Petrophysics - MF May 2015 - Final

Petrophysics & Log Analysis
Principles & Applications

Maged Fam
FRS Regional Mgr. &
Chief Petrophysicist
Latin America
Topics
 What is Petrophysics ?
 Lithology & Mineralogy
 Formation Porosity
 Borehole Environment & Logging Basics
 Lithology & Porosity Tools
 Clean Formation
 Water Saturation – Resistivity Tools
 Shaly Sand Formation
 Water Saturation in Shaly Sand Formation
 Permeability & Productivity Index
 Pressure Testing and Fluid Sampling
 Conclusion
© 2010 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. MF - 2
Topics
 Clean Formation
 Conclusion
Definition
Petrophysics (petro is Latin for "rock" and physics is

the study of nature) is the study of the physical and
chemical properties that describe the occurrence and
behavior of rocks, soils and fluids …. (Wikipedia)
Petrophysics The Study of the physical and chemical

properties of rocks and their contained fluids, using
relationships among those rock properties to identify
and evaluate hydrocarbon reservoirs, source rocks,
seals and aquifers …. (Thomas,.. 1994 SPE, No. 30 P. 3)

Petrophysical properties
Lithology: What type of rock
 Log measurements such as GR, Neutron, Density, Photoelectric, Resistivity
 Cuttings analysis
 Core analysis
Porosity: Amount of pore space in the rock.
 Log measurements such as Neutron, Density, Sonic, NMR
 Core analysis
 Water saturation: Fraction of the pore space occupied by water.
 Combination of Porosity, Resistivity and Lithology
 Permeability: Quantity of fluid that can flow as a function of time and pressure.
 Formation testing
 NMR logs
Empirical correlation to porosity
 Core analysis
 Reservoir Bed Thickness & Net Pay: Rock with enough permeability to deliver fluids
to a well bore.
Topics
 Clean Formation
 Conclusion
Rock Types & Cycle
Sediment Lithification / Consolidation

Deposition
Transport
Sedimentary Rocks
Erosion
Metamorphism
Weathering
Igneous Rocks Metamorphic Rocks
Crystallization Melting
Lava & Magma
Rock Types
Igneous rocks: Formed from melted rock that has cooled and solidified. When rocks are buried deep
within the Earth, they melt because of the high pressure and temperature; the molten rock (called magma)
can then flow upward or even be erupted from a volcano onto the Earth's surface. When magma cools
slowly, usually at depths of thousands of feet, crystals grow from the molten liquid, and a coarse crystal rock
forms. When magma cools rapidly, usually at or near the Earth's surface, the crystals are extremely small,
and a fine crystal rock results. A wide variety of rocks are formed by different cooling rates and different
chemical compositions of the original magma. Obsidian (volcanic glass), Granite, Basalt, and Andesite are
four of the many types of igneous rock.
Sedimentary rocks: are formed at the surface of the Earth, either in water or on land. They are layered
accumulations of sediments-fragments of rocks, minerals, or animal or plant material. Most sedimentary
rocks become cemented together by minerals and chemicals or are held together by electrical attraction;
some, however, remain loose and unconsolidated. Sedimentary rocks are forming around us all the time.
Sand and gravel on beaches or in river bars look like the sandstone and conglomerate they will become.
Compacted and dried mud flats harden into shale.
Metamorphic rocks: are formed when sedimentary and igneous rocks are subjected to pressures so
intense or heat so high, or both; while deeply buried within the Earth's crust. The process of metamorphism
does not melt the rocks, but instead transforms them into denser, more compact rocks. New minerals are
created either by rearrangement of mineral components or by reactions with fluids that enter the rocks. Some
kinds of metamorphic rocks--granite gneiss and biotite schist are two examples--are strongly banded or
foliated. (Foliated means the parallel arrangement of certain mineral grains that gives the rock a striped
appearance.) Pressure or temperature can even change previously metamorphosed rocks into new types.

Earth’s Crust
 The Earth’s crust, continental and oceanic, is composed mainly of sedimentary, metamorphic
and igneous rock
 The Oceanic crust is about 4-7 miles (6-11 km) thick and mainly consists of heavy rocks, like
basalt. The Continental crust is thicker than the Oceanic crust, about 19 miles(30 km) thick. It is
mainly made up of light material like granite

Proportions of Rock Types on Earth
Sedimentary Rocks Land Surface Area

Igneous &
Igneous & Metamorphic
Metamorphic Rocks
Rocks
Crustal Volume
Igneous & Metamorphic rocks  Crystalline rocks

Chemical Makeup of the Earth's Crust
O 2.6 2.0
1.6
Component Symbol Volume %

2.8
Si 3.6 Oxygen O 46.6
Al 5.0 Silicon Si 27.8
Fe Aluminum Al 8.1
8.1
46.6 Iron Fe 5.0
Ca Calcium Ca 3.6
Na 27.8 Sodium Na 2.8
Potassium K 2.6
K
Magnesium Mg 2.0
Mg Others Other 1.6
Other

Sedimentary Rocks Classification
Clastic Rocks Non-Clastic Rocks
Grian Size Rock Texture

Rock
“mm” Crystalline Limestone Course to fine
Crystals
Course (Calcite – CaCo3)
Conglomerate Fragments of
> 2 (rounded) Fossiliferous Limestone
(Calcite – CaCo3) Shells
Course
Breccia Chalk (Calcite – CaCo3)
Microscopic
> 2 (angular) Shells and clay
Medium Very Fine

Sandstone Chert (Quartz – SiCo2) Crystals
1/16 – 2
Gypsum Course to fine
Fine Crystals
Siltstone (Gypsum – CaSO4-2H2O)
1/256 – 1/16 Course to fine
Salt (Halite – NaCl) Crystals
Very Fine
Shale Course to fine
< 1/256 Anhydrite Crystals
Coal (Organic Matter) Fine

Sedimentary Rocks
Limestone
 Reservoir Rock Sandstone

Dolomite
• Sandstone
• Limestone
• Dolomite
• Shale (recently) Chert
Anhydrite Shale
 Non-reservoir Rocks
• Salts
• Shale Salt Rock
• Anhydrite
• Chert

Chemical Composition
Element
Mineral
Grains
Rock
Beds / Formation
Sedimentary Rocks on Earth
Shale Sandstone Siltstone Conglom. Limestone

Sandstone
Sandstone is a sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized mineral or rock grains. Most
sandstone is composed of quartz and/or feldspar, because these are the most common
minerals in the Earth's crust. Like sand, sandstone may be any color, but the most common
colors are tan, brown, yellow, red, gray and white. Since sandstone beds often form highly
visible cliffs and other topographic features, certain colors of sandstone have been strongly
identified with certain regions.
Quartz : Silica = Si O2
Limestone
Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed largely of the mineral calcite. The deposition of
limestone strata is often a by-product and indicator of biological activity in the geologic record.
The primary source of the calcite in limestone is most commonly marine organisms. These
organisms secrete shells that settle out of the water column and are deposited on ocean floors,
or alternatively are conglomerated in a coral reef.
Calcite : Calcium Carbonate = CaCO3

Dolomite
Dolomite is a sedimentary carbonate rock and a mineral, both composed of calcium

magnesium carbonate found in crystals.
Dolomite rock (also dolostone) is composed predominantly of the mineral dolomite.

Limestone that is partially replaced by dolomite is referred to as dolomitic limestone.
Dolomite : Calcium Magnesium Carbonate = CaMg(CO3)2

Shale & Clay Minerals
Shale (Lutita)
 Shale is a fine-grained sedimentary rock that forms from the
compaction of silt and clay-size mineral particles that we commonly
call mud or Clay
 usually ≥ 50% of shale is clay mineral
 Silt- and clay-sized particles
 Typically not a reservoir rock
Clay (Arcilla)
 Mineral with grain size of < 4m
 Common in reservoirs
 influence porosity/permeability of reservoir
 influence log responses

Common Silicate Clay Minerals
Clay Mineral Chemical Formula
Kaolinite Al2Si2O5(OH)4
Illite (K,H3O)(Al,Mg,Fe)2(Si,Al)4O10[(OH)2,(H2O)]
Smectite Group A0.3D2-3[T4O10]Z2· nH2O
Chlorite (Al(OH)2.55)4[Si6.8Al01.2}Al3.4Mg0.6)20(OH)4
Sposito1989. The Chemistry of Soils. Oxford University Press.
There are 14 Smectite Group members, the most common 3 are:

Montmorillonite (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2· nH2O
Nontronite Na0.3Fe2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2· nH2O
Saponite Ca0.25(Mg,Fe)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2· nH2O

Topics
 Clean Formation
 Conclusion

Porosity
 Porosity or void fraction

 Is a measure of the void spaces in a Rock
 Is a fraction of the volume of voids over the total volume
 Is Expressed in values between 0–1, or as a percentage between 0–100% or P.U.
 A tank full of water has a porosity of 100 p.u., or 1.00
Porosity
 Porosity is the intra-granular space
 If all grains have equal size, porosity is

maximum
 Porosity for a single grain size may

reach up to 47 % (Graton & Fraser, 1935)
 If grains are NOT well sorted, porosity

goes down
 Exist non-intra-granular Porosity like

vugs and fractures.

Types of Formation Porosity
 Primary porosity: The main or original porosity system in a
rock or unconfined alluvial deposit. This type of porosity is formed
during deposition.
 Secondary porosity: A subsequent or separate porosity

system in a rock, often enhancing overall porosity of a rock. This
can be a result of chemical leaching of minerals or the generation
of a fracture system. This can replace the primary porosity or
coexist with it (see dual porosity below).
 Fracture porosity: This is porosity associated with a fracture
system or faulting. This can create secondary porosity in rocks
that otherwise would not be reservoirs for hydrocarbons.
 Vuggy porosity: This is secondary porosity generated by
dissolution of large features (such as macrofossils) in carbonate
rocks leaving large holes, vugs, or even caves.
 Dual porosity: Both primary and Secondary porosity systems exists in the rock.
Porosity & Fluid Flow
 Effective porosity (also called open porosity): Refers to the

fraction of the total pore volume in which fluid flow is effectively taking place
 Ineffective porosity (also called closed porosity): Refers to

the fraction of the total pore volume in fluids or gases are present but in which
fluid flow can not effectively take place and includes the closed pores.
Pore structure (no clay) Pore structure (with clay)

Factors that affect Porosity
 Primary (Original)
 Grain Sphericity and angularity
 Packing
 Sorting (variable grain sizes)
 Secondary (diagenetic)
 Cementing materials
 Overburden stress (compaction)
 Vugs, dissolution, and fractures

Roundness and Sphericity of Clastic Grains
High
SPHRICITY
Porosity
Low
Very Angular Sub- Sub- Rounded Well-
Angular Angular Rounded Rounded
ROUNDNESS
Porosity

Packing of Grains
Porosity = 48% Porosity = 27 %

Sorting of Grains
Porosity = 14 %
Well Sorted
Poorly Sorted
Ill Sorted
Diagenesis
 Any chemical, physical, or biological change undergone by a
sediment after its initial deposition and during and after its
lithification
 Happen at relatively low temperatures and pressures and result
in changes to the rock's original mineralogy and texture
 Grains of sediment, rock fragments and fossils can be replaced
by other minerals during diagenesis
Stained
 Porosity usually decreases during diagenesis, except in rare
cases such as dissolution of minerals and dolomitization

Basic Rock Model
(No Hydrocarbons)
Rock
Matrix Porosity
Volume of Volume of
Rock Matrix Water
VolumeTotal = VRM + VW
SW = 100%
1 = (1-) + 
Basic Rock Model
(with Hydrocarbons)
Rock
Matrix Porosity
Volume of
Volume of Hydrocarbons
Rock Matrix
Volume of
Water
VolumeTotal = VRM + VW + VHC

Shaly Rock Model
(with Hydrocarbons)
Rock Effective
Matrix Shale Porosity
Volume of
Volume of Hydrocarbons
Rock Matrix
Volume Volume of
of Shale Water
Total Porosity
VolumeTotal = VRM + VSH+ VW + VHC

Complete Rock Model
Solids Fluids
Clay- Capillary-
Rock Dry Free Hydro-
Bound Bound
Matrix Clay Water Water Carbon
Water
Irreducible Free Fluids

Topics
 Clean Formation
 Conclusion
Near-Borehole Area
Borehole:
dh : Borehole Diameter
Rm : Mud Resistivity
Rmc: Mud cake Resistivity
hmc: Mud Cake Thickness
Flushed Zone:
Rmf : Mud Filtrate Resistivity
Rxo : Resistivity of Flushed Zone
Sxo : Water Saturation in Flushed Zone
di : Diameter of invasion
Uninvaded Zone:
Rt : True Formation Resistivity
Rw : Formation Water Resistivity
Sw : Water Saturation of Formation
Sh : Hydrocarbon Saturation
Rs : Shoulder Bed Resistivity
Logging Tools Vertical Resolution
Logging Tools
Beds
>4’ Standard Induction
Most Standard Logs

2’ High Res. Induction
Shallow Resistivity
1’
Dielectric
Dipmeter,
6” Acoustic Images
Resistivity Images
<0.5”
Core, Core Plugs

Topics
 Clean Formation
 Conclusion
Spectral Litho-Density - Pe Log
 Principle of Measurement
 Scintillation Detector measures Far & Near Count Rates
 Using a Medium Energy Gamma Ray Source
 Measures Borehole-Compensated Electron Density
 Bulk Density conversion from Electron Density
 Applications
 Bulk Density and Porosity
 Overburden Stress
 Synthetic Seismograms
 Lithology Identification
 Main Curves
 Rhob or ρb
 Pe
 Cali & DRho or ∆ρ

Density Porosity Equation
 bulk   fl . d   ma .1  d 
bulk  ma
D 
 fl  ma
Common Matrix & Fluid Values
Density (gm/cc) Pe
Sandstone 2.65 1.81
Limestone 2.71 5.08
Dolomite 2.87 3.14
Fresh Water 1.0 0.36
Salt Water (120kppm) 1.1 0.81
Oil 0.85 0.12

 Limitations
 Bad or Rugose Hole
 Porosity Increases and is Optimistic
 Bulk Density Decreases
 Recommend do NOT use only a caliper limit to set bad
hole flag and discriminate data. Use DRho limit
 Pe is usually effected more than Density
 Pe curve reads high (20 – 50+) through bad hole sections
filled with Barite-Weighted Mud
 Gas Increases Density Porosity (gas < liquid)
 Does not work through Casing
 Environmental Corrections (usually minor)

 Small Borehole Size and Mud Weight Corrections

Environmental Corrections
E-Chart Book:
http://echartbook.halliburton.com/eChartBook.aspx
Neutron Log
 A High Energy Neutron Source emits fast Neutrona.
 Far & Near He3 Detector measures thermal Neutron Count Rates
 Hydrogen has the biggest effect in slowing down and capturing
neutrons and is found mainly in the pore fluids, the neutron
porosity log responds mainly to porosity
 The log is calibrated to read the correct porosity assuming that
the pores are filled with fresh water and for a given matrix
(limestone, sandstone or dolomite).
 Applications
 Porosity
 Lithology Identification when Combined with Density
 Gas Detection when Combined with Density or Sonic
 Through Casing Evaluation
 Open Hole & Cased hole basic Gas reservoir monitoring
 Main Curves
 Nphi or ФN
Hydrogen Index H.I.
Number of hydrogen atoms per unit volume
Number of hydrogen atoms per unit volume of water at surface conditions
The hydrogen index (HI): Density of hydrogen of a material relative to that of water
# of H atoms
H .I . 

Volume   # of H atoms in 1cc H 2O 
Gas Oil Water
Average Values:
H.I. <0.2 – 0.4 0.65 – 0.95 1
 N   Fm HI mf  S xo  HI hc  (1  S xo )
Neutron Log

Neutron Log
 Limitations
 Rarely used as a stand alone porosity device except in cased holes –
for correlation
 Porosity is Lithology Sensitive
 Sensitive to H.I. of fluids
 Rugose boreholes degrade the Measurement
 Shale Increases Porosity
 Environmental Correction (Sensitive to almost everything)

 Borehole Temperature & Pressure
 Borehole Salinity
 Mudcake Thickness
 Mud Weight
 Borehole Diameter

Neutron Log - Environmental Corrections

Density / Neutron Logs
Applications
 Total Porosity
 Mineralogy
D  N
T 
2
In Gas Zones:
2 D   N
T 
3
E-Chart Book:
Density / Neutron Logs
Applications
 Apparent Matrix Density
 Mineralogy

Mineral Identification using Rhob & Pe Logs
E-Chart Book:
Sonic Log
 Measure reciprocal of the Acoustic Velocity of the
strata immediately adjacent to the borehole wall in
terms of Travel Transit Time – Delta T (∆T)
 Compressional slowness , Shear slowness,
Stoneley
 Acoustic Transmitters & Receivers
S
 Applications
 Porosity Measurement / Secondary Porosity S
 Assist in Lithology Identification
 Mechanical Properties
 Pore Pressure Estimation L
 Depth-to-Time Seismic Correlation L
 Main Curves
 Delta T Compressional or ∆tc
 Delta T Shear or ∆ts
Sonic Log – Wave Types

Sonic Log – Wave Types
2 Transmitters & 4 Receivers

Evolution of Sonic Tools
1 Transmitters & 2 Receivers 2 Transmitters & 2 Receivers 2 Transmitters & 4 Receivers Array Sonic

Sonic Porosity Equation
t log  t fl . s  t ma .1   s  t log  t ma

S 
Secondary Porosity Estimate: t fl  t ma
2  T   S
Common Matrix & Fluid ∆t Values (μsec/ft)
∆tc ∆ts
Sandstone 55.5 76
Limestone 47.6 88.7
Dolomite 43.5 72
Anhydrite 50 97.5
Halite 66 116
Shale 60 - 170 80 - 328
Fresh Water 208 350
Salt Water (200 kppm NaCl) 185 340
Oil 230 395 !
Gas (Methane @ 15 psi) 626
Sonic Log
 Limitations
 Cycle Skips and Noise Triggers
 Centralization Important
 Gas in Borehole Attenuates Signal
 Porosity is Lithology Sensitive
 Environmental Corrections
 None

Sonic / Density Logs
Applications
 Total Porosity
 Mineralogy

Sonic / Neutron Logs
Applications
 Total Porosity
 Mineralogy
E-Chart Book:
Mineral Identification using Sonic, Density & Neutron Logs

Logging Tool Response to Common Minerals





Rock Mechanical Properties using Sonic & Density Logs
Dynamic Elastic Properties
1 DTS / DTC2 1
 Poisson's Ratio
Lateral strain 2 WaveSonic
Longitudinal strain ( DTS / DTC)2 1
G Shear Modulus
Applied stress b
a WaveSonic
+
Shear strain DTS 2
Density
E Young's Modulus
Applied uni-axial stress
Normal strain 2G1   
Kb Bulk Modulus
Hydrostatic pressure  1
b  
4 
a
WaveSonic
+
Volumetric strain  DTC 3DTS2 
2 Density
Cb Bulk Compressibility Volume deformation 1
(with porosity) Hydrostatic pressure Kb
1
Cr Rock Compressibility Change in matrix volume
 1 4 
WaveSonic
+
(zero porosity) Hydrostatic pressure g  2
 2
a Density
 DTMA 3DTSMA 
 Biot Elastic Coefficient

Pore pressure
1
Cr
proportionality CB
a = 1.34 x 1010 if b in g/cm3 and DT in s/ft.
Total Horizontal Stress

 12 RDT
Sh  SV   PP S V   V   PP (P. Pressure)
1 1
Poisson’s Ratio “”
 lateral Typical “” Values
 
Igneous / Metamorphic Rocks : 0.01 – 0.11
Sedimentary Rocks : 0.11 – 0.35
 axial
Soft Rocks : 0.30 – 0.40
Rubber : 0.50
0 <  < 0.5
Undeformed
2r Deformed
F
L  L
 axial  L
L
r
 lateral  r
r
Stress: F
Stress = Force / Area [psi ]
[bar]
[MPa]
 = F/A
A
[dyne/cm2]
[mm Hg]
Young’s Modulus “E”:

 
E 
Strain:  
Change in Length
Strain 
Original Length L
L 2  L1 L Original
   Length
L1 Compressed
L2 Length
L1 L

Shear Modulus “G”
Shear Stress
G
Resultant Angle of Deformation in Radians
F/A F
G
 (Radians)
Related to Young's Modulus and Poisson's Ratio : 

E
G
2(1 )

Bulk Modulus Kb:
Force/Surface Area
K  Change in
b Volume/Original Volume
Compressibility  C 1
K
b
Related to Young's Modulus
K= E
3( 1  2)
Effective Max. & Min. Horizontal Stresses “hmin  Hmax”


  S v   Pp  (tectonic
h min 1  min )
Sv : Vertical Stress
Pp : Pore Pressure

  S v   Pp  (tectonic
H max 1  max )

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Log
 Direct measurement of Porosity
 Permanent Magnet and RF Antenna measures Hydrogen
protons that resonate at specific magnetic field
 Applications
 Porosity Measurement
 Hydrocarbon Typing
 Permeability Index
 Main Curves
 MPHI : MRIL Effective Porosity
 MBVI : MRIL Bulk Volume Irreducible
 MFFI : MRIL Free Fluid Index ( MPHI - MBVI )
 MCBW : MRIL Clay Bound Water
 PHIT : MRIL Total Porosity ( MPHI + MCBW )

Porosity Model
Conductive Fluids
Matrix & Clay Capillary Moveable
Bound Bound Free Oil Gas
Dry Clay Water Water Water
MCBW MPHI
MBVI MFFI
PHIT
MPHI : MRIL Effective Porosity

MBVI : MRIL Bulk Volume Irreducible
MFFI : MRIL Free Fluid Index ( MPHI - MBVI )
MCBW : MRIL Clay Bound Water
PHIT : MRIL Total Porosity ( MPHI + MCBW )

Porosity Model
Conductive Fluids
Matrix & Clay Capillary Moveable Oil Gas
Bound Bound Water Gas
Dry Clay Water Water Mud Filtrate
MCBW MPHI
MBVI MFFI
PHIT
MRIL Porosity:
tw/T1
MRIL = Fm . HI . ( 1 – e– )
tw/T1w
MRIL =  SW HIW . ( 1 – . . + e – )
 . Sg . Hlg . ( 1 – e )+ –tw/T1g
tw/T1o
 So Hlo ( 1 – e
. . . – )
Magnetic Resonance
Imaging Log
Porosity
 No Matrix effect

Magnetic Resonance
Imaging Log
Porosity

Magnetic Resonance
Imaging Log
Porosity

 Limitations
 Large borhole for centered tools
 Rugose borehole for ex-centered tools
 Magnetic material in mud
 Non-hydrogen fluids
 Sensitive to H.I. of fluids
 Only open-hole measurement
 Environmental Correction
 Temperature

Topics
 Clean Formation
 Conclusion
Clean Formation
Limestone
Dolomite
Sandstone
 Formations are considered “Clean” when:

 Shale content < 5% - 10%

How to Identify a Clean Formation ?

Identifying Clean Formation
 Logs used to Identify Clean Formation
 Spontaneous Potential
 Gamma Ray / Spectral Gamma Ray
 Density / Neutron / Sonic
 Magnetic Resonance

Spontaneous Potential Log
 The SP tool measures natural electrical potentials that occur in boreholes
caused when two solutions of different salinity concentration become in contact.
 Ions diffuse from the more concentrated solution (typically formation water) to
the more dilute.
 The ion flow constitutes electrical current, which generates a small natural
potential measured by the SP tool in millivolts.
 Is a Naturally Occurring DC Potential Relative to a Surface Ground and
Measured in the Borehole Mud
 The Measured Potential is Created by Chemically SP, mV SP, mV
Induced Electric Current flow V V
fish
 Applications
 Determination of Rw
(in clean, Wet, Thick Beds, Sand / Shale Sequences) electrode
 Well to Well Correlation bridle
 Define Bed Boundaries
electrode- +
 Shale Content in formation
 Identify Permeable Zones
 Main Curves SP log

 SP
Shale baseline

 Limitations
 Mud and Formation water salinity are similar (no contrast)
 Works Best in Clean, Wet, Thick Beds, Sand / Shale Sequences
 Suppressed by Hydrocarbons, Shale, Silt and Clay
 Distortion in Highly Resistive Beds
 Do not work in Oil Base Mud
 Bed Thickness

 Bed Thickness Correction
E-Chart Book:
Gamma Ray Log
Natural / Spectral
 Measures Total Scintillation Response to Natural
Gamma Radiation Emitted by the Formation minerals
 Measures Spectral Scintillation Response of Natural
Gamma Ray Emitters (K, U, Th)
 Applications
 Clean vs. Shaly formation
 Calculation of Shale Volume
 Correlation (Well to Well, Open Hole to Cased Hole)
 Clay Typing in case of Spectral Gamma Ray
 Main Curves
 GR ………… Natural Gamma Ray
 Th, K, U, GRKUT, GRKT ……. Spectral Gamma Ray

Radioactive Elements
Definition:
Radioactivity in minerals are caused by the inclusion of naturally-occurring
radioactive elements in the mineral's composition. The degree of radioactivity is
dependent on the concentration and isotope present in the mineral. For the
most part, minerals that contain potassium (K), uranium (U), and thorium (Th)
are radioactive.
Element (Natural Isotopic Activity Activity of a given amount of radioactive material

Abundance) (Becquerels/kg) found in nature is calculated as the decay
constant l (related to the half-life T) multiplied by
Uranium (U) 179,000,000 the number of radioactive nuclei. One kilogram
of naturally-occurring element with X percentage
Thorium (Th) 44,800,000 of radioactive isotope with half-life T[sec] has
activity R[Bq/kg]:
Potassium (K) 30,316
Lutetium (Lu) 48,500
Rhenium (Re) 1,020,000 The becquerel (symbol Bq) (pronounced: 'be-kə-rel) is the
unit of radioactivity. One Bq is defined as the activity of a
quantity of radioactive material in which one nucleus
Rubidium (Rb) 891,000 decays per second
Samarium (Sm) 127,000
Rare Earth Elements (REE) 8,044
Gamma Ray Log

Spectral
Gamma Ray Log

Gamma Ray Log
Natural / Spectral
 Limitations
 Presence of Radioactive Material in the Mud
 Large boreholes
 Hole Size
 Mud Weight
 KCL Mud
 Casing Correction

Gamma Ray Log
Environmental
Corrections
 Borehole Corrections
E-Chart Book:
Spectral GR Log
 Borehole Corrections

Clay Mineral Identification from
Thorium and Potassium
Clay Typing:
http://www.spec2000.n
et/text109fp/PekinerCl
ay.htm

Clay Mineral
Identification
from
Thorium and
Potassium

Topics
 Clean Formation
 Conclusion
Water Saturation & Archie’s Equation
F .Rw
Sw  n
Rt
Gus Archie 1907-1978
a
F 
Rt = Formation Resistivity m
a = Parameter ~1
Rw = Water Resistivity
Ø = Porosity
Rt = a x Rw / (Øm x Swn)
Sw = Water Saturation
m, n = Parameters ~ 2  Gus Archie worked for Shell Oil Co. in USA
 The “father” of Petrophysics within Shell and also the oil industry

Resistivity Measurements
 What is Resistivity ?
Is the electrical resistance of an object is its opposition to the passage of a
steady electric current.
The electrical resistance of an object “R” can be defined as the ratio of voltage “V” to current
Intensity “I”, in accordance with Ohm’s law:
R V
I
The Resistivity of an object of a uniform cross-section
is proportional its electrical resistance x its cross-
sectional area and inversely proportional it its length.
 Why is this important ?

 Quantitatively Distinguish between hydrocarbon vs. water zones within a reservoir:
 Differentiate between different water salinities
 Detect potential reservoir vs. non-reservoir intervals
 Helps in differentiating between rock types a Rw
 Detects fluids contacts when combined with other log data S 
w
n 
 Aids in correlating wells  m
Rt
 Define bed boundaries and bed thickness

Types of Resistivity Measurements
Propagation / Induction Conduction / Laterolog
When oil based muds are used for drilling, Work best in salty WBM or in normal
there may be little or no conductive fluid in the muds in high resistivity formations
borehole. The induction log overcomes the
need for conductive fluid. Operate in OBM,
WBM, and air drilled holes.
Contours of Contours of
constant phase constant amplitude
Phase Shift Amplitude Attenuation

 Shallower reading  Deeper reading Focused Resistivity
 Better vertical resolution  Poorer vertical resolution Measurements
 More accurate at high resistivity  Less accurate at high resistivity

Resistivity - Induction Log
 Induces Current Flow within the Formation
 Measures Formation Conductivity
 Applications
 True Formation Resistivity (Rt)
 Fresh- and Oil- Based Mud, Air Filled Holes
 Water Saturation
 Flushed Zone Resistivity (RX0)
 Diameter of Invasion
 Well-to-Well Correlation
 Main Curves
 HRd  HRm  DFL
 ILD  ILM  SFL



 Limitations
 Conductivity Measuring Device
 Works best when Rt < 50 Ohmm and when Rmf > 2.5 * Rw
 Borehole
 Bed Thickness
 Invasion

 Borehole Correction
 Requires Rm

 Bed Thickness Correction
 Requires Rs

 Invasion Correction
 Requires Rxo
E-Chart Book:
Resistivity - Salinity Conversion
NaCl = 1.6447 x Cl- NaCl
E-Chart Book:
How to Obtain Rt
 Rt can be obtained from:

 Resistivity Induction log
 Resistivity Dual Laterolog

Rt from Induction Log

Rt from Dual Laterolog

Resistivity Measurement - Ro and Rw Definitions

Resistivity Index (RI or IR)

RI vs. Water Saturation (Sw)

Archie’s Equation – Water Saturation
F .Rw F . R mf
Sw  n S xo  n
R xo
Rt
….For invaded Zone
a
F  Formation Factor
Tortuosity Factor  m
(Constant)
Saturation
Exponent Formation Water
a Rw Resistivity
Sw  n 
 m
Rt True
Resistivity
Clean Formation Cementation

Porosity Exponent
Formation Factor vs. Porosity

Archie Water Saturation Variables
 a
 Related to the rock conductivity
 Usually 1
 m
 Cementation or Porosity exponent
 Usually 2
 Lower in rocks containing hydraulically connected
pores (fractures)
 Higher in rocks containing hydraulically isolated
pores (vugs)
 n
 Saturation exponent
 Usually 2
 Varies by degree of wetability - Oil Wet = high “n”

How to Calculate Rw
Resistivity of Formation Water
 Rw can be Calculated or obtained from:

 SP log
 Rwa Method
 Ratio Method
 Cross plot Mothod
 Analysis of Formation Water Salinity

Rw from SP log
 Procedure
1. Read SP value from Log in a clean zone
2. Correct SP for Bed thickness to obtain SSP
3. Determine Rmf/Rwe @ Fm. Temp
4. Find Rmfe using:
if Rmf > 0.1 @ 75 F then, Rmfe = 0.85 Rmf @ Fm. Temp.
if Rmf < 0.1 @ 75 F then, Use chart SP-3 to find Rmfe
5. Find Rwe and convert it to Rw using chart SP-3
 Limitations
 Works only in clean, thick water-bearing formations.
 In case of deep invasion SSP values will be affected.
 Rapid variations of formation water salinity will shift the SP baseline and
will affect the SSP value

Predicting Formation
Temperature
E-Chart Book:
http://echartbook.halliburton.com/eChartBook.
aspx

Rw from SP log
Rwe Estimation from SSP
Rw Estimation from Rwe

Rw from SP log
Flow Chart
Rmf : mud filtrate resistivity
Tmf : temperature at which Rmf was

measured
Tf : formation temperature, generally

estimated by interpolating between the
bottom-hole temperature (BHT) at total depth
(TD) and mean annual temperature at the
surface
SSP : is the static self-potential measured on

the log between the "clean line" and "shale
line" in millivolts (mv) AND with associated
sign (positive or negative).
Ref.: Bateman and Konen, 1977

The Rwa Method
 Procedure
1. In a clean 100% water zone :
R t = F . Rw where, F = a/m
2. Solve for Rwa through out the whole log interval using the above formula
3. The best estimate of Rw will be the minimum value of Rwa
Rw = Rwamin
 Limitations
 Variations of lithology will not provide reliable Rw value
 Absence of a thick, clean 100% water zone will prevent proper Rw
calculation
 Unknown matrix density will lead to wrong Rw

Rw from Formation Water Salinity
NaCl
NaCl = 1.6447 x Cl-

Rw From the Ratio Method
Rw Rt

R mf R xo
 Limitations
 Low contrast between Rt and Rxo
 Low contrast between Rw and Rmf

Archie’s Equation – Water Saturation
a Rw
Sw  n 
 m
Rt
Why Water Saturation if we are interested in Oil & Gas ..??
Hydrocarbon ..!!!!
E-Chart Book:
Determine Hydrocarbon Saturation in Clean Sand
 Saturation of Total Hydrocarbon: Sh  1  Sw
 Saturation of Residual Hydrocarbon: S hr  1  S xo
 Saturation of Moveable Hydrocarbon: S hm  S h  S hr

Topics
 Clean Formation
 Conclusion
Shaly Sand Rock Model
Solids Fluids
Clay- Capillary-
Dry Free Hydro-
Sand Bound Bound
Clay Water Water Carbon
Water

Shale Distribution in Formation
“Clean” Laminated Structural Dispersed
Sand Shale Shale Shale
Ф Ф Ф Ф Shale
Shale
Shale
Sand Sand Sand Sand
 Formations are considered “Shaly” when:

 Shale content > 5% - 10%

Effect of Shale on Logging Tools
Resistivity Logs Masks the contrast between Water & Hydrocarbons
Sonic Logs Apparent Porosity Increases
Neutron Logs Apparent Porosity Increases
Density Logs Apparent Porosity Decrease
G.R. Logs Reduces Total Sand Shale deflection
S.P. Logs Reduces Total Sand deflection
MRIL No Effect on Porosity

Effect of Shale on Density- Neutron Logs
Gas
Shales
Clays

Effect of Shale on Density- Sonic Logs
Gas
Shales
Clays

Effect of Shale on Neutron - Sonic Logs
Gas
Shales
Clays

Calculation of the Shale Volume “Vsh”
 Volume of Shale ... “Vsh” Can be calculated from:

 Spontaneous Potential Log
 Gamma Ray Log
 Resistivity Log
 Neutron Log
 Neutron / Density .... X-plot
 Density / Sonic .... X-plot
 Neutron / GR .... X-plot
 Spectral Gamma Ray Log
 MRI Log

Shale Volume “Vsh” from SP
PSP
V sh  1
SSP
 Limitations:
 Water bearing zone is necessary to find SSP
 Variation in Rw
 Valid only in thick beds
 Hydrocarbon presence reduce SP deflection
due to Invasion, so Vsh tends to be higher
 High value of Vsh, in case of dispersed clays
 Poor results if Rmf/Rw approaches one

Shale Volume “Vsh” from GR
GRlog  GRclean
Vsh  GRsh
GRsh  GRclean
 Limitations GRclean
 Vsh appears too high in dispersed clays

 Change of clay minerals type affects Vsh
calculations
 Any radioactive sand will affect Vsh
calculations

Shale Volume “Vsh” from Rt
Rsh ( Rlim  Rt )
Vsh  .
Rt Rlim  Rsh
Rlim = Resistivity of clean H.C./tight Fm.
Rlim = Rt in clean formation
 Limitations
 Rt > Rsh and Rlim >> Rsh for good
accuracy
 Give good results in tight and hydrocarbon
bearing formations

Shale Volume “Vsh” from ФN
N
Vsh 
 Nsh
 Limitations
 The contrast between ФNsh and ФN of clean
formation should be high enough
 It does not work in High porosity formations
 Give good results in gas bearing formations

Shale Volume “Vsh” from X-Plot ρb vs. ФN
 Special Consideration when using this method
 Proper zoning is necessary....
 water bearing
 Oil bearing
 Gas bearing
 Tight formations
 Matrix variation
 Accessory to mineral presence
 In case of hydrocarbon formations,
it is assumed that Ф.Shr is constant
 b (  ma   f )   N ( Nma  1)   f   Nma   ma
V sh 
(  sh   f )  ( Nma  1)  ( Nsh  1)  (  ma   f )
Shale Volume “Vsh” from X-Plot ρb vs. ∆T
 Special Consideration when using this method
 Proper zoning is necessary....
 water bearing
 Oil bearing
 Tight formations
 Matrix variation
 Accessory to mineral presence
 In case of hydrocarbon formations,
it is assumed that Ф.Shr is constant
T (Tma  Tf )  b (ma   f )   f  Tma  ma  Tf

Vsh 
(sh   f )  (Tma  Tf )  (Tsh  Tf )  (ma   f )
Shale Volume “Vsh” from ФN & GR
( N  GR ) log  ( N  GR ) clean
V sh 
( N  GR ) sh  ( N  GR ) clean
Limitations
 Same as mentioned for GR and ФN methods

Shale Volume “Vsh” from Spectral GR
Alog  Aclean
Vsh 
Ash  Aclean
Where:
A = SGR log reading of either K in % or Th in ppm
Aclean = minimum value of K or Th in clean Fm
Ash = maximum value of K or Th in pure Shale
 Limitations
 Presence of other radioactive material
not identified by SGR tool (e.g.
Phosphates)

Shale Volume “Vsh” - Summary
Method Working Condition Limitations

 High porosity Formation  Dispersed clay increases
 Low resistivity Formation Vsh calc.
 Hydrocarbon presence
SP  Clean or laminated
 Rmf>Rw (fresh mud) increases Vsh
 Irregular borehole slightly affecting  Not recommended in low
porosity Formation
 Slightly affected by hole size and fluid  If non-shaly Formation is
GR type (mud weight)
 Radioactive shales
radioactive
 If shale is not radioactive
 Low porosity Formation  ФNsh is low value

ФN  Gas bearing Formation
 Low Porosity Formation  Low contrast between

 High hydrocarbon Saturation Formation Rsh & Rlim
Rt  Rlim >> Rsh

Shale Volume “Vsh” - Summary
Method Working Condition Limitations

 Matrix is constant  Highly affected by
ρb vs. ФN  Typical Shale point away frommatrix line
 Fluid type is constant
borehole conditions
 Presence of gas must be
X-Plot accounted for
 When Gas is present in the Formations  Highly affected by

ρb vs. ∆T  Not highly affected by gas washouts
 If Sonic is cycle skipping
X-Plot

Shaly Sand Rock Model
Solids Fluids
Clay- Capillary-
Dry Free Hydro-
Sand Bound Bound
Water
F .Rw
Sw  n
Rt
Topics
 Clean Formation
 Conclusion
Water Saturation in Shaly Formation
Shale Volume Effective Porosity
1  1V sh / 2
Vsh e
m/2  n/2
    Sw
Rt  Rsh a  Rw 
True Resistivity Log Reading in Formation Water
pure thick Resistivity
Shale Bed
How to Determine Фe ….?

Correction of Porosity for Shale Effect
 Dcorr   D  (V sh   Dsh )
Фe
Vsh  Ncorr   N  (V sh   Nsh )
1 – Фe - Vsh
 Scorr   S  (V sh   Ssh )
 2
 2
 2
 2
e  Dcorr Ncorr
e  Dcorr Scorr
2 2
……. If no Hydrocarbon Effects
Correction of Porosity for Light
Hydrocarbon Effect
0 . 85  Ncorr  2 . 17  Dcorr
e   ( 1  0 . 10 S hr )
3
Фe
Vsh
S hr  1  S xo
1 – Фe - Vsh
2 Ncorr  7  Dcorr
e   ( 1  0 . 10 S hr )
9
Water Saturation in Shaly Formation
1  1  V sh / 2
V sh  m /2 n/2
   e
  Sw
Rt  R sh a  R w 
…. Not the only Shaly Sand Saturation Model
Dual Water Model
  Swb   Swb  
Ct  (t .Swt
w
) Cw  1    Ccw   
  Swt   Swt  

Water Saturation Equations for
Shaly Sand Formation

Will the Formation Flow Hydrocarbon …..????

Topics
 Clean Formation
 Conclusion
What is Permeability ..?
Permeability (k):
A measure of how easily fluids flow through the rock.
 Q L
L
k 
μ A
Q permeability, k Q
K: permeability
P A
Q: fluid flow rate
: fluid viscosity A: flow cross-section
L: flow length P: pressure drop along flow length P
Imagine fluids trying to pass between the grains in a clastic rock…..
 Ease of flow (k) is related to:

 Amount of pore space
Higher  Diameter of pore throats
Lower
Pressure Pressure  Type of fluid

Permeability & Flow Rate
 Permeability is a Dynamic Function that Controls Flow Rate
L
P2
A
P1
P
Where:
A ( P1  P2 ) Q = rate of flow, cm3/sec

A = cross sectional area, cm2
QK  L = Length, cm
L 
P1 = initial pressure, psi
P2 = producing pressure, psi
m = Fluid viscosity, cP

Porosity, Pore Throat Size and Permeability
Radius (HgI)
T2 (NMR)  = 17.1 %
Kair = 1.87 md
Swir = 80.8 %
 = 24.4 %
Kair = 45.1md
Swir = 58.3 %
 = 11.8 %
Kair = 414 md
Swir = 29.6 %
 = 27.8 %
Kair = 2640 md
Swir = 21.3 %
.001 .01 0.1 1.0 10 100

Radius, microns
Basic Concepts of Log Analysis
Permeability Determination
 Permeability is generally a function of porosity

and saturation (Pore shape geometry
 Core Analysis is critical to determining accurate
permeability
 Core permeability should be corrected for
overburden stress and hydrocarbon type
 For conventional logs, Permeability should be
modeled with core or reservoir simulation to get
a good match
 Core permeability should be corrected for
overburden stress and hydrocarbon type
High Permeability
 MRIL is the best logging tool to determine a
Permeability Index
Low
Permeability

Predicting K from Porosity
Fundamental Issues:
Ф = 47.6 % K is assumed to be a constant but it
K = 5000 md varies with rock type and formation:
r = 2.0 µ  K is a function of packing, grain shape,
grain size distribution and tortuosity
r Porosity is controlled by
 Packing & Sorting
 Grain size distribution
Ф = 47.6 % Permeability is controlled by

K = 5.00 md  Packing
r = 0.5 µ  Grain size
r  Grain size distribution

Methods to Determine Permeability
Approximate Radius
K Determination Method
of Investigation “ft”
Core Analysis (plug or whole core) 0.1
Log Analysis Method 0.1 – 5
Formation Tester Pre-Test (draw-down / build-up) 0.01 - 1
Formation Tester Mini-DST (build-up) 10 - 100
Drill Stem Test “DST” 100 – 10,000
Extended Well Test 10,000 +

Conventional Log-Derived Permeability
Usually based on Porosity & Irreducible Water Saturation
Sheffield, 1956
1  2 1 Ro
K ( )  2 F Swi:Irrducible Water Satutation
2F 1   S wi Rw
Timur, 1968
B  4 .4
K  A C
or K  0.136 
S wi S wi2
A,B,C : Empirical Constant based on Core Calibrations
Coats & Dumanoir, 1976 2

1 R 
1/ 2 C  2W
W 2  ( 3.75   )  log10 ( w )  2.2
K  4 where 2 Rti 
W Rw / Rti C  23  465  h  188  h2
Rti : True Resistivity @ Irreducible conditions
Coats, 1981
 2 (1  S wi )
K 1 / 2  100
S wi
MRI Log-Derived Permeability
Conductive Fluids
Matrix & Clay Capillary Moveable Oil Gas
Bound Bound Water Gas
Dry Clay Water Water
MCBW MPHI
MBVI MFFI
PHIT
MRIL Porosity:
tw/T1
MRIL = Fm HI . ( 1 – . e– )
MRIL Permeability:
b
     MFFI  
a
K       Standard Values: a = 2
  C   MBVI   b=2
  C = 10
 MRIL “K” Model assumes Water-Wet conditions

Permeability and Porosity

Permeability and Porosity
Higher rock porosity is generally associated with higher permeability

But the relationship is not consistent across all formations.
Examples of some porosity-permeability

trends, from lab studies
3 Popular Models
Carmen
Timur
Wyllie-Rose

Porosity - Permeability relations
10 10
800 psi 800 psi
1 1
Air, millidarcys
md
millidarcys
md
Air,
to Air,
toAir,
0.1 0.1
Permeabilityto
Permeability to
Permeability
Permeability
0.01 0.01
0.001
0.001
1 10 100
0 5 10 15 20 25
Porosity, percent Porosity, percent
Porosity % Porosity %
Combining K,Ф and Swir
0.5
0.4
0.3
Porosity
1000
0.2 100
10
1.0
0.1 K, mD
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Swir
© 2010 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.

How to Determine Swi ….??
MF - 164
Irreducible Water Saturation (Swi)
Assuming that oil or gas is driven through the reservoir, the water adhering to
the grains stays put; giving rise to the concept of irreducible water saturation.
Determination of Irreducible Water Saturation Swi
 Irreducible Water Saturation Swi from Core Analysis:

 The lowest water saturation level that can be achieved in a core plug by
displacing the water by oil or gas.
 The state is usually achieved by flowing oil or gas through a water-saturated
sample, or
 Spinning it in a centrifuge to displace the water with oil or gas.
 This process depends on the final drive pressure (when flowing oil or gas) or
the maximum speed of rotation (in a centrifuge).

Determination of Irreducible Water Saturation Swi
Solids / Matrix ФT
Clay- Capillary-
Dry Free Hydro-
Sand Bound Bound
Water
CBW BVI FFI

Фe
 Irreducible Water Saturation Swi from MRI Log
Swi = BVI / Фe
Swb = CBW / ФT

Relative Permeability
 In multiphase flow in porous media, the relative permeability of a phase
is a dimensionless measure of the effective permeability of that phase.
 It is the ratio of the effective permeability of that phase to the absolute
permeability.
1.0 1.0
for Non-Wetting Fluid
for Wetting Fluid
Irreducible Water Saturation
Residual Oil Saturation

Total permeability
0 0
Swirr 1-Sor
Wetting Fluid Saturation (Water, Sw)

Relative Permeability Relationships
nw
kw  S w  S wi 
k rw   
k w abs  1  S wi 
Water Relative Permeability, nw = 3.65
ng
kg  1  S gc  S w 
k rg   
k w abs  1  S gc  S wi 
Gas Relative Permeability, ng = 3.22
Temperature, flow velocity, saturation history, wettability changes and the

mechanical and chemical behavior of the matrix material may all play roles in
changing the functional dependence of the relative permeability on saturation.
169
Relative Permeability from MRI Log
b
  MPHI   MPHI - MBVI a
 
MPERM      
 C   MBVI  

x

MPERMw  MPERM  
MSW - MSWI 

 1- MSWI 
MPERMh  MPERM 
1 - MSW y
1 - MSWI x
Standard : a = 2 Standard : x = 2
b=2 y=3
C = 10
Topics
 Clean Formation
 Conclusion
Formation Testing and Fluid Sampling
 Applications:
 Measuring Formation Pressure
 Fluid Gradients Analysis and Fluid Contacts
 Compartmentalization - Lateral & Vertical
 Rock Facies variation / Fluid Composition variation
 Mobility Estimates
 Permeability Anisotropy / Interference Testing
 Fluid Type Identification
 Fluid Composition and Properties
 Flow Assurance
 Water Chemistry
 Facilities Design / Completions Design

Formation Pressure Testing
Production
Test
Total Flow
Seconds- Minutes- Hours-

DST
Minutes Hours Weeks
FasTest
Enhanced
WFT
WFT
Test Time

Conventional Wireline Formation Testing
Equalization Valve
Pressure Gauge
Pretest Chamber
(5-20 cc)
Probe
Pad
Flow line (150-300 cc)

Pad
Sample Chamber(s)

Typical Pressure Testing Sequence
Hydrostatic
Buildup
Pressure (psi)
q 
 Ps 
Drawdown 4 rp k
s
t=0 tib Time (sec) tsb tend

Pressure Gradient Interpretation
 In virgin reservoirs, if the measured interval

is thick enough, pressure gradients can be
established.
 Under static conditions, pressure changes
as a function of depth result from
gravitational causes.
 These changes are functions of the density
of the continuous fluid phases
p
g
z gravitational
ρ : fluid density (in-situ condition)
g : acceleration of gravity
z : true vertical depth
Typical Fluid Gradients
Fluids Pressure Gradient

g/cm3 kPa/m psi/ft
Gas 0.1 ~ 0.2 1.0 ~ 2.0 0.04 ~ 0.09
Sour Gas (H2S) 0.2 ~ 0.6 2.0 ~ 6.0 0.08 ~ 0.26
Condensate 0.2 ~ 0.55 2.0 ~ 5.5 0.08 ~ 0.24
Oil 0.68 ~ 0.85 6.8 ~ 8.5 0.29 ~ 0.37
Water/Filtrate 0.95 ~ 1.05 9.4 ~ 10.2 0.41 ~ 0.45

Heavy Oil/Bitumen 0.98 ~ 1.10 9.6 ~ 10.8 0.42 ~ 0.47
Mud Fluids 1.00 ~ 2.00 10.0 ~ 20.0 0.43 ~ 0.86

x 9.806
x 0.433

Pressure Profiling in Developing Field
depth
A A
B B
C C
current initial
pressure

Evolution of Formation Testers
Sequential FT RDT RDT RDT
SFTT Pumpout Oval Pad Straddle Packer
1970-80s 1990’s 2003 2007

Pressure Interference Testing
Rate Controlled 0.1- 20cc/sec
Pressures, sink and monitor
 q
Ps k s 
4 rp  Ps
Pv
 q
Initial Pretest kv
4 l v  Pv
3
k v  lv  Pv 

k h  rp  Ps 
Pretest piston displacement

Reservoir Fluid Typing & Sampling
Production
Test
Total Flow
Seconds- Minutes- Hours-

DST
Minutes Hours Weeks
FasTest
Enhanced
WFT
WFT
Test Time

Reservoir Fluid Typing
- Mud Logging / Gas Chromatography
- Logs (WL & LWD)
- Pressure Gradient
- Rock Sample
- Fluid Sample
Gas-Liquid
Contact Depth

Fluid Typing & Sampling - RDT
Dual Probe Section
(DPS)
At Reservoir Conditions:
 Gas Oil Ratio “GOR” Oval Pad Section

(OPS)
 Mobility
 PVT Sampling
 Bubble Point Quartz Gauge Section
(QGS)
 Viscosity & T1
Flow-control Pump-out
 Hydrogen Index Section
(FPS)
 Density
MRILab Section
MRILab
Multi Chamber Section

(MCS)

Reservoir Characterization Using
Zero Shock PVT Dual Probe Pressure Gradient Extended Range
Bottom Hole Sampling Pressure Testing
At Reservoir Conditions: Testing Pressure Sampling
PTS PTS PTS PTS

 Pressure & Temperature
HPS HPS HPS
MCS
 Gas-Oil “GOR” DPS DPS DPS
 Reservoir
MRILab Fluid Mobility
QGS QGS
 Buble Point DPS
FPS FPS
 Kv/Kh QGS
4/6 kpsi
HPS
 Fluid Viscosity / T1
Chamber Valve Section CVS MCS
DPS
 Fluid Density
QGS
 PVT Samples Wireline

Reservoir Characterization Using
Zero Shock PVT Dual Probe Pressure Gradient Extended Range
Bottom Hole Sampling Pressure Testing Testing Pressure Sampling
PTS PTS PTS PTS
HPS HPS HPS

MCS
DPS DPS DPS
MRILab
QGS QGS
DPS
FPS FPS
4/6 kpsi
QGS
HPS
Chamber Valve Section CVS MCS
DPS
QGS
Wireline

Fluid Typing While Drilling
LWD GeoTap & GeoTap IDS
 Accurate formation pressure GeoTap

measurements on demand every 7 to GeoTap IDS
10 minutes during the drilling process
 Improve the drilling and formation
evaluation process with real-time
PWD and Reservoir pore pressure
while drilling
 Real Time Reservoir Fluid Typing
 Reservoir Fluid Sampling

Eagle control system
Constant volume & temperature gas trap
Continuous Real-time Gas in Mud

measurement
Gas Chromatograph data analyzed by
system (C1-C5) representative of original
gas in mud concentrations
Effective gas ratios

Use of gas ratios are effective and consistent
providing greater information on formation
fluid types
Full control and monitoring by “Insite” Software

DQ1000 Mass Spectrometer
N2
N,N++ Seal Zone
H2O O2 Ar CO2
C1
Ar++
C1
H2
C3 CO2 Pay Zone
C5
He C7
H2S C9

Mass spectrometry gas analysis with DQ1000
DQ1000 log format

Drilling or LWD Class Distribution; Water Soluble;
parameters Benzene, Toluene,
Paraffin C1-C10 Paraffin, Naphthene, Acetic Acid
Aromatic Atmospherics;
N2,O2,Ar
Lithology column Inorganics;
Paraffin ratios He,H2,CO2 Sulfur species
Asset Manager

Topics
 Clean Formation
 Conclusion
Petrophysics & Log Analysis
Lithology: What type of rock
 Log measurements such as GR, Neutron, Density, Photoelectric, Resistivity
 Cuttings analysis
 Core analysis
Porosity: Amount of pore space in the rock.
 Log measurements such as Neutron, Density, Sonic, NMR
 Core analysis
 Water saturation: Fraction of the pore space occupied by water.
 Combination of Porosity, Resistivity and Lithology
 Permeability: Quantity of fluid that can flow as a function of time and pressure.
 Formation testing
 NMR logs
Empirical correlation to porosity
 Core analysis
 Reservoir Bed Thickness & Net Pay: Rock with enough permeability to deliver fluids
to a well bore.
Production & Reserves
Accumulated
7758 h Ad (1 - Sw) Fr
Np 
O
Flow Rate
kO h ( pe - pwf )
qO 
 r
141.2 O  ln s 
e 
 rw 
Petrophysics & Productivity Index
Conventional Methods Advanced Technologies:
Ф / Sw
PI ≈ Фh PI ≈ Kh / µ
- Magnetic Resonance, Pressure Testing and
- Conventional Logs Fluid I.D. / Properties Sampling
- Mathematical Models - Direct Measurements
- Assumption of Reservoir Parameters - Real Time Results
- Relying more on Production Testing / Core - Evaluation of Results vs. Production
Challenges: Benefits:
1- Reserves Estimates 1- Realistic Reserves Estimates
2- OPEX 2- Drilling / Evaluation Time Savings
3- Delay in Production 3- Early Production
4- Inadequate Investments in Surface 4- Proper Investments in Installations
Installations
Conventional vs. Advanced Technologies
Conventional Logs
Ф = 11 %, Sw = 10 %
h = 14 pies
Ф = 10 %, Sw = 10 %
Core Data
Mathematical
Models
Fluid Sample
PI ≈ Kh / µ
PI ≈ 100 x 4.3 / 4 = 108
≈ 1,000 Bbl/day
MRIL
Ф = 11% h = 6’ K = 100 md η = 4 cp
Ф = 10% h = 8’ K = 1 md η = 1300 cp
PI ≈ Kh / µ
PI ≈ 100 x 1.83 / 4 = 45
+
PI ≈ 1 x 2.44 / 1300 = 0.0018
≈ 450 Bbl/day
 Optimization of Completion Cost
SPE 108670
 Savings in OPEX

Conventional Logs MRIL
SPE 108670

Petrophysics - MF May 2015 - Final

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Petrophysics - MF May 2015 - Final

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Petrophysics - MF May 2015 - Final

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Petrophysics & Log Analysis

Principles & Applications

Petrophysics (petro is Latin for "rock" and physics is

Petrophysics The Study of the physical and chemical

© 2010 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. MF - 4

Sediment Lithification / Consolidation

Igneous Rocks Metamorphic Rocks

© 2010 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. MF - 8

© 2010 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. MF - 9

Sedimentary Rocks Land Surface Area

Igneous & Metamorphic rocks  Crystalline rocks

© 2010 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. MF - 10

Component Symbol Volume %

© 2010 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. MF - 11

Grian Size Rock Texture

Medium Very Fine

Coal (Organic Matter) Fine

© 2010 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. MF - 12

 Reservoir Rock Sandstone

© 2010 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. MF - 13

Shale Sandstone Siltstone Conglom. Limestone

© 2010 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. MF - 15

Calcite : Calcium Carbonate = CaCO3

Dolomite is a sedimentary carbonate rock and a mineral, both composed of calcium

Dolomite rock (also dolostone) is composed predominantly of the mineral dolomite.

Dolomite : Calcium Magnesium Carbonate = CaMg(CO3)2

© 2010 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. MF - 19

Smectite Group A0.3D2-3[T4O10]Z2· nH2O

There are 14 Smectite Group members, the most common 3 are:

Nontronite Na0.3Fe2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2· nH2O

Saponite Ca0.25(Mg,Fe)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2· nH2O

© 2010 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. MF - 21

 Porosity or void fraction

 Porosity is the intra-granular space

 If all grains have equal size, porosity is

 Porosity for a single grain size may

 If grains are NOT well sorted, porosity

 Exist non-intra-granular Porosity like

© 2010 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. MF - 23

 Secondary porosity: A subsequent or separate porosity

 Effective porosity (also called open porosity): Refers to the

 Ineffective porosity (also called closed porosity): Refers to

Pore structure (no clay) Pore structure (with clay)

© 2010 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. MF - 25

© 2010 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. MF - 26

© 2010 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. MF - 27

Porosity = 48% Porosity = 27 %

© 2010 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. MF - 28

© 2010 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. MF - 30

VolumeTotal = VRM + VW + VHC

VolumeTotal = VRM + VSH+ VW + VHC

Irreducible Free Fluids

© 2010 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. MF - 34

Most Standard Logs

© 2010 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. MF - 37

© 2010 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. MF - 40

© 2010 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. MF - 41

 Environmental Corrections (usually minor)

© 2010 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. MF - 42