
    speci
    fi
    candLocal
    izedCor
    rosi
    on

    Aneffect
    ivei
    nspect
    ionpr
    ogr
    am i
    ncludesthefoll
    owingfourel
    ement
    sthathel
    pident
    if
    ythepot
    ent
    ial
    for
    ser
    vice-
    speci
    fi
    candlocal
    i
    zedcor
    rosionandselectappr
    opriat
    eCMLs:

    a) ani
    nspect
    orwi
    thknowl
    edgeoft
    heser
    viceandwher
    ecor
    rosi
    oni
    sli
    kel
    ytooccur
    ,

    b) ext
    ensi
    veuseofNDE,

    c) communi
    cat
    ionf
    rom oper
    ati
    ngper
    sonnel
    whenpr
    ocessupset
    soccurt
    hatcanaf
    fectcor
    rosi
    onr
    ates,

    d) i
    denti
    fi
    cat
    ionofpipi
    ngthatmaybeov
    erl
    ookedf
    rom t
    her
    out
    inepi
    pingci
    rcui
    tinspect
    ionpr
    ogr
    amst
    hat
    poseadegradat
    ionconcer
    n.

    Exampl
    esi
    ncludeinst
    rumentbri
    dlesf
    orequi
    pmentconnect
    ingt
    opi
    pingci
    rcui
    ts,
    tempor
    arypi
    pingused
    duri
    ngmai
    ntenanceoutages,
    andswing-
    outspool
    s.

    Therear
    emanytypesofi
    nter
    nalcor
    rosi
    onpossibl
    efr
    om t
    hepr
    ocessser
    vice.Theset
    ypesofcor
    rosi
    onar
    e
    usual
    lyl
    ocal
    i
    zedandarespeci
    fi
    ctotheser
    vice.

    Exampl
    esofwher
    ethi
    sty
    peofcor
    rosi
    onmi
    ghtbeexpect
    edi
    ncl
    ude:

    a) downstr
    eam ofinject
    ionandmi
    xi
    ngpoi
    ntsandupst
    ream ofpr
    oductsepar
    ator
    s(e.
    g.hy
    dropr
    ocessor
    react
    oreff
    luentl
    ines)
    ;

    b) dew-
    poi
    ntcor
    rosi
    oni
    ncondensi
    ngst
    reams(
    e.g.ov
    erheadf
    ract
    ionat
    ion)
    ;
    58 APIRECOMMENDEDPRACTI
    CE574

    c) unant
    ici
    pat
    edaci
    dorcaust
    iccarr
    yoverf
    rom pr
    ocessesint
    ononal
    l
    oyedpi
    pingsy
    stems,
    ori
    nthecaseof
    caust
    ic,
    int
    onon-
    post
    weld-
    heat
    -t
    reat
    edsteelpi
    pingsyst
    ems;

    d) wher
    econdensat
    ionorboi
    l
    ingofaci
    ds(
    organi
    candi
    nor
    gani
    c)orwat
    eri
    sli
    kel
    ytooccur
    ;

    e) wher
    enapht
    heni
    corot
    heror
    gani
    caci
    dscanbepr
    esenti
    nthepr
    ocessst
    ream;

    f
    ) wher
    ehi
    gh-
    temper
    atur
    ehy
    drogenat
    tackcanoccur(
    seeAPI941)
    ;

    g) ammoni
    um sal
    tcondensat
    ionl
    ocat
    ionsi
    nhy
    dropr
    ocessi
    ngst
    reams(
    seeAPI932-
    B);

    h) mi
    xed-
    phasef
    lowandt
    urbul
    entar
    easi
    naci
    dicsy
    stems,
    alsohy
    drogengr
    oov
    ingar
    eas;

    i
    ) wher
    ehi
    gh-
    sul
    furst
    reamsatmoder
    ate-
    to-
    hight
    emper
    atur
    esexi
    st;

    j
    ) mixedgradesofcarbonst
    eelpi
    pinginhotcor
    rosi
    veoilser
    vice[
    500°
    F(260°
    C)]orhi
    ghert
    emper
    atur
    e
    andsul
    furcont
    entintheoi
    lgr
    eatert
    han0.5%bywei ght
    ;

    NOTE Nonsi l
    icon-
    kil
    l
    edsteelpipe(e.
    g.ASTM A53/A53M andAPI5L)cancor
    rodeathi
    gherr
    atest
    hansi
    l
    icon-
    kil
    l
    ed
    st
    eel
    pipe(
    e.g.ASTM A106)inhigh-t
    emperatur
    esulf
    idat
    ionenvi
    ronments.

    k) under
    -deposi
    tcor
    rosi
    oni
    nsl
    urr
    ies,
    cry
    stal
    l
    izi
    ngsol
    uti
    ons,
    orcoke-
    produci
    ngf
    lui
    ds;

    l
    ) chl
    ori
    decar
    ryov
    eri
    ncat
    aly
    ticr
    efor
    meruni
    ts,
    par
    ti
    cul
    arl
    ywher
    eitmi
    xeswi
    thot
    herwetst
    reams;

    m)wel
    dedar
    eassubj
    ectt
    opr
    efer
    ent
    ial
    att
    ack;

    n) “
    hotspot
    ”cor
    rosi
    ononpi
    pingwi
    thext
    ernal
    heatt
    raci
    ng;

    NOTE I nservi
    cesthatbecomemuchmor ecor
    rosivet
    othepipi
    ngwithincr
    easedt
    emper
    atur
    e(e.
    g.sourwat
    er,
    caust
    ici
    ncarbonsteel
    ),cor
    rosi
    onorSCCcandevelopathotspot
    sthatdevel
    opunderl
    owfl
    owcondit
    ions.

    o) st
    eam sy
    stemssubj
    ectt
    o“wi
    recut
    ti
    ng,
    ”gr
    aphi
    ti
    zat
    ion,
    orwher
    econdensat
    ionoccur
    s;

    p) Locat i
    onssubjecttohi gh-t
    emper aturesulf
    idationcorrosi
    onwher eresi
    dencet i
    mesr esulti
    ngf r
    om l ow
    fl
    owcondi t
    ionsmayr esultini
    ncreasedcor r
    osi on.Suscepti
    blel
    ocati
    onsincl
    udeel bows, al
    ongt hetopof
    horizontalsect
    ionsofline,andar easwher elocalizedheati
    ngmayoccur ,i.
    e.doubleort r
    ipl
    eheatt race
    areasandi nstagnantandl owflowpi pingsystemswi thther
    mallyi
    nducedcurrents(thermosi phon).

    Wher eatempor ar
    y( orswing-out)pipingspoolhasnotbeenr emov edpr iortoprocessoper ati
    onst art
    -up,it
    shouldbev er
    if
    iedthatthet empor arypipingiseithereff
    ecti
    velyisol
    atedf rom thepr ocess( suchasdoubl e-
    blockval
    veorisolati
    onblind)ort hatthet emporarypipi
    ngisofadequat emat er
    ialandmechani caldesignfor
    theconti
    nuedpr ocessoper ati
    on,includi
    ngpot enti
    alnof l
    owcondi ti
    ons.Onepar ti
    cularconcer ni sr
    aisedfor
    temporarypipi
    ng ofi nadequat emat er
    ialthatmaybesubj ectt o high-t
    emper aturesul f
    idationorot her
    damagemechani smsi fleftexposedt ot hepr ocess.Ifthet empor arypi pi
    ngi sisolatedandl eftfora
    signi
    fi
    cantperi
    odoft ime,lock-out/
    tag-outcanbeameanst opreventinappr opr
    iateandi nadvertentservi
    ce.

    7.
    4.8 Er
    osi
    onandEr
    osi
    on-
    cor
    rosi
    on

    Erosioncanbedef inedast her emovalofsurf


    acemat erialbytheact i
    onofnumer ousi ndi
    vi
    duali
    mpactsof
    soli
    dorliquidpart
    iclesorcavitati
    on.I
    tcanbechar acteri
    zedbygr ooves, r
    oundedholes, wav
    es,andval
    l
    ey sin
    adirecti
    onalpatt
    ern.Erosionisusuallyinar
    easoft urbulentf l
    owsuchasatchangesofdi r
    ecti
    oninapiping
    system ordownst ream ofcont r
    olvalveswherev aporizationcant akeplace.Erosiondamagei susual l
    y
    i
    ncreasedi nstr
    eamswi thlargequantiti
    esofsoli
    dorl i
    quidpar t
    icl
    esandhi ghveloci
    ties.Acombinat
    ionof
    corrosi
    onander osion( er
    osion-corr
    osion)r
    esult
    si nsigni fi
    cantl
    ygreatermetallosst hancanbeexpect ed
    fr
    om corrosionorerosionalone.
    I ONPRACTI
    NSPECTI CESFORPI
    PINGSYSTEM COMPONENTS 59

    Thi
    stypeofcor
    rosi
    onoccur
    sathi
    gh-
    vel
    oci
    tyandhi
    gh-
    tur
    bul
    encear
    eas.Exampl
    esofpl
    acest
    oinspect
    i
    ncl
    ude:

    a) downst
    ream ofcont
    rol
    val
    ves,
    especi
    all
    ywher
    efl
    ashi
    ngorcav
    itat
    ioni
    soccur
    ri
    ng;

    b) downst
    ream ofor
    if
    ices;

    c) downst
    ream ofpumpdi
    schar
    ges;

    d) atanypoi
    ntoff
    lowdi
    rect
    ionchange,
    suchast
    heout
    sider
    adi
    iofel
    bows;

    e) downst
    ream ofpipi
    ngconfi
    gurat
    ions(wel
    ds,ther
    mowel
    l
    s, f
    langes,et
    c.)thatpr
    oducetur
    bulence,
    par
    ti
    cul
    arlyi
    nveloci
    tysensi
    ti
    vesystems,suchasammonium hydrosul
    fideandsul
    furi
    cacidsystems.

    Areassuspect
    edt ohavelocal
    i
    zederosi
    on-
    cor
    rosi
    onshoul
    dbeinspect
    edusi
    ngappr
    opr
    iat
    eNDEmet
    hods
    thatwi
    llyi
    eldt
    hicknessdataoverawidear
    ea,
    suchasUTscanningandpr
    ofi
    l
    eRT.

    SeeAPI571f
    oraddi
    ti
    onal
    inf
    ormat
    iononer
    osi
    onander
    osi
    on-
    cor
    rosi
    on.

    7.
    4.9 Env
    ironment
    alCr
    acki
    ng

    Pipingsystem materi
    alsofconst
    ructi
    onar enormall
    yselectedtoresistthev ar
    iousformsofSCC.Some
    pipi
    ng sy st
    ems can be suscept
    ibl
    et o envi
    ronmentalcracki
    ng due to upsetpr ocess condi
    ti
    ons,CUI,
    unantici
    patedcondensati
    on,
    orexposuret
    owethy drogensulfi
    deorcarbonates.Examplesofthisi
    ncludet
    he
    foll
    owing.

    a) CSCC ofaust eni


    ti
    cst ainl
    essst eel
    sr esul
    ti
    ng f
    rom moistur
    eand chlori
    desunderinsulat
    ion,under
    deposit
    s,undergaskets,orincrevi
    ces(seeAPI583)
    .Thisisanespeci
    all
    yaggr
    essi
    veform ofcrackingif
    envir
    onmentalcondit
    ionscausedr yingandwetti
    ng(chl
    ori
    desconcentr
    ate)
    .SCCofausteniti
    cstainless
    steel
    scanalsooccurinternall
    ywherechlori
    desar
    epresentwit
    hwater.

    b) Poly
    thioni
    cacidSCCofsensi
    ti
    zedaust
    eni
    ti
    cal
    l
    oyst
    eel
    sresul
    ti
    ngf
    rom exposur
    etosul
    fi
    de/
    moi
    stur
    e
    condensati
    on/
    oxygen.

    c) Caust
    icSCC(
    somet
    imesknownascaust
    icembr
    it
    tl
    ement
    ).

    d) Ami
    neSCCi
    nnon-
    str
    ess-
    rel
    i
    evedpi
    pingsy
    stems.

    e) Car
    bonat
    eSCCi
    nal
    kal
    i
    nesy
    stems.

    f
    ) Wethy
    drogensul
    fi
    dest
    resscr
    acki
    ngandhy
    drogenbl
    i
    ster
    ingi
    nsy
    stemscont
    aini
    ngsourwat
    er.

    g) Hydrogenbli
    ster
    ingandhydr
    ogen-
    inducedcracking(HIC)damage.Thishasnotbeenasser iousofa
    probl
    em forpipi
    ngasithasbeenforpressur
    ev essel
    s.Itisli
    stedher
    ebecausei ti
    sconsideredt obe
    envir
    onmentalcr
    acki
    ngandcanoccurinpipi
    ngalthoughithasnotbeenextensi
    ve.Oneexcepti
    onwher e
    thi
    stypeofdamagehasbeenaproblem i
    slongit
    udinal
    lyweldedpipef
    abri
    catedfr
    om plat
    emat eri
    als.

    SeeAPI571f
    oraddi
    ti
    onal
    det
    ail
    sonenv
    ironment
    alcr
    acki
    ngmechani
    sms.

    Whent hei nspect


    orsuspectsorisadvisedt hatspecif
    iccircui
    tsmaybesuscept i
    bletoenv i
    ronmental
    cracki
    ng,he/sheshouldschedul
    esuppl
    ement ali
    nspect
    ions.Suchinspecti
    onscantaketheform ofsur
    face
    NDE[ PTorwetf luor
    escentmagnet
    icparti
    cleexaminati
    ont echni
    que( WFMT)]
    ,UT,oreddycur r
    ent(ET).
    Wher eavai
    labl
    e,suspectspool
    smayber emov edfr
    om thepipingsyst
    em andspli
    topenf ori
    nter
    nalsur
    face
    examinati
    on.

    Ifenv i
    ronmentalcracki
    ng isdetected dur i
    ng int
    er nalinspecti
    onofpr essur
    ev essel
    sand t hepi ping i
    s
    consideredequallysusceptibl
    e,thei nspectorshoul ddesignateappropri
    atepipingspoolsupstream and
    downst ream oft he pressurev essel,forenv ir
    onment alcracki
    ng i
    nspecti
    on.When t he potentialfor
    envir
    onment alcracki
    ngi ssuspectedi npipingcircuit
    s,inspecti
    onofselectedspoolsshouldbeschedul ed
    beforeanupcomi ngt ur
    naround.Suchi nspecti
    onshoul dprovi
    deinfor
    mationusefulinf
    orecast
    ingturnaround
    maintenance.
    60 APIRECOMMENDEDPRACTI
    CE574

    7.
    4.10 Cor
    rosi
    onBeneat
    hLi
    ningsandDeposi
    ts

    I
    fext
    ernalorint
    ernalcoat
    ings,r
    efr
    actoryl
    ini
    ngs,andcor
    rosi
    on-
    resi
    stantl
    ini
    ngsar
    eingoodcondit
    ionand
    t
    her
    eisnor easont osuspectadeteri
    orat
    edconditi
    onbehi
    ndthem,itisusual
    l
    ynotnecessar
    ytoremove
    t
    hem f
    orinspect
    ionofthepipi
    ngsystem.

    Theeffecti
    venessofcor r
    osion-resi
    stantli
    ningsisgreatlyr educedduet obr eaksorhol esinthelini
    ng.The
    l
    ini
    ngsshoul dbev i
    suall
    yinspectedf orseparat
    ion,breaks,holes,andbl i
    sters.Ifanyoftheseconditi
    onsare
    not
    ed,itmaybenecessar ytor emov epor t
    ionsofthei nternalli
    ningtoinv esti
    gatetheeffecti
    venessofthe
    l
    ini
    ngandt heconditi
    onoft hemet alpipi
    ngbeneat hthelining.Alter
    nati
    vely,UTf rom t
    heexternalsurf
    acecan
    beusedt omeasur ethebasemet alt
    hickness.Whent hel i
    ningismet all
    i
    candi sdesignedtobef ul
    lybonded,
    ext
    ernalUTcanal sobeusedt odet ectseparati
    on,holes,andbl i
    sters.

    Refractor
    yliningsusedt oi
    nsulatethepi pewal lcanspal lorcr acki
    nser vice,causinghotspot sthatexpose
    themet altoox idati
    onandcr eepcr acking.Per i
    odictemper aturemoni t
    oringv iav i
    sual,infrar
    ed,temperature
    i
    ndicatingpaintsshouldbeunder t
    akenont heset ypesofl i
    nest oconfi
    rmt hei ntegri
    tyoft helini
    ng.Corrosion
    beneat hrefr
    actoryl i
    ningscanr esultinsepar at
    ionandbul gingoft her efractory.Mi crowav eexamination
    technique(MW)canexami nether efr
    act oryf
    orv olumetricflawsandf orsepar ationfrom t heshellsurf
    ace.If
    bulgingorsepar ati
    onoft heref
    ractoryliningisdetected,portionsofther efractorymayber emovedt opermit
    i
    nspect i
    onoft hepi pi
    ngbeneatht herefractory.Otherwise,thicknessmeasur ement sutili
    zingUTorpr ofi
    leRT
    maybeobt ainedf r
    om theexternalmet alsurface.

    Whereoperati
    ngdeposi
    tssuchascokearepr
    esentontheint
    ernalpi
    pesur
    face,NDEtechni
    quesemployed
    fr
    om theoutsi
    deofthepipesuchasprofi
    l
    eRT,UT,and/orETshouldbeusedt odet
    erminewhethersuch
    deposi
    tshaveact
    ivecor
    rosi
    onbeneat
    hthem.

    7.
    4.11 Fat
    igueCr
    acki
    ng

    Fat i
    guecr ackingofpi pi
    ngsy stemscanr esul tfrom excessiv
    ecy cl
    icstr
    essesthatar eoftenwel lbelowt he
    staticyiel
    dst r
    engthofthemat erial
    .Thecy clicstressescanbeimposedbypr essure, mechani cal,orthermal
    meansandcanr esulti
    nl ow-cycleorhi gh- cycl
    ef ati
    gue.Theonsetofl ow-cycl
    ef atiguecr ackingi sof ten
    directl
    yr elatedt othenumberofheat -up/ cooldowncy cl
    esexperi
    enced.Forexampl e,trunnionsorot her
    attachment sthatextendbeyondt hepipei nsul at
    ioncanactasacool ingfi
    nthatsetsupasi tuationf avorable
    tot hermalf atiguecrackingont hehotpi pe.Ther malfati
    guecanal sooccuratmi xpoi ntswhenpr ocess
    streamsatdi ff
    erentoperati
    ngt emperatur escombi ne.Excessi
    vepipingsystem vi
    br ati
    on( e.g.machi neor
    fl
    ow i nduced)canal socausehi gh-
    cyclef ati
    guedamage.SeeAPI570,Sect i
    on5. 5.5forv i
    bratingpi ping
    sur v
    eill
    ancer equirementsandAPI570, Sect ion7.8f ordesi
    gnrequir
    ementsassociatedwi thvibratingpiping.

    Fatiguecr acki
    ngcant y
    pical
    lybef i
    r stdetectedatpoi ntsofhi ghst ressintensif
    icationsuchasbr anch
    connect ions.Locationswher emet al shav i
    ngdi f
    fer
    entcoef fi
    cientsoft hermalexpansi onarej oinedby
    weldi ngcanbesuscept i
    bletothermalf ati
    gue.Pr efer
    redNDEmet hodsofdet ectingfatiguecrackinginclude
    PT,MT,andangl ebeam UTwheni nspecti
    ngf r
    om theODf orIDcr acking.Suggestedl ocati
    onsf orUTon
    elbowswoul di
    ncludethe3and9o’ clockposi t
    ions.Acoust i
    cemi ssi onexami nati
    ont echnique(AE)alsomay
    beusedt odetectthepresenceofcr acksthatar eactivatedbyt estpr essuresorst ressesgener ateddur i
    ng
    thet est.SeeAPI570, Secti
    on6.6.4forf ati
    gueconsi derati
    onsr el
    at iv
    et othreadedconnect i
    ons.

    I
    ti simportantf
    ort heowner/userandt heinspectortounderstandthatfati
    guecr ackingisli
    kelyt
    ocause
    pipingfail
    urebeforedetect
    ionwithanyNDEmet hods.Oft hefati
    guecyclesrequiredt oproducefai
    lur
    e,the
    vastmaj ori
    tyarerequi
    redtoinit
    iat
    ecr ackingandr el
    ativel
    yfewcy cl
    esarerequiredt opropagatethecrackto
    fail
    ure.Assuch, pr
    operdesignandi nstal
    lati
    ontopr eventfat
    iguecracki
    ngar eimpor tant.

    SeeAPI571f
    oraddi
    ti
    onal
    inf
    ormat
    ionont
    her
    mal
    fat
    igue,
    mechani
    cal
    fat
    igue,
    andv
    ibr
    ati
    on-
    inducedf
    ati
    gue.

    7.
    4.12 Cr
    eepCr
    acki
    ng

    Creepi
    sdependentont
    ime,t
    emper
    atur
    e,andst
    ress.Cr
    eepcr
    acki
    ngcaneventuall
    yoccuratdesi
    gn
    condi
    ti
    onssi
    ncesomepipi
    ngcodeal
    lowabl
    estr
    essesarei
    nthecr
    eeprange.Cracki
    ngisaccel
    erat
    edby
    I ONPRACTI
    NSPECTI CESFORPI
    PINGSYSTEM COMPONENTS 61

    creep/f
    ati
    gueint
    eract
    ionwhenoper ati
    ngcondi
    tionsi
    nthecreepr angearecycl
    ic.Par
    ti
    cularattent
    ionshoul
    d
    begi v
    ent oareasofhi ghstressconcentr
    ati
    on.Ifexcessi
    vet emper at
    uresareencountered,mechanical
    propert
    yand mi cr
    ostruct
    uralchangesin metalscan also t
    akepl ace,which can permanentlyweaken
    equipment.Anexampl eofwher ecreepcr
    ackinghasbeenexper i
    encedintheindust
    ryisin11/ 4Crs t
    eel
    s
    above900° F(
    482° C)
    .

    NDEmet hodsofdet ecti


    ngcr eepcr ackingincl
    udePT,MT,UT,RT,andET,andal t
    ernat
    ingcurr
    entfiel
    d
    measurement(ACFM) ,i
    n-sit
    umet al
    lography,anddimensi
    onalver
    ifi
    cat
    ion(i
    .e.str
    appi
    ngpipediameter
    )are
    othercommonpr act
    icesf ordetect
    ion.NDEv ol
    umetr
    icexaminat
    ionmethods,incl
    udi
    ngprofi
    leRTandUT,
    canbeusedfordetecti
    onofcr eepcracking.

    AEcanbeut i
    li
    zedtoidenti
    fyact
    ivecr
    eepcracki
    ng.Theexami
    nati
    oncanbeconduct edwhil
    epipi
    ngisinor
    outofoperat
    ion.Whent heexaminat
    ioni
    sconducted,t
    heprobabi
    li
    tyofdetect
    ingcreepcrackscanbea
    funct
    ionofcr
    ackori
    entati
    on.Anypipi
    ngexaminedoutofoper
    ati
    onrequi
    resapressurest
    imulustoact
    ivat
    e
    anydamagepresent
    .

    SeeAPI571f
    oraddi
    ti
    onal
    inf
    ormat
    iononcr
    eepandst
    ressr
    upt
    ure.

    7.
    4.13 Br
    it
    tl
    eFr
    act
    ure

    Car bon,l ow-al


    loy,and ot herf er
    ri
    ti
    c st eels can be suscept i
    bl eto brittl
    ef ai
    l
    ure atorbel ow ambient
    temper atures.Insomecases,t herefrigerati
    ngef fectofv aporizi
    ngl i
    quidssuchasammoni aorC2 orC3
    hy drocarbonscanchi l
    lthepipi ngandpr omotebr i
    ttlefr
    act ureinmat erialthatmaynotot her
    wi sefail
    .Bri
    ttl
    e
    fractureusual l
    yisnotaconcer nwit
    hr elati
    velythinwal lpiping.Mostbr i
    ttl
    ef r
    actur
    eshav eoccur r
    edont he
    fi
    rstappl icati
    onofapar t
    icularstressl evel(i.
    e.thef i
    rsthy dr
    otestorov erl
    oad)unlesscr it
    icaldef ectsare
    i
    nt roducedi nserv i
    ce.Thepot enti
    alforabr i
    tt
    lefail
    ureshoul dbeconsi deredwhenpr essuret est i
    ngormor e
    car eful
    lyev al
    uatedwhenpr essuret estingequi pmentpneumat icall
    yorwhenaddi nganyot heradditi
    onal
    l
    oads.Speci alattenti
    onshoul dbegi vent olow-all
    oyst eels( especial
    ly21/4Cr -
    1Momat eri
    al),becauset hey
    canbepr onet otemperembr ittl
    ement ,andt oferri
    ti
    cstainlessst eels.

    Athrough-
    wallcrackresul
    ti
    ngfrom br
    it
    tl
    efr
    actur
    eandcausingaleakcanbedetectedwit
    hhel
    ium l
    eak
    det
    ecti
    on.Alt
    ernati
    vel
    y,act
    ivecr
    acki
    ngi
    nembrit
    tl
    edmat
    eri
    alcanbedetect
    edandpossi
    blyl
    ocat
    edwit
    hAE.

    SeeAPI571f oraddi
    ti
    onalinf
    ormati
    ononbr i
    tt
    lefractur
    e.API579-1/ASME FFS-
    1,Sect
    ion3pr
    ovi
    des
    procedur
    esf
    ort
    heassessmentofequi
    pmentf
    orresi
    stancetobr
    it
    tl
    efr
    acture.

    7.
    4.14 Fr
    eezeDamage

    Atsubf r
    eezi
    ngtemper atures,waterandaqueoussolut i
    onshandl edinpipingsystemscanf r
    eezeandcause
    fai
    lurebecauseoft heexpansi onoft hesemat eri
    als.Afterunexpect edlyseverefr
    eezingweat her,i
    tis
    i
    mpor tanttovi
    sual
    lycheckf orfreezedamaget oexposedpi pi
    ngcomponent sbefor
    et hesystem thaws.I
    f
    ruptur
    ehasoccur r
    ed,l eakagecanbet emporari
    lyprevent
    edbyt hefr
    ozenf l
    uid.Low poi
    nts,dri
    p-l
    egs,and
    dead-l
    egsofpipi
    ngsy stemscont ai
    ningwatershoul
    dbecar efull
    yexami nedfordamage.

    Topr eventfreezedamage,pr ecauti


    onsneedt obet akent odrai
    n,purge,orheatt racesy st
    emswher e
    moisturecouldcollectandunexpectedlyfr
    eezeduringsevereorsuddensubfreezingtemperatureexcur
    sions.
    Oneoft hemostcr it
    icall
    ocat
    ionsf ortheseprecauti
    onsi sthetopoft heseatofr eli
    efvalvesandpi l
    ot-
    operatedrel
    iefv al
    v es,whenmoi sturecouldbepr esent.Tailpi
    pesonr el
    iefv alv
    est hatdischarget
    ot he
    atmosphereshoul dal wayshav
    eadequat edrai
    nageorheatt raci
    ng.

    7.
    4.15 Cont
    actPoi
    ntCor
    rosi
    on

    Locali
    zedcorrosionatpipesuppor tcontactpointsistheresultofcr evi
    cecor r
    osionduet odeposi
    tst hat
    contai
    ncorrosivespeci
    es,water,andox y
    gent ypicalofanexter
    nall
    ycor rosi
    veenv i
    ronment.Morecorrosion
    canbeexpect edinmoistcl
    imates,mar i
    neclimates,andwherecont actbetweenpipeandi t
    ssupport
    si sless
    ofa“ poi
    nt”andmor eofan“ area.”Ifundetect
    edand/ ornotmi t
    igated,contactpointcor
    rosi
    oncanl eadt o
    l
    eaks.
    62 APIRECOMMENDEDPRACTI
    CE574

    7.
    4.16 Nonmet
    all
    icDamageMechani
    sms

    Inmanycircumstances,t
    hechoiceofFRPi sbasedonitsinherentresi
    stancet odegradat
    ionmechanisms
    suchascor rosi
    on.Howev er
    ,no materi
    alistotal
    lyresi
    stantandso t her eisapot ent
    ialforin-
    ser
    vice
    degr
    adati
    on.OLF055hascompi ledanextensi
    verevi
    ewoft hetopicandpr oducedaframewor kthatmaybe
    usedinr
    iskassessmentsandineval
    uati
    ngdamagemechani sms.

    Ty
    pical
    in-
    ser
    vicedamagemechani
    smsf
    oundi
    nFRPnonmet
    all
    i
    cpi
    pingsy
    stemsar
    eshowni
    nTabl
    e5.

    Tabl
    e5—DamageMechani
    smsAssoci
    atedwi
    thNonmet
    all
    icPi
    ping

    Damage Cause

    Fl
    awsor i
    ginat
    ingfr
    om poor Inadequat
    ethi
    cknessi
    ndesi
    gnwhenpi
    pingi
    sbur
    iedt
    oodeep.Poorj
    oint
    const
    ruct
    ion/desi
    gn assembly.

    Hi
    ghflowv el
    oci
    ti
    esandpart
    icl
    eimpactcancauseer
    osi
    onatchangesi
    nfl
    ow
    Er
    osi
    on
    di
    rect
    ionandrest
    ri
    cti
    ons.

    Fl
    angecr
    acks Ov
    erst
    ressedbol
    tedj
    oint
    s.Hi
    ghi
    mposedl
    oadi
    ngsf
    rom cor
    rosi
    ondeposi
    tsbui
    l
    dup.

    UVdamagewhenFRPmat
    eri
    ali
    sexposedt
    osol
    arr
    adi
    ati
    onwi
    thoutt
    heuseofan
    Chal
    ki
    ng
    out
    erUVli
    ghtbar
    ri
    er.

    Breakdownofresi
    norfiberst
    rengt
    hoverext
    endedperi
    odsoftime.Breakdowncan
    Mat
    eri
    alagi
    ng
    beacceler
    atedbyexposuretosomechemical
    s,especi
    all
    yst
    rongalkal
    ines.

    Changei
    ndi
    mensi
    onsduet
    olong-
    ter
    m exposur
    etost
    ress—of
    tendescr
    ibedas
    Def
    ormat
    ion
    cr
    eep.

    Pi
    t/
    pinhol
    e Smal
    lcr
    ater
    sint
    hesur
    faceoft
    hel
    ami
    nat
    efr
    om i
    ncompl
    eter
    esi
    nfi
    l
    l.

    Reduct
    ioni
    nhar
    dnessassoci
    atedwi
    thmoi
    stur
    eingr
    esswhenr
    esi
    nhasexcessi
    ve
    Sof
    teni
    ng
    voi
    ds.

    Permanentdefl
    ect
    ionofthemateri
    alunderl
    ong-
    ter
    m str
    essand
    Cr
    eep
    temper
    ature.Cr
    eeppropert
    iesar
    edependentontheresi
    nproper
    ti
    es.

    St
    arcr
    aze Shar
    pimpactt
    otheext
    ernal
    sur
    face.

    Bl
    i
    ster
    s Per
    meat
    ionoft
    heser
    vicef
    lui
    dint
    othel
    ami
    nat
    e(commoni
    nHCl
    ser
    vice)
    .

    Li
    nercr
    acki
    ng/
    mud
    Chemi
    cal
    degr
    adat
    ion,
    ther
    mal
    shock,
    ort
    emper
    atur
    eexcur
    sions.
    cr
    acki
    ng

    MTIPr
    oject129-
    99i
    sagoodgui
    def
    ori
    dent
    if
    yingsomeoft
    hesef
    ail
    uremechani
    sms.

    7.
    4.17 Pi
    pingSuppor
    tDamageMechani
    sms

    7.
    4.17.
    1 Ext
    ernalCor
    rosi
    onatSuppor
    ts

    Corrosionofsuppor ts,andtheirassociat
    edpi pewor k,mayoccuri nar easofpr ot
    ect i
    vecoat i
    ngbr eakdown
    wher ewat erandai rbor nedebrisbecomet r
    apped( oftenreferr
    edt oas“ touchpoi ntcorrosion”).Suppor t
    design( i
    .e.supportbeams)cansi gni
    fi
    cantlycontributet othisissue.Cor r
    osionratescanbei ncreasedby
    l
    ocalf actors.Elev
    at edt emperaturesfr
    om hotpi ping( e.g.steam pi ping)cani ncreasecor rosion,including
    fi
    reproofedsuppor ts.Ot herfactorssuchasheatt racingorst eam t rapdr ainoutl
    ets,orwher emoi stureis
    i
    ncreasedsuchasf rom proximi t
    ytocool i
    ngt ower s,andv egetation( cr
    eatingawetenv i
    ronmentont he
    undersideoft hepipeandonanysuppor tsi
    nt heproximi ty
    )allcancont ri
    butetolocall
    yhi ghcorrosionr ates.
    I ONPRACTI
    NSPECTI CESFORPI
    PINGSYSTEM COMPONENTS 63

    Crevi
    cecor rosi
    oncanoccurunderanypar
    ti
    all
    yornonwel
    dedshoe,doubl
    erpl
    ate,
    wrapper
    ,orhalf
    -sol
    eplat
    e.
    Considerati
    onsshould al
    so be gi
    ven toint
    ermi
    tt
    entenvi
    ronmentalcondi
    ti
    onssuch ast est
    ing offi
    re
    suppressiondelugesy
    stems,et
    c.

    Dummyl egsupport
    smayt rapwat erandairbor
    nedebri
    s,l
    eadi
    ngtocorr
    osionofboththesupportandthepipe.
    Whenconst ruct
    edusingpipe,consider
    ationshoul
    dbegiventocappi
    ngall
    open-endedsupportswit
    hfully
    wel
    dedcapsorpl at
    esandpr ovi
    dingadr ainhol
    enosmall han1/
    ert 4i
    n.(
    6mm)att helowestposi
    ti
    on.For
    hor
    izontaldummyl egs,dr
    ainholesshouldbepr ov
    idedatbot
    hendsandthedummyl egshouldsl
    opeslightl
    y
    awayfrom thepipeiti
    ssuppor t
    ing.

    7.
    4.17.
    2Int
    ernalCor
    rosi
    onatSuppor
    ts

    Thechill
    ingeffectofasupportonel
    evatedtemper
    aturepipemaybesuf f
    ici
    enttocausepr
    oductorwater
    condensati
    onont heinsi
    deofthepipe.Insomepr ocessser
    vices,t
    hiscondensat
    ionmaycontr
    ibut
    et o
    accel
    eratedint
    ernalcor
    rosi
    on.

    7.
    4.17.
    3 Fr
    ett
    ing,
    Over
    str
    ess,
    orCoat
    ingDamageatSuppor
    tsduet
    oTher
    malExpansi
    on

    Ther
    malexpansi
    onandcont
    ract
    ionduetotemper
    atur
    echangescandamagepr
    otect
    ivecoat
    ingsy
    stems
    and/
    orover
    str
    essbothpi
    peandpipesupport
    s.

    7.
    4.17.
    4 Gal
    vani
    cCor
    rosi
    onatSuppor
    ts

    Gal
    v ani
    ccor r
    osi
    onisassociat
    edwit
    ht heuseoft woormor emat eri
    alsofdi
    ff
    eri
    ngvalueinthegalv
    anic
    ser
    ies,i
    ncloseproxi
    mitytoeachot
    her.Forexampl
    e,carbonsteelsupport
    swel
    dedtostainl
    essst
    eelpi
    ping
    maybesubj ectt
    ocorr
    osionatahi
    gherrat
    ethanthestai
    nlessst
    eelpipi
    ng.

    7.
    4.17.
    5 CUIatSuppor
    ts

    Support
    sthatpenetr
    atei
    nsulat
    ionsy
    stemsmaypr
    ovi
    deapot
    ent
    ial
    forwat
    eri
    ngr
    essandsubsequentCUIdue
    topoorseal
    ingatthepenet
    rati
    on.

    7.
    4.17.
    6 Env
    ironment
    alCr
    acki
    ngatSuppor
    t

    Inpredominantl
    yalkal
    i
    nepr ocessenv ir
    onments(
    e.g.aminesandcaust
    ic)
    ,wel
    dingofsuppor
    tstocarbon
    steelpipi
    ngeitherwithorwi thoutpost wel
    dheattreat
    ment( PWHT)cancauseinter
    nalenvi
    ronmental
    cracki
    ngasar esul
    tofresi
    dualstresses.

    7.
    4.17.
    7 Ext
    ernalCr
    acki
    ngatSuppor
    ts

    Stai
    nlesssteelpi
    pingmaybesuscepti
    blet
    oexternalchl
    ori
    decracki
    ngwheret
    her
    eisasourceofchlor
    ides
    aboveat hreshol
    dt emper
    atur
    e.Pipe suppor
    tst hattrap wateragai
    nstt
    he pi
    pe can cont
    ri
    butet o
    suscepti
    bil
    i
    tyofcracki
    ng

    7.
    4.17.
    8 Foundat
    ion/
    Concr
    etePl
    int
    hDet
    eri
    orat
    ion(
    Incl
    udi
    ngSubsi
    dence)

    Det
    er i
    orati
    onoff
    oundat
    ionsandpl
    i
    nthsar
    eof
    tenadi
    rectr
    esul
    tofov
    erl
    oadi
    ngt
    hesuppor
    tand/
    orext
    ended
    ser
    vicelif
    e.

    7.
    4.17.
    9 Vi
    brat
    ion/
    Mov
    ement
    /Mi
    sal
    ignment

    Pipevi
    brat
    ion,
    mov ement
    ,andmisali
    gnmentcancreat
    eapot enti
    alforfat
    igue,
    fret
    ti
    ng,and/orover
    str
    essi
    ng
    ofpipeandsuppor tmembers.Properanchor
    s,rest
    rai
    nts,andmov ementallowances/
    guidesshouldbe
    consi
    deredduri
    ngsuppor
    tdesi
    gn.Thisi
    ncl
    udesavail
    abl
    etravelofspri
    nghangers.

    7.
    5 I
    ntegr
    it
    yOper
    ati
    ngWi
    ndows

    Theuseofwell
    -defi
    ned,communicated,andproper
    lycont
    rol
    ledi
    ntegr
    it
    yoperat
    ingwi
    ndowsforkeypr
    ocess
    parameter
    s(both physi
    caland chemical)thatcoul
    di mpactpipi
    ng int
    egr
    it
    yifnotproper
    lycontr
    oll
    ed
    rei
    nfor
    ces
    64 APIRECOMMENDEDPRACTI
    CE574

    i
    nspectionplans.Ex amplesoft hepr ocesspar ametersincludetemperatur
    es,pr essures,fl
    uidveloci
    ties,pH,
    fl
    owr at
    es,chemicalorwat erinject
    ionr ates,l
    evelsofcor r
    osi v
    econstit
    uents,chemi calcompositi
    on,et c.Key
    processparametersf ori
    ntegr i
    tyoper ati
    ngwi ndowscont ainingupperandlowerlimitscanbeest abli
    shed,as
    needed,anddev i
    ationsout sidet hesel imitsbroughtt otheat t
    enti
    onofinspect i
    on/ engi
    neeri
    ngper sonnel .
    Parti
    cul
    arat t
    enti
    ont omoni toringi ntegri
    tyoper at
    ingwi ndowsshoul dalsobepr ov i
    dedduringst ar t
    -ups,
    shutdowns,andsi gnifi
    cantpr ocessupset s.Refert oAPI584f ormoreinformat i
    ononi nt
    egrityoper ati
    ng
    windows.

    8 Fr
    equencyandExt
    entofI
    nspect
    ion

    8.
    1 Gener
    al

    Thefrequencyandext entofpipinginspect
    ionswil
    lrangefr
    om oftenandextensi
    veinpipi
    ngclasseswher e
    deter
    iorat
    ioni
    sextr
    emeorhi ghconsequencet osel
    dom andcursoryinpi
    pingcl
    assesinnoncor
    rosiveorlow-
    consequence ser
    vices.The f requency ofpiping i
    nspect
    ions shoul
    d be deter
    mined by t
    he f ol
    lowing
    condit
    ions:

    a) consequenceofaf
    ail
    ure(
    pipi
    ngcl
    assi
    fi
    cat
    ion)
    ,

    b) degr
    eeofr
    isk(
    li
    kel
    i
    hoodandconsequenceofaf
    ail
    ure)
    ,

    c) amountofcor
    rosi
    onal
    l
    owancer
    emai
    ning,

    d) av
    ail
    abl
    ehi
    stor
    ical
    dat
    a,

    e) r
    egul
    ator
    yrequi
    rement
    s.

    API570r equir
    esclassi
    fyi
    ngpi pi
    ngsy st
    emsaccordingt otheconsequencesoffai
    lure,unl
    essRBIisusedto
    deter
    mi nepipi
    nginspecti
    onpl ans.Eachrefi
    neryorpr ocessplantshouldrevi
    ew t
    heirownpi pi
    ngsystems
    anddev el
    opei t
    heraclassif
    icati
    onsy st
    em usingtheinformati
    onpr ovi
    dedinAPI570oranRBIanal ysi
    sin
    accordancewithAPI580.Eithersystem hel
    pst oestabli
    shminimum inspecti
    onfr
    equenciesforeachpipi
    ng
    cl
    assifi
    cati
    onorinspect
    ionduedat es.

    Someinspecti
    onscanandshouldbemadewhi l
    ethepipingisoperati
    ng.Inspecti
    onst
    hatcannotbemade
    duri
    ngoperat
    ionshouldbemadewhil
    ethepipingisnotinservi
    ce.Elevat
    edoper at
    ingt
    emperat
    urecanl
    i
    mit
    thei
    nspect
    ionstechni
    quest
    hatcanbeef
    fect
    ivelyusedduringoper
    ation.

    8.
    2 On-
    str
    eam I
    nspect
    ion

    8.
    2.1 Techni
    calReasonsf
    orI
    nspect
    ingOn-
    str
    eam

    Cert
    ainkindsofext er
    nali
    nspect
    ionsshouldbedonewhi lepipingisoper at
    ing.Vibrat
    ionandsway ingis
    evi
    dentwithprocessflowt
    hroughthepipe.Properpositi
    onandf unct
    ionofsuppor t
    s,hangers,andanchors
    i
    smostappar entwhilepi
    pingisinoper at
    ionatt emper atur
    e.Thei nspect
    orshoul dlookf ordi
    stort
    ion,
    sett
    lement,orfoundat
    ionmovement,whichcouldindicateimpr operdesignorf abr
    icati
    on.Piperol
    l
    ersand
    sl
    ideplat
    esshouldbecheckedtoensurethattheyoper
    at efreel
    y.

    Leakagei
    softenmoreobviousduri
    ngoperat
    ion.Inspect
    orsshouldlookf orsi
    gnsofl
    eakagebot
    hcomi ng
    fr
    om eachpi
    peandontoeachpipe.Thel
    eakagefrom apipecanindicat
    eahol eint
    hepi
    pe,andl
    eakageonto
    apipecani
    ndicat
    eal
    eakfrom anunobser
    vedsour ce(e.
    g.beneat
    hinsulat
    ion).

    Thermali magi
    ngi nspecti
    onsmaybeper for
    medf orvari
    ousr easonsandshoul dbedoneunderoper ati
    ng
    conditi
    ons.Thermali magescanshow pl uggageand/ormal dist
    ri
    butionofflow thatcanaffectcorrosi
    on
    mechani sms.Thermal i
    magi ngcanal
    soshowweti nsul
    ati
    onthatcanl eadtoCUI.Thermal i
    magingcanshow
    breakdownofi nternali
    nsulati
    ngrefr
    actor
    y,whichcanleadtohi gh-t
    emperaturecorrosi
    onoft hepipewall.
    Thermali maging may show mal functi
    ons ofheatt raci
    ng,whi ch coul
    d allow unexpect ed damage
    mechani sms
    I ONPRACTI
    NSPECTI CESFORPI
    PINGSYSTEM COMPONENTS 65

    tooper
    ate.Fori
    nst
    ance,t
    raci
    ngt
    hati
    stoohotmaycausecausti
    cSCCofcar
    bonst
    eel
    car
    ryi
    ngcaust
    ic
    sol
    uti
    ons,andtr
    aci
    ngthatist
    oocol
    dmayall
    owdew-pointcor
    rosi
    on.

    Radi
    ogr
    aphycanbeaseffect
    ivedur
    ingoper
    ati
    onaswhenthepi
    pingisof
    fli
    ne.On-
    str
    eam r
    adi
    ogr
    aphycoul
    d
    det
    ectf
    oul
    ingthatmi
    ghtbewashedoutofpipi
    ngdur
    inguni
    tent
    ryprepar
    ati
    on.

    8.
    2.2 Pr
    act
    icalReasonsf
    orI
    nspect
    ingOn-
    str
    eam

    On-
    str
    eam i
    nspect
    ioncani
    ncr
    easeuni
    trunl
    engt
    hsbygi
    vi
    ngassur
    ancet
    hatpi
    pingi
    sfi
    tforcont
    inuedser
    vice.

    Whenpi pi
    ngmustberepl
    aced,
    on-str
    eam inspect
    ionall
    owsaninspect
    ortodef
    inet
    heext
    entofr
    epl
    acement
    necessaryandhav
    erepl
    acementpipi
    ngfabri
    catedbefor
    etheshutdown.

    Unitsareoftencrowdedduri
    ngashut
    down,andon-st
    ream pi
    pingi
    nspect
    ioncani
    ncr
    easethesaf
    etyand
    eff
    iciencyofshut
    downoperati
    onsbyr
    educi
    ngthenumberofpeoplewhoneedtobeintheuni
    tdur
    ingt
    hat
    ti
    me.

    On-
    str
    eam i
    nspect
    ioncanr
    educesur
    gesi
    nwor
    kloadandt
    husst
    abi
    l
    izeper
    sonnel
    requi
    rement
    s.

    8.
    3 Of
    fl
    ineI
    nspect
    ion

    A common limit
    ati
    on t
    o on-
    stream inspect
    ion i
    stemper
    atur
    e.Theequi pmentused in someki ndsof
    techni
    quescannotoper
    ateattemperaturesmuchaboveambient.I
    naddit
    ion,t
    heradiantheatfrom some
    pipi
    ngcanbet oogreatfort
    echnici
    anst omakemeasurementssafel
    y.I
    nbot hoftheseinstances,pi
    ping
    i
    nspectionmayneedtobedonewhent hepipi
    ngisnoti
    noperat
    ion.

    Signsofwetinsul
    ationshouldbenotedwhenpipi
    ngisoff
    li
    ne.Waterdr
    ippi
    ngont
    oinsulati
    onmaynotshow
    dampnessduringoperati
    onbecauseheatfr
    om thepi
    pecausessurf
    acewatert
    oevaporate,
    butwaterdeeper
    i
    nt heinsul
    ati
    oncanst il
    lcauseCUI.Ifdampnessisnot
    edduringashutdown,t
    hedamppi pi
    ngshouldbe
    consider
    edforCUIinspecti
    on.

    Whenpipi
    ngisopenedforanyreason,i
    tshouldbei
    nspect
    edi
    nternal
    l
    yasfarasaccessi
    bil
    it
    yper
    mit
    s.Some
    pi
    pingi
    slar
    geenoughforint
    ernali
    nspecti
    on,whi
    chcanonl
    yoccurwhil
    ethepi
    pingi
    soffl
    ine.

    Adequatefol
    l
    ow-upinspecti
    onsshoul
    dbeconduct
    edt odet
    erminethecausesofdefect
    s,suchasl
    eaks,
    misal
    ignment
    ,vi
    brat
    ion,andsway
    ing,t
    hatwer
    edet
    ectedwhi
    letheuni
    twasoperat
    ing.

    8.
    4 I
    nspect
    ionScope

    Pipi
    ngi nspect
    ionshoul
    dbef r
    equentenoughtoensuret
    hatall
    pipinghassuf fi
    cientt hi
    cknesstoprovi
    deboth
    pressurecontainmentandmechani calsupport
    .Forpipesunder goingunifor
    m cor rosi
    on,calcul
    ati
    ngthe
    corrosi
    onr ateandr emaininglif
    eateachCMLandset t
    ingt hei nspect
    ioni ntervalatt hehalf-
    li
    fehad
    tr
    aditi
    onallygi
    venthatassurance.Theinspector
    ,of
    teninconsultati
    onwi t
    hcor rosionspeciali
    stsandpipi
    ng
    engineers,hasdecidedthenumberandl ocati
    onsofCMLs( seeAPI570) .RBImaybeusedt odetermi
    ne
    i
    ntervalorduedateandext ent.

    Fordegradat
    ionmechanismsot herthanuni f
    orm cor
    rosi
    on,t
    hei
    nspect
    orshoul
    ddet erminethetypeof
    i
    nspecti
    on,the f
    requency,t
    he extent,and the l
    ocat
    ionsofCMLs.Corr
    osi
    on and pressur
    e equi
    pment
    engi
    neershavety
    pical
    lyhel
    pedi
    nt hisprocess.

    9 Saf
    etyPr
    ecaut
    ionsandPr
    epar
    ator
    yWor
    k
    9.
    1 Saf
    etyPr
    ecaut
    ions

    Safet
    ypr ecauti
    onsshouldbet akenbeforeexter
    nali nspectionsareper
    formedandespeci al
    l
    ybeforeany
    pi
    pingisopenedf orinspecti
    on.Theappropriat
    epersonalpr otecti
    veequi
    pment( PPE)shoul
    dbeut i
    l
    izedf
    or
    eachinspecti
    on.Proceduresfortheseparat
    ionofpiping,install
    ati
    onofbl
    inds,andleakt
    esti
    ngshouldbean
    i
    ntegral
    66 APIRECOMMENDEDPRACTI
    CE574

    par
    tofsafet
    ypract
    ices.Ingeneral
    ,thesect
    ionofpi
    pingt
    obeopenedshoul
    dbei
    sol
    atedf
    rom al
    lsourcesof
    har
    mfull
    iqui
    ds,
    gases, orvapor
    sandpur gedtoremoveal
    loi
    landt
    oxi
    corfl
    ammabl
    egasesandvapors.

    Hammertesti
    ngofpr
    essuredpi
    pingmightcausefai
    l
    ureandallowthecontentsoft
    hepipi
    ngtober
    eleased.
    Pr
    ecaut
    ionsshoul
    dbetakenbef
    oreanyhammert est
    ingofi
    n-serv
    icepi
    ping(seeAPI2217A)
    .

    Radi
    ographymustbeperfor
    medi naccor
    dancewi
    tht
    heappl
    i
    cabl
    erequi
    rement
    soft
    hesi
    teandj
    uri
    sdi
    cti
    on
    duetopotent
    ial
    radi
    ati
    onexposur
    e.

    Cautionshouldbet akenwhenat tempti


    ngtor emovescaleanddeposi tsfrom t heexternalsurfacesofi n-
    servi
    ce pipi
    ng,especial
    lywhen oper at
    ing athigh pr
    essure ortemper ature with hazardous/fl
    ammabl e
    processflui
    ds.Lossofcontainmentinci
    dentshaveoccurr
    edwhendeposi tswer er emovedwhi leinspecti
    ng
    forCUI,supportpoi
    ntcorr
    osion,cooli
    ngwaterdrif
    tcorr
    osi
    on,etc.thatwerecov eri
    ngthrough-wallcorrosi
    on
    damage.Theowner /usermayconsi dert
    hefoll
    owingtomiti
    gatetheriskofat hrough-wallevent.

    a) Useofpr
    ofil
    eRTorUTNDEt oinspectunderdeposi
    tsanddet
    ermi
    net
    heamountofcor
    rosi
    ondamage,
    bef
    oredi
    stur
    bingt
    hedeposi
    ts.

    b) Developanemer gencyresponsepl
    anintheeventt
    hatathr
    ough-wal
    lleakdevelops.Thi
    spl
    anshould
    i
    ncludeprovi
    sionst oisol
    atetheaff
    ect
    edarea,tempor
    aryrepai
    rprovi
    sions,andanyaddit
    ionalPPE
    requi
    rement
    s.

    9.
    2 Communi
    cat
    ion

    Beforestart
    inganypipi
    ngsyst
    em i
    nspect
    ionand/ormai
    ntenanceacti
    vit
    ies(NDE, pressuretest
    ing,r
    epai
    r,or
    al
    terati
    on),per
    sonnelshoul
    dobtai
    npermi
    ssionfr
    om oper
    atingpersonnelresponsibleforthepipi
    ngtowor k
    i
    nthev ici
    nit
    y.

    Whenindi
    vi
    dualsar
    ei nsi
    delargepipi
    ngsystems,allpersonsworki
    ngaroundtheequipmentshoul
    dbe
    i
    nfor
    medthatpeopl
    eareworkinginsi
    dethepi
    ping.I
    ndiv
    idualswor
    kingi
    nsi
    dethepipi
    ngshoul
    dbeinfor
    med
    whenanyworki
    sgoingtobedoneont heext
    eri
    orofthepipi
    ng.

    9.
    3 Pr
    epar
    ator
    yWor
    k

    Allpossiblepr eparatoryworkshoul
    dbedonebef oretheschedul edstartofinspecti
    on.Scaff
    oldsshoul
    dbe
    erect
    ed,i nsulationremov ed,andsurfacepreparati
    oncompl etedwher erequir
    ed.Bur i
    edpipi
    ngshouldbe
    excavatedatt hepoi nt
    st obeinspected.Equipmentr equi
    redf orper sonalsafet
    yshouldbecheckedt o
    determinei tsav ail
    abili
    tyandcondi
    ti
    on.Anynecessar ywarningsignsshoul dbeobt ai
    nedinadvance,and
    barri
    cadesshoul dbeer ectedar
    oundallexcavati
    ons.Theappropr i
    atesignsandbar r
    icadesasrequi
    redbythe
    si
    teandj urisdictionshouldbeinpl
    acebef or
    er adi
    ographyisperformed.

    Alltools,equipment,andPPEuseddur ingpipi
    ngwor k(i.
    e.inspecti
    on,NDE,pr essuret est
    ing,r
    epai
    rs,and
    al
    terations)shouldbecheckedf ordamageand/ oroperabi
    lit
    ypr i
    ortouse.NDEequi pmentandt herepair
    organizati
    on’sequipmentar
    esubjecttotheowner/user
    ’ssafetyrequi
    rementsforelectr
    icalequipment.Other
    equipmentt hatmightbeneededf orthepipi
    ngsy st
    em access,suchaspl anking,scaffoldi
    ng,andportable
    l
    adder s,shouldbecheckedforadequacyandsafetybef
    orebeingused.

    Duri
    ngprepar
    ati
    onofpi
    pingsy
    stemsforinspect
    ion,
    PPEshoul
    dbewor
    nwhenr
    equi
    redei
    therbyr
    egul
    ati
    ons,
    theowner/
    user,
    ort
    herepai
    rorgani
    zat
    ion.

    Thetool
    sneededforinspect
    ionshoul
    dbecheckedforav
    ail
    abil
    i
    ty,properwor
    kingcondi
    ti
    on,
    cal
    i
    brat
    ion,
    and
    accur
    acy.Thef
    oll
    owingtoolsandinst
    rument
    sareof
    tenusedininspecti
    onofpi
    ping:

    a) ACFM cr
    ackdet
    ect
    ionequi
    pment
    ;

    b) al
    l
    oyanal
    yzer(
    nucl
    earsour
    cef
    ormat
    eri
    ali
    dent
    if
    icat
    ion)
    ;
    I ONPRACTI
    NSPECTI CESFORPI
    PINGSYSTEM COMPONENTS 67

    c) bor
    escopeand/
    orf
    iber
    opt
    ic;

    d) camer
    a;

    e) cr
    ayonormar
    ker
    ;

    f
    ) di
    rect
    -r
    eadi
    ngcal
    i
    per
    swi
    thspeci
    all
    yshapedl
    egs;

    g) eddycur
    rentequi
    pment
    ;

    h) f
    lashl
    i
    ghtandaddi
    ti
    onal
    por
    tabl
    eli
    ght
    ing;

    i
    ) hammer
    ;

    j
    ) I
    DandODt
    ransf
    ercal
    i
    per
    s;

    k) i
    nfr
    aredpy
    romet
    erandcamer
    a;

    l
    ) kni
    fe;

    m)l
    eakdet
    ect
    or(
    soni
    c,gast
    est
    ,orsoapsol
    uti
    on)
    ;

    n) l
    i
    qui
    dpenet
    rantequi
    pment
    ;

    o) magnet
    ;

    p) magnet
    icpar
    ti
    cleequi
    pment
    ;

    q) magni
    fyi
    nggl
    ass;

    r
    ) mat
    eri
    ali
    dent
    if
    icat
    ionki
    t;

    s) mi
    crowav
    einspect
    ionequi
    pment
    ;

    t
    ) mi
    rr
    or;

    u) not
    ebookorsket
    ches;

    v
    ) pai
    nt;

    w)pi
    t-
    dept
    hgauge;

    x) por
    tabl
    ehar
    dnesst
    est
    er;

    y
    )radi
    ogr
    aphi
    cequi
    pment
    ;

    z) r
    emot
    etel
    evi
    sioncamer
    a(f
    ori
    nter
    nal

    i
    nspect
    ion)
    ;aa)scr
    aper
    ;

    ab)st
    eel
    rul
    e;

    ac)t
    hicknessorhookgauge;

    ad)ul
    tr
    asoni
    cequi
    pment
    ;ae)

    wi
    rebr
    ush.
    68 APIRECOMMENDEDPRACTI
    CE574

    I
    nadditi
    ont otheli
    stabove,gr
    itblasti
    ngorcompar abl
    eequi
    pmentmayber
    equi
    redt
    oremovepai
    ntand
    ot
    herprotecti
    vecoati
    ngs,dir
    t,orcor rosi
    onpr oductsso t
    hatt
    hesurf
    acei
    sproper
    lypr
    epar
    edforthe
    i
    nspect
    iontechni
    que(e.
    g.i
    nspecti
    onf orcrackswit
    hMT) .

    9.
    4 I
    nvest
    igat
    ionofLeaks

    On- stream pi pingl eaksinprocessunitscanoccurf orv ari


    ousr easons.Thosewhoi nvesti
    gatet heleakmay
    bepar t
    icularl
    yatr i
    skt otheconsequenceassoci atedwi thr eleaseoft hepr ocessf l
    uid.Asitemaywantt o
    creat eagener alsafetyproceduretobef ol
    loweddur i
    ngapi pingleaki nvestigation.Afurtherprecautionisto
    holdasaf etyr evi
    ewbef oreanyl eaki
    nv est
    igati
    on.Ther eviewwoul dconsi dert hestateofapi pingsy stem i
    n
    termsofpr essure,temper atur
    e,remaininginvent
    oryofpr ocessf l
    uids,pot enti
    aldamagemechani sms,and
    simi larfactor s.Wher epipingmaybesi gnifi
    cantl
    ythinnedr athert hancont ainisolateddefects,potentialpi
    pe
    rupt urei smor elikel
    yandshoul dbet akeni nt
    oconsi derat
    ionwheni nvestigatingleaksordur i
    ngf ir
    ef i
    ghti
    ng
    effor ts.ReferenceAPI2001f ormoreinformationonleakr esponsepr otocol.

    Thesaf
    etyr
    evi
    ewt
    eam shoul
    ddef
    ine:

    a) a“hotzone”ar
    oundthel
    eaksi
    teandest
    abl
    i
    shPPEandaddi
    ti
    onal
    fir
    efi
    ght
    ingequi
    pmentr
    equi
    rement
    s
    t
    oper f
    orm wor
    kinsi
    dethi
    szone;

    b) decontaminat
    ionrequi
    rement
    suponexi
    tfr
    om t
    hehotzoneandot
    herr
    equi
    rement
    snecessar
    ytopr
    otect
    personnel
    andt heenvi
    ronment
    .

    Thesafet
    yr evi
    ew team mustbecar efulmakingassumpt
    ionsabouttheleak’
    scause.I
    nci
    dent
    shav e
    occur
    redwhereinvesti
    gat
    iveper
    sonnelassumedtheyknewthecauseofasmalll
    eakonanoperat
    ingl
    i
    ne
    andwerecaughtunprepar
    edwhentheleaksuddenl
    ybecamequit
    elar
    ge.

    10 I
    nspect
    ionPr
    ocedur
    esandPr
    act
    ices

    10.
    1 Ext
    ernal
    VisualI
    nspect
    ion

    10.
    1.1 Gener
    al

    Ext
    ernalvi
    suali
    nspecti
    onsar
    eperfor
    medt odet
    ermi
    netheexter
    nalcondi
    ti
    onofpipi
    ng,i
    nsul
    ati
    onsy st
    em,
    pai
    nti
    ng/coat
    ingsyst
    ems,andassoci
    atedhar
    dwareandtocheckforsi
    gnsofmisali
    gnment
    ,vi
    brat
    ion,and
    l
    eakage.AnnexAcontai
    nsasamplecheckl
    i
    st.

    10.
    1.2 Leaks

    Leakscanbesaf etyorf i
    rehazards.Theycancausepr emat ureshut
    downofequi pmentandof tenresultin
    economicloss.Leaksinut i
    li
    typipi
    ngar eseldom hazardousorcauseshut downs,butt heydor esultinloss.
    Leaksinhotorv olat
    il
    eoil,gas,andchemi calpi pi
    ngcanr esultinaf i
    re,anexplosion,cont aminationoft he
    surr
    ounding at
    mospher e,aser iousenv i
    ronment alproblem,orapr emat ureshutdown.Fr equentv i
    sual
    survei
    l
    lanceshouldbemadef orleaks.Part
    icularattent
    ionshoul dbegivent ofl
    angedj oints,packingglands,
    bonnetsofvalves,andexpansionj oi
    ntsonpi pingthatcarriesf l
    ammabl e,toxi
    c,corr
    osi ve,orotherhar mf ul
    materi
    als.Manyleakscanbest oppedormi nimi zedbytighteningpacki
    nggl ands.

    Tighteni
    ngflangebol
    tsi
    napr
    essur
    izedl
    i
    nei
    sonl
    yrecommendedwhenspeci
    alst
    epsar
    etakent
    oav
    oid
    threepotent
    ialpr
    obl
    ems:

    a) bol
    tint
    eract
    ions—whenabol
    tist
    ight
    enedt
    headj
    acentbol
    tsar
    eloosened,

    b) abol
    tcany
    iel
    dorf
    ail
    duet
    oov
    erl
    oadi
    ng,

    c) t
    ight
    eni
    ngonesi
    deofaf
    langecancausedef
    lect
    ionsi
    nthear
    easopposi
    teandadj
    acentt
    oit
    .
    I ONPRACTI
    NSPECTI CESFORPI
    PINGSYSTEM COMPONENTS 69

    Leaksofcert
    ainflui
    dscanr esul
    tinthecracki
    ngand/orcorr
    osionofflangebol
    ts;insuchservi
    ces,t
    hebolts
    shouldbereplaced.Thepr omptrepairofleakswil
    loft
    enpr eventseri
    ouscorrosionorerosi
    onofgasket
    surf
    acesorpackingglands.Temporaryorpermanentr
    epair
    scanpossi bl
    ybemadewhi l
    eli
    nesareinser
    vice.

    Wethy dr
    ogensulf
    idestr
    esscr
    acki
    ngandhydrogenbl
    i
    ster
    ingi
    nsy
    stemsi
    nsour(
    H2Sl
    aden)ser
    vicemay
    occurext
    ernal
    l
    yift
    rappeddueal
    eakthati
    scl
    amped.

    10.
    1.3 Mi
    sal
    ignment

    Pi
    pingshoul
    dbei
    nspect
    edf
    ormi
    sal
    i
    gnment
    ,whi
    chcanbei
    ndi
    cat
    edbyt
    hef
    oll
    owi
    ngcondi
    ti
    ons:

    a) pipi
    ngdisl
    odgedf
    rom oneormor
    esuppor
    tssot
    hati
    tswei
    ghti
    snotbei
    ngpr
    oper
    lydi
    str
    ibut
    edont
    he
    remaini
    nghanger
    sorsaddl
    es;

    b) thedeformat
    ionofavessel
    ort
    ankwalli
    nthevi
    cini
    tyofapi
    pingat
    tachment
    ,whichmayal sobet he
    resul
    tofther
    malexpansi
    onint
    hepi
    pingsyst
    em ormajorpi
    pingmi
    sali
    gnmentorinadequatepi
    ping
    support;

    c) pi
    pingsuppor
    tsf
    orcedoutofpl
    umbbyexpansi
    onorcont
    ract
    ionoft
    hepi
    ping;

    d) excessiverepl
    acementorrepairofbear
    ings,
    impel
    ler
    s,andtur
    binewheel
    sofcent
    ri
    fugal
    pumps,
    compr essors,
    andtur
    binesealstowhichpipi
    ngisconnect
    ed;

    e) theshi
    ft
    ingofabasepl
    ate,
    breakingofaf
    oundat
    ion,
    orshear
    ingoff
    oundat
    ionbol
    tsofmechani
    cal
    equi
    pmenttowhichpi
    pingi
    sattached;

    f
    ) cr
    acksi
    nconnect
    ingf
    langesort
    hecasesofpumpsort
    urbi
    nest
    owhi
    chpi
    pingi
    sat
    tached;

    g) expansi
    onj
    oint
    sthatar
    eexcessi
    vel
    ydef
    ormedornotper
    for
    mingpr
    oper
    ly.

    I
    fsi
    gni
    fi
    cantpi
    pingmi
    sal
    i
    gnmenti
    sdi
    scov
    ered,
    itshoul
    dbepr
    ompt
    lycor
    rect
    ed.

    10.
    1.4 Suppor
    ts

    10.
    1.4.
    1 Gener
    alPi
    peSuppor
    tInspect
    ion

    Suppor
    tlocat
    ionsshoul
    dbei denti
    fi
    edinappr opr
    iat
    erecor
    dsyst
    emsandi
    nspect
    edt
    over
    if
    ythatt
    he
    suppor
    tsar
    efuncti
    oni
    ngproper
    lyandarenotcausi
    ngdamagetot
    hepipe.

    Thepri
    ori
    ti
    zat
    ionofsupporti
    nspecti
    onsmaybemadeont hebasisofli
    kel
    ihoodofdamageormaybemade
    onthebasi
    sofariskassessmentthatal
    soconsi
    der
    stheconsequenceofafail
    ure.

    Stat
    ist
    ical
    techniquesmaybeusedt odeterminetherequi
    redinspecti
    onsamplesi
    zet
    oensur
    ethenecessar
    y
    degreeofconfidence.Si
    te-
    specif
    icdat
    ar el
    atedtohistor
    icalpipi
    ngsupportpr
    obl
    emsshoul
    dberefer
    enced
    tobett
    erunderstandthevul
    nerabi
    li
    tyofpart
    icul
    arsupportdesign,l
    ocati
    on,
    orappl
    i
    cat
    ion.

    Stati
    sti
    calanalysi
    smaybeusedt oeval
    uatetheinspecti
    ondatacol l
    ectedduringsamplinginspect
    ionsand
    determineifaddit
    ionali
    nspect
    ion,uptoandincludi
    ng100%i nspecti
    onofpar ti
    cul
    arpipingsupport
    sand/or
    designsiswar ranted.Closevisuali
    nspecti
    onofpi pingsupportsort ouchpointlocati
    onsmaypr ovi
    de
    additi
    onaldatatohelpdetermi
    newheremor edetail
    ed,quant
    it
    ativetechniquesarerequi
    red.

    Ext
    ernal
    inspect
    ionofsuppor
    tsshoul
    dincl
    udet
    hef
    oll
    owi
    ngexami
    nat
    ionswher
    eappl
    i
    cabl
    e.

    a) Visualexami
    nat
    ionf
    orgener
    alphy
    sical
    damage,
    dist
    ort
    ion,
    anddet
    eri
    orat
    ionofpr
    otect
    ivecoat
    ingsor
    fi
    reproofi
    ng.

    b) Vi
    sualexaminati
    onforevi
    denceofcorrosi
    on,especi
    all
    yatorneart
    ouchpoi
    nts,
    thef
    oundat
    ion
    at
    tachments,andneardummyl egs(
    trunni
    ons).
    70 APIRECOMMENDEDPRACTI
    CE574

    Closev i
    sualexaminationoft hetouchpointareabetweenthepi pi
    ngandsuppor tcani
    dentif
    ycorr
    osion
    damagebyt hepresenceofr ustbuil
    dupand/orpai
    ntbli
    ster
    inganddi scol
    ori
    ng.However,
    theseveri
    tyof
    corrosi
    oncannotal way sbeassessedwi thoutf
    urt
    herexami nat
    ions.Furt
    her,hi
    ghlyl
    ocal
    izedcorr
    osion
    maybemi ssedast hev isualappearancemaynotbesi gnif
    icant
    .Mi r
    ror
    scanbeusedwi thgreat
    advantagewheni nspectingsuppor tl
    ocat
    ionswithl
    imit
    edaccess.

    Dummyl egdrainholesshoul dbeexaminedtoensuretheyareopenandunobstructed.Watershoul


    d
    neverbeallowedtoaccumul at
    ewi t
    hinapi
    pingsuppor
    ttrunni
    on.Thedummylegdrainholesshoul
    dnot
    besitt
    ingonanyst ructuralsupport
    s,whi
    chmayal l
    owwat ertowicki
    ntoanyhor
    izontalcl
    oseddummy
    l
    eg.Ver t
    icaldummyl egsshouldhav eadrainholeatthebot t
    om.Watershoul
    dnev erbeal l
    owedto
    accumulatewithi
    napi pingsupporttr
    unni
    on.

    Lift
    ingpi pef r
    om suppor tsortouchpoi nt
    susingacr aneorot herl i
    f t
    ingequi pmentcanal lowf oramor e
    accurat edet erminat i
    onofcondi ti
    onandext entofdamage.Li ft
    ingapi pe,whi chmayal r
    eadyhav e
    sufferedcor rosion, canbehazar dousandshoul dbecar r
    iedoutwi t
    hext r
    emecaut ion.Safet yprecaut i
    ons
    forlif
    tingt hepi pewi llv arydependingont hef luidcont ained,linepr essure,anti
    cipatedpi pecondi t
    ion,
    andl ocat i
    ononsi te/of fsite.Thisshouldinvolveaj obsaf etyanal ysispriortoper formingt het ask.In
    somei nstances,t hepi pel i
    fti
    ngmaybeconsi der edtoohazar dousf orpar t
    icularf
    luids(e.g.pr opane),or
    forpar ti
    cularser vicesi fthel i
    necannotbedepr essurized.I fext ernalcor r
    osionisev i
    dent ,anyext ernal
    cleaningusi ngmechani calmeans, abrasi
    veblasting,orhi gh-pressur ewat erblasti
    ngshoul dbedonewi t
    h
    extremecaut ionsoast omi nimizethechanceofpr ematur el
    ycausi ngal ossofcont ainmentev ent.

    Suppor
    tremovalandt emporar
    ysuppor
    tplacement,whenpossi
    ble,canalsobeaneffect
    ivemet
    hodto
    gai
    naccessandal l
    ow foramor ethor
    oughexaminati
    on.Whenr emovingsuppor
    t,orusingt
    empor
    ary
    suppor
    t,t
    hesamepr ecaut
    ionsappl
    yasforl
    ift
    ingpi
    pe.

    c) Vi
    sualexaminat
    ionforsignsofmov ement,restr
    ict
    edoper ati
    onofpiperoll
    ers,sli
    deplat
    es,pul
    l
    eys,or
    pi
    votpoint
    si ncounter
    balancedsupportsystems.Inspectionshoul
    dalsoi ncludeasearchforsmall
    br
    anchconnecti
    onsthatareagainstpi
    pesuppor t
    sthatmi ghtbeconstr
    aini
    ngt hermalmovementofthe
    l
    argerl
    i
    ne.

    d) Visualexaminati
    onfordeter
    ior
    ati
    onofconcr
    etef
    ooti
    ngs,f
    oundat
    ions,orpl
    int
    hblocks.Ifdet
    eri
    orat
    ionof
    concretefooti
    ngsisfound,t
    hecauseshoul
    dbedeter
    minedandcorrect
    iveact
    ionshouldbetaken.

    e) Vi
    sual
    exami
    nat
    ionf
    orf
    ail
    edf
    ir
    epr
    oof
    ingatsuppor
    tlocat
    ions.

    f
    ) Visualexami nat
    ionforfail
    edorl ooseningoff oundati
    onanchorbolts.Loosefoundat
    ionbol t
    scanbe
    foundbylightlyr
    appingthebol tsidewayswi t
    hahammerwhi lehol
    dingaf i
    ngeragai
    nsttheopposit
    eside
    i
    ncont actwi ththebear i
    ngpl ate.Mov ementoft heboltwillbeeasilydetect
    ed.Try
    ingt hebolt
    sby
    ti
    ghteni
    ngt henut swit
    hawr enchmayal soindicat
    elooseni
    ng.Brokenboltscanbedet ect
    edusingthe
    samemet hodsusedt ofindloosebol ts.Shif
    tingofthebeari
    ngplateoni t
    sfoundati
    oncani ndi
    cat
    ethat
    thefoundationboltsar
    eshear ed.

    g) Vi
    sualexaminat
    ion f
    orinsecur
    e att
    achmentofbracket
    s and beams t
    othe suppor
    t,ori
    nsecur
    e
    at
    tachmentori
    mproperadj
    ustmentofpi
    pehanger
    s.

    h) Visualexaminati
    onofspri
    ngcanintegr
    it
    yandproperoper
    ati
    on.Forspri
    ngsuppor
    ts,
    thef
    oll
    owi
    ngi
    tems
    needt obeinspectedf
    oranyevi
    denceofcorr
    osi
    onormechanicalover
    load:

    1) spr
    ingcan,

    2) spr
    ing,

    3) l
    ocki
    ngdev
    ice,

    4) hangeraccessor
    ies(
    rodsandsuppor
    tcl
    amps)
    ,

    5) pi
    pingundersuppor
    tcl
    amps,
    I ONPRACTI
    NSPECTI CESFORPI
    PINGSYSTEM COMPONENTS 71

    6) suppor
    ti
    ngst
    ruct
    ural
    steel
    .

    Spri
    nghangerloadsshoul
    dbecheckedunderbot hcoldandhotcondi ti
    ons,andthereadi
    ngsobtai
    ned
    shoul
    dbecheckedagai nsttheori
    ginalcoldandhotr eadings.I
    mproperspri
    ngsupportsett
    ingscan
    causeexcessi
    vepipel
    oadsonrotat
    ingequipmentthatcanresulti
    nmisal
    ignment.Ot
    herfact
    orssuchas
    dif
    fer
    enti
    alset
    tl
    ementandcreepcanmakeal ter
    nat
    eset t
    ingsnecessar
    y.

    i
    )Ul
    tr
    asonicthicknessmeasurement sorpr ofi
    leradi
    ographyusedt odeterminecorrosi
    ondamageshould
    i
    ncludethecent erofdummyl eg( t
    runnion)suppor
    tat t
    achments,unlessdrai
    nhol esar
    epresentand
    hi
    stori
    calinspecti
    onhavedet erminedt hatnopipeexternalcorr
    osionexist
    swi t
    hinthedummyl eg.A
    measurementofpi pethi
    cknessshoul dincl
    udethecenterofthedummyl egat
    tachmentandbetakenas
    nearaspossibletotheedgewher ewat ermaysiti
    nthedummyl eg.

    10.
    1.4.
    2 Speci
    alEmphasi
    sSuppor
    tInspect
    ion

    Therearesever
    altypesofspeci ali
    zedNDEtechni
    questhatmayal l
    ow i
    nspect
    ionoftouchpoint
    swi thout
    l
    if
    ti
    ngoft hepi
    peorremov alofthesupport
    .Someofthesetechni
    quesmayalsobesui
    tablef
    orinspect
    ionof
    pi
    pingatdummyl eg(t
    runnion)attachment
    s.

    a) Long-rangeUlt
    r asonicTechnique:Ult
    rasoni cGuidedWav eI nspection—Low-frequencyul t
    rasoni
    cguided
    wav escanbeusedf ordetecti
    onofint er
    nalandext ernalcor rosi
    onf r
    om asinglepoi ntofaccessont he
    pipet oadistanceofabout30m ( 98f t)inbothdi rections.Thedi st
    anceandef fecti
    venessmaybe
    reducedbyf act or
    ssuchasf it
    ti
    ngs,flanges,heav yext ernalcoat i
    ngsandconcr ete,andheav yproducts
    i
    nsidet hepi
    pe.Thi st echnol
    ogycannotdi f
    ferent
    iat
    ebet weeni nt
    ernalandext er
    nalcor rosionormaynot
    l
    ocat ethemostsev erelocali
    zedcorrosion;howev er,i
    tcanbeusedasascr eeningt ool.Whensuppor ts
    arewel dedtot hepi pe,detecti
    onofdef ectsisnotef fecti
    v e.Highlylocal
    i
    zedcor rosioni snotreli
    ably
    detectedwit
    hl ong-rangeUT.

    b) Electr
    omagnet i
    cAcousti
    cTr ansducer(EMAT)Ultrasound—TheEMATsystem canbeusedt
    oinspect
    pipesupportlocat
    ionsonli
    ve,on-st
    ream pr
    ocesspiping.Thi
    smoni
    tor
    sul
    trasoni
    cLambwavemodeand
    veloci
    tychangesandenablesdefectsatsuppor
    tlocati
    onstobedet
    ect
    edandsized.

    TheEMATsy stem doesnotr


    equir
    econt
    actoracoupl
    ant
    ,andtheult
    rasoni
    ctransducer
    susemagneti
    c
    wav esandhi
    gh-cur
    rentt
    oneburst
    stogener
    ateLambwaves.Thesewavespropagatecir
    cumf
    erent
    ial
    l
    y
    aroundthepi
    pe.

    Transducer
    shousedinascannerthatmov esal
    ongthepi
    pemeasurethemodeandv el
    ocit
    ychangesof
    theLamb wav esand converttheout putint
    oreadi
    ngsofwal lthi
    ckness.Theaccur
    acycan v ary
    depending on t
    he def
    ectcharacteri
    sti
    c and mat
    eri
    althi
    ckness.The owner/
    usershould consi
    der
    vali
    dati
    ngtheperf
    ormanceaccur
    acy .

    EMATcan(
    atthet
    imeofdocumentr
    elease)beusedt
    osur
    veypi
    pedi
    amet
    ers100mm t
    o600mm NPS
    (4i
    n.t
    o24i
    n.NPS)

    c) CreepingHeadWaveMet hod—TheCr eepi


    ngHeadWav eMet hodisabl
    etodet
    ectcorr
    osi
    onofapipeata
    dist
    ancefrom t
    hepointofaccess.Itr
    equir
    escont
    actwiththepipeint
    wolocati
    ons,
    oneatei
    thersi
    deof
    thepipesuppor
    t(maximum effect
    ivespanbet
    weentransducerheadsi
    s1m) .

    Ultr
    asoni
    ccompr essi
    onwavesarel
    aunchedalongthesurfaceofthepi
    peandresulti
    ntheproduct
    ionof
    shearwav esinthebodyofthemateri
    al.Whentheshearwav esreacht
    heopposit
    esideofthepipewall
    ,
    theyconvertbacktocompressi
    onsurf
    ace-ski
    mmingwav es.

    Cor
    rosionandot
    herflawsr
    esul
    tinascat
    teri
    ngofsurf
    ace-
    ski
    mmi
    ngwav
    es,andt
    heycant
    her
    efor
    ebe
    l
    ocatedandsi
    zedbasedonananal
    ysi
    softhewaves.

    Thepr
    esenceoft
    oomuchdebr
    iscanpr
    eventt
    het
    echni
    quef
    rom bei
    ngef
    fect
    ive.
    72 APIRECOMMENDEDPRACTI
    CE574

    Creepi
    ngHeadWav eMethodr
    esul
    tsar
    eusual
    l
    yrepor
    tedbyest
    imat
    ingt
    hedef
    ectsev
    eri
    tyi
    ntot
    hree
    rangesthati
    ncl
    udet
    hefoll
    owi
    ng.

    1) Def
    ectofl
    esst
    han10%t
    hrough-
    wal
    lthi
    cknessl
    oss.

    2) Def
    ectofbet
    ween10%and40%t
    hrough-
    wal
    lthi
    cknessl
    oss.

    3) Def
    ectofgr
    eat
    ert
    han40%t
    hrough-
    wal
    lthi
    cknessl
    oss.

    Creepi
    ngHeadWav
    eMet
    hodcanal
    sobeut
    il
    izedt
    osur
    veyf
    orcor
    rosi
    onbet
    weenpi
    peandsaddl
    e
    suppor
    ts.

    NOTEWhenchoosi ngaspeci
    al emphasi
    sinspect
    iont
    echni
    queforsupport
    s, sometechni
    quessuchasUl trasoni
    cGuided
    Wav eandCreepi
    ngHeadWav eMet hodmaynotbeef f
    ect
    iveatdetect
    inglocali
    zedcorr
    osionareaswi t
    hneart hr
    ough-
    walldept
    hsandshouldnotbereli
    edupontofindt
    hist
    ypeofdefect
    .Otherinspect
    ionandsampli
    ngt echniquesshoul
    dbe
    used.

    10.
    1.4.
    3 Pi
    peSuppor
    tRi
    skRanki
    ng

    Riskassessmentmaybeconsi
    der
    edt
    oident
    if
    yv ulner
    abl
    epi
    pesupportsandindeci
    dingwheresampl
    e
    i
    nspecti
    onmayandmaynotbeused.Determinat
    ionofthemostvulner
    ablear
    easshouldconsi
    dert
    he
    foll
    owi
    ng.

    a) Fact
    orsaf
    fect
    ingl
    i
    kel
    i
    hoodofdamagei
    ncl
    udet
    hef
    oll
    owi
    ng.

    1) Isthesupportofatypethathasahi
    storyofgivi
    ngpr obl
    ems(e.
    g.opendummylegs,beam support
    s,
    andsaddleclamps)?Supportswi
    thaflatsur
    face,suchasHbeamsandt hosel
    i
    stedabove,provi
    dea
    crevi
    ceforret
    enti
    onofwat er
    ,whi
    chcanpr omotecorrosi
    on.

    2) Doest
    hesuppor
    tdesi
    gnpr
    omot
    econt
    inuousmoi
    stcondi
    ti
    ons(
    e.g.cont
    actwi
    thi
    nsul
    ati
    on)
    ?

    3) I
    sther
    eanef
    fect
    ivecoat
    ingont
    hepi
    pei
    nthear
    eaoft
    hesuppor
    t?

    4) I
    sthesuppor
    tinanar
    eaoft
    hepl
    antt
    hati
    spar
    ti
    cul
    arl
    ywet(
    e.g.nearcool
    i
    ngt
    ower
    s)?

    5) I
    sthet
    emper
    atur
    eint
    hear
    eaofcont
    actsucht
    hatcor
    rosi
    oncoul
    dbeaccel
    erat
    ed?

    6) Coul
    dpi
    pemov
    ementr
    esul
    tindi
    stor
    ti
    onorhi
    ghl
    ocal
    str
    essesont
    hepi
    pei
    nthear
    eaoft
    hesuppor
    t?

    7) Age.

    b) Fact
    orsaf
    fect
    ingconsequenceoff
    ail
    ureli
    ketheheal
    thandsafet
    yhazar
    dst opersonneli
    fleaksoccur
    ,
    thei
    mpactontheenvi
    ronment,t
    heunavai
    l
    abil
    i
    tyofequi
    pment,
    andanyresul
    tantfi
    nanciali
    mpact.

    c) On-si
    teandOff-si
    teAreas—Ther
    ei susual
    lynodist
    inct
    ionbet
    weenon-si
    teandof
    f-si
    tear
    easinter
    msof
    cor
    rosionvul
    nerabi
    li
    ty.However
    ,thelocat
    ioncanhavecorr
    osi
    oncont
    ri
    butingf
    act
    orsli
    kefl
    oodi
    ngorlack
    ofdrai
    nage,weeds,mud,etc.

    10.
    1.5 Vi
    brat
    ion

    Ifvi
    br at
    ionorsway ingisobser ved,weldsshouldbei nspectedf orcr acks,particul
    arl
    yatpoi ntsofr estr
    aint,
    suchasar easwherepi pi
    ngi sat t
    achedt oequi
    pmentandnearanchor s.Problemsf requentl
    yoccuratsmal l
    weldedandscr ewedconnect ionst hathaveaheavyv alvethataccent uatesvi
    br ati
    onandatsmal lli
    nest hat
    aretieddownt oalargerlineandf orcedtomov ewithit.Additi
    onalsuppor tshoul dbeconsideredforpoor l
    y
    bracedsmal l
    -si
    zedpipi
    ngandv alv
    esandf orthemainv ibr
    atinglinet owhi cht heyareattached.Incasesof
    severev ibr
    ati
    on,itmaybeadv isabletohaveacompet entconsul tantr ecommendar emedy ,part
    icularl
    yif
    speciali
    zedequi pment,suchasapul sat
    ionbottl
    eorswayst abil
    izers,mayber equi r
    ed.
    I ONPRACTI
    NSPECTI CESFORPI
    PINGSYSTEM COMPONENTS 73

    10.
    1.6 Ext
    ernalCor
    rosi
    on

    Defectsinprotecti
    vecoat i
    ngsandt hewat erpr
    oofcoati
    ngofinsulati
    onwi llpermitmoi stur
    et ocomei nto
    contactwit
    ht hepi ping.Whendef ectsaref oundinthewaterproofcoat ingofi nsulat
    ion,eitherenough
    i
    nsulati
    onshoul dber emovedort heaf f
    ectedareashouldber adiographedt odet er
    mi netheext entand
    severi
    tyofthecorrosion.Sect
    ionsofinsul
    ati
    onmayber emovedfrom smal lconnections,suchasbl eedli
    nes
    andgaugeconnect i
    ons,sincediff
    icult
    yinobt ai
    ningagoodseali nt heinsulati
    onmakest heselocati
    ons
    part
    icul
    arl
    yv ul
    nerabletoexter
    nalcorrosi
    on.

    Linesthatsweatar esuscepti
    bletodet
    eriorat
    ionatareasofsupport.Corr osi
    oncanbef oundundercl amps
    onsuspendedl i
    nes.Pipingmountedonr oll
    ersorweldedsupportshoesi ssubjecttomoistur
    eaccumul at
    ion
    withresul
    tantcorrosi
    on.Liqui
    dspill
    edonpi pi
    ng,thei
    mpi ngementofaj etofsteam, andwaterdr
    ippingona
    l
    inecancausedet eri
    orati
    on.Lossofvapor-seal
    ingmast i
    cfrom t
    hei nsulati
    onofpipingincoldservicecan
    resul
    tinlocalcor
    rosion.Pipewall
    sinsi
    deopen- endedtruni
    onsupportsaresubj ectt
    ocorrosi
    on.Alloft hese
    point
    sshouldbei nvesti
    gated.

    Alossint
    hicknesscanbedet
    erminedbycompari
    ngt
    hepipediamet
    eratthecor
    rodedar
    eawi
    tht
    heor
    igi
    nal
    pi
    pediameter.Thedept
    hofpi
    tscanbedeter
    minedwi
    thapit
    -dept
    hgauge.

    Bol
    ti
    ngshoul
    dal
    sobechecked,
    especi
    all
    yinmar
    ineenv
    ironment
    sandot
    hercor
    rosi
    veenv
    ironment
    s.

    10.
    1.7 Accumul
    ati
    onsofCor
    rosi
    veLi
    qui
    ds

    Spil
    l
    edliqui
    dt hathasseepedintothegr
    oundcanusual
    lybelocatedbylooki
    ngfordi
    scolor
    ati
    onoft
    heeart
    h.
    Thespillshouldbei nv
    estigat
    edtodetermi
    newhethertheliqui
    discor r
    osi
    vetosteel.Thi
    smayinvol
    vea
    chemicalanal
    y si
    sofsoilsamplesoroft
    heli
    qui
    d,unl
    essthesourceofthespil
    li
    sknown.

    10.
    1.8 HotSpot
    s

    Pi
    pingoper ati
    ngatt emper at
    ureshi ghert hanthedesignli
    mi torint
    hecr eeprange,evenwi t
    houthigher
    pressure,canexper i
    encebul ging.Inpi pingthatispr ot
    ectedfrom excessi
    vet emperat
    uresbyi nt
    ernal
    i
    nsulatingref
    ractor
    y,fail
    ureofthei nsulat
    ionwillr
    esulti
    nov er
    heati
    ngofthemet alwal
    l,causi
    ngahotspot .
    Theexcessi vetemper aturegreatlyreducest hest r
    engthoft hemetalandcancausebul gi
    ng,scali
    ng,
    l
    ocalizedbuckli
    ng,met aldet
    eri
    or at
    ion,orcompletefai
    lur
    e.

    Frequentinspect ionshoul dbeper f


    ormedt odet ecthotspot soni nter nall
    yinsulatedpiping.Anybul gi
    ngor
    scalingshouldbenot edforf urtherinvest
    igati
    onwhent heequipmenti sshutdown.Somehotspot scanbe
    detectedbyar edgl ow,particularl
    yiftheinspect i
    onismadei nt hedar k.Theski ntemper at
    ureofi ndi
    cated
    hotspot sshoul dbemeasur edusi ngapor tabl
    et hermocoupl e,temper ature-
    indicati
    ngcray ons,temperature-
    i
    ndicatingpaint s,thermogr aphy ,orapy r
    omet er.Toensur ethatani n-servi
    cer upturedoesnotoccur ,the
    amountofbul gingshoul dnotexceedt heamountofcr eepper mittedf ort hemat eri
    al.Asani nteri
    m measur e,
    coolingsev er
    ehotspot swi thst eam,wat er,orairmaybedesi rableornecessar yunt i
    lthesy stem canbe
    remov edfrom ser vice(thi
    ssi tuati
    onshoul dber eviewedbyapi pingengi neer).Theconditi
    onofbot hthepipe
    met alandthei nternalinsul
    at ionnearhotspot sshoul dbei nvestigateddur i
    ngt henextshutdownper i
    od.

    10.
    2 Thi
    cknessMeasur
    ement
    s
    10.
    2.1 UTs
    10.
    2.1.
    1 Gener
    al

    Therear
    emanytool
    sdesi
    gnedf
    ormeasur
    ingmet
    alt
    hickness.Thesel
    ect
    ionoft
    ool
    susedwi
    l
    ldependon
    sever
    alf
    act
    ors:
    74 APIRECOMMENDEDPRACTI
    CE574

    a) t
    heaccessi
    bil
    i
    tyt
    obot
    hsi
    desoft
    hear
    eat
    obemeasur
    ed,

    b) t
    hel
    i
    mit
    ati
    onsofNDEmet
    hods,

    c) t
    het
    imeav
    ail
    abl
    e,

    d) t
    heaccur
    acydesi
    red,

    UT instr
    uments are now the pr i
    mary means ofobt aini
    ng thi
    ckness measur ements on equipment.
    Radiogr
    aphyandr eal
    -ti
    meradi
    ogr aphymayalsobeusedi nalimit
    edwayt odeter
    mi nethicknessofpi
    ping
    components.Methodssuchasdept hdri
    l
    li
    ng(i.
    e.sent
    inelortel
    l-
    tal
    ehol es),
    theuseofcorrosionbutt
    ons,and
    theuseoftesthol
    esmaybeappl iedatsomespeciall
    ocations.Howev er,t
    hesemethodshav egeneral
    lybeen
    repl
    acedbyNDEmet hodsoft
    hicknessgaugi
    ng,suchasultrasoni
    cthicknessmeasur ements.

    Ul
    tr
    asoni
    cinstrument
    sarewidel
    yusedfort
    hicknessmeasur
    ementsandhavebecomestandar
    dequipment
    i
    n mostpetrochemicali
    nspect
    ion or
    gani
    zati
    ons.The majoradvant
    ages t
    o uti
    l
    izi
    ng di
    git
    alt
    hickness
    i
    nst
    rumentsare:

    a) mostinstr
    ument
    swei
    ghnomor
    ethansev
    eral
    poundsandar
    esmal
    lenought
    hatt
    heyar
    enot
    cumbersome,

    b) di
    git
    almet
    ersar
    eeconomi
    cal
    topur
    chaseandmai
    ntai
    ncompar
    edt
    omanyot
    heri
    nst
    rument
    s,

    c) tr
    ainingandexper
    iencer
    equi
    rement
    sar
    elesst
    hanwoul
    dber
    equi
    redf
    orf
    lawdet
    ect
    ionandwel
    dqual
    i
    ty
    evaluati
    on.

    Howev er,thedegreeoft r
    ainingandexper i
    encer equi
    redinor dertoensuretrueandaccuratemeasurements
    areobt ainedcanbeconsi derableandshoul dnotbeunder esti
    mat ed.Owner /
    usersshouldensurethat
    adequatet r
    aini
    ng,examinat i
    on,andcer t
    if
    icati
    onofper sonneltakespl acesuch as out l
    ined inASNT
    SNT- TC-1Aorequi val
    entinternati
    onalst
    andar ds.Per sonnelusingthesedev i
    cesshouldhavetrai
    ningonthe
    properuse oft his equi
    pment ,incl
    udi
    ng ultrasonict heory,high-t
    emper atur
    et hi
    ckness measurements,
    corrosi
    onev aluati
    on,midwal lanomali
    es,potentialfor“doubli
    ng,”andequipmentoperati
    ons.

    10.
    2.1.
    2 Thi
    cknessI
    nst
    rument
    s

    10.
    2.1.
    2.1 Gener
    al

    Ther
    earethreetypesofdigit
    alult
    rasonicthicknessi
    nst
    rument
    s:numer
    ict
    hicknessr
    eadout
    ,A-
    scanwi
    th
    numeri
    cthi
    cknessreadout
    ,andfl
    awdet ector
    s.

    10.
    2.1.
    2.2 Numer
    icThi
    cknessReadout

    Thicknessr eadouti
    nstrumentsaresmallhandheldpulse-
    echot hi
    cknessgaugeswithonlyanumer i
    creadout
    .
    Thesei nstrumentstypi
    call
    yareequippedwithdual-
    elementpi t
    ch-catchtr
    ansducer
    s.Theinstr
    umentshavea
    probezer oandav elocit
    ysetti
    ngforcali
    brati
    ononv ari
    ousmat erial
    s.Therangeonf ortheseinst
    ruments
    usuall
    yr angesfrom 0.040in.to20.000in.,dependingont heconf i
    gur
    ati
    on.Theinstr
    ument soperat
    eby
    measur ingt het
    imebetweent heini
    ti
    alpul
    se(IP)andthef i
    rstecho.

    Theuseofnumeri
    cthicknessreadoutonlyi
    nst
    rument
    sshouldbecareful
    lyconsi
    der
    edast heyhav
    ebeen
    misusedandmi
    sappl
    i
    edwi thi
    ntheindust
    ryandcanl
    eadtoer
    roneousandinaccur
    ater
    esul
    ts.

    10.
    2.1.
    2.3 A-
    scanwi
    thNumer
    icThi
    cknessReadout

    A-scanwitht
    hicknessr
    eadouti
    nst
    rument
    sar
    edi
    vi
    dedi
    ntot
    wogr
    oups,t
    hicknessmeasur
    ementandf
    law
    detect
    ors.
    I ONPRACTI
    NSPECTI CESFORPI
    PINGSYSTEM COMPONENTS 75

    A-
    scant hi
    cknessmeasurementinst
    rument
    sincor
    porat
    eanumer i
    cdispl
    ayandanel ect
    roni
    cdispl
    ayfor
    vi
    ewinganA- scanpresent
    ati
    on.Thedispl
    aysareusuall
    yli
    quidcryst
    aldispl
    ays(LCDs)orlight
    -emi
    tt
    ing
    di
    odes(LEDs).Someofthesei
    nstr
    umentshavet
    heabil
    it
    ytodispl
    aybothA-andB-scans.

    Theadv ant
    aget oanA- scandispl
    ayov eranumer icdispl
    ayisthati
    tal l
    owst heexaminert
    ov i
    ew t
    he
    ul
    tr
    asonicwav ef
    ormt ov er
    if
    yt hepropersignalisbei
    ngmeasuredbyt hei nstr
    ument
    .Thisisext
    remel
    y
    i
    mportantinthecaseofdoubli
    ngandf orev
    aluati
    ngalaminari
    ndi
    cati
    onvs.corrosi
    ondamage.

    Doublingoccurswhenmeasur i
    ngwallthi
    cknessbelow theinstr
    ument/tr
    ansducersabi
    li
    tytoseparat
    ethe
    si
    gnalsadequat el
    yf orpropermeasurementgat efuncti
    on.Thisproblem canoccuront hi
    nwallbelow
    approximatel
    y<0.1in.thi
    cknessandforevaluati
    ngal aminari
    ndicat
    ionvs.corr
    osiondamage.Iti
    sequall
    y
    i
    mpor tantwhenusingecho-to-
    echomodeduet omodeconv ert
    edshearwav eechoesoccur
    ri
    ngbetweenthe
    backwallechoes.Themeasur inggat
    ecanl ockont hesignalmodeconv ert
    edshearwav eecho,causi
    ng
    i
    ncorrectwallt
    hicknessmeasurement
    ,asshowni nFi
    gur e23.

    Fi
    gur
    e23—CaseofDoubli
    ngduetoModeConvertedShearWav
    eEcho
    Occur
    ri
    ngBetweent
    heBackwallEchoes

    TheA- scandi splayaidst heexami nerindisti


    nguishingbet weenacor rodedsurfaceandami dwal lanomal y
    (e.g.l
    ami nari ncl
    usion).Ther ef l
    ectedsignalfrom alami narinclusionwi llcomest r
    aightupfr
    om t hebasel i
    ne
    atapoi ntpr iortot hereflectedbackwal lsi
    gnalindicati
    ngt hedept h.Of t
    en,whilescanningacor rodedar ea,
    thesignalf rom cor rosi
    onwi llbreakthebasel ineatt hebackwal lsignalandt hecor r
    osionsi
    gnalwi l
    lmov e
    towardt heIPsi gnaluntilthemi ni
    mum t hi
    cknessisr eached.Thi smov ementi sduet othesoundr efl
    ecti
    ng
    from theedgesoft hecor rosionunt i
    lthet hi
    nnestar eaisbei ngr eflected.Thi
    smov ementoft hecor roded
    signalisoftenr eferredtoas“ walki
    ngt hesignal.”

    A-scaninstrument
    st ypical
    l
    yhavet
    heabil
    i
    tytooper
    ateineit
    heroftwot i
    mi ngmodes,t
    heI
    Pti
    mingmodeor
    themul t
    ipleechomodes.TheI Pti
    mingmodemeasur esthetransi
    tti
    mef r om t
    heIPt
    othef
    ir
    stecho.The
    multipl
    eechomodeal l
    owstheexami
    nert osettheinstr
    umentt omeasur ebet
    weenasetofmul t
    ipl
    e
    successiveechoesinsteadoft
    heIPtof
    ir
    stinor
    dertoestabl
    ishthet
    hickness.

    Themul t
    ipl
    eechomodei susedf ormeasur i
    ngt heremaini
    ngthicknessonspecimenswi thcoatedsur
    faces
    withoutincludi
    ngt hecoatingthi
    ckness.Thisi saccompl i
    shedbymeasur ingthet r
    avelti
    mebet weent wo
    successivebackwal lsi
    gnalstoobtainthethicknessofthemat eri
    alandnotincl
    udingthet r
    avelti
    meduet o
    thethicknessofthecoat i
    ng.Whenusi ngthismode, theexaminershouldpaycaref
    ulattenti
    ontotheA-scan
    displ
    ayt oensurethatthepropersignal
    sarebei ngmeasured.

    Corr
    osioneval
    uati
    onshouldbeconductedusi
    ngt heI
    Ptimingmode.Thereflect
    edener gyonr oughand
    cor
    rodedorpit
    tedsur
    facesisof
    tenti
    mesonlystr
    ongenoughtoproduceasi
    nglesignal
    ,andtheinstrument
    wil
    li
    ndicat
    e“0.
    000”wheninthemult
    ipl
    eechomodebecauseitr
    equir
    estwoechoestomeasur e.
    76 APIRECOMMENDEDPRACTI
    CE574

    I
    ncaseswhereacomponenti spaint
    edatthemeasur ementlocat
    ionandi
    scorr
    odedontheref
    lect
    ionsi
    de
    (whi
    chcancauselackofsuf
    fici
    entecho-
    to-
    echosignalandtheref
    oremeasur
    ementer
    ror
    ),t
    hepaintshoul
    d
    beremovedf
    oraccurat
    ethi
    cknessmeasurements.

    UT t
    hicknessgaugesandcer
    tai
    ntr
    ansducer
    scanmeasur
    ethet
    hicknessofpai
    ntandwal
    lthi
    ckness
    si
    mult
    aneously
    .

    Thesei
    nst
    rumentspri
    mari
    lyusea0.250-
    in.to0.
    500-i
    n.di
    amet
    er,2.0MHzt o5.0MHz,dual
    -el
    ementpi
    tch-
    cat
    chsear
    chunit
    ,butsomeinst
    rument
    shav eopt
    ionst
    ousesi
    ngle-
    elementdel
    ayorev
    enEMATs.

    10.
    2.1.
    2.4 Ul
    tr
    asoni
    cFl
    awDet
    ect
    orswi
    thaNumer
    icDi
    spl
    ay

    Ult
    rasoni
    cflawdet ect
    orswit
    hanumer icdi
    splayaresimilartotheA-scanthicknessgaugesi nthattheyhav e
    bothanA- scanandanumer i
    cdispl
    ayandcanbeusedwi t
    hsingle-ordual-el
    ementt r
    ansducer s.These
    i
    nstrumentsaremor eadvancedthantheothersandtypicall
    yhaveal otmoreopt i
    onsandf eatures,
    including
    thecapabil
    it
    yf oranglebeam examinati
    ons.Howev er,moder nUTt hi
    cknessgaugesut il
    izef eat
    urest hat
    enhancetheaccur acyofthi
    cknessmeasurement,ty
    picallyresul
    ti
    ngi ni
    mpr ovedaccuracyofmeasur ement
    overfl
    awdet ect
    ors.

    Fl
    awdet
    ect
    orswi
    thnumer
    icdi
    spl
    ayscanbeoper
    atedi
    nei
    thert
    heI
    Pormul
    ti
    pleechot
    imi
    ngmodes.

    Otherappl i
    cati
    onsrequiri
    ngt heuseofult
    rasonicfl
    aw detector
    sarewel dquali
    tyexaminati
    ons,advanced
    fl
    aw si zing,andhigh-t
    emper atur
    ehydr
    ogenat t
    ackdetecti
    on.Wel dquali
    tyexaminati
    ons(anglebeam)use
    speciallydesignedtransducerwedgestogenerateshearwav esat45°,60°,or70°fordet
    ecti
    ng,evaluat
    ing,
    andsi zingoff l
    aws.Flawst hatcanbedet
    ectedar ecr
    acks,slag,l
    ackoffusion,i
    ncomplet
    epenetrat
    ion,and
    porosity.

    Adv ancedcrack-
    sizingtechniquesf ormeasur i
    ngthethrough-wallextentofthecracksincludet
    heuseoft i
    p
    diff
    racti
    on,high-
    angl edL- waves,30- 70-70searchunits,andbi modalsear chunit
    s.Al loftheadv anced
    techniquesrequi
    readdi t
    ionalhoursofcl assr
    oom andfieldexperi
    enceandt heexaminerpassaperformance-
    baseddemonst r
    ationexami nation.Ot heradvancedultr
    asonictestingt echnol
    ogi
    esav ail
    ablefordetecti
    ng
    andev aluat
    ingandsi zi
    ngf l
    awsincludet ime-
    of-f
    li
    ghtdi
    ffract
    ion(TOFD)andphasedar rays.

    Hi
    gh-t
    emperat
    urehydr
    ogenatt
    ackcanbedet ect
    edandeval
    uat
    edutil
    i
    zingot
    herhi
    ghl
    yspeci
    ali
    zedul
    tr
    asoni
    c
    t
    echni
    ques,
    incl
    udi
    ngultr
    asoni
    cbackscat
    terandvel
    oci
    tyr
    ati
    otechni
    ques.

    10.
    2.1.
    2.5 SomeFact
    orsAf
    fect
    ingMeasur
    ementAccur
    acy

    Ultr
    asonicv eloci
    tiesarediffer
    entindif
    fer
    entmat er
    ial
    s.Iti
    sveryimportanttouset hepr opervel
    oci
    tyto
    obtainaccuratethicknessmeasurements.Theult
    rasoni
    cinst
    rumentdet
    ermi nesthethi
    cknessbymeasur i
    ng
    ther oundtri
    psoundt r
    avelmulti
    pli
    edbyt hevel
    ocityanddivi
    dedbyt wo.Ther oundtri
    psoundt rav
    elis
    measur edf r
    om t hepulsegenerat
    iontotheti
    met hesoundwav esf
    rom thebackwalloranot herr
    efl
    ectori
    s
    recei
    v ed.Thewr ongv el
    ocit
    ycaneitheri
    ncr
    easeordecreaset
    heas-measuredultr
    asonicthi
    ckness.

    Laminarinclusi
    onscancauseer roneousreadi
    ngs.Becauselaminarinclusi
    onscreateapl anarint
    erface
    per
    pendiculartothedir
    ect
    ionofwavetrav
    el,t
    heycanref
    lectt
    hesoundbackt othet
    ransducer.Thi
    sref
    lected
    si
    gnalcanbemi si
    nter
    pret
    edasbeingthebackwal
    lsi
    gnalandwill
    becalculatedasathinnerreadi
    ng.

    IftheI Dsur f
    aceisextremel
    yroughorani r
    regular-
    shapedpitisencountered,oft
    entheonlyi ndicat
    iont he
    exami nermayencount eri
    saloweramplitudebackwal lsi
    gnaloracompl etelossofthebackwal lsi
    gnal.This
    reduct i
    onorl ossisduet othedisper
    sionoft hesoundi nthemat er
    ialandi nturnthereisnotenough
    ultrasonicenergyrecei
    vedbytheinstr
    umentt hatwillpr
    oduceasi gnalabov ethenoiselevel.Incasesas
    these,theexami nershouldi
    ncr
    easethegai nset ti
    ngont heinst
    rumentunt i
    ltheareawheret hedi minished
    signalorl ossofsi
    gnaloccur
    redcanbef ull
    yev al
    uatedtot heext
    enttheexami nercandeter
    mi neami nimum
    thickness.
    I ONPRACTI
    NSPECTI CESFORPI
    PINGSYSTEM COMPONENTS 77

    Doublingoccur swhenmeasur ingt hinmaterialsusuall


    ylessthan0.100in.(
    2.5mm)andr esultsi
    nar eadi
    ng
    mucht hi
    ckerthantheactualwallthickness.Ther efl
    ectedbackwallsi
    gnali
    smaskedbyt henoisefrom t
    heIP,
    andt heinstrumentreadst hesecondort hirdr ef
    lecti
    on.Anotheroccurr
    enceofdoubli
    ngcanbecausedi n
    extremelythinmateri
    alsbyt hesoundr efl
    ectinginthemat eri
    alproduci
    nganextraski
    pdistancebeforeiti
    s
    received,t
    herebydoubli
    ngt hetrav
    el timeorsounddi st
    anceandi ntur
    ndoubli
    ngthemeasuredt hi
    ckness.

    Eachsear
    chuni
    tshoul
    dbet
    est
    edt
    odet
    ermi
    net
    hemi
    nimum measur
    abl
    ethi
    ckness.

    Sampl
    est
    epsar
    easf
    oll
    ows:

    a) measur
    ethet
    hicknessofasetoff
    eel
    ergaugesbegi
    nni
    ngat0.
    100i
    n.(
    2.5mm)
    ;

    b) measur
    ethe0.090i
    n.(
    2.3mm),
    0.080in.(2.
    0mm),andsoon,
    subt
    ract
    ing0.
    010in.(0.25mm)ev
    ery
    r
    eadi
    ngunti
    ltheas-
    measur
    edt
    hicknessistwot
    imesormoret
    hant
    heactualt
    hickness;

    c) t
    akethet
    hicknesswher
    ethedoubl
    ingoccurr
    edandmul
    ti
    plyby1.
    5ti
    mesandt
    hisshoul
    dbet
    he
    mini
    mum measurabl
    ethi
    cknessf
    orthatsear
    chuni
    t.

    10.
    2.1.
    3 Cor
    rosi
    onEv
    aluat
    ions

    Thebestsearchunit
    sf orconducti
    ngcor r
    osi
    oneval
    uati
    onaredual -el
    ementt r
    ansducer
    s.Thepi ezoel
    ectri
    c
    elementsinthesesearchunitsareplacedonsli
    ghtanglesfordirectrefl
    ecti
    onoft hetr
    ansmi t t
    edsound
    towardtherecei
    vi
    ngtransducer.Thi
    stil
    ti
    ngofthetr
    ansducer
    sal sopr ov
    idessomepseudof ocusingoft he
    soundbeam.Thedual -
    elementsearchunitspr
    ovi
    debett
    ernear-sur
    f acedetect
    ionthanconventionalsingl
    e-
    elementsear
    chunit
    s.

    Thef requencyf
    ort
    hemaj or
    it
    yofsear chunitsrangesf r
    om 2MHzt o5MHzandt hediameterf
    rom 0.25in.t
    o
    0.500i n.(6.
    3mm to12.7mm) .Specialappli
    cat i
    onssuchasthick[>6.
    00in.(152mm) ]mat
    eri
    als,product
    formssuchascast i
    ngs,orcoarsegrainmat erialssuchashi
    gh-all
    oyorhigh-
    nickelsteel
    scanrequirelower
    frequencies(1MHz)and/
    orlargerdi
    amet ersear chunit
    s.

    Searchuni tsusedforcorrosiondet ecti


    onorev aluationshouldhav eagoodwearsur faceont hefaceofthe
    searchuni ttoall
    owtheexami nertoscancor rodedar easforthemi ni
    mum r eadi
    ngandmi ni
    mi zethewearon
    thesearchuni t.Whenconduct ingcorrosiondet ectionorev aluati
    on,theexami nershouldscant heareaof
    i
    nterestwi ththesear chuniti nl i
    euofconduct ingi ndiv
    idualpointmeasur ements.Scanni ngpr ovi
    desa
    greaterchanceofdet ect
    ingsmal ldiameter(l
    esst hanone- halfofthesearchunitdiameter)indicati
    onsthan
    taki
    ngpoi ntmeasur ements.Theexami nershoul dnotscanf asterthantheA- scandisplaysr efr
    eshrateto
    avoidmi ssingasmal li
    ndication.Thisi stypically6i n.
    /s(152mm/ s)orl ess.Additi
    onall
    y ,theexaminer
    shouldov erl
    apeachscanpat hbyami nimum of10%oft hetransducerdi
    amet er.

    10.
    2.1.
    4 Hi
    gh-
    temper
    atur
    eThi
    cknessMeasur
    ement
    s

    Thesearchunitist
    hemosti mpor
    tantcomponentoft
    hethicknesstest
    ingequi
    pmentforhi
    gh-
    temper
    atur
    e
    measurements.Somehigh-
    temper
    aturesear
    chunit
    saredesignedtowithst
    andtemper
    atur
    esupto1000°F
    (538°
    C)f orv
    erybri
    efdur
    ati
    onsofti
    me.

    Specialdel
    ay-
    li
    nemat er
    ialsandwat
    er-
    cool
    edt r
    ansducersareavail
    abl
    ethatper
    mi ttheuseofpulse-echo
    i
    nstrumentsattemperat
    ur esupt
    o1100°F(593° C).
    Themaj or
    it
    yofhigh-
    temper
    atur edual
    -el
    ementsearch
    uni
    tsar emanufactur
    edwi tht
    hedel
    aymateri
    albuil
    tint
    ot hecase,whi
    lemostsingle-el
    ementsear
    chunits
    comewi thr
    eplaceabl
    edelays.

    Thedutycyclei
    sanot hercri
    ti
    calfactorforthehigh-t
    emperaturesear
    chunits.Thesear chuni
    tshoul
    dbe
    al
    lowedtocooldownbet weent hi
    cknessmeasur ements.Thisisespeci
    all
    ycr i
    ti
    calinthecaseofthedual-
    el
    ementsearchuni
    ts.Eventhought hesesearchunit
    saremanuf act
    uredtowithstandthehight
    emperat
    ures,
    conti
    nueduseatel
    evatedtemperatureswil
    lcausetheseunit
    stobegintobreakdown.Asa
    78 APIRECOMMENDEDPRACTI
    CE574

    gener
    alrul
    eofthumb,thesear
    chunitshouldbeall
    owedtocooldownbet
    weent
    hicknessmeasur
    ement
    s
    wheretheexami
    nercancomfor
    tabl
    yhol
    ditinthei
    rbar
    ehand.

    Thesecondmostcr i
    ti
    cal el
    ementforperf
    ormi nghigh-
    temperat
    urethi
    cknessmeasur ement
    sist heultr
    asonic
    couplant. There are sev er
    al high-t
    emper atur
    e couplants commer ciall
    y avail
    abl
    e. The desi r
    able
    character
    ist
    icsofacoupl antshouldbeonewi thgoodacoust icproperti
    es,goodchemi calstabil
    it
    yat
    el
    evatedt emperat
    ures,theabil
    it
    ytowi t
    hstanddecomposi ti
    on,theabi
    li
    tyt oremai
    nonv ert
    icalsurfacesfor
    10secondsorl onger,
    highboil
    ingtemperature,nonfl
    ammable,andnontoxic.

    Thetestspecimentemper atur
    eaffectstheUTthicknessmeasur
    ement.Asthetestspeci
    ment emperat
    ure
    i
    ncreasesaboveambi entt emper
    ature,thevel
    ocityofthemateri
    aldecr
    eases,t
    herebyincr
    easingtheas-
    measuredult
    rasoni
    cthicknessbyaf actorof1%/100°F(1%/55°C).

    Somemoder nUTt hi
    cknessgaugeshav eafeatur
    ethatpr ovi
    desaut omat i
    ctemper aturecompensat i
    on.The
    surfacetemperat
    uretobeexami nedi smeasuredwithapy r
    omet er.Theoperatorkey sint het emper
    atureof
    thesurfacebei
    ngexami ned.TheUTt hi
    cknessgaugeaut omat i
    call
    ycompensat esfort hechangei nvelocit
    y
    duet oelev
    atedtemperature(seeFi gure24foranexampl e)
    .Thei nspectorshouldbecaut ionedwhenusi ng
    suchgauges.TheUTt hicknesspr oceduresshouldclearl
    ydescribehowt hi
    cknessdat ai scoll
    ectedwhent he
    met alt
    emperatur
    ei sgreaterthanadef inedtemperature.Theinspect orshouldunder standi fandwhent he
    Inspecti
    onDataManagementSy stem (I
    DMS)t hatwillbestori
    ngandanal yzi
    ngt hethicknessdat amayal so
    beusedt ocompensatef ortemperaturediff
    erences.

    Fi
    gur
    e24—Exampl
    eofScreenDispl
    ayofUTThicknessGaugewi
    th
    Automat
    icTemperat
    ureCompensat
    ion

    TheexaminermustweartheproperPPEwhenconduct
    inghi
    gh-
    temper
    atur
    ethi
    cknessmeasur
    ement
    sfor
    prot
    ect
    ionfr
    om t
    heradi
    atedheat
    .

    10.
    2.2RT

    Gamma- r
    adi
    ographi
    ct echni
    quespr ovi
    deaccuratepipewal
    lmeasur
    ement
    sandper mi
    tinspect
    ionoft
    he
    i
    nter
    nalsofsomeequipment .Theprimaryfunct
    ionsoft
    hismet
    hodar
    etodetectmet
    all
    ossandcheckwel
    d
    qual
    i
    ty.Radi
    ographyhasthefoll
    owingadv ant
    ages:

    a) pi
    pei
    nsul
    ati
    oncanr
    emai
    nint
    act
    ;

    b) themetalt
    emperatureoftheli
    nehasli
    ttl
    ebear
    ingont
    hequal
    i
    tyoft
    her
    adi
    ogr
    aph,
    prov
    idedt
    hef
    il
    m
    casset
    tecanbeprotectedfr
    om theheatoft
    hepipi
    ng;

    c) radi
    ographsofsmallpi
    peconnecti
    ons,
    suchasni
    ppl
    esandcoupl
    i
    ngs,
    canbeexami
    nedf
    ort
    hread
    contact
    ,corr
    osi
    on,andweldquali
    ty;

    d) f
    il
    m pr
    ovi
    desaper
    manentv
    isual
    recor
    doft
    hecondi
    ti
    onoft
    hepi
    pingatt
    het
    imeoft
    her
    adi
    ogr
    aph;
    I ONPRACTI
    NSPECTI CESFORPI
    PINGSYSTEM COMPONENTS 79

    e) t
    heposi
    ti
    onofi
    nter
    nal
    par
    tsofv
    alv
    es(
    droppedgat
    es)canbeobser
    ved;

    f
    ) r
    adi
    ogr
    aphi
    cequi
    pmenti
    seasi
    l
    ymaneuv
    erabl
    eint
    her
    efi
    ner
    yorchemi
    cal
    plant
    ;

    g) i
    sot
    oper
    adi
    ogr
    aphyi
    snotani
    gni
    ti
    onsour
    cei
    nthepr
    esenceofhy
    drocar
    bons;

    h) pi
    tt
    ingandot
    hernonuni
    for
    m cor
    rosi
    oncanbei
    dent
    if
    ied;

    i
    ) pr
    ovi
    desav
    iewofal
    argear
    ea.

    Gammar aystrav
    eli
    ngt hroughthepi pewal lbetweentheout si
    deandinsi
    deradi
    iofthepipemustpenet rate
    metalthatisapproximatelyfourt i
    mest hewallthi
    cknessoft hepi
    pe.Mostoftheraysareabsor bedbyt he
    metal
    ,leavinganunexposedar eaont hefil
    m.Thi sareathatisli
    ghteronthedarkenedf i
    lmr epr
    esentsa
    sl
    ight
    lyenlargedproject
    edi mageoft hepipewal l
    .Thei magecanbemeasured,andacor recti
    ngcalcul
    ation
    canestabli
    sht hethicknessoft hepipewal l.Anydepositsorscaleinsi
    dethepipeusual l
    yappearont he
    devel
    opedf i
    lm asdisti
    nctlyseparatefrom thepipewall.Pi
    tt
    ingcanalsobevi
    sibl
    eont hef
    il
    m.

    Comput
    edradi
    ography(CR)canbeutil
    izedinplaceoff i
    lmradiogr
    aphy,reduci
    ngexposur
    eti
    mesand
    pr
    oduci
    ngadi
    git
    alimagethi
    siseasi
    l
    yar
    chivedandelect
    roni
    cal
    l
    ytransmit
    ted.

    Becauseisotoper
    adi
    ogr
    aphygi
    vesthei
    nspect
    oran“i
    nternall
    ook”i
    nthepi
    pe,t
    hesomewhathi
    ghercostof
    thi
    sinspect
    ioncanbemoret
    hanoff
    setbyt
    hedataobt
    ained.

    Ionizi
    ngradi
    ati
    onist hebasepr i
    ncipleinindustri
    alradi
    ography,andthemostcommonr adiat
    ionsour
    cesare
    i
    r i
    dium andcobalt
    .Ther ear esignificantsafetyissuessur r
    oundingtheuseofionizi
    ngr adi
    ati
    onsuchthat
    personnelper
    formingRTar er equiredt obet rai
    nedandcer t
    if
    iedasident
    if
    iedinAPI570andASMEBPVC
    Sect i
    onV,pl
    usanyj uri
    sdicti
    onalr equirements.Correctproceduresmustbeestabl
    i
    shedandi mplementedto
    ensur et
    hesafet
    yofexami nersandal lot
    herplantpersonnel.

    RT thickness measur ementaccur acyr el


    i
    es somewhaton t he abiliti
    es oft he radiographict echnici
    an
    exposingthef i
    lmsandt heper sonreviewingthem.Whenusi ngRTf orthispurpose, i
    tisadv isabletodev el
    op
    awr it
    tenpr acticedefi
    ningthemet hod(s)off il
    m placement,exposur e,andr eadingori nt er
    preti
    ngt hem.
    Radiographictestshotsshouldbet akenofpi ping,whichcanbeexami nedwi t
    hUTt hi
    cknessmeasur ements
    todeterminet helimit
    sofaccur acyoft heRToncei thasbeendev eloped.Inaddi t
    ion,at estpieceofknown
    thi
    ckness can be pl aced on t he same pl ane as the r
    adiograph,whi ch wi l
    lhel p define radiogr
    aphic
    magnificat
    ionf actor
    s.Multi
    plecali
    pert hi
    cknessr eadi
    ngsoftheshotwi l
    limprovethepr ecisi
    on.

    Whenr adiographi
    cinspecti
    onisbeingperf
    ormed,
    process-
    unitcontrolsy
    stems,whi
    chuseisotopesinli
    quid-
    l
    evelindicatorsandcont r
    ols,occasi
    onal
    lygiv
    eerroneousindicat
    ionsoncont r
    olpanel
    s.Flamedet ectors
    usedt oi ndi
    cateaf urnaceorboi l
    erfir
    ecanalsobeaf f
    ected.Uni toper
    ator
    smustbewar nedoft his
    possi
    bili
    ty.

    Pr
    ofil
    eRTi spart
    icul
    arl
    yusefulfori
    denti
    fyi
    nginter
    nalandexter
    nalcor
    rosionofsmallconnect
    ions,suchas
    bl
    eedlinesandgaugeconnecti
    ons,whichareespeci
    all
    ysuscept
    ibl
    etoexternal
    cor
    rosi
    onf r
    om CUIsinceiti
    s
    di
    ff
    icul
    ttoobtai
    nagoodseal inthei
    nsulat
    ion.

    Radi
    ogr
    aphsofpi
    pingar
    eshowni
    nFi
    gur
    e25,
    Figur
    e26,
    andFi
    gur
    e27.

    10.
    2.3Cal
    iperThi
    cknessMeasur
    ement
    s

    Whenpi pingi sopened,thet hi


    cknessoft hepi peandf itti
    ngscanbemeasur edbehindt heflangeusing
    tr
    ansferori ndicat
    ingcali
    pers.Thethicknessofinaccessi
    blepi pingthatcannotbemeasur edbyr adi
    ographi
    c
    orultr
    asonici nstr
    umentsdur i
    ngoperationcanbemeasur edwi ththeseinst
    rumentsdur
    ingshut down.Ifneed
    be,thethicknessofv al
    v ebodiesandbonnet sandpi pefi
    ttingscanbemeasur edusi
    ngt ransferorindi
    cati
    ng
    cal
    ipersthathav especiall
    egsdesignedt oreachinaccessibleareas.
    80 APIRECOMMENDEDPRACTI
    CE574

    Fi
    gur
    e25—Radi
    ogr
    aphofaCat
    aly
    ticRef
    ormerLi
    ne

    Fi
    gur
    e26—Radi
    ogr
    aphofCor
    rodedPi
    peWhoseI
    nter
    nalSur
    facei
    sCoat
    edwi
    thI
    ronSul
    fi
    deScal
    e

    Fi
    gur
    e27—Sket
    chandRadi
    ogr
    aphofDead-
    endCor
    rosi
    on

    10.
    3 I
    nter
    nal
    VisualI
    nspect
    ion
    10.
    3.1 Cor
    rosi
    on,
    Erosi
    on,
    andFoul
    ing

    Pipi
    ngcanbeopenedatv ariousplacesbyremov i
    ngav al
    veorfit
    ti
    ngorbyspr i
    ngingthepipeapartatf
    langes
    topermitvisuali
    nspecti
    on.Theinternalsur
    facesofthepipi
    ngshouldbeinspectedv i
    sual
    lyoverthegreat
    est
    possibl
    ear ea.A fl
    ashli
    ghtorext ensi
    onli
    ghti susuall
    ysuffi
    cientforthistask,butapr obesuchasa
    borescope ora mi rr
    orand l i
    ghtwi l
    lper
    mi ta more detai
    l
    ed v i
    ew.Ot herinspect
    ion methodsinclude
    opti
    cal/l
    aserandmechani calcal
    ipers.
    I ONPRACTI
    NSPECTI CESFORPI
    PINGSYSTEM COMPONENTS 81

    Wher e nonuniform cor


    rosion orer osion condit
    ions ar
    e noted in areas thatare accessibl
    ef orv i
    sual
    exami nat
    ion,itmaybeadv i
    sabletoper form anRTort omeasur ethicknesseswithultr
    asonicinstr
    umentst o
    extendcov eragetopartsofthepi pi
    ngt hatareinaccessi
    bleforvisualexaminati
    on.Thi sappl
    iesparti
    cularl
    y
    topipingthatcouldnotbeorwasnoti nspectedduringoperati
    on.Nonuniform cor
    rosionorerosioncanal so
    bepi npoi
    ntedf orcl
    oserexaminationbydi r
    ectingsunli
    ghtalongthesur f
    aceoft hepipingwithami rr
    ororby
    shini
    ngal ightparal
    l
    eltothesurface.

    Theamountoff ouli
    ngshoul
    dbenot edtodeterminewhethercleani
    ngisnecessar
    y.Foul
    ingshouldbe
    i
    nvesti
    gat
    edt odetermi
    newhetheri
    tconsistsofdeposit
    sf rom theproductst
    ream orisabuildupof
    cor
    rosi
    onproduct
    s.Taki
    ngsamplesf
    orchemicalanal
    ysi
    smaybenecessar y
    .

    10.
    3.2 Cr
    acks

    Thel ocati
    onsmostsuscept i
    bletocr acki
    ngarewel dsandtheheat -
    affect
    edzonesi ncl
    udi
    ngfil
    letweldsat
    otherthanpressurewelds,heat-
    affectedareasadjoini
    ngwelds,andpoi nt
    sofr estrai
    ntorexcessivestr
    ain.
    Otherar easpronet ocracki
    ngar elocati
    onst hatcontaincrevi
    ces,suchassocket -wel
    dedpiping,fl
    ange
    surfaces,orthreadedjoint
    s.Locationsthatar esubjecttoSCC,hy drogenat tack,andcausticorami ne
    embr i
    ttl
    ementalsorequi
    reattent
    ion,asdoexposedt hreadsofthr
    eadedj oi
    nts.

    Thei nspectedsur faceshoul dbecl eani fcracksar etobedet ected.Cleaningcanbeaccompl ishedbywi re


    brushing,sandbl ast i
    ng,orchemi cal
    lyr emov i
    ngcoat ings,deposi ts,andcor rosionproduct s.Af t
    erthorough
    cl
    eani ng,theareashoul dbev i
    suall
    yi nspect edforanyi ndi cationsofcr acks.(Spotchecki ngbyMT, PT,orUT
    shouldbeconsi der edev enifvisuali
    nspect ionrevealednocr acks.)Adequat eli
    ght i
    ngandagoodmagni fying
    glasswi llassisti nl ocati
    ngsuchi ndi cat i
    ons.Visuali nspect i
    onmaynotdi f
    ferenti
    atebet weenasur face
    scratchandacr ack.Anyappar entscr atchshoul dbef urt herinv esti
    gatedbyot hermet hods.MTcanbeused
    onmagnet i
    cmat erials.PTandUTcanbeusedonbot hnonmagnet icandmagnet i
    cmat er i
    als.Onlyliquid
    penetrantswi t
    hl owornochl ori
    desshoul dbeusedf oraust eniticmat eri
    als.Othermet hodssuchasshear -or
    surface-wav eUT,ET,ACFM,orsampl er emov alformi croscopi cinspect i
    onmaybeused.Thedept hofa
    crackmaybedet ermi nedbyNDEorbychi ppingorgr indingunt i
    lsoundmet ali
    sr eached.Thei nspect or
    shoulddet erminei fthear eacanber epai redproperlybef orecommenci ngt ogrind,howev er
    .

    10.
    3.3 GasketFacesofFl
    anges

    Thegasketseat ingfacesoff langedjoint


    st hathavebeenopenedshoul dbev i
    suall
    yinspectedf orcor r
    osion
    anddef ectssuchasscr atches,cuts,andgougest hatmi ghtcausel eakage.Thegasketf acesshoul dbe
    checkedf orwarpingbypl acingast r
    aightedgeacr osst hedi ameteroft hefaceoft heflangeandr otati
    ngi t
    aroundanax i
    sthroughthef langecenterl
    ine.Groovesandr ingsofringjointsshouldbecheckedf ordef ects,
    i
    ncludingcr acksatthebot t
    om oft hegroov esoront heseal ingsurfaces.ForHFal kylat
    ionser vi
    ces,see
    specif
    icr ecommendat i
    onsi nAPI751oni nspect
    ionf orf langefacecor r
    osion.Phasedar rayul t
    rasonic
    test
    ing(PAUT)i sapot entialmethodf orinspecti
    ngf orflangef acecorrosionwithouthav i
    ngt odisassembl e
    fl
    anges.

    10.
    3.4 Val
    ves

    Nor mal l
    y,val
    vesusedi nprocesspipi
    ngsy stemshav ebodyt hi
    cknessessomewhatheav ierthanadjoini
    ng
    piping.Fort hisreason,an adequate piping corr
    osion-
    moni t
    ori
    ng program need notr outi
    nel
    yi ncl
    ude
    moni tori
    ngofv al
    vebodyt hi
    cknesses.Howev er,i
    npipi
    ngcircuit
    swher ecorrosi
    onrat
    emoni t
    ori
    ngofpi pi
    ng
    i
    ndi catesseverecorrosi
    onorer osi
    on,consider
    ati
    onshouldbegi v
    entor outi
    nel
    ymeasuringt hi
    cknessesof
    selectedv al
    vebodiesinthecir
    cuit.

    Insevereservi
    ces,
    suchasHF,sl
    urr
    y,andfl
    uidi
    zedcatal
    ystser
    vices,v
    alvesmayneedt obedismantl
    edand
    i
    nspectedatspecifi
    edi
    nter
    val
    stoensuret
    hatint
    ernalpar
    tsareofsuffi
    cienti
    ntegr
    it
    ytoprov
    iderel
    iabl
    eand
    safeoperat
    ion.

    Wheneverval
    vesareremov edfr
    om servi
    ceforov
    erhaulorrefur
    bishedforreuse,theyshouldbei
    nspected
    andtest
    edtotherequir
    ementsofAPI598.Whenav al
    veisdisassembledforinspecti
    on,t
    hebonnetgasket
    shoul
    dberepl
    aced.Anyv al
    vepart
    sthatdonotmeetthemini
    mum r equir
    ementsoft heappli
    cabl
    eval
    ve
    82 APIRECOMMENDEDPRACTI
    CE574

    standardshoul
    dbeei
    therr
    epai
    redorr
    epl
    aced.Theusedv
    alv
    esshoul
    dthenber
    est
    oredf
    orcont
    inuedsaf
    e
    operati
    on.

    Whenbodyt hicknessesar emeasured,t


    hemeasur ement
    sshouldincludelocati
    onst hatwerei
    naccessi
    ble
    beforedi
    smant l
    ing,part
    icul
    arl
    yatareasthatshow evi
    denceofcorrosionorerosion.Bodiesofval
    vesthat
    operatei
    nseverecy cl
    ictemperat
    ureserv
    iceshoul
    dbecheckedint
    ernall
    yforcracks.

    Gatev alv
    esshoul dbemeasur edforthicknessbetweentheseat s,si
    nceturbul
    encecancauseser i
    ous
    deter
    iorat
    ion.Thisisapart
    icularl
    yweaklocati
    onbecauseofthewedgi ngact
    ionofthedi
    sc,orwedge,when
    thevalveisclosed.Theseati
    ngsur f
    acesshouldbevisual
    l
    yinspectedfordef
    ectsthatmi
    ghtcauseleakage.
    Thewedgegui desshoul
    dbei nspect
    edforcorrosi
    onanderosi
    on,bothonthewedgeandinthebody.

    Thest em andt
    hethreadsonthest
    em andi
    nthebonnetshoul
    dbeexaminedf
    orcor
    rosi
    on.Theconnect
    ion
    betweent hest
    em andt hewedgeshoul
    dbeinspect
    edtoensuret
    hatthewedgewil
    lnotdetachf
    rom the
    stem duri
    ngoperat
    ion.

    Swing-checkv alvescanbei nspectedbyr emov i


    ngt hecoverorcap.Checkv al
    vesoftenf l
    utt
    er,maki ngthe
    shaftandhi ngest heprincipalpointsofdeteri
    orati
    on.Thedi scshouldbecheckedf orf r
    eerotation,andthe
    nutholdingeithert othearm shoul dbecheckedf orsecurit
    yandt hepresenceofal ockingpin,lockwasher,
    ortackwel d.Thear m shoul dbefreetoswi ng,andtheanchorpi norshaftshouldbeinspectedforwear .The
    seati
    ngsur facesonbot hthedi scandt hev al
    vebodycanbecheckedf ordeter
    ior
    ati
    onbyf eeli
    ngt hem wi
    th
    thefingers.Itisext r
    emel yimportantt hatthecoverisinstall
    edinthepr operori
    entati
    onf orthewedget o
    operateproperly.RefertoAPI570f orrequir
    ementsforinspecti
    onofcr i
    ti
    calcheckval
    v es.

    Quar
    ter-
    tur
    nval
    vescanbeinspect
    edforeaseofoperat
    ionandtheabi
    li
    tyt
    oopenandcl
    osecompl
    etel
    yby
    oper
    ator
    s.Whentheyar
    eserv
    iced,
    all
    seat
    ingsur
    facesshoul
    dalsobeexami
    ned.

    Whenv al
    vesarereport
    edbyoper at
    orstohav e“oper
    abi
    li
    ty”probl
    emslikeleaki
    ngthrought
    hegatewhenfull
    y
    closed,ar evi
    ew ofthepotent i
    alforthatleakagetocauseoracceler at
    edeteri
    orati
    ondownst
    ream ofthe
    valveshoul dbeconductedt ohel pestabl
    i
    sht heprior
    it
    yf orval
    vereplacementandt heneedofincr
    eased
    i
    nspect i
    onofdownst r
    eam piping.

    10.
    3.5 Joi
    nts

    10.
    3.5.
    1 Gener
    al

    Met
    hodsofi
    nspect
    ionf
    orspeci
    fi
    cty
    pesofj
    oint
    sar
    edi
    scussedi
    n10.
    3.5.
    2thr
    ough10.
    3.5.
    5.

    10.
    3.5.
    2 Fl
    angedandBol
    tedJoi
    nts

    Sitesshouldhaveaprogr am t
    oensurethatf l
    angesaremadeuppr operly.Propermakeupofev eryflangeina
    pipingsyst
    em isimpor t
    antforrel
    i
    abi
    lit
    y.Pr opermakeupi ncl
    udest heuseoft hepropergasketandf astener
    mat eri
    al,t
    ype,andsi ze,properposit
    ioningoft hegasket,andpr opert or
    queing ofthef asteners.The
    assuranceprogram shouldincl
    udeprocedur esforgasketandfastenersel ect
    ionandf orf
    astenertorqueing.
    ASMEPCC- 1off
    ersgoodgui danceonpr opermakeupofbol tedfl
    angej oints.

    Thepr ogram cani ncorpor


    atevaryi
    ngdegr eesofsampl ing,vi
    suali
    nspecti
    on,fi
    eldt esti
    ng,anddest ruct
    ive
    testi
    ngofcomponent s.Gasketselectioncanusual lybeconfir
    medbyv i
    sualexami nat
    ionoft hegasket ’s
    colorand mar kingson t he OD sur face.Spir
    al-wound gasketsshould be mar ked and colorcoded i n
    accordancewi t
    hASMEB16. 20.Fastenerscanbev isual
    l
    yexami nedforproperstampi ngsormar ki
    ngsand
    PMIt est
    edi naccordancewi t
    hAPI578.Pr opergasketpositi
    oni
    ngandt or
    queingdependsont het r
    ainingand
    craft
    smanshi pofthepi pef
    itt
    ersmaki ngupt heflanges.Gasketposit
    ioni
    ngcanbecheckedv isually
    .Pr oper
    torquei
    ngi sdi
    ffi
    culttocheck,butfl
    angedef ormationcanbeasi gnofimproperl
    ytor quedfast
    ener s.

    Flangedj
    ointsshoul
    dbev i
    suall
    yinspect
    edf
    orcracksandmetallosscausedbycor r
    osi
    onanderosi
    onwhen
    theyareopened.See10.
    3.3formethodsofi
    nspecti
    onforcr
    acks.Inspect
    ionofgasketf
    acesi
    scover
    edin
    I ONPRACTI
    NSPECTI CESFORPI
    PINGSYSTEM COMPONENTS 83

    10.
    3.4.Fl
    angejoi
    ntscanbei
    nspect
    edwhilei
    nservi
    cebyappl
    yi
    ngsingl
    e-el
    ementorphasedar
    rayUTst
    othe
    ext
    ernalsur
    facest
    omeasurefl
    angefacecor
    rosi
    onandtodet
    ectr
    inggroovecr
    acking.

    Flangebol tsshoul
    dbei nspect
    edforst r
    etchingandcor r
    osion.Wher eexcessiv
    eboltloadingi si
    ndi
    catedor
    wher ef l
    angesaredefor
    med, anutcanber otatedal
    ongtheent i
    relengt
    hoft hestud.Ifthestudisstr
    etched,
    thethr eadpitchwil
    lbechangedandt henutwi l
    lnottur
    nfreely
    .Inspecti
    oni nvol
    vescheckingt odet
    ermine
    whet herboltsoftheproperspecif
    icat
    ionhav ebeenused,andi tmayi nvol
    vechemi calanal
    y si
    sorphy si
    cal
    teststodet er
    minetheyiel
    dpointandtheul ti
    mat estr
    engthofthemat er
    ial
    .

    I
    fflangesareboltedtoot i
    ghtl
    y,t
    heycanbenduntiltheouteredgesofthef l
    angesareincontact
    .Whent his
    occurs,t
    hepressureont hegasketcanbeinsuf
    fi
    cienttoensureatightjoi
    nt.Vi
    sualinspect
    ionofthegasket
    wil
    lrevealt
    hiscondit
    ion.Permanentl
    ydef
    ormedf l
    angesshouldbereplacedorrefaced.

    10.
    3.5.
    3 Wel
    dedJoi
    nts

    I
    nsomeservi
    ces,wel
    dscanprefer
    enti
    all
    ycor
    rode.Thei
    nspect
    ionpr
    ogr
    am shoul
    dlookatasampl
    i
    ngof
    wel
    dsi
    fcor
    rosi
    onatweldsi
    ssuspect
    ed.

    Weldedjoint
    smaybesubj ectt
    oleakscausedei therbycracksorbycor r
    osionorer osi
    on.Cracksinall
    oy-
    st
    eelweldsar eof t
    enassociat
    edwi t
    hexcessivehar dnessresul
    ti
    ngf r
    om impr opercontr
    olofpr eheator
    PWHT.Thehar dnessofair-
    har
    denabl
    eal l
    oy-
    steelweldsshouldtheref
    orebecheckedaf terheattr
    eatment.
    Carbonsteelweldsinenv
    ironment
    alcracki
    ngserviceshouldbecheckedforhardness.

    Corr
    osioncanoccurinthefor
    m ofpi
    tti
    ngthathaspenet
    ratedtheweldort
    headjacentheat
    -aff
    ectedmet al
    .
    Bothpitti
    ngandwel di
    ngdefect
    scanbedet ect
    edbyr adiogr
    aphy
    .Ifsever
    edef ect
    saresuspect edand
    radi
    ographyisnotf
    easi
    ble,
    theaf
    fect
    edareacanbechippedorgougedoutunti
    lsoundmetalisreached,
    and
    thegroovecanberewel
    ded.

    Weldedjoi
    ntsincarbonsteelandcarbon-
    molybdenum st
    eelexposedtoelevat
    edtemperatur
    esof800°F
    (
    426° C)orgreat
    ercanbesubj ectt
    ographi
    ti
    zati
    on.Whengraphit
    izat
    ioni
    ssuspected,asampleshoul
    dbe
    t
    akenf r
    om aweldedjoi
    ntandexaminedmetal
    lur
    gical
    lyf
    orevi
    denceofexcessi
    vegraphi
    ti
    zat
    ion.

    10.
    3.5.
    4 Thr
    eadedJoi
    nts

    Threadedjointscanl eakbecauseofimpr operassembl y,l


    ooset hr
    eads,cor
    rosi
    on,poorfabr
    icat
    ion,cross
    thr
    eading,throughcr acki
    nt herootofathr ead,orthreadst hataredir
    tyattheti
    meofassembl y.Lackof
    thr
    eadl ubr
    icantort heuseoft hewronglubr icantcanal socauseleaks.Ift
    heleakcannotbest oppedby
    ti
    ghteni
    ngthej oint
    ,thejoi
    ntshouldbeunscrewedandv isual
    lyexaminedtodeter
    minethecauseoftheleak.

    Caution—Aleakingthreadedjointshouldnotbet i
    ght
    enedwhi lethesystem i
    sinservi
    ceunderpressure
    unlessther
    eisr easonablecert
    aint
    yt hatt
    heleakisnotcausedbyacr ackinthethr
    eads.Anundetected
    crack inat hread rootcould open up signif
    icant
    ly and cause a rel
    ease ofproductwit
    h serious
    consequences.

    10.
    3.5.
    5 Cl
    ampedJoi
    nts

    Aclampedj ointthatdependsonmachi nedsurfacesf orti


    ghtnesscanl eakbecauseofdi rt
    ,corrosi
    onofthe
    matingfaces,mechani caldamage, orfail
    ureofthecl ampt oprov i
    desuf f
    ici
    entforceonthemat ingfacesfor
    propercontact.Aclampedj ointthatdependsonagasketf ort i
    ghtnesscanl eakbecauseofdamagedordi rty
    gasketseatingsurfacesorf ai
    lureoftheclampt opr ovidesuffi
    cientpressureont hegasket
    .Ifti
    ghteningt
    he
    cl
    ampdoesnotst opt heleak,thejoi
    ntshouldbedi smant ledandv i
    suall
    yinspectedtodeterminethecause
    oft heleak.ASME PCC- 2,Ar t
    icl
    e3. 6 pr
    ovidesusef ulguidanceon t hedesi gn,li
    mitat
    ions,fabri
    cati
    on,
    i
    nstall
    ati
    on,inspecti
    on, andtesti
    ngofmechani calclamps.
    84 APIRECOMMENDEDPRACTI
    CE574

    Cauti
    on—Cer t
    ainkindsofcl
    ampedj oi
    ntsshoul
    dnotbeusedwi thoutadequateaxi
    alr
    est
    rai
    ntonthepi
    ping
    andsuffi
    cientpipewallthi
    cknessattheendsoft heclampt oresi
    stcollapsi
    ngbythecl
    ampingfor
    ces.
    Othert
    ypesofcl ampsaredesignedtoprov
    ideadequat
    estrengt
    ht othej
    oint.

    10.
    3.6 Mi
    sal
    ignment

    Often,misali
    gnmentisnotapparentuntilthepipi
    nghascool edandhasmov edtoitscoldpositi
    on.The
    i
    nspectorshouldnote,asin10.
    1.3,i
    ndicati
    onsofmi sal
    ignmentwhil
    et hepipi
    ngiscold.Noteespeciall
    ythe
    hotandcol dposit
    ionofspri
    nghangerstodetermineifthehangersareadjust
    ingproperl
    ytothechangesi n
    pipi
    ngpositionsfr
    om hottocol
    d.Thisisespeciall
    ycri
    ti
    calforl
    arge-
    diameterli
    nessuchascat al
    ysttransf
    er
    l
    inesinFCCuni ts.

    I
    fmi sali
    gnmentofpi
    pingwasnotedduri
    ngoperat
    ion,thecauseshoul
    dbedet
    ermi
    nedandcor
    rect
    ed.
    Misal
    ignmenti
    susual
    l
    ycausedbyt
    hefol
    lowi
    ngcondi
    tions:

    a) i
    nadequat
    epr
    ovi
    sionf
    orexpansi
    on;
    b) br
    okenordef
    ect
    iveanchor
    sorgui
    des;
    c) excessi
    vef
    ri
    cti
    ononsl
    i
    dingsaddl
    es,
    indi
    cat
    ingal
    ackofl
    ubr
    icat
    ionoraneedf
    orr
    oll
    ers;
    d) br
    okenr
    oll
    ersorr
    oll
    erst
    hatcannott
    urnbecauseofcor
    rosi
    onorl
    ackofl
    ubr
    icat
    ion;
    e) br
    okenori
    mpr
    oper
    lyadj
    ust
    edhanger
    s;
    f
    ) hanger
    sthatar
    etooshor
    tandt
    husl
    i
    mitmov
    ementorcausel
    i
    fti
    ngoft
    hepi
    ping;
    g) excessi
    veoper
    ati
    ngt
    emper
    atur
    e;
    h) f
    ail
    uret
    oremov
    ethespr
    ingbl
    ocksaf
    tersy
    stem const
    ruct
    ion.
    10.
    3.7 Vi
    brat
    ion

    Wher eexcessivev i
    brationorsway
    ingwasnot edduri
    ngoper ati
    on,aninspect
    ionshouldbemadef orpoints
    ofabr asionandext ernalwearandf orcr
    acksinwel dsatl ocat
    ionsthatcouldnotbei nspect
    eddur ing
    operation.Thev i
    sualinspecti
    onmethodsdescri
    bedin10.1.5shouldbef ol
    lowed.Thi
    sinspectionshouldbe
    supplement ed bysur faceNDE met hodsasapplicable.Thecondi t
    ionscausing excessivev i
    brat
    ion or
    sway i
    ngshoul dbecor rected.

    10.
    3.8 HotSpot
    s

    Theint
    er nali
    nsulat
    ionofpi pi
    ngshoul dbev i
    suall
    yi nspectedforby passingorcompl etefailureinl ocationsof
    hotspotsoni nt
    ernall
    yinsulatedpipingnotedduringoper ati
    on( see10. 1.8)
    .Thecauseoft hehotspotshoul d
    becorrected.Thepipewal lnearthehotspotshoul dbev i
    suallyinspectedforoxidati
    onandr esultantscaling.
    Allt
    hescal eshouldber emov ed,andther emainingsoundmet alshoul dbeexami nedf ori ncipientcr acks.
    Thesoundmet alshouldbemeasur edtoensur ethatsuf fi
    cientthicknessremainsf ortheser vi
    ce.TheODof
    pi
    pingi nhigh-t
    emper atureser vi
    ce—metalt emper atur
    esofabout800° F(427° C)andabov e—shoul dbe
    measuredt ocheckf orcreepordef ormati
    onwi t
    ht imeunderst r
    ess.Toensur ethatani n-ser vi
    cef racturewi l
    l
    notoccur ,
    theamountofcr eepper mit
    tedshouldbebasedonest ablisheddataforthecont empl atedser vice
    l
    if
    e.

    10.
    3.9 Expansi
    onJoi
    nts

    Inspect i
    onofexpansi onj ointsinvolvesexami nati
    onsbot hatmai ntenanceout agesanddur i
    ngoperation
    priortoshut downandshor tlyafterstart-
    up.Whileinoperati
    on,the“ hot”sett
    ingsandposi ti
    onofconnect ed
    pipesuppor ts/guidesandt heexpansi onj oi
    ntshouldber ecorded.Compar ingmeasur ement sobtai
    nedpr i
    or
    touni tshutdownandaf t
    erst art
    -upal l
    owsf orchangestobei denti
    fi
    edandsubsequent lystudied.I
    nadditi
    on,
    thej ointandat tachedpipingshoul dbev i
    suall
    yexami nedf orali
    gnment ,distort
    ion,cracks,andleaks.A
    checkshoul dbemadepr i
    ort ost ar
    t-upt omakesur eal
    lstopsandot herrestr
    icti
    ngdev i
    cesar eremovedand
    allcomponent sarepositi
    onedi nt hecol dsetti
    ng.Tempor arysuppor t
    smaybel ef
    tinplaceasl ongast hey
    willnotinterf
    erewi tht
    hepi pingexpansi oninthehotsett
    ing.
    I ONPRACTI
    NSPECTI CESFORPI
    PINGSYSTEM COMPONENTS 85

    I
    nf r
    aredther
    mogr aphyexaminati
    onofthejoi
    ntinhigh-t
    emperatureser
    vicescanident
    if
    yhotspot
    sandbul k
    temperatur
    et odetermineboththejoi
    ntisoperati
    ngwi thi
    nitsdesignt emper
    atureandanyint
    ernalf
    iber
    blanketandli
    nerassoci
    atedwiththej
    ointi
    sfunct
    ioningasdesigned.

    Dur i
    ngmai ntenanceout ages,addi t
    ionali nspectionacti
    viti
    esmaybeper formed.The“ cold”positi
    onand
    settingsshoul dber ecordedandcompar edt opr evi
    ous“cold”and“ hot”measur ement s.Changesshouldbe
    reviewed agai nstdesign.Theexpansi on j oi
    ntshoul d bev i
    suall
    yexami ned externall
    yand,i fpossibl
    e,
    i
    nt ernal
    ly.Anyext ernalcov er
    ingsshoul dber emov edtof aci
    li
    tatetheinspection.Thef abri
    cinf abr
    icjoi
    nts
    shoul dbeexami nedforrips,holes,
    andf lexibil
    it
    y.Metalattachmentr i
    ngsandbol t
    ingshouldbeexami nedfor
    distorti
    onandcor rosi
    on.Met all
    icbellowsmaybeexami nedwi thdyepenet rantexami nat
    ion,ET,andUTf or
    cracking.Cr ackscanoccuri nconv ol
    utions,atpi pingat t
    achmentf il
    letwel ds,andonanyi nter
    nalli
    ner
    attachmentwel ds.Thinningandpi tt
    ingcanoccuri nsomeser v i
    cesandshoul dbeexami neddur i
    nginter
    nal
    i
    nspect ions.

    10.
    4 Nonmet
    all
    icPi
    ping

    10.
    4.1 Gener
    al

    Nonmet all
    icpi
    pingsy st
    emsar eof t
    enusedf orfl
    uidsthatarenontoxic,nonf
    lammabl e,andenv i
    ronment all
    y
    benign.Howev er,i
    nsomeci r
    cumst ances,ev enthesepipi
    ngsystemsar ecrit
    icalconsi
    deringeconomi cor
    operati
    onalconsequences.Inspectioni nter
    valsareprobablybestassessedusi ngar i
    sk-basedappr oach.
    Factorsthati
    nfluencetheini
    ti
    alinspectiondatearetheamountandqual i
    tyofthesupervisi
    onandi nspection
    perf
    ormeddur i
    ngconst r
    ucti
    on.Thei nspectorshouldhaveadequat eknowl edgeofFRPmat er
    ials,r
    esins,
    rei
    nforcements,laminat
    eimperfecti
    ons, andmanuf act
    uri
    ngtechniques.

    General
    l
    y,exper
    ienceshowsani ni
    ti
    alinspect
    ionwithi
    nt hefir
    st2y earsofoperat
    ionandsubsequent
    i
    nterv
    alsbei
    ngext endedorreducedbasedoni ni
    ti
    alfi
    ndings.Asiteexperi
    enci
    ngasigni
    fi
    cantnumberof
    fai
    l
    uresint
    heearlyyearsofoper
    ati
    onmayneedt oincr
    easeinspect
    ionacti
    vi
    ti
    esandshort
    enint
    erv
    als.

    10.
    4.2 I
    nit
    ialConst
    ruct
    ion

    Visualexaminati
    onandpr essur
    et est
    ingaretheprimaryinspectionandt esti
    ngmet hodsuseddur i
    ngor i
    ginal
    construct
    ion.ASTM D2563pr ovidesguidanceforthevisualexaminationofFRPcomponent sbutisfocused
    on manuf actur
    ing and assembly.Some oft he more st r
    ingentspeci f
    icat
    ionsr equi
    re RT and/orbond
    i
    nspect i
    ontoolsofbondednonmet al
    li
    cjoint
    s.Thesearemor eadv ancedexami nat
    ionstosupplantthe“ coi
    n
    tapping”methodforlocati
    ngdelaminatedordisbondedar easclosetot hesurfaceofnonmet al
    l
    icpipi
    ng.

    Pressuretesti
    ngatupt o1.5timesdesi gnpressurewi l
    lrevealleaksf rom maj orflawssuchassev ereimpact
    damage.Pr essuretests,howev er,ar
    enotaguar anteeofst r
    uct uralintegri
    ty.Jointswi
    thupt o85%di sbond
    haver epor
    tedl
    ypassedpr essuretests.Theuseofacoust i
    cemi ssionmoni t
    oringduri
    ngpressur et
    estingcan
    i
    dentifymateri
    alfai
    lureoccur r
    ingpr i
    ortoleakage,therebyincreasingt hesensi ti
    vit
    yofthepressuretest.This
    canbeusedr ealti
    met opreventt hepressuretestfrom causi ngi rr
    ev er
    sibl
    edamaget othepi pethatmi ght
    otherwiseoccurwithoutmoni tori
    ngandl eadtofuturein-servi
    cef ailure.

    10.
    4.3 On-
    str
    eam Exami
    nat
    ionandTest
    ingTechni
    ques

    Manyt
    radi
    ti
    onal
    NDEt
    echni
    quesandt
    est
    ingar
    eusedt
    oassessnonmet
    all
    i
    cpi
    ping.Theset
    echni
    quesi
    ncl
    ude:
    a) UT,
    b) RT,
    c) AE,
    d) har
    dnesst
    est
    ing,
    e) t
    her
    mogr
    aphi
    cimagi
    ng,
    f
    ) MW.
    SeeTabl
    e6f
    orcompar
    isonoft
    hosecommonnonmet
    all
    i
    cpi
    pingNDEt
    echni
    ques.
    86 APIRECOMMENDEDPRACTI
    CE574

    Tabl
    e6—Compar
    isonofCommonNonmet
    all
    icPi
    pingNDETechni
    ques

    Techni
    que Adv
    ant
    ages Li
    mit
    ati
    ons

    Ul
    tr
    asoni
    c Canident
    if
    yerosi
    ondamageandt
    osomedegr
    eel
    ack UTofwallt
    hick
    nessrequir
    esspeci
    alt
    echni
    quesandpr
    ocedur
    est
    o
    ofadhesi
    veinjoi
    nts. ac
    commodat etheuniquechar
    act
    eri
    sti
    csoft
    henonmetal
    l
    ic
    mater
    ial
    sconst
    ruct
    ion.
    Probeselect
    ion,t
    ypical
    l
    yatthelow-f
    requencyrangeof0.25MHz
    to2.25MHz ,iscri
    ti
    calforul
    tr
    asoni
    cattenuati
    onc har
    act
    eri
    sti
    cs
    varywit
    hc onstr
    ucti
    onandmanuf act
    uri
    ngpr ocess.
    Thi
    stechni
    quecannotdet
    ect“
    kissi
    ng”bondsi
    nther
    mal
    wel
    ds.
    Desi
    gnandavai
    l
    abi
    l
    ityofsui
    tabl
    ecal
    i
    brat
    ions
    ampl
    esi
    ses
    sent
    ial
    tosucc
    essf
    ulex
    aminat
    ion.

    Radi
    ogr
    aphy Cani
    denti
    fyi
    nternalf
    lawsofav
    olumet
    ri
    cnat
    ureand Specif
    icexposuretechniquesmayneedtobedef i
    nedin
    wal
    lt
    hick
    nessv ari
    ati
    ons. procedur
    estoobt ai
    nt hebestres
    olut
    ionasthelowerat
    omic
    Canbeusedt
    over
    if
    yjoi
    ntgaps,
    off
    set
    s,et
    c. weightel
    ement susedi nnonmetal
    li
    cconst
    ructi
    ongener
    all
    yrequi
    re
    l
    owerex posur
    eener gyandt i
    mes.
    Di
    sbondingandlackofadhesionf
    lawsmaynotbeeas
    il
    y
    i
    dent
    if
    iablewit
    hthist
    echnique.
    Examinati
    onofnonmet
    all
    i
    cpi
    pinghasmostoft
    hetypical
    l
    imit
    ati
    onssuchaspers
    onnel
    safet
    y,f
    lui
    dabsor
    pti
    on,andfl
    aw
    or
    ient
    ation.
    Acoust
    ic Awi
    der
    angeoff
    lawscanbedet
    ect
    ed. Someofthebas
    iccav
    eatsr
    elatedtoAEst
    il
    lappl
    y(e.
    g.t
    hef
    law
    emissi
    on AEhasbeenusedonv essel
    sandtanksconstr
    uct
    ed mustbeact
    iv
    einemit
    ti
    ngenergy).
    fr
    om FRPformanyyearsandtheseproc
    eduresare Cleardef
    ini
    ti
    onofthefl
    awisonlypos
    sibl
    ewi
    thot
    her
    encompas
    sedinASMEBPVCSec t
    ionV,Ar
    ti
    cle11. complementaryNDEtechni
    ques.
    Typic
    alf l
    awsi denti
    fi
    edincl
    udeinadequat
    es tr
    uctural
    i
    ntegri
    tyduet oweak nessesindesign,pr
    oducti
    on, or
    materialdegradati
    on,gr
    owthofdel ami
    nati
    ons,crack
    growth,fi
    berf r
    actur
    eandpullout,i
    nadequatecuring,
    andphy sical
    leakage.
    Abi
    li
    tytochar
    act
    eri
    zet
    hec r
    ackingoff
    iber
    sand
    del
    aminat
    ingoft
    hematri
    xinrealti
    me.
    Ther
    eisex
    tensi
    vesucces
    sfulr
    epor
    ti
    ngoft
    heuseofAE
    i
    nrel
    ati
    ontononmetal
    l
    icmateri
    al
    s.

    Har
    dness Mater
    ial
    propert
    yusedtoi
    denti
    fyproperc
    uri
    ngand Li
    mit
    edbyav
    ail
    abl
    ear
    ea(
    e.g.
    smal
    l
    -di
    amet
    erbor
    epi
    pe)
    .
    l
    ong-t
    erm degr
    adat
    ionoft
    heresin. Waxi
    nhi
    bi
    ti
    oncany
    iel
    dlowerhar
    dnes
    sval
    ues.
    Themostcommonhar
    dnes
    sref
    erenc
    eisASTM D2583.
    Barcolhardnesstestmethodusedtodet ermine
    thehardnes sofbot
    hrei
    nfor
    cedandnonr
    einforced
    ri
    gidpl
    asti
    c s.

    Ther
    mogr
    aphy Hasbeenusedtodet
    ectgr
    osswallt
    hick
    nesschanges Sensiti
    vetosurfaceornear -
    surf
    acef l
    aws.
    duetoer
    osionandsi
    gni
    fi
    cantl
    ackofadhes
    ivei
    n Doesnotr eveal
    t hrough-wal
    ldamagei nthi
    ckwall
    pipi
    ng.
    bondedj
    oi
    nts.
    Thel i
    mitsofdetectionarerel
    ati
    velyhi
    ghwi t
    habouta0.25-
    in.
    di
    fferenceinwall t
    hicknessanddisbondedareasmeasuri
    ng3in.
    3i n.
    Detec t
    ionisafuncti
    onoft hermaldiffer
    enti
    al
    s.I
    ftheprocess
    str
    eam i ssigni
    fi
    cant
    lydif
    ferentintemper at
    uret
    hant he
    surroundingambienttemper at
    ure,
    t hengoodprofi
    lescoul
    dbe
    obtained.
    Alt
    ernat
    eapproac
    hesaret
    ointr
    oduceheati
    ntot
    heareaof
    examinat
    ionandmoni
    tort
    herateofdecayi
    nrel
    ati
    onto“
    good”
    samples.
    Mi
    crowav
    e Gigaher
    tzorter
    ahert
    zmi cr
    owaveusedtodet
    ectl
    ami
    narUnabl
    etoi
    nspectt
    hroughanymet
    all
    i
    ccl
    addi
    ngorcoat
    ing.
    nonfusi
    on,“
    kiss
    ing”bonds,andi
    mpactdamage.
    Hasdet
    ect
    edingres
    soff
    lui
    dsi
    ntot
    hes
    ubs
    trat
    ein
    wovenmat
    eri
    als.
    Techni
    quehast
    heabi
    li
    tytodet
    ectdi
    sbondsata
    nonmetal
    l
    ic/
    metal
    l
    ici
    nter
    fac
    e.
    I ONPRACTI
    NSPECTI CESFORPI
    PINGSYSTEM COMPONENTS 87

    10.
    5 Fl
    exi
    bleHoses

    Fl
    exiblehosesuti
    l
    izedinhy dr
    ocarbonorotherhazardousservi
    ceshouldbeindividual
    l
    yidenti
    fi
    edandincl
    ude
    appropri
    ateservi
    ce( chemical
    )l i
    mitat
    ionsandaccept ableoperat
    ingcondit
    ions.Generall
    y,ther
    ear etwo
    purposesforfl
    exi
    blehoses:onebei nginst
    all
    edinli
    euofhar dpipi
    ngandtheot herbeingusedforshor
    t-t
    erm
    purposes.Thepur poseoft hef l
    exibl
    ehoseshouldbet akenintoconsi
    derationwhendet ermini
    ngift he
    fl
    exibl
    ehoseshouldbei nspectedandhowi tshoul
    dbei nspect
    ed.

    Fl
    exibl
    ehosesusedi npermanentinstal
    lat
    ionsshouldbeper iodi
    cal
    lyinspect edwiththehardpipi
    ngiti s
    att
    achedtoormor efr
    equentlyi
    fdeter
    minednecessarybyt heowner/user.Flexi
    blehosesusedint
    empor ary
    appli
    cati
    onsshouldbecleanedandst or
    edappr opri
    atel
    y(permanufact urer
    ’sinstr
    ucti
    onswhereavail
    able)
    whennoti nuset omi ni
    mi zebothmechani caldamageandexposur et oenv ir
    onmentalcondi
    ti
    onsand
    chemical
    sthatcoul
    dcompr omiseoneormor ecomponent softhehoseassembl y
    .

    Eachf l
    exiblehose(new andused)shouldbeinspectedpr i
    ortobeingplacedinserv i
    ce.Thisinspecti
    on
    shouldincludeav er
    if
    icati
    onofit
    sintendedser
    vice(processchemical
    sandt emperature/
    pressurerati
    ng),
    overal
    lconditi
    on(l
    ookingformechani
    caldamagetoconnect i
    ons,
    fit
    ti
    ngs,f
    langes,
    etc.
    ),andthattheperiodi
    c
    i
    nspectionhasbeenper for
    med.

    Acomplet
    einspect
    ionoft
    hehoseshoul
    dbeper
    for
    medper
    iodi
    cal
    l
    y.Thi
    sinspect
    ionshoul
    dincl
    udet
    he
    f
    oll
    owi
    ng.

    a) Ensur
    ethehosehasbeeni
    ndi
    vidual
    l
    yident
    if
    ied(I
    Dtag)andt
    hatt
    her
    ecor
    dscont
    ainappr
    opr
    iat
    edesi
    gn
    condi
    ti
    onsandser
    vicel
    i
    mit
    ati
    onsorcompati
    bil
    it
    y.

    b) Veri
    fydi
    amet er
    ,lengt
    h,andendf
    it
    ti
    ngsf
    ori
    ndi
    vi
    dualassembl
    i
    esandcompar
    ewi
    thexi
    sti
    ngI
    Dtagsand
    documentat
    ion.

    c) Verif
    ythehoseandf i
    tt
    ingpr essurerati
    ngsarewi t
    hinthedesignpar amet ersforhy dr
    ost
    ati
    cpr oof
    pressur
    etest(general
    ly1.5timesMAWP) ,andchecktheconditi
    onoft hefit
    ti
    ngs( thr
    eadconditi
    onand
    gasketorsealingsurfacecondi ti
    ont oprovi
    deapr operseal
    ).Fitt
    ingsshoul dalsobeexami nedf or
    mechanicaldamagef rom ov ert
    ighteni
    ngofthethreadsorov ert
    orquingofbol tedassembly,causing
    fl
    angefacerotati
    on.Thehoset of i
    tt
    ingatt
    achmentpointshoul
    dalsobei nspectedforlooseordamaged
    cl
    ampsorcompr essi
    onf i
    tt
    ings.

    d) Perfor
    mv isuali
    nspect
    ionofthehosecoverf
    oranycuts,gouges,breach,fr
    aying,orotherdef
    ect
    swhere
    rei
    nforcementisexposed.Thehoseassembl
    yshouldalsobei nspectedforexcessiveabrasi
    ondamage
    totheoutercoveri
    ng/j
    acketandf
    ordamagefrom heat(
    brit
    tl
    enessand/ orcracki
    ng).

    e) I
    nspectf
    ordamagef rom excessi
    vebending(
    kinki
    ng),whi
    chmayproducepar
    ti
    alcr
    ushi
    ng/f
    lat
    teningof
    t
    hehose,cri
    mping,orexcessivestr
    ainatendconnecti
    ons.Checkmi
    nimum i
    nst
    all
    edbendradiusesto
    t
    hemanufactur
    errecommendat i
    ons.

    f
    ) Totheext
    entpossi
    ble,
    exami net
    heint
    ernalcondi
    ti
    onofthehose,l
    ookingforsi
    gnsoferosion,cr
    acki
    ng,
    orchemi
    calat
    tack/
    degradat
    ionofanonmet al
    l
    icli
    ner(
    swell
    i
    ng,tear
    s,abrasi
    on/r
    oughness,
    etc.)
    .

    g) Addi
    ti
    onal
    inspect
    ionsmayi
    ncl
    udet
    hef
    oll
    owi
    ng.

    1) Vi
    sualinspect
    ionoft
    hehosetubewit
    hboroscopeorvi
    deopr
    obef
    oragener
    alcondi
    ti
    onont
    he
    i
    nter
    iorli
    ner(l
    ooki
    ngforbl
    i
    ster
    s,cr
    acks,
    orotherdef
    ects)
    .

    2) Perfor
    mt estt
    oensur
    eelectr
    ical
    conti
    nuit
    ybet
    weenendf
    it
    ti
    ngsandper
    for
    m el
    ect
    ri
    cal
    conduct
    ivi
    ty
    testonfl
    uoropol
    ymerandthermopl
    asti
    ctubehose.

    3) Ift
    hetransferf
    lui
    dinsi
    dethehosei
    snonconduct
    ive,
    thenper
    for
    m el
    ect
    ri
    cal
    conduct
    ivi
    tyt
    estt
    o
    ensur
    egr oundi
    ng/bondi
    ngofhose.
    88 APIRECOMMENDEDPRACTI
    CE574

    4) Checkforappr
    opri
    ateal
    loycompositi
    on(PMI
    )permanuf
    act
    urersandequi
    pmentr
    ecor
    ds.Notet
    hat
    thi
    smayonl ybeanini
    ti
    alinspect
    ionunl
    esshosef
    it
    ti
    ngsorothercomponent
    smaybechangedor
    modif
    ied.

    5) On-
    str
    eam i
    nspect
    ionusi
    ngi
    nfr
    aredthermogr
    aphyexami
    nat
    ionmayhel
    ptoi
    dent
    if
    ydamaget
    oone
    ormoreoft
    hehosecomponent
    s/l
    ayers.

    6) Fi
    tt
    ingsmaybeex
    ami
    nedwi
    thdy
    epenet
    rant
    ,ET,and/
    orUTmet
    hodst
    oident
    if
    ycr
    acki
    ngorot
    her
    damage.

    7) Perf
    orm hydrost
    ati
    c pr
    essur
    et estin accordance wit
    h manufact
    urer
    s’r ecommended desi
    gn
    speci
    fi
    cat
    ions(l
    imit
    edbythel
    owestpr
    essurerati
    ngofincl
    udedcomponent).

    8) Or
    igi
    nal
    equi
    pmentmanuf
    act
    urer
    srecommendedi
    nspect
    ionandt
    est
    ingact
    ivi
    ti
    es.

    Asef f
    ecti
    veinspecti
    onsofpr ocesshosesarediffi
    cul
    t,someowner
    /usersst
    ampandt r
    ackprocesshoses,
    peri
    odical
    l
    ypr essur
    et estthem,andr equi
    rerepl
    acementaft
    erasetamountofservi
    cetimebasedonr isk
    andtypeofhose.Addi t
    ional
    lyvi
    sualinspect
    ioncheckl
    ist
    sarei
    nusef ori
    ssuest
    hatshouldbeperi
    odicall
    y
    checkedtoverif
    ytheintegri
    tyofthehose.

    11 Pr
    essur
    eTest
    s

    11.
    1 Pur
    poseofTest
    ing

    Apr essuretestconduct
    edonin-ser
    vicepipi
    ngmayf unct
    ionasal eakt
    est
    , ori
    fthepressurei
    shighenough,
    i
    tcanr evealgr
    osserrorsi
    ndesignorf abri
    cat
    ion.Pressuretest
    sofexist
    ingpipingshouldbeperf
    ormedin
    accordancewi ththerequi
    rementsofAPI570.Pi pi
    ngsy stemsthatmaybesubj ect
    edtopressur
    etesti
    ng
    i
    ncludet hefoll
    owing:

    a) under
    groundl
    i
    nesandot
    heri
    naccessi
    blepi
    ping;

    b) wat
    erandot
    hernonhazar
    dousut
    il
    it
    yli
    nes;

    c) l
    ongoi
    l
    -transf
    erl
    inesi
    nar
    easwher
    eal
    eakorspi
    l
    lwoul
    dnotbehazar
    doust
    oper
    sonnel
    orhar
    mful
    to
    t
    heenv
    ironment;

    d) compl
    i
    cat
    edmani
    fol
    dsy
    stems;

    e) smal
    lpi
    pingandt
    ubi
    ngsy
    stems;

    f
    ) al
    lsy
    stems,
    aft
    erachemi
    cal
    cleani
    ngoper
    ati
    on;

    g) whenr
    equi
    redbyt
    hej
    uri
    sdi
    cti
    on.

    Ther easonsandpr ocedur


    esf orpr
    essure-t
    esti
    ngpi pi
    ngar egeneral
    l
    yt hesameast hoseforequipment.
    Whenv essel
    sofprocessunit
    sarepressuretest
    ed,themai nli
    nesconnectedtothevessel
    sareoftentest
    ed
    atthesamet i
    me.Servi
    cetesti
    ngofCategoryDpi pi
    ngsy st
    emsi sl
    imit
    edt othe150psi(1034.
    2kPa)design
    gaugepr essur
    eupperli
    mitdefi
    nedforCategoryDf l
    uidserv
    iceinASMEB31. 3.

    11.
    2 Per
    for
    mingPr
    essur
    eTest
    s

    API570,
    Sect
    ion5.7provi
    desgui
    del
    inesforprepari
    ngpi
    pingforpr
    essuret
    est
    ing,andASMEPCC-
    2,Ar
    ti
    cle
    5.
    1offer
    suseful
    guidanceonper
    for
    mi ngpressureandt
    ight
    nesstest
    ingofpi
    pingsyst
    ems.

    Duri
    ngliquidpressuret
    esti
    ng,al
    lairshoul
    dbeexpel
    ledf
    rom thepipi
    ngt
    hroughv
    ent
    sprovidedatallhi
    gh
    poi
    nts.Ift he syst
    em is notful
    lofl i
    qui
    d,t
    he tr
    apped ai
    rwi l
    lcompr
    ess.Withl
    arge quant
    it
    ies ofa
    compressible
    I ONPRACTI
    NSPECTI CESFORPI
    PINGSYSTEM COMPONENTS 89

    medi
    um i
    nthesyst
    em,af
    ail
    urewi
    l
    lbemor
    evi
    olentt
    hani
    nal
    i
    qui
    d-f
    ullsy
    stem becauseofexpansi
    onoft
    he
    compr
    essi
    blemedi
    um.

    Careshouldbet akentoensur ethetestdoesnotov erpressurethesy st


    em,i ncl
    udingcomponents( e.g.
    expansi
    onj oi
    nts)thatmayhav ealowerdesi
    gnpr essurethant heremainderofthepipi
    ngsy st
    em.Cali
    brated
    pressur
    egaugespr operl
    ylocatedandoft heproperr angeshoul dbeusedandcar eful
    l
    ywat chedduring
    pressur
    ing.Whenal lai
    risexpell
    edfrom t
    hesy st
    em, thepressurewi l
    lri
    serapidl
    y.Asuddenr i
    seinpressur e
    cancauseshock, resul
    ti
    nginfail
    ureoft
    hetestedequipment .

    Thepr essureforaliqui
    dpressuretestisusuall
    ysuppl
    iedbyanav ail
    ablepump.Ifapumpofsufficienthead
    i
    snotav ai
    labl
    e,thenecessarytestpressurecanbesuppli
    edbybot tl
    ediner
    tgas,suchasni
    tr
    ogen, bledinat
    thetopoft hesystem aft
    erthesy st
    em i sfi
    ll
    edwiththetestli
    quid.Thismethodhasthedisadv antageof
    i
    ntroducingacompr essi
    blemedi um int
    ot hesyst
    em,butt hequantit
    ycanbekeptsmal l
    .Ineithercase,if
    overpr
    essur i
    ngcanoccur ,
    areli
    efdev i
    ceshouldbeinst
    all
    edt opr
    otectthesyst
    em.

    Var
    iousf
    lui
    dscanbeusedf
    orpr
    essur
    etest
    ing.Thef
    oll
    owi
    ngar
    ethemostcommonl
    yused:

    a) wat
    erwi
    thorwi
    thoutani
    nhi
    bit
    or,
    freezi
    ng-
    poi
    ntdepr
    essant
    ,orwet
    ti
    ngagent
    ;

    b) l
    i
    quidpr
    oductsnor
    mal
    l
    ycar
    ri
    edi
    nthesy
    stem,
    ift
    heyar
    enott
    oxi
    corl
    i
    kel
    ytocauseaf
    ir
    eincaseofa
    l
    eakorf
    ail
    ure;

    c) st
    eam;

    d) ai
    r,car
    bondi
    oxi
    de,
    nit
    rogen,
    hel
    i
    um,
    oranot
    heri
    ner
    tgas.

    NOTE ASMEB31.
    3hasr
    est
    ri
    cti
    onsont
    heuseoft
    het
    estmedi
    umsl
    i
    stedi
    nIt
    em c)andI
    tem d)
    .

    I
    fal eakorfai
    lur
    eoccurs,fl
    uidmayber el
    easedinthear
    eaofthepipingbei
    ngtest
    ed.Fort
    hisr
    eason,t
    he
    fl
    uidshouldnotbeharmf ultoadj
    oini
    ngequipmentortotheplantsewersyst
    em,andappropr
    iat
    esafet
    y
    precaut
    ionsar
    etakent
    oav oidper
    sonnelexposur
    e.

    Wat ermaynotbesui tableasat estfl


    uidinsomepi pi
    ngsystems, suchasacidl i
    nes,cr
    yogenicsystems,and
    ai
    r-driersystems.Uni nhibited saltwat ercan causecorrosion ofsomenonf err
    ousalloysand SCC of
    austeniti
    cstainlessst eels.Saltwat ercanal socausecor rosionoff err
    it
    icst eel
    sandsev er
    epi t
    tingof
    austeniti
    csteels,suchasv al
    vet ri
    m orpl at
    ing.Mostnat uralwat er
    scont ainbacter
    iat hatcanl eadto
    microbiologi
    call
    yi nducedcor r
    osioni fthewat erislef
    tint hepi pi
    ngf ortool ongafterapr essuretest
    .
    Aust eni
    ti
    cstainl
    essst eelshav efail
    edafter2to5weeksoft hiskindofexposur e.

    Watercanf r
    eezeincol
    dweatherunlessaf r
    eezi
    ng- poi
    ntdepressanti
    sused.Thedepressantshouldnotbe
    harmfultothesewersyst
    em orotherplaceofdi sposal.St
    eam issometi
    mesusedt owar mthewat erand
    preventfr
    eezi
    ng.Thetr
    ansi
    ti
    ontemper at
    ureofthest eelshoul
    dbeconsider
    edtopreventbri
    tt
    lefai
    lurewhen
    thetesti
    ngisdur
    ingcol
    dweatherorwithcoldfl
    uids.

    Ast eam testmaybeadv antageouswher esteam isusedf orheat i


    ngorpur gingequipmentbef or
    eoper ati
    on.
    Thest eam pr essureshouldnotexceedt heoper ati
    ngpr essure.Anadv antageofsteam isthatitheatst he
    pipi
    ng, t
    herebypoppi ngfluxf rom weldsinpipingthatcoul dhavepassedawat ertest
    ;however,st
    eam test i
    ng
    doeshav esev er
    aldisadvant ages.Condensat i
    onoccur s,andt hedr aini
    ngofcondensat emaybenecessar y
    beforeoper ati
    onsar estarted.Whenhi gh-pr
    essur esteam i sused,leaksar edif
    fi
    culttodetectandcanbur n
    personnelwhoar ei nthear eaoft heequipment .Steam al sohast hepr evi
    ouslyment i
    oneddisadvantageof
    compr essiblemedi a.ASMEB31. 3al
    lowsf oraleakaget estwi t
    ht heflowingmedi um atoperat
    ingcondi t
    ions
    forCategor yDf l
    uidservi
    ces, i.e.t
    heflui
    dshoul dbenonf l
    ammabl e,nontoxic,and366° F(186°C)orlower .

    NOTE I fst
    eam i
    susedasthet
    estmedi
    um f
    orpi
    pingot
    hert
    hanCat
    egor
    yDpi
    ping,
    ther
    ulesf
    orpneumat
    ict
    est
    ing
    st
    atedi
    nASMEB31. 3shoul
    dbef
    oll
    owed.
    90 APIRECOMMENDEDPRACTI
    CE574

    Pneumat ictestsinconj
    unct i
    onwi thasoapsol uti
    on,f
    oami ngagent,orsonicleakdetectoraresomet imes
    permissibl
    ef orsmalllinesandsy stems.Thepr efer
    redmedi um forpneumatictesti
    ngi sani nertgas.
    Compr essedai rshouldnotbeusedwher eflammablef l
    uidscanbepr esent.Leaksthatwoul dnotbe
    detect
    eddur i
    ngal i
    quidpr essuret estcanof t
    enbedet ectedbyapneumat ictest.Becausenitrogenand
    heli
    um ar emor epenetr
    atingt hanai r
    ,theyareusedwhenser vicecondi
    ti
    onsar eparti
    cul
    arlycri
    ti
    cal.Fil
    li
    ng
    anypi pi
    ng sy stem wit
    h an i nertgas cr eat
    es an asphyxiat
    ion hazar
    d atev er
    yst age inthe pr ocess.
    Precauti
    ons mustbe t aken t o ensuret hatno personnelar einadvert
    entl
    yexposed t oal ow-oxygen
    atmospher e.

    Pneumatictest
    ing should be conduct
    ed str
    ict
    lyin accor
    dance wi
    th ASME B31.3.Al
    lthe pr
    ecaut
    ions
    speci
    fi
    edinASMEB31. 3shoul
    dbest r
    ict
    lyobserv
    ed,incl
    udingt
    heeliminat
    ionofcondi
    ti
    onsunderwhich
    bri
    tt
    lefr
    actur
    emi ghtoccur
    .

    11.
    3 HammerTest
    ing

    Hammert esti
    ngofpi pi
    ng,valves,andf i
    tti
    ngsforthi
    cknessisal argelyout dat edtestmet hodinwhichthe
    componenti sstruckwi thahammeri nor dertol
    ist
    entot hesoundorat tenuat i
    on.Thet ypeofsoundcanbe
    usedbyanexper i
    encedi nspectorinhammert est
    ingtodi ff
    erent
    iatethi nmet alfr
    om t hi
    ckermetal
    .Whi l
    e
    someexper i
    encedi nspector
    smaygai nsomeknowl edgeaboutapi pe’st hinnessusi ngthist
    echni
    que,the
    diff
    icul
    ti
    esofcal i
    brat i
    ngandst andardizi
    ngahammert estputt hi
    st echniqueout si
    det hescopeofmoder n
    recommendedpr actices.I
    ndivi
    dualsitesmaychooset oal l
    owhammert estingofcer tainli
    nesbutshoul
    ddo
    soonl yafterevaluatingthehazar dsinvolvedandassessingwhet hert hehammerst ri
    keswil
    ldamaget he
    pipi
    ngorcauseal eak.

    Hammert
    est
    ingi
    sst
    il
    lconsi
    der
    edav
    ali
    dtestf
    or:

    a) suppor
    tanchororf
    langebol
    tti
    ght
    nessbyt
    appi
    ngont
    henutandmoni
    tor
    ingf
    ormov
    ement
    ;

    b) i
    dent
    if
    yingot
    herl
    ooseorbr
    okenpar
    ts;

    c) checki
    ngthepi
    pingtoensur
    et hati
    thasdrai
    nedpr
    operl
    yofliquidori
    fitcontai
    nsexcesspr
    ocessor
    corr
    osi
    onscal
    e.Tappi
    ngthepipeandhear
    ingadul
    lthudr
    atherthanari
    ng(att
    enuati
    on)isani
    ndi
    cat
    ion
    ofaprobl
    em.

    11.
    4 Tel
    l-
    tal
    eHol
    eDr
    il
    li
    ng

    Tell-
    tal
    edril
    li
    ng( alsoreferredtoassent inelhol
    esordelforezholes)ist
    heappl i
    cati
    onofsmallpilotholes[e.g.
    1
    /8-
    in.(
    3.2-mm)di amet er]dri
    ll
    edi nt
    ot hepi pecomponentwal lusingspecif
    iedandcontrol
    ledpat ter
    nsand
    depths.Thepur poseoft het el
    l-t
    alehol esistopreventmaj orinci
    dentsassociatedwit
    hundet ectedthinning
    damageduet oi nternalcorrosion,er osion,anderosion-corr
    osion,byalerti
    nguni tper
    sonnelwi thal eak
    throughthetell
    -talehol e.Tell-
    tal
    ehol esar elessef
    fectivewher eisol
    atedpitt
    ingisoccur
    ri
    ng.Tel l-
    tal
    ehol es
    areusedi nconjunct i
    onwi thtypicaldetailedpipi
    ngi
    nspect ionprogramsalthoughtheymaypr ovideanadded
    measur eofprotect i
    onagai nstmaj orrupt ur
    es.

    Unti
    lthegeneralaccept
    anceofUTwal lthi
    cknessmeasurement s,theuseoft ell
    -tal
    eholeswasamor e
    commonpr acti
    cetodeterminewhensomeamountofpi pewal llosshadoccurr
    ed.Thi spract
    icehasbeen
    abandonedbymostusersinf av
    orofUTt hi
    cknessexaminat
    ions.Howev er
    ,somel ocati
    onscontinuetheuse
    oftell
    -t
    aleholesto mini
    mi zer i
    skin addit
    ion to empl
    oyi
    ng r ecogni
    zed and general
    lyaccept ed pi
    ping
    i
    nspecti
    onpracti
    ces(e.
    g.digi
    talUT,pr
    ofi
    leRT, et
    c.)
    .

    Thepil
    otholesaredril
    l
    edf rom theODtotheoutermostpartofthecorr
    osionall
    owanceper ipher
    ysucht hat
    whenthei nt
    ernalcorr
    osionallowanceisconsumedasmal ll
    eakoccur satthet el
    l
    -tal
    ehol e.Speci
    aldril
    l
    assembli
    esanddept hgaugesar eusedtoensur
    ethattheholei
    sdr i
    l
    ledtotheproperdepth.Theholepattern
    anddensit
    ycanv arydependingupont hetypeofservice,l
    i
    kel
    ihoodoffail
    ure,andconsequenceoff ail
    ure.
    Theyaremostcommonl yinst
    all
    edduri
    ngpipefabr
    icat
    ion.
    I ONPRACTI
    NSPECTI CESFORPI
    PINGSYSTEM COMPONENTS 91

    Ol
    derfacil
    i
    tiesmayhavepi pi
    nginst
    all
    edwi t
    ht el
    l-
    tal
    eholes.I
    tissuggest
    edt
    odocumentt
    hosepipi
    ng
    sy
    stemscont ai
    ningt
    ell
    -t
    aleholesast hei
    rpresenceshouldbeknownbyoperat
    orsandcanalt
    erthe
    i
    nspect
    ionplan.

    11.
    5 I
    nspect
    ionofPi
    pingWel
    ds

    API570providesadetai
    l
    eddiscussi
    onofinspecti
    onofin-
    ser
    vicepi
    pingwelds.I
    naddi
    ti
    on,API577provi
    des
    detai
    l
    soni nspect
    ionofpipeweldi
    ng.Theinspect
    orshoul
    dbef ami
    li
    arwiththemater
    ialcont
    ainedi
    nthese
    document
    s.

    11.
    6 Ot
    herI
    nspect
    ionMet
    hods

    Qual i
    tati
    veNDEmet hodshav ebeendev elopedt oassistt heinspect orinidentif
    yingar easofpi pi
    ngthatare
    exper i
    encingdeter
    iorat
    ion.Addi t
    ional
    ly,newmet hodsar eint hepr ocessofdev elopment .Hal ogenl
    eak
    detectorsareav ai
    l
    abletodet ectleaksinspecialapplicationpi pi
    ngsuchasv acuum sy stems.Sev er
    al
    met hodsofdet ect
    ingthinningpiping,CUI,andot hertypesofdet eriorati
    onar eav ail
    ableutil
    izingUT,magnet i
    c
    fl
    uxl eakage(MFL) ,r
    eal-
    timeRT, neutronradiography,neut r
    onbackscat ter,ther
    mogr aphy ,pulsededdy
    current(PEC),ACFM, MW, CR, et
    c.Eachmet hodhasi t
    sadv antagesanddi sadvantagesf oreachappl i
    cati
    on.
    Thei nspectorshouldbeawar eofthesemet hodsandt heirappl i
    cabi li
    tytopar ti
    cularinspectionneeds.Visual
    i
    nspect ionatCMLswi l
    ltypical
    lynotprov i
    dear epresentativ
    eev aluat i
    onofCUIcondi tionsatot herl
    ocati
    ons
    alongt hepipe.Adetail
    eddi scussionofthev ar
    iousNDEmet hodsf ordetectingCUIi scont ainedinAPI583.

    11.
    7 I
    nspect
    ionofUnder
    groundPi
    ping

    11.
    7.1 Gener
    al

    Inspecti
    onofbur iedprocesspipi
    ng( notregulatedbyt heDepar tmentofTransport
    ati
    on)isdif
    ferentfr
    om
    otherprocesspipinginspecti
    onbecausesi gnifi
    cantexternaldeteri
    orat
    ioncanbecausedbycor rosivesoi
    l
    conditi
    ons.Figur
    e28i ll
    ustr
    atesexter
    nalcor r
    osionoccur r
    ingtounder gr
    oundpipingdespi
    tetheuseoft ape
    wr ap.I
    mpor t
    antrefer
    encesforundergroundpipinginspectionincl
    udeNACESP0169andNACESP0274, and
    API570, Secti
    on9.

    11.
    7.2 Ty
    pesandMet
    hodsofI
    nspect
    ionandTest
    ing

    11.
    7.2.
    1 Abov
    e-gr
    adeVi
    sualSur
    vei
    ll
    ance

    I
    ndicati
    onsofleaksinbur i
    edpi pi
    ngcani ncl
    udemoi stgroundoract ualseepageofpr oductcarr
    iedinthe
    undergr
    oundpiping,achangei nt hesurf
    acecont ourofthegr ound,discolorat
    ionoft hesoil
    ,softeni
    ngof
    pavi
    ngasphalt
    ,poolf ormation,bubbli
    ngwat erpuddles,ornoticeableodor.Sur v
    ey i
    ngtherouteofbur i
    ed
    pi
    pingisonemet hodtoidentif
    ypr obl
    em areas.Alll
    inesshouldbei nspectedatandj ustbelow thepoi
    nt
    wheretheyent
    erear t
    h,asphalt
    ,orconcret
    e,sinceseri
    ouscorrosionfrequentl
    yoccur satsuchlocat
    ions.

    11.
    7.2.
    2 Cl
    ose-
    int
    erv
    alPot
    ent
    ialSur
    vey

    Cl
    ose-i
    nter
    valpotent
    ialsur
    veysareusedtolocat
    ecorrosioncell
    s,galv
    ani
    canodes,st
    raycur
    rent
    s,coati
    ng
    pr
    oblems,under
    groundcontact
    s,areasofl
    owpipe-
    to-
    soilpotent
    ial
    s,andot
    herpr
    oblemsrel
    ati
    ngtocathodi
    c
    pr
    otect
    ion.

    Aclose-i
    nterval pi
    pe-t
    o-soilpot
    enti
    alsurveymeasuresthepotent
    ialofthepipetothesoi
    ldir
    ectl
    yoverthe
    pi
    pe,atpredet erminedinterval
    sbetweenmeasurement s,
    usuall
    yat2. 5ft
    ,5ft,10f
    t,or20ft(0.
    8m, 1.
    5m, 3m,
    or6m) .Thepi pecont actcanbemadeatanabov egroundpipeattachment.Anexampleofastandardtype
    pi
    pe-to-
    soilpot ent
    ialsurveyonabar el
    ineisshowninFigure29andFi gure30.

    Corrosi
    oncell
    scanf orm onbothbarepipeandcoatedpi
    pewit
    hholidayswheret hebar
    est eelcont
    act
    sthe
    soi
    l.Sincethepotenti
    alattheareaofcorrosi
    onwil
    lbemeasurabl
    ydi f
    fer
    entfrom anadjacentareaonthe
    pi
    pe, t
    helocat
    ionofthecorrosi
    onact
    ivi
    tycanbedetermi
    nedbythi
    ssurveytechnique.
    92 APIRECOMMENDEDPRACTI
    CE574

    Fi
    gur
    e28—Under
    groundPi
    pingCor
    rosi
    onBeneat
    hPoor
    lyAppl
    iedTapeWr
    ap
    I ONPRACTI
    NSPECTI CESFORPI
    PINGSYSTEM COMPONENTS 93

    Fi
    gur
    e29—Pi
    pe-
    to-
    soil
    Int
    ernal
    Potenti
    alSur
    veyUset
    oIdent
    if
    yAct
    iveCor
    rosi
    on
    Spotsi
    nUndergroundPipi
    ng
    94 APIRECOMMENDEDPRACTI
    CE574

    Fi
    gur
    e30—Exampl
    eofPi
    pe-
    to-
    Soi
    lPot
    ent
    ialSur
    veyChar
    t
    I ONPRACTI
    NSPECTI CESFORPI
    PINGSYSTEM COMPONENTS 95

    11.
    7.2.
    3 Hol
    idayPi
    peCoat
    ingSur
    vey

    Thehol i
    daypi
    pecoati
    ngsurveycanbeusedt olocat
    eext er
    nalcoatingdefect
    sonbur i
    edcoatedpipes.I
    t
    shouldbeusedonnewlyconst
    ruct
    edpi
    pesy st
    emst oensurethatthecoati
    ngisint
    actandhol
    idayf
    ree.More
    oft
    eni ti
    susedtoeval
    uatecoati
    ngser
    viceabi
    l
    ityf
    orburiedpipingthathasbeeninservi
    ceforanextended
    peri
    od.

    From surv
    eydat a,thecoati
    ngef f
    ecti
    venessandrat
    eofcoati
    ngdeteri
    orat
    ioncanbedet er
    mi ned.Thi
    s
    i
    nformati
    onisusedf orbothpredi
    cti
    ngcor r
    osi
    onact
    ivi
    tyi
    naspeci
    fi
    careaandf or
    ecast
    ingr
    eplacementof
    thecoat
    ingforcorr
    osioncont
    rol.

    Thef requencyofpipecoati
    ngholi
    daysur
    v ey
    sisusual
    lybasedonindicati
    onsthatot
    herfor
    msofcor rosi
    on
    controlareineff
    ecti
    ve.Forexample,onacoatedpipewheret her
    eisgr aduall
    ossofcathodicpr
    otecti
    on
    potential
    s,orwhenanext er
    nalcor
    rosi
    onleakoccur
    satacoatingdefect,apipecoat
    inghol
    idaysur
    veymay
    beusedt oeval
    uatethecoat
    ing.

    11.
    7.2.
    4 Soi
    lResi
    sti
    vi
    tyTest
    ing

    Soilresisti
    vi
    tymeasurementscanbeusedf orr
    elati
    veclassi
    fi
    cati
    onofthesoilcor
    rosi
    vi
    ty.Corr
    osi
    onofbare
    orpoor lycoatedpipi
    ngisoftencausedbyami xtur
    eofdi f
    fer
    entsoil
    sincontactwit
    hthepipesurf
    ace.The
    corrosivenessoft hesoi
    lscanbedet ermi
    nedbyameasur ementoft hesoilresi
    sti
    vi
    ty.Lowerlev
    elsof
    resist
    ivi
    tyar erel
    ati
    vel
    ymor ecorrosi
    vethanhi
    gherlev
    els,especi
    all
    yinareaswherethepipeisexposedto
    signif
    icantchangesinsoi
    lresist
    ivi
    ty.

    Therearethr
    eewel l
    -knownmet hodsofdet ermini
    ngresisti
    vi
    ty.ThesearetheWennerFour -pi
    nMet hod,the
    soi
    lbar(ACbridge),andthesoilbox.Theproceduresfortheuseofeachoft hesethreemethodsaresi mple
    i
    nconcept.Eachonemeasur esav ol
    tagedrop,causedbyaknowncur rentfl
    ow,acr ossameasur edv ol
    ume
    ofsoil
    .Thi
    s“ r
    esist
    ance”factorisusedinaf ormulatodeterminetheresist
    ivi
    tyofthesoil.Botht
    hesoi lbar
    andthesoilboxuseamul t
    ipli
    cati
    onfactortodeterminethesoilresi
    sti
    vi
    ty.Thisfactorshouldbeimpr i
    nted
    onthebarorbox.

    Measurement
    sofsoi
    lresi
    sti
    vi
    tyusi
    ngtheWennerFour
    -pi
    nMet
    hodshoul
    dbei
    naccor
    dancewi
    thASTM G57.
    TheFour-
    pinMet
    hodusestheformul
    a:

    r
    esi
    sti
    vi
    ty(
    ohm- 5dR
    cm)=191.

    Thenumber“ 191.5”isaconstantthattakesi ntoaccountthemat hemat i


    calequati
    onf orthemassoft hesoil,
    andaconv ersionfactort
    oconv er
    tfeettocent i
    met er
    s.“d”isthedistanceinfeetbetweenanyoft heequall
    y
    spacedpins( wit
    hal loft
    hepinsinast raightl i
    ne).“R”isar esi
    stancefactorofthevoltagedr opacrossthe
    twoinnerpins,divi
    dedbyt heinducedcur rentf l
    owi ntheear t
    hbet weenthetwoout erpi ns.Thedepththat
    thepinsarei nsertedint
    ot heearthshoul dbesmal lcompar edt othepi nspacing( seeFi gur
    e31) .The
    fol
    lowingconditi
    onsshouldbeconsideredi nf our-
    pinsoilr
    esisti
    vi
    tymeasur ements:

    a) al
    lunder
    groundst
    ruct
    uresshoul
    dbeexcl
    udedf
    rom t
    hemeasur
    ement
    ,

    b) al
    loft
    hepi
    nsshoul
    dbei
    nast
    rai
    ghtl
    i
    neandequal
    l
    yspaced,

    c) t
    hedept
    hoft
    hepi
    nsi
    nser
    tedi
    ntot
    hegr
    oundshoul
    dbel
    esst
    han4%oft
    hespaci
    ng,

    d) t
    hesoi
    lresi
    sti
    vi
    tymet
    ershoul
    dbedesi
    gnedt
    oex
    cludeanyef
    fectofext
    raneousACorDCcur
    rent
    s.

    I
    ncasesofparal
    lelpi
    pesori
    nareasofint
    ersect
    ingpi
    pel
    i
    nes,t
    heFour
    -pi
    nMet
    hodmaynotbeappl
    i
    cabl
    e.
    Othermet
    hodsi
    ncludeusi
    ngasoi
    lbarorasoil
    box.
    96 APIRECOMMENDEDPRACTI
    CE574

    Aschemati
    cill
    ust
    ratinguseofasoilbari
    sshowni nFigure32.Thesoi
    lbarist
    ypi
    cal
    lyi
    nser
    tedt
    othedepth
    i
    nthesoilwherether esi
    sti
    vit
    yistobet aken.AnACbr i
    dge-
    typemeterisusedtobal
    anceandreadthe
    i
    ndi
    catedr
    esist
    ivi
    ty.Suggest
    ionsf
    oruseofthesoilbarincl
    ude:

    a) useofast
    andar
    dpr
    odbart
    opr
    ovi
    det
    hei
    nit
    ial
    hol
    e;

    b) av
    oidi
    ngaddi
    ti
    onofwat
    erdur
    ing,
    oraf
    teropeni
    ngt
    hehol
    e;

    c) appl
    yi
    ngpr
    essur
    eont
    hesoi
    lbaraf
    teri
    nser
    ti
    oni
    ntot
    heopenhol
    e.

    Fi
    gur
    e31—WennerFour
    -pi
    nSoi
    lResi
    sti
    vi
    tyTest
    I ONPRACTI
    NSPECTI CESFORPI
    PINGSYSTEM COMPONENTS 97

    Fi
    gur
    e32—Soi
    lBarUsedf
    orSoi
    lResi
    sti
    vi
    tyMeasur
    ement
    s

    Formeasur i
    ngresisti
    vi
    tyofsoilsamplesfrom augerhol esorexcav ations,asoilboxser v
    esasaconv eni
    ent
    meansf orobtaini
    ngaccurateresult
    s.Thesoi lboxisusedt odet er
    mi netheresisti
    vit
    yofsoilfrom acert
    ain
    l
    ocationbyr emov i
    ngt hesoilfr
    om itslocationandpl acingi tintoasoi lbox.I ftheresist
    ivi
    tyofthesoil
    sampl eisnotgoi ngtobemeasur edimmedi atel
    yaf t
    eritsr emov al
    ,thesoilshouldbest oredinacont ai
    ner
    thatcanpr eserveitsmoistur
    eandpr eventitfrom contami nati
    on.Figure33depi ctstwot ypesofsoilboxes
    usedf orresi
    stiv
    itymeasurement.Importantpointsforconsi der
    ationwhenusi ngasoi lboxincl
    ude:

    a) av
    oidi
    ngcont
    ami
    nat
    iondur
    ingsoi
    lsampl
    eremov
    al,
    handl
    i
    ng,
    andst
    ori
    ng;

    b) av
    oidi
    ngaddi
    ngorsubt
    ract
    ingwat
    er;

    c) havingt
    ocompactt
    hesoi
    lsampl
    etot
    hesamedensi
    tyi
    nthesoi
    lboxasi
    twaspr
    iort
    oremov
    alf
    rom t
    he
    ground.

    Forsoilr
    esist
    ivi
    tytesti
    ng,thedepthofpi
    pingshoul
    dbeconsi
    deredi
    nsel
    ect
    ingthemethodtobeusedand
    thelocat
    ionofsampl es.Thetest
    ingandeval
    uati
    onofr
    esul
    tsshoul
    dbeper
    formedbypersonnelt
    rai
    nedand
    experi
    encedinsoil
    r esi
    sti
    vit
    ytest
    ing.
    98 APIRECOMMENDEDPRACTI
    CE574

    Fi
    gur
    e33—TwoTy
    pesofSoi
    lBoxesUsedf
    orSoi
    lResi
    sti
    vi
    tyMeasur
    ement
    s
    I ONPRACTI
    NSPECTI CESFORPI
    PINGSYSTEM COMPONENTS 99

    11.
    7.2.
    5 Cat
    hodi
    cPr
    otect
    ionMoni
    tor
    ing

    Cathodicall
    yprotectedbur i
    edpipingshouldbemoni t
    oredregul
    arl
    ytoensureadequat elev
    elsofprotection.
    Moni t
    oringshouldincludeperiodicmeasur ementandanalysi
    sofpipe-t
    o-soi
    lpot
    entialsbypersonnelt
    r ai
    ned
    andexper iencedincat hodicpr otect
    ionsy st
    em operati
    on.Moref r
    equentmoni t
    oringofcr i
    ti
    calcathodi c
    protect
    ioncomponent s, suchasi mpressedcurrentr
    ecti
    fi
    ers,
    isr
    equir
    edt oensur
    ereliabl
    esystem operati
    on.

    SeeNACESP0169andAPI651,Sect
    ion11f
    orgui
    danceoni
    nspect
    ingandmai
    ntai
    ningcat
    hodi
    cpr
    otect
    ion
    syst
    emsf
    orburi
    edpi
    ping.

    11.
    7.3 I
    nspect
    ionMet
    hods

    11.
    7.3.
    1 Gener
    al

    Several
    inspect
    ionmethodsar
    eav ail
    able.Somemethodscanindi
    catet
    heext
    ernal
    orwall
    condi
    ti
    onoft
    he
    pi
    ping,whereasothermet
    hodsindicat
    eonl yt
    hei
    nter
    nalcondi
    ti
    on.Exampl
    esareasfol
    l
    ows.

    11.
    7.3.
    2 I
    ntel
    li
    gentPi
    ggi
    ng

    In-li
    nei nspecti
    on( I
    LI)tool sarecommonl yreferredt oas“ smar t
    ”or“ i
    ntel
    l
    igentpiggi ng.”Thismethodi nvolves
    themov ementofadev ice( pi
    g)thr ought hepipingei therwhileitisinservi
    ceoraf teri thasbeenr emov ed
    from ser v
    ice.Manydev icesar eav ailableempl oyingdi f
    ferentmet hodsofinspectionut i
    li
    zingMFL, UT,opt i
    cal
    ,
    l
    aser ,ET, andot herelect romagnet i
    ct echni
    ques.Ther earesel f
    -propell
    edILIorfreeswi mmi ngtoolsnow
    av ai
    lablet hatonlyrequi reonepoi ntofaccessandcanper f
    ormt hewal ll
    ossexami nat i
    onswi t
    horwi t
    hout
    product /f
    lui
    dint heline.Theset oolsuseei therul tr
    asonicorel ectromagneticinspect ionmet hodstodet ect
    andsi zebot hIDandODdef ects.Theset ool
    sdonotr equiretypicall
    aunchingandr ecei vingli
    nemodi f
    ications;
    howev er,theuseofanumbi l
    i
    cal oftenr est
    ri
    ctst heirinspecti
    onr ange.Bewar eofpot enti
    al l
    i
    mitat
    ionsofI LIon
    smal l-
    di ameterpi pi
    ng.

    11.
    7.3.
    3 Vi
    deoCamer
    as

    Tel
    evi
    sioncamerasareav
    ail
    ablethatcanbeinser
    tedintot
    hepi
    ping.Thesecamer
    ascanpr
    ovi
    dev
    isual
    i
    nspect
    ioninf
    ormati
    onontheinter
    nalcondi
    ti
    onoft heli
    ne.

    11.
    7.3.
    4 Gui
    dedWav
    eInspect
    ion

    Guidedwav eultr
    asonictechniquescanbeusedt oinspectunder gr
    oundpi pingf ori nter
    nalandext ernal
    corrosion.Guidedwav esar esentaxi all
    yal ongthepi pingunderexami nat i
    on.Local izedwal llossduet o
    corrosionmaybel ocatedbyanal yzingsignal softhereflect
    edwav es.Thet echni quesr equiresomeaccess
    totheout si
    desurfaceformount i
    ngt hegui dedwav etr
    ansducer s.Thedistancet hatthewav escant r
    av eland
    provideechoesofsuf fici
    entampl i
    tudef oranal y
    sisdependsonmanyf actors,including,forexampl e,type
    andcondi t
    ionofcoat i
    ngonpi pesur face,sur f
    acer oughnessduet oi nt
    ernaland/ orext ernalcor rosion,
    bondi ngbetweenpi peandconcr eteatai r-t
    o-concret
    ei nter
    face,condi
    tionofsoi lint ightcont actwi ththe
    pipi
    ng, andfit
    ti
    ngsont hepipi
    ng.

    11.
    7.3.
    5 Excav
    ati
    on

    Inmanycases,t heonlyav ai
    lableinspecti
    onmet hodt hatcanbeper f
    ormedisunearthingthepi pinginorder
    tov isuall
    yinspectt heexternalcondi t
    ionoft hepipingandt oeval
    uateitsthi
    cknessandi nt
    ernalcondi ti
    on
    usingt hemet hodsdi scussedi n10.2.Careshoul dbeexer cisedinremovingsoi
    lfrom aboveandar oundthe
    pipingt opreventdamagi ngthel i
    neorl i
    necoat i
    ng,especiall
    yifthepipi
    ngisinser
    vice.Thelastf ewi nchesof
    soilshoul dber emov edmanual lytoav oi
    dt hi
    spossi bi
    li
    ty.Iftheexcavati
    onissuffi
    cientl
    ydeep,t hesi desof
    thet renchshoul dbepr operl
    yshor edt opreventtheircol
    lapse,inaccordancewithOSHAr egulations,where
    appl i
    cable.Ifthecoat ingorwr appingisdet eri
    oratedordamaged,i tshouldber emov edi nt hatar eato
    i
    nspectt hecondi t
    ionoftheunder l
    y i
    ngmet al.
    100 APIRECOMMENDEDPRACTI
    CE574

    See7.
    4.6f
    ori
    nspect
    ionoft
    heSAIofbur
    iedpi
    ping.

    11.
    7.4 LeakTest
    ing

    Under
    groundl
    inest
    hatcannotbevi
    suall
    yinspect
    edshoul
    dbeper
    iodi
    cal
    l
    ytest
    edf
    orl
    eaks.Sev
    eral
    met
    hods
    ar
    eavail
    ablet
    oachi
    evethisobj
    ect
    ive.

    a) Pressuredecaymet hodsi nvolv


    epr essuri
    zi
    ngt hel inet oadesi r
    edamount ,bl ocki
    ngi tin,andt hen
    removingthesour ceofpr essure.Moni tor
    ingthel inepr essureov eraper iodoft imewi llprovi
    dean
    i
    ndicati
    onofsy stem ti
    ghtness.Test smaybeconduct edatasi nglepressur eormul t
    iplepressures.
    Testi
    ngatmul ti
    plepressurespr ovidesameansofcompensat i
    ngf ortemper aturevar i
    ationsandmay
    enableshort
    ertestti
    mescompar edtoasi ngl
    epr essur etest.Forpressuredecaymet hods, temperatur
    e
    vari
    ati
    onandl i
    nepack( e.g.airpocket sinaliquid-f
    illedline)canaf fectt
    hei nterpretati
    onofr esul
    ts.If
    desir
    ed,theper
    formanceofpr essuredecaymet hodscanbeconf ir
    medbyl eaksi mul ation.

    b) Volumei n/ v
    olumeoutmet hodsmakeuseofv olumetr
    icmeasuringmeter
    sateachendoft heline.
    Typical
    ly,thesedevicesarepermanentl
    yinstal
    l
    edi nsituat
    ionsrequi
    ri
    ngcustodytr
    ansf
    erand/oron-
    demandl eakdetect
    ion.Astandar
    dsy st
    em woul dnotbeabl etodetectaleakunderst
    ati
    c(noflow)
    conditi
    ons.Ifdesir
    ed,theper
    formanceofv ol
    umei n/v
    olumeoutmet hodscanbedetermi
    nedbyal eak
    si
    mul ati
    on.

    c) Singlepointvol
    umet r
    icmethodsar esimi
    lartopr essuredecaymeasurementsrequiri
    ngtheli
    netobe
    bl
    ockedi nforastati
    ctest.Agraduatedcy
    linderisattachedtotheli
    net
    omeasurev olumechangesover
    ti
    me.Ai rpocketsi nal i
    quid-
    fil
    l
    edl i
    neandt emperaturevari
    ati
    oncanaffectther esul
    ts.Agai
    n,t
    he
    performanceofsingl
    epointvolumetr
    icmethodscanbedet er
    minedbyaleaksimulat
    ion.

    d) Mar kerchemical(tracer)canbeaddedt otheli


    neasal eakdet ecti
    onmethod.Soi
    lgassampl esnearthe
    l
    inear ecoll
    ectedandt estedforthepresenceoft hemar kerchemical
    .Theabsenceofanymar ker
    chemi calinthesoi lgassampl esindi
    catesthel ineisnotl eaki
    ng.Supplement
    arytestsareusual l
    y
    requiredtodet erminet hespeedofsampl epr obesi nt hesoi landthespeedatwhi cht hemar ker
    chemi caltr
    avelsthrought hebackfi
    ll
    .Chemicaltracersmaybeaddedt oaliqui
    d-orgas-f
    il
    ledli
    ne.This
    technologyhast hecapabi l
    ityt
    obothdetectandlocat eleaks.Thesupplementar
    ytest
    sar eequiv
    alentto
    confirmingtechnologyper f
    ormancewithleaksi
    mul ati
    ons.

    e) Acousticemi ssiontechnol
    ogydet ect
    sandl ocatesleaksbyt hesoundcr eatedbyt heleak.Sensors
    shouldbespacedt oall
    owt hesoundgenerat
    edbyal eakt obedet ect
    edatt hesensorlocati
    ons.Sensors
    areattacheddi r
    ectl
    yt othepi pesoitmayr equi
    rether emov alofanypr otectiv
    ecoat i
    ng.Itshoul
    dbe
    confi
    rmedt hattheprobableleakcondit
    ionswil
    lgenerat
    esuf f
    icientsoundtobedet ect
    edbyt hesensor
    s.
    Sincegeomet r
    yandbackf il
    lwillaf
    fectthenoisegener at
    ion,gener al
    i
    zedl eaksimulati
    onsmaynot
    confi
    rmt echnologyperfor
    mance.

    11.
    8 I
    nspect
    ionofNewFabr
    icat
    ion,
    Repai
    rs,
    andAl
    ter
    ati
    ons

    11.
    8.1 Gener
    al

    Al
    lsubj
    ect
    scoveredi
    nthissect
    ionshoul
    dmeett hepri
    nci
    plesofASMEB31.
    3orequi
    val
    entpi
    pef
    abr
    icat
    ion
    st
    andar
    dpubl
    ishedbyst
    andardsdevel
    opmentassoci
    ati
    ons(SDOs).

    Thepr ocedur esusedt oinspectpi pi


    ngsy st
    emswhi l
    eequi pmentisshutdownar eadapt abletothei nspecti
    on
    ofnew const ructi
    on.Thesepr ocedurescani ncludeanynumberoft hefoll
    owingact i
    vit
    ies:obtaininginiti
    al
    pipewal lthi
    cknessesatdesi gnatedCMLs;i nspecti
    onf orcracks;i
    nspecti
    onoff langegasketseat ingfaces,
    valves,andj oints;i
    nspectionformi sal i
    gnmentofpi ping;inspecti
    onofwel ds;andpr essuret est
    ing.Pi pi
    ng
    mat er i
    alselect i
    onshoul dbebasedonser viceconditi
    onsandexper i
    encewi t
    hpi pi
    ngint hesameorsi milar
    serv i
    ce.Ther iskassociatedwi thsubst i
    tuti
    onofwr ongmat eri
    alsshoulddeterminetheext entofPMIofnew
    fabrication,repai r
    s,oral t
    erat
    ions.Ex ist
    ingconnect i
    ngsy stemsmayr equir
    echeckst odet erminewhet her
    reratingi snecessar yt omeett hespeci f
    iedcondi ti
    ons.Theex t
    entofi nspecti
    ondur ingf abri
    cat i
    onand
    i
    nst all
    ationdependsl argelyont hesev eri
    tyoft heser v
    iceandt hequali
    tyofthewor kmanshi p,anditshoul dbe
    partoft hedesi gn.
    I ONPRACTI
    NSPECTI CESFORPI
    PINGSYSTEM COMPONENTS 101

    11.
    8.2 Mat
    eri
    alVer
    if
    icat
    ion

    Bothmat er
    ial
    sandf abri
    cationshoul dbecheckedf orconformancewi ththecodesandspeci f
    icati
    onst hat
    areappr opr
    iatefortheplant .Somepi pi
    ngitems, suchasthoseusedi nsteam generati
    on,canbesubjectt o
    addit
    ionalregulatoryrequirement s.Al t
    hought hepi pi
    ng,val
    ves,andf i
    tti
    ngsshoul dbespecifi
    edi ndet ai
    l
    whenor der
    sar eplacedf ornewconst r
    ucti
    on,thereshouldbeaposi ti
    vemeansofi dent
    if
    yingt
    hemat eri
    als
    i
    nstall
    edi ntheintendedpi pingsy stems, i
    ncludi
    ngwel dfi
    ll
    ermetals.Checksshouldbemadeusi ngmat eri
    al
    testkitsorot herposi ti
    vei dentif
    icati
    onmeans,suchaspor t
    ableX- r
    ayf l
    uorescenceorportableopt i
    cal
    emissionspect romet r
    yanal yzers.Inaddi t
    ion,manuf act
    urer
    s’mat er
    ialandt estdatacanbeobt ainedf or
    revi
    ew, part
    icul
    arlywhenspeci al
    qual i
    tyrequirementsarespeci
    fi
    ed.

    Examinati
    onofweldsbyRTorot herspecialtechni
    quesi simportantinnewconst ructi
    on.Arepresentat
    ive
    numberofwel dscanbecheckedforquali
    tyort hehardnessoft hewel dandheat -affect
    edzone.PTorMT
    canrevealcr
    acksandsurfacedef
    ects.Si
    mi l
    artechniquescanbeusedt ocheckf ordef ectsi
    ncastingsand
    i
    nmachi nedsurf
    acessuchasgasketfaci
    ngs.Surfaceinspecti
    onsof t
    enpr ovi
    decluest owhetherdestruct
    ive
    testmethodsshoul
    dbeused.SeeAPI578f oradditi
    onalguidanceonmat eri
    alver
    if
    ication.

    11.
    8.3 Dev
    iat
    ions

    Excepti
    onst ospeci f
    icati
    onsorst andardsformat eri
    als,tol
    erances,orworkmanshipareusuall
    yev al
    uated
    basedont heiref
    fectsonsuchf act
    orsassaf ety
    ,strength,corrosi
    onresist
    ance,andservi
    ceabi
    li
    ty.Special
    revi
    ewsmayber equiredtodeterminewhet herpipingitemsdev i
    atetoanext entt
    hatnecessi
    tat
    esr ej
    ect
    ion
    and/orrepairs.Ri
    skanalysismaybeusef uli
    nt hesereviews.Anyexcept i
    onsthathavebeenacceptedshould
    beproperlyrecordedandi dent
    if
    iedforfuturereference.

    11.
    8.4 Repai
    rsandAl
    ter
    ati
    ons

    I
    nspectionofrepairsandal t
    erat
    ionst opi
    pingsy stemsmayi nvol
    veseveralstepsi
    ntheperf
    ormanceofthe
    worktoensur ethatitcomplieswiththeapplicablesecti
    onsofAPI570.Thei nspect
    orshoul
    dbeinvol
    vedin
    pl
    anning,execut
    ion,anddocument ati
    onofrepairsandalter
    ati
    ons.Theinspectormayneedtoconsul
    twit
    ha
    pi
    pingengineerandcor rosi
    onspeci al
    i
    sttoproperlyplanandexecutet
    hepi pi
    ngwork.

    Somet
    ypi
    cal
    inspect
    ionact
    ivi
    ti
    esi
    nvol
    vedwi
    thpl
    anni
    ngr
    epai
    rsandal
    ter
    ati
    onsi
    ncl
    udet
    hef
    oll
    owi
    ng.

    a) Provi
    dingnecessar
    yfiel
    ddatasuchaspi pingdiameter
    ,measur
    edwal
    lthi
    ckness,andmater
    ialof
    const
    ructi
    on.Therequir
    eddat
    acanv arydependingupontheworkt
    obeperformedwhetheri
    tisa
    temporar
    yrepai
    r,aper
    manentr
    epai
    r,oral
    ter
    ation.

    b) Developingand/ orrevi
    ewi ngthescopeofwork.Suppor t
    ingengi neer
    ingdesi gncal cul
    ati
    onsshouldbe
    avail
    ablef orr ev i
    ew andassur ancethattheyar eapplicablet othepi pingsy stem andwor kbei ng
    perfor
    med.I fanyr estorati
    vechangesresultin a changeofdesi gn t emperatureorpr essur
    e,t he
    requir
    ement sforr erat
    ingal soshoul
    dbesat isf
    ied.Anywel di
    ng,cut t
    ing,orgr indingoperat
    ionona
    pressure-containingpipingcomponentnotspecifical
    l
    yconsi deredanal terat
    ionisconsi der
    edar epair
    .
    Additi
    onal requirementssuchasPWHTar edefi
    nedf orthewor k.

    c) Devel
    opinganinspect
    ionpl
    anfort
    hewor
    k.Thei
    nspect
    orshoul
    dest
    abl
    i
    shappr opri
    ateNDEhol
    dpoi
    nts
    dur
    ingtheexecuti
    onofthewor
    kandanyt
    est
    ingr
    equi
    rement
    suponcomplet
    ionofthework.

    d) Revi
    ewingandaccept
    inganywel
    dprocedurestobeusedf
    ort
    hewor
    k.API577shoul
    dber
    evi
    ewedf
    or
    det
    ail
    sonweldtechni
    quesandwel
    dprocedures.

    e) Revi
    ewi
    ngwelderqual
    if
    icat
    ionstover
    if
    ythatt
    heyar
    equal
    ifi
    edfort
    heweldingprocedur
    est
    obeusedf
    or
    thewor
    k.API577shoul
    dber evi
    ewedfordet
    ail
    sonwel
    derperf
    ormancequali
    fi
    cati
    ons.

    f
    ) Revi
    ewingmat er
    ialt
    estreport
    s,asrequi
    red,t
    oensur
    ethatal
    lmat
    eri
    alsofconst
    ruct
    ionar
    epert
    he
    pi
    pingspeci
    fi
    cati
    onand/orscopeofwork.
    102 APIRECOMMENDEDPRACTI
    CE574

    g) Revi
    ewingappli
    cabl
    eNDEpr oceduresandNDEexami
    nerqual
    i
    ficat
    ions/
    cer
    ti
    fi
    cat
    ions.Veri
    fythatthe
    NDEproceduresareappr
    opri
    ateforthewor
    ktobeper
    for
    medandexami ner
    sarequalif
    ied/
    cer
    tif
    iedto
    per
    formtheexaminat
    iont
    echnique.

    Dur
    ingtheexecut
    ionofrepair
    s,t
    hei nspect
    orshouldensur
    ethatt
    hewor
    kisexecut
    edpert
    hescopeand
    meetscoder
    equir
    ements.Typi
    cal
    inspectoract
    ivi
    ti
    esi
    ncl
    ude:

    a) ensur
    ingNDEi
    sper
    for
    medatt
    hehol
    dpoi
    ntsasst
    atedi
    nthei
    nspect
    ionpl
    an;

    b) r
    evi
    ewi
    ngexami
    nat
    ionr
    esul
    tst
    oensur
    ethatt
    heymeetcodeandspeci
    fi
    cat
    ionr
    equi
    rement
    s;

    c) ensur
    inganyheatt
    reat
    menti
    sper
    for
    medpert
    hewor
    kscope;

    d) ensur
    ingt
    est
    ingr
    equi
    rement
    s,suchashar
    dnessandpr
    essur
    etest
    ing,
    areper
    for
    medandaccept
    abl
    e.

    Documentati
    onofr epai
    rsandalt
    erati
    onscani ncludethewri
    ttenscopeofwork,suppor
    ti
    ngengi
    neeri
    ng
    desi
    gncalcul
    ati
    ons,NDEandt estresul
    ts,heat
    -t
    reatmentchar
    ts,mater
    ialt
    estr
    eport
    s,WPSs,andweldi
    ng
    perf
    ormancequali
    fi
    cati
    onrecor
    ds.

    12 Det
    ermi
    nat
    ionofMi
    nimum Requi
    redThi
    ckness
    12.
    1 Pi
    ping
    12.
    1.1 Gener
    al

    ASMEB31. 3containsformulasanddat afordetermi


    ningt hemi nimum requiredwallt
    hicknessf
    ornew
    uncorr
    odedpipi
    ng.Thespeci fi
    cat
    ionrel
    atesthi
    ckness,diameter,joi
    nteffi
    ciency,andal
    lowablest
    ressto
    maximum saf
    ewor kingpressur
    e.Inspeci
    fyi
    ngpipingforori
    ginali
    nstall
    ati
    on,ASMEB31. 3requir
    est
    hatthe
    fol
    lowi
    ngbetakenintoaccountwhenpipethi
    cknessisdetermined:

    a) cor
    rosi
    onal
    l
    owance;

    b) thr
    eadsandothermechani
    calal
    lowances(
    consi
    der
    ati
    onshoul
    dbegi
    vent
    ocr
    evi
    cecor
    rosi
    onandl
    oss
    ofthi
    cknessduetocut
    ti
    ngthethreads)
    ;

    c) str
    essescausedbymechani
    cal
    loadi
    ng,
    hydr
    aul
    i
    csur
    gepr
    essur
    e,t
    her
    mal
    expansi
    on,
    andot
    her
    condi
    ti
    ons;

    d) r
    einf
    orcementofopeni
    ngs;

    e) ot
    heral
    l
    owances.

    Additi
    onalt
    hicknessisnear
    lyal
    way srequir
    edwhenItem a)thr
    oughItem e)areconsi
    dered.Nor
    mal l
    y,t
    he
    engi
    neerwillselectt
    hepipeschedulethataccommodatestherequi
    redthicknesspl
    usthemanuf act
    uri
    ng
    tol
    erancepermitt
    edbythepi
    pemat eri
    alspeci
    fi
    cat
    ion.

    Addi
    ti
    onalthi
    cknessisoft
    enneedednearbr
    anchconnect
    ions.Thi
    saddi
    ti
    onalt
    hicknessi
    susual
    l
    ypr
    ovi
    ded
    byoneofthefol
    lowing:

    a) awel
    dingt
    ee,

    b) asaddl
    e,

    c) ani
    ntegr
    all
    yrei
    nfor
    cedbr
    anchout
    let(
    e.g.awel
    dol
    et)
    ,or

    d) t
    heheaderand/
    orr
    unpi
    pet
    hicknessi
    sgr
    eat
    ert
    hanr
    equi
    redbydesi
    gncondi
    ti
    ons.

    Cautionshouldbeexerci
    sedincal
    culat
    ingtheret
    ir
    ementthi
    cknessforpi
    pingwithbr
    anchconnect
    ions
    rei
    nforcedperI
    tem d)
    .Thesecal
    cul
    ati
    onsshouldbeper
    for
    medbyapi pi
    ngengineer
    .
    I ONPRACTI
    NSPECTI CESFORPI
    PINGSYSTEM COMPONENTS 103

    Forin-
    serv
    icepipi
    ngsubjecttolocali
    zeddamage( e.g.pi
    tt
    ing,cracki
    ng,bl
    i
    st eri
    ng,gougi
    ng)
    ,aswellasweld
    misali
    gnmentanddistort
    ion,theinspect
    ormaychooset oevaluatethepipingstrengt
    handsuit
    abil
    it
    yfor
    conti
    nuedservi
    ceuti
    li
    zingtheappr oachdiscussedinAPI579- 1/ASMEFFS- 1.Suchananaly
    sisshoul
    dbe
    perf
    ormedby ,
    orunderthedirect
    ionof,api
    pingengineer.

    12.
    1.2 Pr
    essur
    eDesi
    gnThi
    ckness

    ASMEB31. 3cont ai
    nsaf or mul
    af ordeter
    miningtherequi
    redthicknessofnew,uncor
    roded,str
    aightpipe
    subj
    ecttointer
    nalpressure.API570permitstheuseofthesimpleBar l
    owfor
    mulatodeterminet
    her equi
    red
    wallthi
    cknessf orin-ser
    vicepipi
    ng.ASME B31. 3 pr
    ov i
    desthegui danceofwhen ot herequati
    onsar e
    appl
    icabl
    e.TheBar l
    owf or
    mul ai
    sasf ol
    lows:

    PD
    t
    2SE

    wher
    e

    t i
    sthepr
    essur
    edesi
    gnt
    hicknessf
    ori
    nter
    nal
    pressur
    e,i
    ninches(
    mil
    l
    imet
    ers)
    ;

    P i
    sthei
    nter
    nal
    desi
    gngaugepr
    essur
    eoft
    hepi
    pe,
    inpoundspersquar
    einch(
    kil
    opascal
    s);

    D i
    stheODoft
    hepi
    pe,
    ini
    nches(
    mil
    l
    imet
    ers)
    ;

    S i
    stheal
    l
    owabl
    euni
    tst
    ressatt
    hedesi
    gnt
    emper
    atur
    e,i
    npoundspersquar
    einch(
    kil
    opascal
    s);

    E i
    sthel
    ongi
    tudi
    nal
    qual
    i
    tyf
    act
    or.

    TheBarl
    ow f
    ormul
    agivesresul
    tsthatarepract
    icall
    yequival
    enttot
    hoseobtai
    nedbyt
    hemor eelaborat
    e
    ASMEB31.3for
    mul
    aexceptincasesinvol
    vi
    nghighpr essur
    eswheret
    hick-
    wal
    l
    edtubi
    ngi
    srequi
    red.Metall
    i
    c
    pi
    pef cht≥D/
    orwhi 6orP/SE>0.385requi
    resspecialconsi
    der
    ati
    on.

    ASME B31.3 al
    so contai
    nstheall
    owabl
    euni
    tst r
    essesto beused i
    nt hefor
    mulascontai
    ned i
    nthat
    publ
    i
    cat
    ion.Theseallowabl
    estr
    essesi
    ncl
    udeafact
    orofsafetyandar
    efuncti
    onsofthepi
    pemateri
    aland
    thet
    emperat
    ure.

    12.
    1.3 St
    ruct
    uralMi
    nimum Thi
    ckness

    Inlow-pressur
    eandl ow-temper at
    ureapplicat
    ions,therequiredpipet hicknessesdetermi
    nedbyt heBarl
    ow
    formul
    acanbesosmal lt
    hatt hepipewouldhav einsuffi
    cientst
    ructuralstrengt
    h.Forthisr
    eason,
    anabsolute
    minimum t hi
    cknesst oprev entsag,buckl
    ing,andcol l
    apseatsuppor t
    sshoul dbedeterminedbytheuserfor
    eachsi zeofpi pe.Thepi pewal lshouldnotbeper mi t
    tedt odet eri
    oratebelow thismini
    mum t hi
    ckness
    regar
    dlessoft heresult
    sobt ai
    nedbytheASMEB31. 3orBar l
    owformul as.

    a) Theowner /usershouldspeci
    fyhowstruct
    uralmini
    mum thicknessesaredeter
    mined.Anexampl etable
    ofcal
    culatedstruct
    uralmini
    mum thi
    cknessforst
    rai
    ghtspansofcar bonst
    eelpi
    peisprovidedinTable7.
    Addit
    ionalconsider
    ationandall
    owancesmayber equi
    redforthef ol
    lowi
    ngcondit
    ions:screwedpiping
    andfi
    tti
    ngs.

    b) Pi
    pingdi
    amet
    ersgr
    eat
    ert
    han24i
    n.(
    610mm)
    .

    c) Temper
    atur
    esexceedi
    ng400°
    F(205°
    C)f
    orcar
    bonandl
    ow-
    all
    oyst
    eel
    .

    d) Hi
    gheral
    l
    oys(
    othert
    hancar
    bonst
    eel
    andCr
    -Mo)
    .

    e) Spansi
    nexcessof20f
    t(6m)
    .

    f
    ) Highex t
    ernall
    oads(e.g.refr
    act
    oryl
    i
    ned,pi
    pet
    hati
    sal
    sousedt
    osuppor
    tot
    herpi
    pe,r
    iggi
    ngl
    oads,and
    personnelsuppor
    tloading).

    g) Excessi
    vev
    ibr
    ati
    on.
    104 APIRECOMMENDEDPRACTI
    CE574

    Engineeri
    ngcal
    cul
    ati
    ons,t
    ypi
    cal
    lyusi
    ngacomputeri
    zedpi pi
    ngst
    ressanal
    ysi
    spr
    ogr
    am,mayber
    equi
    redi
    n
    theseinst
    ancest
    odetermi
    nestr
    uctur
    almi
    nimum t
    hickness.

    Austenit
    icstainl
    esssteelpi
    pingoftenhavelowermini
    mum struct
    uralt
    hicknessr
    equi
    rement
    sbasedupon
    thei
    rt y
    picall
    yhigherst r
    ength,hi
    ghertoughnessand thi
    nnerini
    ti
    althi
    cknessesofpipi
    ng component
    s.
    Separatetabl
    esar eof
    tencreatedf
    orstai
    nlessst
    eel
    pipi
    ng.

    12.
    1.4 Mi
    nimum Requi
    redThi
    ckness

    General
    ly,pipi
    ngi sr
    eplacedand/orrepair
    edwheni treachesthemi nimum requir
    edt hicknessunlessa
    Fit
    ness-For
    -Servi
    ceanalysi
    shasbeenper for
    medwhi chdefinedadditi
    onalremaini
    ngl if
    e.Themi nimum
    requi
    redthi
    cknessisthegreat
    erval
    ueoft hepressur
    edesignt hi
    cknessorthestr
    ucturalminimum thi
    ckness.
    Thefoll
    owingstepsshouldbefol
    lowedwhendet ermini
    ngt heminimum requi
    redthi
    cknessataCML.

    St
    ep1:
    Cal
    cul
    atepr
    essur
    edesi
    gnt
    hicknessperr
    ati
    ngcode.

    St
    ep2:
    Det
    ermi
    nest
    ruct
    ural
    mini
    mum t
    hicknessperowner
    /usert
    abl
    eorengi
    neer
    ingcal
    cul
    ati
    ons.

    St
    ep3:Sel
    ectmi ni
    mum requir
    edthi
    ckness.Thi
    sist
    hel
    argeroft
    hepr
    essur
    edesi
    gnt
    hicknessorst
    ruct
    ural
    mini
    mum t
    hicknessdet
    erminedinSt
    ep1andSt ep2.

    Forserviceswithhi
    ghpotent i
    alconsequencesifafailureweretooccur,t
    hepipingengineershoul
    dconsi
    der
    i
    ncreasingt hemini
    mum allowedt hicknessabovet heonedet er
    mi nedaboveinSt ep3.Thiswouldprov
    ide
    ext
    rat hicknessforunant
    icipatedorunknownl oadings,undi
    scoveredmetalloss,orresist
    ancetonormal
    abuse.

    Example1:Det
    erminet
    hemini
    mum requir
    edthi
    cknessf
    oraNPS2, ASTM A106,
    GradeB pi
    pedesi
    gnedf
    or100psi
    g@
    100°F.P=100psig,D=2.
    375in.
    ,S=20,000psi
    ,E=1.0(si
    nceseaml
    ess)
    ,Y=0.4.

    St
    ep1:
    Cal
    cul
    atepr
    essur
    edesi
    gnt
    hicknessperr
    ati
    ngcode.(
    Int
    hisexampl
    e,t
    heASMEB31.
    3desi
    gnf
    ormul
    awasused.
    )
    100
    t 2.
    375 0.
    006

    2 0001
    20,  4
    1000. 
    I
    fthi
    sNPS2pi pewas100%support
    ed(e.
    g.l
    ayingonfl
    atground)
    ,then0.
    006i
    n.wouldholdthe100psi
    gofpr
    essur
    e.
    Thi
    sthi
    cknessincl
    udesa3-
    to-
    1saf
    etyf
    act
    or;however
    ,itwoul
    dnotholdupint
    hepiperack.

    Step2:Deter
    minest
    ruct
    ural
    mi ni
    mum thi
    cknessperowner
    /usert
    abl
    eorengi
    neer
    ingcal
    cul
    ati
    ons.Fr
    om Tabl
    e6,
    the
    defaul
    tst
    ructur
    almi
    nimum t
    hicknessi
    s0.070in.

    Step3:Sel
    ectminimum r
    equir
    edthi
    ckness.Thi
    sisthelar
    gerofthepressuredesignthi
    cknessorst
    ruct
    ural
    mini
    mum
    thi
    cknessdet
    erminedi
    nSt ep1andStep2.Largerv
    alueof0.006in.and0.070in.is0.
    070in.

    Exampl
    e2:
    Det
    erminet
    heminimum r
    equir
    edthicknessf
    ora14NPS,
    ASTM A106,
    GradeBpi
    pedesi
    gnedf
    or600psi
    g@
    100° D=14i
    F, n.S=20,
    , 000psiE=1.
    , 0(seamless)Y=0.
    , 4.

    St
    ep1:
    Cal
    cul
    atepr
    essur
    edesi
    gnt
    hicknessperr
    ati
    ngcode.(
    Int
    hisexampl
    e,t
    heASMEB31.
    3desi
    gnf
    ormul
    awasused.
    )
    600
    t 14.
    0 0.
    208

    2x 0001
    20,  4
    6000. 
    St
    ep2: Det
    erminest
    ruct
    uralmi
    nimum t
    hicknessperowner
    /usert
    abl
    eorengi
    neer
    ingcal
    cul
    ati
    ons.Fr
    om Tabl
    e6,
    the
    st
    ruct
    uralmini
    mum thi
    cknessi
    s0.110i
    n.

    Step3:Sel
    ectminimum r
    equir
    edthi
    ckness.Thi
    sisthelar
    gerofthepressuredesignthi
    cknessorst
    ruct
    ural
    mini
    mum
    thi
    cknessdet
    erminedi
    nSt ep1andStep2.Largerv
    alueof0.208in.and0.110in.is0.
    208in.
    I ONPRACTI
    NSPECTI CESFORPI
    PINGSYSTEM COMPONENTS 105

    12.
    1.5 Mi
    nimum Al
    ertThi
    ckness

    User smayest abli


    shami nimum al ertt hicknesswi thv aluesgr eatert hanei t
    herthemi ni
    mum st r
    uct ural
    thicknessort hepr essuredesi gnt hicknesswhi chevergov er
    nst hemi nimum r equir
    ed t hi
    ckness.Al ert
    thicknessesar eof teninput t
    edi ntot hef aci l
    ity’
    sinspecti
    ondat amanagementpr ogram.Theal ertt
    hickness
    signalst hei nspect orthati ti st i
    mel yf orar emaining lifeassessment .Thi scouldi ncludeadet ail
    ed
    engineer ingevaluationoft hest ructuralmi nimum t hi
    ckness,Fi t
    ness- For-Serviceassessment ,ordev eloping
    futurer epairpl
    ans.I nadditi
    on, whenaCMLr eachestheal ertt
    hickness, itrai
    sesaf lagtoconsi dertheext ent
    andsev erit
    yatot herpossiblel ocati
    onsf ort hecorrosionmechani sm.Al ertmi nimum thi
    cknessesar eusual ly
    noti ntendedt omeant hatpipecomponent smustber et
    ir
    edwhenoneCMLr eachesthedef aultli
    mit.Tabl e7
    showsanexampl eofal ertthicknessesf orcar bonandl ow- all
    oyst eelpipet hatcouldbeusedi nconjunct i
    on
    witht hedef aul
    tmi nimum st ructuralthicknesses.

    Tabl
    e7—Mi
    nimum Thi
    cknessesf
    orCar
    bonandLow-
    all
    oySt
    eelPi
    pe

    Defaul
    tMini
    mum Struct
    uralThickness Mini
    mum Aler
    tThicknessfor
    NPS forTemperat
    ures<400° F(205° C) Temperat
    ures<400°F( 205°C)
    in.(
    mm) i
    n.(
    mm)

    1
    /
    2to1 0.
    07(
    1.8) 0.
    08(
    2.0)

    11/
    2 0.
    07(
    1.8) 0.
    09(
    2.3)

    2 0.
    07(
    1.8) 0.
    10(
    2.5)

    3 0.
    08(
    2.0) 0.
    11(
    2.8)

    4 0.
    09(
    2.3) 0.
    12(
    3.1)

    6t
    o18 0.
    11(
    2.8) 0.
    13(
    3.3)

    20t
    o24 0.
    12(
    3.1) 0.
    14(
    3.6)

    12.
    2 Val
    vesandFl
    angedFi
    tt
    ings

    Valvesandf l
    angedf i
    tti
    ngsaresubj ectt ostressbothfrom int
    er nalpr essureandf rom mechani calloadings
    andt emper at
    urechanges.Val vesar ealsosubj ectt
    oclosingstressesandst ressconcent rati
    onsbecauseof
    thei
    rshape.Thesest ressesaredi ff
    iculttocalculat
    ewi t
    hcer t
    aint y.Fort hi
    sr eason,t hethicknessofv alves
    andf langedf i
    tt
    ingsissubst antial
    lygr eaterthanthatofasi mpl ecy li
    nder .ASMEB16. 34est abl
    ishest he
    minimum v al
    vewal lt
    hicknessat1. 5t imes( 1.35timesforCl ass4500)t het hicknessofasi mplecy l
    inder
    designedf orast r
    essof7000psi( 48.26MPa)andsubj ectedt oani nternalpr essureequalt othepr essure
    rati
    ngcl assforvalveClasses150t o2500.Theact ualval
    v ewallt hicknessr equirementsgi veninTabl e3of
    ASMEB16. 34areappr oxi
    mat ely0.1in.( 2.54mm)t hi
    ckerthant hecal culatedv alues.Valvesf ur
    nishedi n
    accordancewi thAPI600hav ethicknessr equirementsf
    orcor r
    osi onander osioni nadditi
    ont othosegi venin
    ASMEB16. 34.

    Thef or
    mulaf
    orcal
    cul
    ati
    ngtheminimum r
    equi
    redthi
    cknessofpi
    pecanbeadaptedforv
    alv
    esandf
    langed
    fi
    tt
    ingsbyusi
    ngt
    hefact
    orof1.5andtheal
    l
    owablestr
    essfort
    hemater
    ial
    speci
    fi
    edinASMEB31.
    3.
     PD
     
    t1.
    5 2
    SE
     
    wher
    e
    t i
    sthepr
    essur
    edesi
    gnt
    hicknessf
    ori
    nter
    nal
    pressur
    e,i
    ninches(
    mil
    l
    imet
    ers)
    ;
    P i
    sthei
    nter
    nal
    desi
    gngaugepr
    essur
    eoft
    hepi
    pe,
    inpoundspersquar
    einch(
    kil
    opascal
    s);
    106 APIRECOMMENDEDPRACTI
    CE574

    D i
    stheODoft
    hepi
    pe,
    ini
    nches(
    mil
    l
    imet
    ers)
    ;
    S i
    stheal
    l
    owabl
    euni
    tst
    ressatt
    hedesi
    gnt
    emper
    atur
    e,i
    npoundspersquar
    einch(
    kil
    opascal
    s);
    E i
    sthel
    ongi
    tudi
    nal
    qual
    i
    tyf
    act
    or.

    Thiscalcul
    atedthi
    cknesswi
    llbeimpr act
    icalf
    rom astr
    ucturalst
    andpoi
    nt(asisthecasewithmanypi
    ping
    systems);t
    heref
    ore,mini
    mum thi
    cknessesshouldbeestabl
    ishedbasedonstr
    uctural
    needs.

    Thecal
    cul
    ati
    onsdescr
    ibedabovedonotappl
    ytoweldedfi
    tt
    ings.Thecal
    cul
    ati
    onsf
    orpi
    pecanbeappl
    i
    edt
    o
    wel
    dedfi
    tt
    ingsusi
    ngappropr
    iat
    ecorr
    ect
    ionsf
    orshape,i
    fnecessary
    .

    13 Recor
    ds
    13.
    1 Gener
    al

    Thenecessi t
    yofkeepingcompl eterecordsinadet ail
    edandor derlymannerisani mpor t
    antr esponsibi
    lit
    yof
    theinspectoraswellasar equir
    ementofmanyr egulati
    ons( e.g.OSHA29CFR1910. 119).Accur aterecor ds
    all
    owanev al
    uati
    onofservi
    cel if
    eonanypi ping,v
    alve,orfi
    tti
    ng.Fr om suchrecords,acompr ehensiv
    epi cture
    ofthegener alcondit
    ionofanypi pi
    ngsy stem canbedet er
    mi ned.Whenpr operl
    yor ganized,suchr ecor ds
    for
    m aper manentrecordfrom whichcor rosionratesandpr obablereplacementorr epairi nt
    erval
    scanbe
    determined.A comput erpr ogr
    am can beused t o assi
    sti n a morecompl et
    eev al
    uation ofr ecorded
    i
    nformat i
    onandt odeter
    minet henextinspect i
    ondate.

    I
    nspect
    ionr
    ecor
    dsshoul
    dcont
    ain:

    a) or
    igi
    nal
    dat
    eofi
    nst
    all
    ati
    on;

    b) speci
    fi
    cat
    ionsoft
    hemat
    eri
    alsused;

    c) or
    igi
    nal
    thi
    cknessmeasur
    ement
    s;

    d) l
    ocat
    ionsanddat
    esofal
    lsubsequentt
    hicknessmeasur
    ement
    s;

    e) cal
    cul
    atedr
    eti
    rementt
    hickness;

    f
    ) r
    epai
    rsandr
    epl
    acement
    s;

    g) t
    empor
    aryr
    epai
    rs;

    h) per
    ti
    nentoper
    ati
    onal
    changes,
    i.
    e.changei
    nser
    vice;

    i
    ) Fi
    tness-
    For
    -Ser
    viceassessment
    s;

    j
    ) RBIassessment
    s.

    Theseandotherper
    tinentdatashouldbear
    rangedonsui
    tabl
    eformssothatsuccessi
    veinspect
    ionrecor
    ds
    wil
    lfur
    nishachr
    onological
    pictur
    e.Eachi
    nspect
    iongr
    oupshoulddev
    elopappr
    opri
    ateinspect
    ionfor
    ms.

    13.
    2 Sket
    ches

    I
    sometricorobli
    quedrawingsprovideameansofdocument i
    ngt hesizeandor i
    entat
    ionofpipi
    ngl i
    nes,the
    l
    ocat
    ionandt y
    pesoffitt
    ings,val
    ves,or i
    fi
    ces,etc.andthelocat
    ionsofCMLs.Al t
    houghorigi
    nalconstructi
    on
    dr
    awingscanbeused, normall
    ysepar atesketchesar emadeby ,orfor
    , t
    heinspecti
    ondepart
    ment .Fi
    gur e34
    i
    satypicali
    sometri
    csketchforrecordingfiel
    ddat a.
    I ONPRACTI
    NSPECTI CESFORPI
    PINGSYSTEM COMPONENTS 107

    Sket
    cheshav
    ethef
    oll
    owi
    ngf
    unct
    ions.

    a) I
    dent
    ifypar
    ti
    cul
    arpipi
    ngsystemsandci
    rcui
    tsi
    nter
    msofl
    ocat
    ion,si
    ze,mat
    eri
    alspeci
    fi
    cat
    ion,gener
    al
    pr
    ocessfl
    ow,andserv
    icecondi
    ti
    ons.

    b) Showpoi
    ntst
    obeopenedf
    orv
    isual
    inspect
    ionandpar
    tst
    hatr
    equi
    rer
    epl
    acementorr
    epai
    r.

    c) Serveasf i
    elddat
    asheet
    sonwhichcanber ecor
    dedthel
    ocat
    ionsofthi
    cknessmeasurement
    s,corr
    osi
    on
    fi
    ndings,andsecti
    onsrequi
    ri
    ngrepl
    acement.Thesedat
    acanbetransfer
    redtocont
    inuousr
    ecordsata
    l
    aterdate.

    d) Assi
    statf
    utur
    einspect
    ionsi
    ndet
    ermi
    ningl
    ocat
    ionst
    hatr
    equi
    reexami
    nat
    ion.

    e) I
    dent
    if
    icat
    ionoft
    empor
    aryr
    epai
    rs

    Sket
    chesmayal
    socont
    aint
    hef
    oll
    owi
    ng:

    a) pi
    peschedul
    e,

    b) l
    ocat
    ionofpi
    pingsuppor
    ts,

    c) l
    ocat
    ionofSAI
    ,

    d) P&I
    Dnumber
    .

    Fi
    gur
    e34—Ty
    picalI
    somet
    ri
    cSket
    ch
    108 APIRECOMMENDEDPRACTI
    CE574

    13.
    3 Number
    ingSy
    stems

    Ty
    pical
    l
    y,acodi
    ngsy
    stem i
    susedt
    ouni
    quel
    yident
    if
    ythepr
    ocessuni
    t,t
    hepi
    pingsy
    stem,
    theci
    rcui
    t,andt
    he
    CMLs.

    13.
    4 Thi
    cknessDat
    a

    Ar ecordofthicknessdataobtai
    nedduri
    ngperi
    odicorscheduledinspecti
    onspr ovi
    desameansofar r
    ivi
    ngat
    corrosionorer osi
    onratesandexpectedmateri
    alli
    fe.Somecompani esusecomput er
    izedrecordsystems
    forthispurpose.Thedat acanbeshownonsket chesorpresentedast abul
    atedinformati
    onattachedtothe
    sketches.Figure35showsonemet hodoftabul
    atingthi
    cknessreadingsandot heri
    nformati
    on.

    13.
    5 Rev
    iewofRecor
    ds

    Recor dsofpr evi


    ousinspectionsandofinspect i
    onsconducteddur i
    ngt hecur rentoperatingperiodshouldbe
    revi
    ewedsoonaf t
    erthei nspect
    ionsareconduct edtoschedulet henexti nspectiondate.Thi srevi
    ewshoul d
    providel i
    stsofar east hatareapproachingr eti
    rementthickness,areast hathav eprev iousl
    yshownhi gh
    corrosionrates,andar easi nwhichcurr
    enti nspect
    ionhasi ndicat
    edaneedf orfurt
    heri nvest
    igat
    ion.From
    thesel i
    sts,awor kschedul eshouldbepr eparedforadditionalon-stream i nspecti
    on,i fpossibl
    e,andf or
    i
    nspect ionstobeconduct edduri
    ngthenextshut downperiod.Suchaschedul ewi l
    lassistindetermini
    ngt he
    numberofi nspector
    stobeassi gnedtothewor k.

    Inaddi t
    ion,f
    rom therev
    iew oftherecordsofprev
    iousinspect
    ions,ali
    stshouldbemadeofal lexpect
    ed
    repair
    sandr epl
    acements.Thisli
    stshouldbesubmi tt
    edt othemai nt
    enancedepar tmentf arenoughi n
    advanceoft heshutdowntopermitanyrequi
    redmateri
    altobeobtainedor,
    ifnecessary,f
    abri
    cated.Thisl
    ist
    willalsoassistthemaintenancepersonnelindet
    ermini
    ngt henumberofper sonnelrequi
    reddur i
    ngthe
    shutdownper i
    od.

    13.
    6 Recor
    dUpdat
    es

    Recordsshouldbeupdatedfoll
    owinginspecti
    onactivi
    ti
    eswithi
    nar easonableamountoft i
    meaf for
    dingthe
    i
    nspectorenought i
    met opr
    oper l
    ygather,anal
    yze,andrecorddata.Manysi teshav einter
    nalrequi
    rements
    i
    ndicati
    ngamaxi mum durat
    ionbetweenobt ai
    ningdataandupdat i
    ngrecords.Theser equir
    ementsgenerall
    y
    al
    low recordsbeupdatedwi t
    hinafew weeksofcompl eti
    ngt heinspect
    ionact i
    vit
    ies.Establ
    i
    shingat i
    me
    fr
    amef orrecordupdat
    eshelpsensurethatdataandinfor
    mat i
    onareaccuratel
    yr ecordedanddonotbecome
    l
    ostanddet ai
    lsfor
    gott
    en.

    13.
    7 Audi
    tofRecor
    ds

    Inspect
    ion recor
    ds should be r egul
    arl
    y audi
    ted againstcode requi
    rements,si t
    e’s qual
    it
    y assurance
    i
    nspectionmanual ,andsiteprocedures.Theauditshouldassesswhetherther ecor
    dsmeetr equi
    rements
    andwhet herther
    ecor dsareofappropri
    atequal
    it
    y/accur
    acy.Regul
    araudit
    sprovideameanst oidenti
    fygaps
    anddefici
    enciesi
    nexi st
    inginspecti
    onprogramsanddefinecorr
    ecti
    veacti
    ons,suchasf ocusedtrai
    ning.
    Fi
    gur
    e35—Ty
    picalTabul
    ati
    onofThi
    cknessDat
    a

    109
    AnnexA
    (
    infor
    mati
    ve)

    Ext
    ernalI
    nspect
    ionCheckl
    istf
    orPr
    ocessPi
    ping
    Pi
    pingCi
    rcui
    t#:

    Dat
    eInspect
    ed:

    I
    tem I
    nspect
    edbySt
    atus:

    a)Leaks.

    1) Pr
    ocess.

    2) St
    eam t
    raci
    ng.

    3) Ex
    ist
    ingcl
    amps.

    b)Mi
    sal
    i
    gnment
    .

    1) Pi
    pingmi
    sal
    i
    gnment
    /rest
    ri
    ctedmov
    ement
    .

    2) Ex
    pansi
    onj
    ointmi
    sal
    i
    gnment
    .

    c)Vi
    brat
    ion.

    1) Ex
    cessi
    veov
    erhungwei
    ght
    .

    2) I
    nadequat
    esuppor
    t.

    3) Thi
    n,smal
    lbor
    e,oral
    l
    oypi
    pi
    ng.

    4) Thr
    eadedconnect
    ions.

    5) Loosesuppor
    tscausi
    ngmet
    alwear
    .

    d)Suppor
    ts.

    1) Shoesof
    fsuppor
    t.

    2) Hangerdi
    stor
    ti
    onorbr
    eakage.

    3) Bot
    tomed-
    outspr
    ings.

    4) Br
    acedi
    stor
    ti
    on/
    breakage.

    5) Loosebr
    acket
    s.

    6) Sl
    i
    depl
    ates/
    rol
    l
    ers.

    7) Count
    erbal
    ancecondi
    ti
    on.

    110
    Bi
    bli
    ogr
    aphy
    [1] APIRecommendedPr
    act
    i Ri
    ce581, sk-
    BasedI
    nspect
    ionMet
    hodol
    ogy

    [2] APISpeci
    fi
    cat
    i Speci
    on5L, fi
    cat
    ionf
    orLi
    nePi
    pe

    [3] APISt
    andar Cal
    d530, cul
    ati
    onofHeat
    er-
    tubeThi
    cknessi
    nPet
    rol
    eum Ref
    iner
    ies

    [4] APISt
    andar CheckVal
    d594, ves:Fl
    anged,
    Lug,
    Waf
    er,
    andBut
    t-
    wel
    ding

    [5] APISt
    andar Met
    d599, alPl
    ugVal
    ves—Fl
    anged,
    Thr
    eadedandWel
    dingEnds

    [6] APISt
    andar St
    d600, eelGat
    eVal
    ves—Fl
    angedandBut
    t-
    wel
    dingEnds,
    Bol
    tedBonnet
    s

    [7] APIStandar
    d602,Gate,
    GlobeandCheckVal
    vesf
    orSi
    zesDN100andSmal
    l
    erf
    ort
    hePet
    rol
    eum and
    Natur
    alGasIndust
    ri
    es

    [8] APISt
    andar Cor
    d603, rosi
    on-
    resi
    stant
    ,Bol
    tedBonnetGat
    eVal
    ves—Fl
    angedandBut
    t-
    wel
    dingEnds

    [9] APISt
    andar Met
    d608, alBal
    lVal
    ves—Fl
    anged,
    Thr
    eadedandWel
    dingEnds

    [10] APISt
    andar But
    d609, ter
    fl
    yVal
    ves:Doubl
    e-f
    langed,
    Lug-andWaf
    er-
    type

    [11] APIRecommendedPr
    act
    i Cat
    ce651, hodi
    cPr
    otect
    ionofAbov
    egr
    oundPet
    rol
    eum St
    orageTanks

    [12] APIRecommendedPr
    act
    i Saf
    ce751, eOper
    ati
    onofHy
    drof
    luor
    icAci
    dAl
    kyl
    ati
    onUni
    ts

    [13] APIStandar
    d936,Ref
    ract
    oryI
    nst
    all
    ati
    onQual
    i
    tyCont
    rol
    —Inspect
    ionandTest
    ingMonol
    i
    thi
    cRef
    ract
    ory
    Li
    ningsandMater
    ial
    s

    [14] APIRecommendedPr
    act
    i Av
    ce945, oi
    dingEnv
    ironment
    alCr
    acki
    ngi
    nAmi
    neUni
    ts

    [15] APIRecommendedPr
    act
    i Fi
    ce2001, r
    ePr
    otect
    ioni
    nRef
    iner
    ies

    [16] APIPubli
    cati
    on2217A,Gui
    del
    i
    nesf
    orSaf
    eWor
    kinI
    ner
    tConf
    inedSpacesi
    nthePet
    rol
    eum and
    Pet
    rochemicalI
    ndust
    ry

    [17] ASMEB1. 13,


    20. PipeThr
    eads,
    Gener
    alPur
    pose(
    Inch)

    [18] ASMEB31G,
    Manualf
    orDet
    ermi
    ningt
    heRemai
    ningSt
    rengt
    hofCor
    rodedPi
    pel
    i
    nes

    [19] ASMEB36. Wel


    10M, dedandSeaml
    essWr
    oughtSt
    eelPi
    pe

    [20] ASMEB36. St
    19M, ai
    nlessSt
    eelPi
    pe

    [21] ASNTRecommendedPr
    act
    ic
    eSNT- 1A4,
    TC- Per
    sonnel
    Qual
    i
    fi
    cat
    ionandCer
    ti
    fi
    cat
    ioni
    nNondest
    ruct
    i
    veTest
    ing

    [22] ASTM A53/A53M 5,


    Standar
    dSpeci
    fi
    cat
    ionf
    orPi
    pe,
    Steel
    ,Bl
    ackandHot
    -Di
    pped,
    Zinc-
    Coat
    ed,
    Wel
    ded
    andSeamless

    [23] ASTM A106,


    Standar
    dSpeci
    fi
    cat
    ionf
    orSeaml
    essCar
    bonSt
    eelPi
    pef
    orHi
    gh-
    Temper
    atur
    eSer
    vice

    [24] ASTM A134,


    Standar
    dSpeci
    fi
    cat
    ionf
    orPi
    pe,
    Steel
    ,El
    ect
    ri
    c-
    Fusi
    on(
    Arc)
    -Wel
    ded(
    Siz
    esNPS16andOv
    er)

    [25] ASTM A135/ St


    A135M, andar
    dSpeci
    fi
    cat
    ionf
    orEl
    ect
    ri
    c-Resi
    stance-
    Wel
    dedSt
    eelPi
    pe

    3
    ASMEInter
    nat
    ional
    ,2ParkAvenue,NewYor k,
    NewYor k10016-5990,www.asme.org.
    4
    Ameri
    canSoci
    etyforNondest
    ructi
    veTesti
    ng,POBox28518, 1711Arli
    ngateLane,Col
    umbus,Ohi
    o43228,
    www.
    asnt
    .or
    g.
    5
    ASTM I
    nter
    nat
    ional
    ,100BarrHarborDr
    ive,WestConshohocken,Pennsyl
    vani
    a19428,www.astm.
    org.
    111
    112 APIRECOMMENDEDPRACTI
    CE574

    [26] ASTM A312/A312M,St


    andar
    dSpeci
    fi
    cat
    ionf
    orSeaml
    ess,
    Wel
    ded,
    andHeav
    il
    yCol
    dWor
    kedAust
    eni
    ti
    c
    St
    ainl
    essSteelPi
    pes

    [27] ASTM A358/ St


    A358M, andar
    dSpeci
    fi
    cat
    ionf
    orElect
    ri
    c-Fusi
    on-
    WeldedAusteni
    ti
    cChr
    omi
    um-
    Nickel
    St
    ainl
    essSteelPi
    pef
    orHigh-
    Temper
    atur
    eServi
    ceandGeneralAppl
    icat
    ions

    [28] ASTM A409/


    A409M,St
    andardSpeci
    fi
    cat
    ionf
    orWel
    dedLar
    geDi
    amet
    erAust
    eni
    ti
    cSt
    eelPi
    pef
    or
    Corr
    osi
    veorHigh-
    Temper
    atur
    eServi
    ce

    [29] ASTM A451/A451M,St


    andar
    dSpeci
    fi
    cat
    ionf
    orCent
    ri
    fugal
    l
    yCastAust
    eni
    ti
    cSt
    eelPi
    pef
    orHi
    gh-
    Temperat
    ureServi
    ce

    [30] ASTMA524,
    Standar
    dSpeci
    fi
    cat
    ionf
    orSeaml
    essCar
    bonSt
    eel
    Pipef
    orAt
    mospher
    icandLowerTemper
    atur
    es

    [31] ASTM A530/ St


    A530M, andar
    dSpeci
    fi
    cat
    ionf
    orGener
    alRequi
    rement
    sforSpeci
    ali
    zedCar
    bonandAl
    l
    oy
    St
    eelPipe

    [32] ASTM A587,Standar


    dSpeci
    fi
    cat
    ionf
    orEl
    ect
    ri
    c-Resi
    stance-
    Wel
    dedLow-
    Car
    bonSt
    eelPi
    pef
    ort
    he
    Chemi
    calIndustry

    [33] ASTM A660/A660M,St


    andar
    dSpeci
    fi
    cat
    ionf
    orCent
    ri
    fugal
    l
    yCastCar
    bonSt
    eelPi
    pef
    orHi
    gh-
    Temperat
    ureServi
    ce

    [34] ASTM A671/


    A671M, St
    andar
    dSpeci
    fi
    cat
    ionf
    orEl
    ect
    ri
    c-Fusi
    on-
    Wel
    dedSt
    eelPi
    pef
    orAt
    mospher
    icand
    LowerTemperat
    ures

    [35] ASTM A672/


    A672M,Standar
    dSpecif
    icat
    ionf
    orEl
    ect
    ri
    c-Fusi
    on-
    Wel
    dedSt
    eelPi
    pef
    orHi
    gh-
    Pressur
    e
    Ser
    viceatModer
    ateTemperat
    ures

    [36] ASTM A691/A691M,St


    andar
    dSpeci
    fi
    cati
    onforCar
    bonandAl
    l
    oySt
    eelPi
    pe,
    Elect
    ri
    c-Fusi
    on-
    Wel
    dedf
    or
    High-
    Pressur
    eServi
    ceatHi
    ghTemperat
    ures

    [37] ASTM A731/ Speci


    A731M, fi
    cat
    ionf
    orSeaml
    ess,
    Wel
    dedFer
    ri
    ti
    c,andMar
    tensi
    ti
    cSt
    ainl
    essSt
    eelPi
    pe

    [38] ASTM A790/ St


    A790M, andar
    dSpeci
    fi
    cat
    ionf
    orSeaml
    essandWel
    dedFer
    ri
    ti
    c/Aust
    eni
    ti
    cSt
    ainl
    essSt
    eel
    Pipe

    [39] ASTM A813/ St


    A813M, andar
    dSpeci
    fi
    cat
    ionf
    orSi
    ngl
    e-orDoubl
    e-
    Wel
    dedAust
    eni
    ti
    cSt
    ainl
    essSt
    eel
    Pipe

    [40] ASTM A814/ St


    A814M, andar
    dSpeci
    fi
    cat
    ionf
    orCol
    d-Wor
    kedWel
    dedAust
    eni
    ti
    cSt
    ainl
    essSt
    eelPi
    pe

    [41] ASTM B88,


    Standar
    dSpeci
    fi
    cat
    ionf
    orSeaml
    essCopperWat
    erTube

    [42] ASTM D2563,


    Standar
    dPr
    act
    icef
    orCl
    assi
    fyi
    ngVi
    sual
    Def
    ect
    sinGl
    ass-
    Rei
    nfor
    cedPl
    ast
    icLami
    nat
    ePar
    ts

    [43] ASTM D2583,


    Standar
    dTestMet
    hodf
    orI
    ndent
    ati
    onHar
    dnessofRi
    gidPl
    ast
    icsbyMeansofaBar
    col
    I
    mpressor

    [44] ASTM E1118/ASTM E1118M,St


    andar
    dPr
    act
    icef
    orAcoust
    icEmi
    ssi
    onExami
    nat
    ionofRei
    nfor
    ced
    Ther
    mosetti
    ngResinPipe(RTRP)

    [45] MTIPr
    oj 996,
    ect129- Sel
    f-
    hel
    pGui
    def
    orI
    n-ser
    viceI
    nspect
    ionofFRPEqui
    pmentandPi
    ping

    [46] MTIPr
    ojec
    t160- Gui
    04, def
    orDesi
    gn,
    Manuf
    act
    ure,
    Inst
    all
    ati
    on&Oper
    ati
    onofFRPFl
    angesandGasket
    s

    [47] NACESP01697,
    Cont
    rolofExt
    ernalCor
    rosi
    ononUnder
    groundorSubmer
    gedMet
    all
    i
    cPi
    pingSy
    stems

    [48] NACESP0274,
    High-
    Vol
    tageEl
    ect
    ri
    calI
    nspect
    ionofPi
    pel
    i
    neCoat
    ings

    6
    Mater
    ial
    sTechnologyInst
    it
    ute,1215Fer
    nRidgeParkway,Sui
    te206,St
    .Loui
    s,Missour
    i63141-4405,
    www.mti
    -gl
    obal
    .or
    g.
    7
    NACEInter
    nat
    ional(for
    merlytheNati
    onalAssoci
    ati
    onofCorr
    osionEngi
    neer
    s),1440SouthCreekDri
    ve,
    Houst
    on,Texas
    77084-
    4906,www. nace.
    org.
    I ONPRACTI
    NSPECTI CESFORPI
    PINGSYSTEM COMPONENTS 113

    [49] NACESP0114,
    Ref
    iner
    yInj
    ect
    ionandPr
    ocessMi
    xi
    ngPoi
    nts

    [50] NFPA7048,
    Ident
    if
    icat
    ionoft
    heFi
    reHazar
    dsofMat
    eri
    alsf
    orEmer
    gencyResponse

    [51] OLF0559,
    RecommendedGui
    del
    i
    nesf
    orNDTofGRPPi
    peSy
    stemsandTanks

    [52] Ti
    te29CodeofFeder
    l alRegul
    ati
    ons(
    CFR)Par 11910,
    t1910. ProcessSaf
    etyManagementofHi
    ghl
    y
    Hazar
    dousChemi
    cals
    Pr
    oductNo.C57404

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