RIZAL REVIEWER  Patriotism - a feeling of attachment to one's

Prelim homeland.
 Bayan/banua - indigenous Filipino concepts of
MODULE 1.1
community and territory that may be related to
Vocabulary: nationalism.

 Bill - a measure which, if passed through the Nation and Nationalism

legislative process, becomes a law.
Three theories that explain the roots of the nation and
 Unexpurgated - basically untouched. Meaning
national identity.
is not changed or censored to remove parts that
might offend people.  Primordialism - This theory traces the root of
 Bicameral - involving the two chambers of the nation and national identity to existing and
Congress; the Senate and the House of deep-rooted features of a group of people like
Representatives. race, language, religion, and others. Proponents
of this theory argued that national identity has
How a bill becomes a law: The legislative process
always existed, and nations have ethnic cores,
1. Filing a Bill in the Senate Office of the Secretary whereas division among citizens was
2. First Reading determined through di-customizing 'us' and
3. Committee Hearings "them".
4. Second Reading  Modernity - Nationalism and national identity
5. Voting on Second Reading are products of social structure and culture
6. Voting on Third Reading brought by capitalism, urbanization,
7. Consolidation of Version from the House secularization, and bureaucratization.
8. Transmittal of the Final Version to Malacanan  Constructivist approach - nationalism, and
nationalism are results of discourses socially
The Making of Rizal Law
constructed and imagined by people who
 Senate Bill No. 438 was filed by the Senate identify with a group.
Committee on Education Nation and Bayan
 Jose P. Laurel sponsored the bill
 Legislators and Senators debated on the Rizal The actual articulations of nation and nationalism
Bill started by Filipino heroes like Andres Bonifacio, Jose
 Legislators and Senators amended versions of Rizal, and others culminated in the anti-colonial
the bill revolution in Asia.
 Malacanan approved the final version However, many Filipino scholars traced the concept of
 Malacanan issued Republic Act 1425 aka Rizal nation and nationalism through indigenous knowledge.
Law Sikolohiyang Pilipino and Bagong Kasaysayan
MODULE 1.2 understood nation and nationalism in the context of
Kapwa and bayan.
Vocabulary
 Kapwa is an important concept in the country's
 Nation - a group of people with a shared social relations and supports the notion of unity
language, culture, and history, and other and harmony in a community. Kapwa
practices like religion, affinity to a place, etc. presupposed the Filipino culture and psyche
 Nation-state - a state ruling over a nation anchored on collective social practices that
 Sovereignty - the authority to govern a polity manifest in linguistic terms such as
without external interference/incursions. pakikipagkapwa, pakikisama, pakikipag-ugnay,
 State - A political entity that wields sovereignty and pakikibaka.
over a defined territory.  Bayan or banua - is defined as the territory
where the people live or the actual community
RIZAL: FINAL EXAM | 1
 they are identifying with. It encompasses both Parallelism between Jesus Christ and Jose Rizal
the spatial community as well as the imagined
 Both Jesus (J) and Jose (J) fulfilled a purpose/
community.
call or mission. Jesus is for the redemption of
MODULE 2.1 mankind from sin while Jose is for the
redemption of his people from oppression.
Vocabulary:
 Both J&J were Asians, had a brilliant mind, extra
 Millenarian groups - socio-political movements ordinary talents.
who generally believe in the coming of a major  Both J&J were reformers, healers, non-violent
social transformation with the establishment of revolutionaries, have followers.
the Kingdom of God.  Both died at young age and at the hands of their
 Rizalista - a religious movement that believes in enemies.
the divinity of Jose Rizal.
The Canonization of Rizal: Tracing the Roots of
 Jove Rex Al - the Latin name of Jose Rizal
Rizalistas
according to Rizalistas; Jove means GOD; Rex
means KING; and Al means ALL (thus, GOD KING  The Philippine Independent Church (PIC)
of ALL). canonized Jose Rizal as saint and published in
 Colorum - a term used to refer to secret the "acta de Canonization de los Grandes
societies that fought against the colonial Martires de la Patria Dr. Jose Rizal y PP. Burgos,
government in the Philippines. Gomez y Zamora' that the council of Bishops
 Canonization - the act of declaring a dead headed by Gregorio Aglipay met in Manila on
person as a saint. September 24, 1903.
 PIC observed that Rizal's followers is increasing
Rizal as the Tagalog Christ
after his canonization as saint and influential in
In late 1898 and early 1899, revolutionary newspapers molding the socio-religious belief of mankind.
La Independencia and El Heraldo de la Revolucion  Jose Rizal was revered as saint or God.
reported about Filipinos commemorating Rizal's death o A colorum sect in Tayabas Quezon
in various towns in the country. In Batangas, for o Rizalina in Barrio Caluluan Conception
example, people were said to have gathered "tearfully Tarlac
wailing before a portrait of Rizal" (Ileto 1998) while o Banal in many towns of Leyte (Dulag,
remembering how Christ went through the same Barauen and Limon)
struggles. o Pantay-pantay Society in Legaspi city
whose members are called Rizalinos.
After Rizal execution, peasants in Laguna were reported
o Some 'colorum' sects also venerated
to have regarded Rizal as "lord of a kind of paradise in
Rizal as God.
the heart of Mt. Makiling". In 1907, Miguel de Unamuno
gave Rizal the title "Tagalog Christ" as a religious Major Groups Venerating Jose Rizal
organization venerating him had been formed in
different parts of the Philippines. Rizalistas believe that Adarnista
Rizal, just like Jesus Christ or reincarnation of Jesus  Founder: Candida Balantac (engkantada/Inang
Christ would eventually return to life and save mankind. Adarna) in 1901
In history Apolinario dela Cruz (1815-1841) who  Branches: La Union, Pangasinan and Tarlac,
founded the religious confraternity Cofradia de San Jose Zambales, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Baguio
was also considered as the "Tagalog Christ" by his city and Manila
followers. Moreover, Filipino revolutionary Felipe  Members: 10,000
Salvador (1870-1912), also known as Apo Ipe, who  Teachings: Rizal is a god of the Filipino people;
founded the messianic society Santa Iglesia (Holy Rizal is true god and man.
Church) was called by his followers as the "Filipino  They believe in the following:
Christ” and the "King of the Philippines.” 1. Rizal is a god of the Filipino People.

RIZAL: FINAL EXAM | 2

 2. Rizal is true god and a true man.  Founder: Naria Bernarda Balitaan (MBB) in
3. Rizal was not executed as has been 1920s
mentioned by historians.  Branches: Foot of Mt. Banahaw Sta. Lucia
4. Man is endowed with a soul; as such, Dolores, Quezon (Main) and other provinces in
man is capable of good deeds. Luzon Island
5. Heaven and hell exist but are,  Members: 100,000
nevertheless, "within us."  Teachings: Jesus Christ's works was continued
6. The abode of the members of the sect by Jose Rizal and the twelve lights (12 apostles)
in Bongabon, Nueva Ecija is the New in 19th century.
Jerusalem or Paradise.  The Ciudad Mistica shares many elements with
7. The caves in Bongabon are dwelling the Catholic Church. They hold masses (every
place in Jehovah or God. Saturday) and have prayers and chants. They
commemorate the birth and death
Sambahang Rizal (Rizal Church)
anniversaries of the twelve lights with Rizal
 Founder: Basilio Aromin in 1918 death (December 30) as the most important
 Branches: Nueva Ecija and Pangasinan celebration.
 Members: 7,000
MODULE 2.2
 Teachings: Bible (Noli and El Fili) shows the
doctrine and teachings of Rizal. Vocabulary:
 The Sambahang Rizal conducts sacraments like
 Chinese mestizo - a person of mixed Chinese
baptism, confirmation, marriage, and
and Filipino ancestry.
ceremonies for the dead.
 Principalia - the ruling and usually educated
Iglesia Watawat ng Lahi (Factions: Watawat ng Lahi, upper class in Spanish colonial Philippines.
Iglesia ng Watawat ng Lahi, Inc. and Iglesia ng Lipi ni  Bachiller en Artes - Bachelor of Arts degree
Gat Dr. Jose P. Rizal, Inc.) bestowed by colleges or universities.
 Spanish Cortes - Spain's lawmaking or
 Founder: Philippine National Heroes (PNH) and
legislative body.
Arsenio de Guzman in 1911
 Ilustrado - a term which literally means "
 Branches: Nationwide
enlighten ones" or the Filipinos educated in
 Members: 100,000
Europe.
 Teachings: Rizal was the Christ and the
 Masonry - fraternal organization which strives
"Messenger of God.”
for moral betterment.
 The aims of the organization are as follows
(Foronda, 2011): Jose Protacio Mercado Rizal Alonzo Y Realonda
1. To love God above all things.
 Jose Rizal was born on June 19, 1861, in the
2. To love one's fellowman as one loves
town of Calamba, Laguna
himself.
 Doctor - completed his medical course in Spain
3. To love the motherland and to respect
and was conferred the degree of Licentiate in
and venerate the heroes of the race
Medicine by the Universidad Central de Madrid.
especially the martyr of Bagumbayan,
Dr. Rizal, to follow, to spread, and to  Jose - was chosen by his mother who was a
support their right teachings; and to devotee of the Christian saint San Jose (St.
serve the country with one's whole Joseph).
hearth towards its order, progress, and  Protacio - from Gervacio P. which comes from a
peace. Christian calendar.
 Mercado - adopted in 1731 by Domingo Lamco
(the paternal great-great-grandfather of Jose
Rizal) which the Spanish term mercado means
Suprema de la Iglesia de Cuidad Mistica de Dios Inc.
‘market’ in English.
(Supreme Church of the Mystical City of God)
RIZAL: FINAL EXAM | 3
  Rizal - from the word ‘Ricial’ in Spanish means a Rizal's Ancestry
field where wheat, cut while still green, sprouts
 Fathers' Side - Domingo Lamco Ines de la Rosa
again.
(a Chinese immigrant from (Well-to-do Chinese
 Alonzo - old surname of his mother.
the Fukien city arrived in Christian girl of
 Y- and
Changchow Manila about 1690). Francisco
 Realonda - it was used by Doña Teodora from
Mercado Cirila Bernacha Juan Mercado (Rizal’s
the surname of her godmother based on the
grandfather) Cirila Alejandro. Had thirteen
culture by that time.
children, the youngest being Francisco Mercado
 June 19, 1861 - moonlit of Wednesday between
(Rizal’s father)
eleven and midnight Jose Rizal was born in the
 Mother's Side - Lakandula (The last native king
lakeshore town of Calamba, Laguna.
of Tondo) Eugenio Ursua (Rizal’s maternal
 June 22, 1861 - aged three days old, Rizal was
Benigna Great-great Grandfather of (a Filipina)
baptized in the Catholic church.
Japanese Ancestry) Manuel de Quintos Regina
 Father Rufino Collantes - a Batangueño, the
(a Filipino from Pangasinan) Lorenzo Alberto
parish priest who baptized Rizal.
Alonso Brigida (a prominent Spanish Filipino
 Father Pedro Casanas - Rizal’s godfather, native
mestizo of Biñan) Narcisa, Teodora (Rizal’s
of Calamba and close friend of the Rizal family.
mother), Gregorio, Manuel at Jose
 Lieutenant-General Jose Lemery - the governor
general of the Philippines when Rizal was born. Childhood Years in Calamba

Rizal's Parents  Calamba was named after a big native jar.

 Calamba was a hacienda town which belonged
Don Francisco Mercado (1818-1898)
to the Dominican Order, which also owned all
 born in Biñan, Laguna on May 11, 1818. the lands around it.
 studied Latin and Philosophy at the College of  Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo (In Memory of My
San Jose in Manila. Town) - a poem about Rizal’s beloved town
 became a tenant. written by Rizal in 1876 when he was 15 years
 farmer of the Dominican-owned hacienda. old and was student in the Ateneo de Manila.
 a hardy and independent-minded man, who  The first memory of Rizal, in his infancy, was his
talked less and worked more, and was strong in happy days in the family garden when he was
body and valiant in spirit. three years old.
 died in Manila on January 5, 1898, at the age of  Another childhood memory was the daily
80. Angelus prayer. By nightfall, Rizal related, his
 Rizal affectionately called him “a model of mother gathered all the children at the house to
fathers.” pray the Angelus.
 Another memory of Rizal’s infancy was the
Doña Teodora Alonso Realonda (1826-1911) nocturnal walk in the town, especially when
 born in Manila on November 8, 1826. there was a moon.
 educated at the College of Santa Rosa, a well-  The death of little Concha brought Rizal his first
known college for girls in the city. sorrow.
 a remarkable woman, possessing refined  At the age of three, Rizal began to take a part in
culture, literary talent, business ability, and the the family prayers.
fortitude of Spartan women.  When Rizal was five years old, he was able to
 a woman of more than ordinary culture: she read haltingly the Spanish family bible.
knows literature and speaks Spanish (according  The Story of the Moth - made the profoundest
to Rizal). impression on Rizal - “died a martyr to its
 died in Manila on August 16, 1911, at the age of illusions.”
85.

RIZAL: FINAL EXAM | 4

  At the age of five, Rizal began to make sketches  Jose Guevara - Rizal’s classmate who also loved
with his pencil and to mold in clay and wax painting, became apprentices of the old painter.
objects which attracted his fancy.  “The favorite painters of the class”- because of
 Sa Aking Mga Kabata (To My Fellow Children) - his artistic talent.
Rizal’s first poem in native language at the age  Christmas in 1870 - Rizal received a letter from
of eight - reveals Rizal’s earliest nationalist his sister Saturnina, informing him of the arrival
sentiment. of the steamer Talim which would take him
 At the age of eight, Rizal wrote his first dramatic from Biñan to Calamba.
work which was a Tagalog comedy.
Daily Life in Biñan
Influences on the Hero's Boyhood
 Heard the four o’ clock mass then at ten o’ clock
1. hereditary influence went home at once and went at school at two
2. environmental influence and came out at five.
3. aid of Divine Providence  The day was unusual when Rizal was not laid
out on a bench and given five or six blows
Tio Jose Alberto - studied for eleven years in British
because of fighting.
school in Calcutta, India and had traveled in Europe
inspired Rizal to develop his artistic ability. Martyrdom Of Gomburza
Tio Manuel - a husky and athletic man, encouraged  Night of January 20, 1872 - about 200 Filipino
Rizal to develop his frail body by means of physical soldiers and workmen of the Cavite arsenal
exercises. under the leadership of Lamadrid, Filipino
sergeant, rose in violent mutiny because of the
Tio Gregorio - a book lover, intensified Rizal’s voracious
abolition of their usual privileges.
reading of good book.
 Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and
Father Leoncio Lopez - the old and learned parish priest Jacinto Zamora - were executed at sunrise of
of Calamba, fostered Rizal’s love for scholarship and February 17, 1872, by order of Governor
intellectual honesty. General Izquierdo
 The martyrdom of Gomburza in 1872 truly
Early Education In Calamba And Biñan
inspired Rizal to fight the evils of Spanish
 The first teacher of Rizal was his mother, who tyranny and redeem his oppressed people.
was remarkable woman of good character and  Rizal dedicated his second novel, El
fine culture - his mother. Filibusterismo, to Gomburza.
 Maestro Celestino - Rizal’s first private tutor
Injustice To Hero's Mother
 Maestro Lucas Padua - Rizal’s second tutor
 Leon Monroy - a former classmate of Rizal’s  Before June 1872 - Doña Teodora was suddenly
father became Rizal’s tutor that instructed Jose arrested on a malicious charge that she and her
in Spanish and Latin. brother, Jose Alberto, tried to poison the
 Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz - Rizal’s latter’s perfidious wife.
teacher in a private school in Biñan. Rizal  Antonio Vivencio del Rosario - Calamba’s
described his teacher as follows: He was thin, gobernadorcillo, help arrest Doña Teodora.
long necked, with a sharp nose and a body  After arresting Doña Teodora, the sadistic
slightly bent forward. Spanish lieutenant forced her to walk from
 Pedro - the teacher’s son which Rizal challenged Calamba to Santa Cruz (capital of Laguna
to a fight. province), 50 kilometers.
 Andres Salandanan - challenged Rizal to an  Doña Teodora was incarcerated at the
arm-wrestling match. provincial prison, where she languished for two
 Juancho - an old painter who was the father-in- years and a half.
law of the schoolteacher; freely give Rizal
lessons in drawing and painting.
RIZAL: FINAL EXAM | 5
  Messrs. Francisco de Marcaida and Manuel  Father Jose Bech - Rizal’s first professor in
Marzan - the most famous lawyers of Manila Ateneo whom he described as a “tall thin man,
that defend Doña Teodora. with a body slightly bent forward, a harried
walk, an ascetic face, severe and inspired, small
Escuela Pia/Ateneo Municipal
deep-sunken eyes, a sharp nose that was almost
 a college under the supervision of the Spanish Greek, and thin lips forming an arc whose ends
Jesuits fell toward the chin.
 Escuela Pia (Charity School) - formerly name of  A Religious picture - Rizal’s first prize for being
Ateneo, a school for poor boys in Manila which the brightest pupil in the whole class.
was established by the city government in 1817.  Rizal took private lessons in Santa Isabel College
 Escuela Pia > à Ateneo Municipal > à Ateneo de during the noon recesses. He paid three pesos
Manila for those extra Spanish lessons.
 June 10, 1872 - Rizal accompanied by Paciano  The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexander
went to Manila. Dumas - the first favorite novel of Rizal which
 Father Magin Ferrando - was the college made a deep impression on him.
registrar, refused to admit Rizal in Ateneo for  Universal History by Cesar Cantu - Rizal
two reasons: persuaded his father to buy him this set of
1. he was late for registration. historical work that was a great aid in his
2. he was sickly and undersized for his age. studies.
 Manuel Xerez Burgos - because of his  Dr. Feodor Jagor - a German scientist-traveler
intercession, nephew of Father Burgos, Rizal who visited the Philippines in 1859-1860 who
was reluctantly admitted at the Ateneo. wrote Travels in the Philippines. Rizal was
 Jose was the first of his family to adopt the impressed in this book because of:
surname “Rizal”. He registered under this name 1. Jagor’s keen observations of the defects
at Ateneo because their family name of Spanish colonization.
“Mercado” had come under the suspicion of the 2. His prophecy that someday Spain would
Spanish authorities. lose the Philippines and that America
would come to succeed her as colonizer.
Jesuits System of Education  Padre Francisco de Paula Sanchez - a great
 it trained the character of the student by rigid educator and scholar, one of Rizal’s professors
discipline and religious instructions. who inspired him to study harder and to write
 Students were divided into two groups: poetry. Rizal described this Jesuit professor as
o Roman Empire - consisting of internos “model of uprightness, earnestness, and love
(boarders); red banner. for the advancement of his pupils.”
o Carthaginian Empire - composed of the  Rizal topped all his classmates in all subjects
externos (non-boarders); blue banner. and won five medals at the end of the school
 Emperor - the best student in each “empire” term.
 Tribune - the second best  The most brilliant Atenean of his time, he was
truly “the pride of the Jesuits.”
 Decurion - the third best
 March 23, 1877 - Commencement Day, Rizal,
 Centurion - the fourth best
who was 16 years old, received from his Alma
 Stand-bearer - the fifth best
Mater, Ateneo Municipal, the degree of
 The Ateneo students in Rizal’s time wore a
Bachelor of Arts, with highest honors.
uniform which consisted of “hemp-fabric
 Marian Congregation - a religious society
trousers” and “striped cotton coat.” The coat
wherein Rizal was an active member and later
material was called rayadillo.
became the secretary.
Ateneo  Rizal cultivated his literary talent under the
guidance of Father Sanchez.

RIZAL: FINAL EXAM | 6

  Father Jose Villaclara - advised Rizal to stop 2. he was “still uncertain as to what career
communing with the Muse and pay more to pursue.”
attention to more practical studies.  Father Pablo Ramon - Rector of Ateneo, who
 Rizal studied painting under the famous Spanish had been good to him during his student days in
painter, Agustin Saez, and sculpture under that college, asking for advice on the choice of a
Romualdo de Jesus, noted Filipino sculptor. career but unfortunately, he was in Mindanao.
 Rizal carved an image of the Virgin Mary on a  It was during the following term (1878-1879)
piece of batikuling (Philippine hardwood) with that Rizal, having received the Ateneo Rector’s
his pocket-knife. advice to study medicine.
 Father Lleonart - impressed by Rizal’s sculptural  During Rizal’s first school term in the University
talent, requested him to carve for him an image of Santo Tomas (1877-1878), Rizal also studied
of Sacred Heart of Jesus. in Ateneo. He took the vocational course
leading to the title of perito agrimensor (expert
Poems Written in Ateneo
surveyor).
Mi Primera Inspiracion (My First Inspiration), 1874 -  Rizal excelled in all subjects in the surveying
the first poem Rizal probably wrote during his days in course in Ateneo, obtaining gold medals in
Ateneo which was dedicated to his mother on her agriculture and topography.
birthday; Rizal wrote it before he was 14 years old.  Liceo Artistico-Literario (Artistic-Literary
Lyceum) of Manila - a society of literary men
In 1876, Rizal wrote poems on various topics-religion, and artists, held a literary contest in the year
education, childhood memories and war. They were as 1879.
follows:
 A La Juventud Filipina (To the Filipino Youth) -
 Un Recuerdo a Mi Pueblo (In Memory of My Rizal, who was then 18 years old, submitted thi-
Town) - a tender poem in honor of Calamba, is an inspiring poem of flawless form. Rizal
the hero’s natal town. beseeches the Filipino youth to rise from
 Alianza Intima Entre la Religion y la Buena lethargy, to let genius fly swifter than the wind
Educacion (Intimate Alliance Between Religion and descend with art and science to break the
and Good Education) - Rizal showed the chains that have long bound the spirit of the
importance of religion in education. people -this winning poem of Rizal is a classic in
 Por la Educacion Recibe Lustre la Patria Philippine literature for two reasons:
(Through Education the Country Receives o it was the great poem in Spanish
Light) - Rizal believed in the significant role written by a Filipino, whose merit was
which education plays in the progress and recognized by Spanish literary
welfare of a nation. authorities.
o it expressed for the first time the
Studies At The University of Santo Tomas (1887-1882) nationalistic concept that the Filipinos,
 After finishing the first year of a course in and not the foreigners, were the “fair
Philosophy and Letters (1877-1878), Rizal hope of the Fatherland.”
transferred to the medical course. “Don’t send  The Board of Judges, composed of Spaniards,
him to Manila again; he knows enough. If he was impressed by Rizal’s poem and gave it the
gets to know more, the Spaniards will cut off his first prize which consisted of a silver pen,
head.” feather-shaped and decorated with a gold
 Doña Teodora vigorously opposed the idea that ribbon.
Rizal pursue higher learning in the university.  El Consejo de los Dioses (The Councils of the
 April 1877 - Rizal who was then nearly 16 years Gods) - an allegorical drama written by Rizal
old, matriculated in the University of Santo which he entered in the literary contest of
Tomas, taking the course on Philosophy and Artistic-Literary Lyceum in 1880 to
Letters because: commemorate the fourth centennial of the
1. his father likes it.
RIZAL: FINAL EXAM | 7
 death of Cervantes -was a literary masterpiece the life and culture, languages and customs,
based on the Greek classics. industries and commerce, and government and
 The prize was awarded to Rizal, a gold ring on laws of the European nations in order to
which was engraved the bust of Cervantes. prepare himself in the mighty task of liberating
 D.N. del Puzo - a Spanish writer, who won the his oppressed people from Spanish tyranny.
second prize.  This Rizalian secret mission was likewise
 Junto al Pasig (Beside the Pasig) - a zarzuela, disclosed by Paciano in his letter to his younger
which was staged by the Ateneans on brother dated Manila, May 20,1892.
December 8, 1880, on the occasion of the  Rizal’s departure for Spain was kept secret to
annual celebration of the Feats Day of the avoid detection by the Spanish authorities and
Immaculate Conception, Patroness of the the friars.
Ateneo. Rizal wrote it as President of the o Jose Mercado - Rizal used this name; a
Academy of Spanish Literature in Ateneo. cousin from Biñan.
 Compañerismo (Comradeship) - Rizal founded a o May 3, 1882 - Rizal departed on board
secret society of Filipino students in University the Spanish streamer Salvadora bound
of Santo Tomas in 1880. for Singapore.

Unhappy days at the UST Naples and Marseilles

Rizal found the atmosphere at the University of Santo  Rizal visited the famous Chateau d’If, where
Tomas suffocating to his sensitive spirit. He was Dantes, hero of the Count of Monte Cristo, was
unhappy at this Dominican institution of higher learning imprisoned.
because:  Rizal stayed two and a half days in Marseilles.
 the Dominican professors were hostile to him. Barcelona
 the Filipino students were racially discriminated
 Rizal’s first impression of Barcelona, the
against by the Spaniards.
greatest city of Cataluña and Spain’s second
 the method of instruction was obsolete and
largest city, was unfavorable.
repressive-In Rizal’s novel, El Filibusterismo, he
 Las Ramblas - the most famous street in
described how the Filipino students were
Barcelona.
humiliated and insulted by their Dominican
professors and how backward the method of  Amor Patrio (Love of Country) - nationalistic
instruction was, especially in the teaching of the essay, Rizal’s first article written on Spain’s soil -
natural sciences. He related in Chapter XIII, “The under his penname Laong Laan, appeared in
Class in Physics.” print in Diariong Tagalog on August 20, 1882. It
was published in two texts—Spanish and
Tagalog—the Spanish text was the one
originally written by Rizal in Barcelona, the
tagalog text was a Tagalog translation made by
M.H. del Pilar
 Basilio Teodoro Moran - a friend of Rizal in
Manila and the publisher of Diariong Tagalog
where Rizal sent this article.
 Diariong Tagalog - the first Manila bilingual
Sunny Spain (1882-1885) newspaper (Spanish and Tagalog).
 After finishing the 4th year of the medical  Los Viajes (Travels) - Rizal’s second article for
course in the University of Santo Tomas, Rizal Diariong Tagalog.
decided to complete his studies in Spain.  Revista de Madrid (Review of Madrid) - Rizal’s
 Aside from completing his studies in Spain, Rizal third article written in Madrid on November 29,
has his “secret mission” - was to observe keenly 1882, but returned to him because the Diariong

RIZAL: FINAL EXAM | 8

 Tagalog had ceased publication for lack of  Lodge Solidaridad (Madrid) – Rizal transferred
funds. where he became a Master Mason on
 Rizal received sad news about the cholera that November 15, 1890.
was ravaging Manila and the provinces  February 15, 1892 - Rizal was awarded the
according to Paciano’s letter, dated September diploma as Master Mason by Le Grand Orient
15, 1882. de France in Paris
 Another sad news from the Philippines was the  Science, Virtue and Labor - Rizal’s only Masonic
chatty letter of Chengoy recounting the writing; a lecture which he delivered in 1889 at
unhappiness of Leonor Rivera. Lodge Solidaridad, Madrid.
 In one of his letters (dated May 26, 1882),  After Rizal’s departure for Spain, things turned
Paciano advised his younger brother to finish from bad to worse in Calamba:
the medical course in Madrid. o harvests of rice and sugarcane failed on
 Rizal left Barcelona in the fall of 1882 and account of drought and locusts.
established himself in Madrid, the capital of o the manager of the Dominican-owned
Spain. hacienda increased the rentals of the
lands.
Life in Madrid
o a dreadful pest killed most of the
 Circulo Hispano-Filipino (Hispano-Philippine turkeys. Due to hard times in Calamba,
Circle) - a society of Spaniards and Filipinos the monthly allowances of Rizal in
which Rizal joined shortly after his arrival in Madrid were late in arrival and there
Madrid in 1882. were times when they never arrived.
 Me Piden Versos (They Ask Me for Verses) -  Evening of June 25, 1884 - a banquet was
upon the request of the members of this sponsored by the Filipino community to
society, Rizal’s wrote this poem which he celebrate the double victory of the Filipino artist
personally declaimed during the New Year’s Eve in the National Exposition of Fine Arts in Madrid
reception of the Madrid Filipinos held in the —Luna’s Spoliarium winning the first prize and
evening of December 31, 1882 -in this sad Hidalgo’s Christian Virgins Exposed to the
poem, Rizal poured out the cry of his agonizing Populace (Virgenes Cristianas Expuestas al
heart Populacho), second prize.
 Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin and  These student demonstrations were caused by
Eugene Sue’s The Wandering Jew - these two the address of Dr. Miguel Morayta, professor of
books aroused Rizal’s sympathy for the history, at the opening ceremonies of the
oppressed and unfortunate people. academic year on November 20, in which he
proclaimed, “the freedom of science and the
teacher.”
 June 21, 1884 - Rizal completed his medical
course in Spain; he was conferred the degree of
Licentiate in Medicine by the Universidad
Central de Madrid. The next academic year
(1884-1885), Rizal studied and passed all
subjects leading to the degree of Doctor of
First Visit to Paris (1883) Medicine but he did not present the thesis
required for graduation nor paid the
 March 1883 - Rizal joined the Masonic lodge corresponding fees, he was not awarded his
called Acacia in Madrid. Doctor’s diploma.
 Rizal’s reason for becoming a mason was to  June 19, 1885 - on his 24th birthday, Rizal was
secure Freemasonry’s aid in his fight against the awarded the degree of Licentiate in Philosophy
friars in the Philippines. and Letters by the Universidad Central de

RIZAL: FINAL EXAM | 9

 Madrid with the rating of “Excellent”  April 22, 1886 - Rizal wrote a fine poem “A Las
(Sobresaliente). Flores de Heidelberg” (To the Flowers of
Heidelberg)
Paris to Berlin (1885-1887)
 In the spring of 1886, Rizal was fascinated by
 Rizal went to Paris and Germany in order to the blooming flowers along the cool banks of
specialize in ophthalmology - Rizal chose this the Neckar River. Among them was his favorite
branch of medicine because he wanted to cure flower - the light blue “forget-me-not.”
his mother’s eye ailment.  Wilhelmsfeld - a mountainous village near
Heidelberg where Rizal spent a three-month
In Gay Paris (1185-1886)
summer vacation.
 Maximo Viola - a medical student and a  Dr. Karl Ullmer - a kind Protestant pastor where
member of a rich family of San Miguel, Bulacan, Rizal stayed, who became his good friend and
Rizal’s friend. admirer.
 Señor Eusebio Corominas - editor of the In Leipzig and Dresden
newspaper La Publicidad and made a crayon
sketch of Don Miguel Morayta, owner of La  Dr. Hans Meyer - German anthropologist, a
Publicidad. friend of Rizal.
 Rizal gave Editor Corominas an article on the  In Leipzig, Rizal translated Schiller’s William Tell
Carolines Question, then a controversial issue, from German into Tagalog so that Filipino might
for publication. know the story of that champion of Swiss
 Dr. Louis de Weckert (1852-1906) - leading independence.
French ophthalmologist wherein Rizal worked  Rizal also translated into Tagalog for his
as an assistant from November 1885 to nephews and niece Hans Andersen’s Fairy Tales.
February 1886.  Rizal found out that the cost of living in Leipzig
 Paz Pardo de Tavera - was a pretty girl, who was cheapest in Europe so that he stayed two
was engaged to Juan Luna. months and a half.
 At the studio of Luna, Rizal spent many happy  October 29, 1886 - Rizal left Leipzig for Dresden
hours. Rizal helped Luna by posing as model in where he met Dr. Adolph B. Meyer, Director of
several paintings. the Anthropological and Ethnological Museum.
 In Luna’s canvas “The Death of Cleopatra,” Rizal
Berlin
posed as an Egyptian priest. In another of
Luna’s great paintings, “The Blood Compact,” he  Rizal was enchanted by Berlin because of its
posed as Sikatuna, with Trinidad Pardo de scientific atmosphere and the absence of race
Tavera taking the role of Legazpi. prejudice.
 La Deportacion (Deportation) - a sad danza  Rizal met for the first time Dr. Feodor Jagor,
which Rizal composed in Dapitan during his celebrated German scientist-traveler and author
exile. of Travels in the Philippines, a book which Rizal
read and admired during his student days in
Manila.
 Dr. Rudolf Virchow - introduced to Rizal by Dr.
Jagor; famous German anthropologist.
 Dr. Hans Virchow - son of Dr. Rudolf Virchow,
In Historic Heidelberg professor of Descriptive Anatomy.
 Dr. Ernest Schweigger (1830-1905) - famous
 Dr. Otto Becker - distinguished German German ophthalmologist where Rizal worked.
ophthalmologist where Rizal worked—  Rizal became a member of the Anthropological
University Eye Hospital Society, the Ethnological Society, and the
Geographical Society of Berlin, upon the
recommendation of Dr. Jagor and Dr. Meyer.
RIZAL: FINAL EXAM | 10
  Tagalische Verkunst (Tagalog Metrical Art) -  Rizal was thrilled by the sights and memories of
Rizal wrote this scholarly paper in German the Eternal City. Describing to Blumentritt, the
which he read before the society in April 1887. “grandeur that was Rome”, he wrote on June
This paper was published by the society in the 27, 1887. 16
same year, and elicited favorable comments  June 29, 1887 - the Feast Day of St. Peter and
from all scientific quarters. St. Paul, Rizal visited for the first time the
 Rizal lived in Berlin, famous capital of unified Vatican, the “City of the Popes” and the capital
Germany for five reasons: of Christendom.
1. to gain further knowledge of  Every night, after sightseeing the whole day,
ophthalmology. Rizal returned to his hotel, very tired. “I am
2. to further his studies of sciences and tired as a dog,” he wrote to Blumentritt, “but I
languages. will sleep as a God.”
3. to observe the economic and political
Exile In Dapitan
conditions of the German nation.
4. to associate with famous German  Rizal arrived in Dapitan on board the steamer
scientists and scholars. CEBU on July 17, 1892 (now a city within
5. to publish his novel, Noli Me Tangere Zamboanga del Norte) was a remote town in
Mindanao which served as a politico-military's
Lietmeritz
outpost of the Spaniards in the Philippines.
 Professor Blumentritt - a kind-hearted, old  It was headed by Captain Ricardo Carnicero,
Austrian professor. who became a friend of Rizal during his exile.
 May 13 to May 16, 1887- Rizal and Viola stayed He gave Rizal the permission to explore the
in Leitmeritz. place and required him to report once a week in
 Tourist’s Club of Leitmeritz - which Blumentritt his office.
was the secretary; Rizal spoke  He practiced medicine, pursued scientific
extemporaneously in fluent Germany to the studies, and continued his artistic pursuits in
officers and members. sculpture, painting, sketching, and writing
 Dr. Carlos Czepelak - renowned scientist of poetry.
Europe.  He established a school for boys and promoted
 Professor Robert Klutschak - an eminent community development projects. He also
naturalist. found time to study the Malayan language and
 May 16, 1887 at 9:45 AM- Rizal and Viola left other Philippine languages.
Leitmeritz by train.  He engaged himself in farming and commerce
and even invented a wooden machine for
making bricks.
 Rizal won the second prize in a lottery. A
portion of Rizal's winnings was used in
purchasing land approximately one kilometer
away from Dapitan in a place known as Talisay.
He built his house on the seashore of Talisay as
well as a school and a hospital within the area.
 Rizal project is to improve and beautify Dapitan,
he made a big relief map of Mindanao in the
Rizal in Italy plaza and used it to teach geography. Rizal also
constructed a water system to supply the town
 June 27, 1887 - Rizal reached Rome, the
with water for drinking and irrigation. he also
“Eternal City” and also called the “City of the
helped the people in putting up lamppost at
Caesars.”
every corner of the town.

RIZAL: FINAL EXAM | 11

  Having heard of Rizal's fame as an  Rizal, on his last remaining days, composed his
ophthalmologist, George Taufer who was longest poem, Mi Ultimo Adios, which was
suffering from an eye ailment traveled from about his farewell to the Filipino people.
Hong Kong to Dapitan He was accompanied by  Mother and sisters visited him om December
his adopted daughter, Josephine Bracken, who 29, 1896, Rizal gave away his remaining
eventually fell in love with Rizal. They lived as possessions. He handed his gas lamp to his
husband and wife in Rizal's octagonal house sister Trinidad and murmered sofly in English,
after being denied the sacrament of marriage “There is something inside." Eventually, Trining
by Father Obach, the parish priest of Dapitan, and her sister Maria would extract from the
due to Rizal's refusal to retract his statements lamp the copy of Rizal's last poem.
against the Church and to accept other  At 6:30 in the morning of December 30, 1896,
conditions. Rizal, in black suit with his arms tied behind his
 Dr. Pio Valenzuela visited Rizal in Dapitan and back, walked to Bagumbayan (Luneta). The
informed him about the founding of Katipunan orders were given, and shots were fired.
and planned revolution. Rizal objected to it, Consummatum est! (It's finished"!). Rizal died
citing the importance of a well-planned offering his life for his for his country and its
movement with sufficient arms. freedom.
 Rizal sending letters to Gov. General Blanco. He
asks for a review of his case. he said that if his
request would not be granted, he would RIZAL REVIEWER
volunteer to serve as a surgeon the Spanish MIDTERMS
army fighting in the
 Rizal's request to go to Cuba was approved. The MODULE 3.1 THE NINETEENTH-CENTURY PHILIPPINE
next day, he left for Manila on board the ECONOMY, SOCIETY, AND THE CHINESE MESTIZOS
steamer España. He boarded the steamer Isla VOCABULARY
de Panay which bring him to Barcelona. Upon
arriving at the fort, however, Governor-General  Cash crop – crops cultivated for export.
Despujol told him that there was an order to  Decree – an order issued by a legal authority, a
ship him back to Manila. Rizal arrived in Manila policy pronouncement.
and was immediately brought to Fort Santiago.  Galleon Trade – the form of trade between the
Philippines and Mexico. The galleons would sail
Trial And Execution to Mexico loaded with goods and return to the
The preliminary investigation of Rizal's case began on Philippines carrying the payment in silver.
Nov. 20, 1896. He was accused of being the main  Insulares/Insular – pure-blooded Spanish born
organizer of the revolution by having proliferated the in the Philippines.
ideas of rebellion and of founding illegal organizations.  Mestizo – a person with mixed ancestry. One
Rizal pleaded not guilty and even wrote a manifesto parent is Chinese or Spanish and the other is a
appealing to the revolutionaries to discontinue the native. They are also an important sector of the
uprising. population in the nineteenth-century
Philippines.
 Rizal's lawyer, Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade, tried  Merchant houses – firms established in Manila
his best to save Rizal. The trial ended and the and other cities by foreign traders.
sentence was read. Jose Rizal was found guilty  Pacto de Retroventa – an agreement that
and sentenced to death by firing squad. allowed a landowner to sell his/her land with
 On Dec. 28, 1896, Gov. General Camilo de the guarantee that he/she could buy the land
Polavieja signed the court decision. He later back at the same price.
decreed that Rizal be executed by firing squad  Parian – Chinese enclave established in 1581
at 7:00 am of December 30. outside the walls of Intramuros. The Chinese
were forced to live in the Parian.
RIZAL: FINAL EXAM | 12
  Peninsulares/Peninsular – pure-blooded  Farmers felt the pressure of the economy while
Spanish born in Spain. Pure-blooded Spaniard the hacenderos grabbed the opportunity. For
born in the Iberian Peninsula (Spain). example, when a small landowner needed
 Principalia – wealthy pure-blooded natives said capital and money, he would engage in a pacto
to have descended from the Kadatoan class. de retroventa, an agreement of sale
 Sangley – a term that proliferated in the guaranteeing that he could buy the land back at
Spanish-Philippines to refer to people of pure the same price at which it was sold.
Chinese descent; came from Hokkien word  They would forfeit the land and would be forced
“seng-li” which means business. to become tenant farmers, or kasama.
 Social Stratification – a way people in a society  As the growing economy required better
are categorized based on socio-economic and management of lands, inquilinos emerged,
political standards. renting land to sublet it to smaller farmers.
 Inquilino – a tenant who rented land from the
THE CHINESE AND CHINESE MESTIZOS
friars and subleased the land to sharecroppers
 Indio – a pure-blooded native of the Philippines.  Pre-colonial times, the natives of the Philippines
 Chino Infiel – non-Catholic and pure-blooded had trade relations with the Chinese.
Chinese.  Height of the Galleon Trade - Chinese products
comprised most of the goods being traded.
 The influx of Chinese settlements in the
THE CHANGING LANDSCAPE OF THE PHILIPPINE Philippines made the Spaniards suspicious of
ECONOMY AND SOCIETY the Chinese.
 Stringent state policies towards the sangley
 Late eighteenth century, the monarchy in Spain
ranged from higher taxes, and the restriction of
experienced a dynastic shift from the Habsburgs
movement with the establishment of the
to the Bourbons.
Chinese enclave (the Parian), to actual policies
 Spain recalibrated colonial policies that would
of expulsion.
influence the Philippines.
 Chinese, however, proved to be "necessary
 With the goal of invigorating the profitability of
outsiders" in the Philippine colonial economy
the colonies like the Philippines, Bourbon
and society.
policies and reforms were carried out.
 Spaniards were wary of the Chinese; they
 Jose de Basco y Varga was the first governor-
realized the importance that the latter played in
general of the Philippines under the Bourbons.
sustaining the economy.
 Galleon Trade as the main economic institution
 The goods loaded on the galleons to the
in the Philippines was already losing enterprises
development of retail trade, the Chinese
during Jose de Basco y Vargas’ time.
enlivened the economy.
 Basco established the Royal Philippine company
 The Chinese became integrated into colonial
in 1785 to finance agricultural projects and
society, giving rise to intermarriages with indios
manage the new trade as well as other Asian
that gave birth to Chinese mestizos.
markets.
 The Chinese mestizos assumed an important
 Some of the major investments came from
role in the economy throughout the Spanish
British and American traders.
colonial period.
 In the first half of the nineteenth century, the
majority of the exports of the Philippines came IMPACT ON LIFE IN THE COLONY
from cash crops like tobacco, sugar, cotton,
 The new economy demanded a more literate
indigo, abaca, and coffee.
population to address the rising need for a
 The provinces shifted to cultivating cash crops,
more professionalized workforce to manage
land ownership and management began to be a
trading activities in Manila and other centers.
concern.
 This demand compelled the issuance of the
colonial government order in 1836 that
RIZAL: FINAL EXAM | 13
 required all towns to set up primary schools to  Sitio de Ganado Mayor – a large tract of land
teach the population how to read and write. included in the grant.
 The passage of an education decree in 1863
BRIEF HISTORY OF FRIARS ESTATES IN THE PHILIPPINES
that mandated free primary education.
 The nineteenth century also gave birth to many  The origin of the friars’ estates can be traced
schools that addressed the growing demand back to land grants awarded to the early
established during this time. Spanish conquistadores who arrived in the
 Manila became a trading center. It became a Philippines during the late sixteenth and early
viable destination for people seeking better seventeenth centuries.
opportunities or those wanting to escape the  120 Spaniards were given grants that were
worsening conditions in the farmlands. often composed of a large tract of land known
 Increased rate of internal migration raised as sitio de ganado mayor (measuring 1,742
several concerns. hectares) and smaller tracts of land known as
o People flocked to the centers of trade caballerias (measuring 42.5 hectares).
like Manila. Overcrowding implied  The Spaniard hacenderos failed to develop their
issues in living quarters, sanitation and lands for three reasons:
public health, and increase in 1. The Spanish population in the
criminality. Philippines was transient. It was a
o The continuous movement of people common practice for Spanish
made tax collection extra difficult. In administrators to return to Spain after
order to mitigate these concerns, one having served in the country.
measure implemented was the 1849 2. The market for livestock products,
decree of Governor-General Narciso which haciendas offered, remained
Claveria which urged the people in the relatively small until the latter parts of
colony to adopt surnames. the Spanish colonial period.
 Catalogo de apellidos drawn up, the colonial 3. The Galleon Trade that was based in
government assigned surnames to people and Manila offered bigger economic
forbade changing names at will. rewards and attracted more Spaniards.
 Policies like the registration and possessions of  Spanish hacenderos lacked the interest and
a cedula personal bearing one's name and inclination to develop their lands, so the
residence, the colonial government sought to religious orders soon took over the task.
have a better surveillance mechanism.  Land was acquired by religious orders through
 Guardia civil established. various means.
 The lands were donated by Spaniards seeking
spiritual benefits.
3.2 AGRARIAN DISPUTES  There were cases, too, in which estates that had
been heavily mortgaged to the ecclesiastics
VOCABULARY
were eventually purchased by the religious
 Conquistador – a Spanish conqueror. orders themselves.
 Caballerias – a small tract of land included in a  Several Filipino principales also contributed to
land grant. the formation of the friar estates through
 Canon – an individual rented land for a fixed donations and sales.
annual amount.  Despite these methods, they persisted in a
 Hacienda – large estates that were used for commonly held belief among the Filipinos that
raising livestock and agricultural production. the religious orders had no titles to their lands
 Principals – ruling elite class. and that they had acquired these lands through
 Sharecropper (kasama) – an individual who usurpation or other dubious means.
rented the land from an inquilino and worked  Religious estates in the Tagalog region
the land. continued to grow and by the nineteenth
RIZAL: FINAL EXAM | 14
 century, they constituted approximately 40 Spanish religious hacenderos, the inquilinos,
percent of the provinces of Bulacan, Tondo and the sharecroppers.
(presently Rizal), Cavite, and Laguna.
HACIENDA DE CALAMBA CONFLICT
 Agrarian relations in the haciendas developed at
the time.  1759 - Hacienda de Calamba owned by several
 In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the Spanish laymen.
social structure found in the haciendas was  In 1759, a destitute Spanish layman, Don
primarily composed of lay brother Manuel Jauregui, donated the lands to the
administrators who were under the direct Jesuits on the condition that he would be
authority of the heads of their religious orders, allowed to live in the Jesuit monastery for the
they were relatively free to make their own rest of his life.
decisions on administrative affairs.
 Tenants, on the other hand, were expected to
work the land and pay an annual rent, which  1803 - the government sold the property to a
was usually a fixed amount of harvest and in Spanish layman, Don Clemente de Azansa, for
later centuries, money. 44,507 pesos.
 Mid-eighteenth century, an expanding economy  When Don Clemente died in 1883, the Hacienda
based on exporting agricultural crops ushered in de Azansa which measured 16,424 hectares was
change and gradually put into place an inquilino purchased by the Dominicans for 52,000 pesos.
system.  Many families from neighboring towns had
 An individual rented land for a fixed annual migrated to the hacienda in search of economic
amount, known as canon. opportunities.
 The inquilino or lessee was also expected to  Among the families that arrived at the hacienda
render personal services to his landlords. were Rizal’s ancestors, who eventually became
 If The inquilino failed to satisfy these one of the principal inquilinos in the hacienda.
requirements, he could face expulsion from the  Rizal’s family rented one of the largest leased
land. lands, measuring approximately 380 hectares.
 The inquilino, in turn, would sub-lease the land  Sugar was the main commodity planted in the
to a kasama or sharecropper who could then hacienda as there was a demand for the crop in
take on the task of cultivating the soil. the world market.
 A three-tiered system emerged with the  1883 - Paciano Rizal wrote that the friars were
landlords at the top, the inquilinos at the collecting rent without issuing the usual
middle, and the sharecroppers at the bottom. receipts.
 The religious hacenderos freed themselves from  Two years later, the tenants failed to pay their
the social responsibilities borne from direct tenants because the rent had supposedly
interactions with the kasama. increased while sugar prices had remained low.
 The sharecroppers, on the other hand, To punish the tenants for not paying the rent,
benefitted from the arrangement because their the Dominicans declared the lands vacant and
labor obligations to the religious estates invited residents of other towns to take over
allowed them to be exempted from the the tenancies.
responsibilities of forced labor demanded by  Only a few outsiders responded to the
the Spanish government. Dominican’s invitation, and the friars weakened
 The inquilino paid his rent to the religious their positions.
hacenderos and deducted his own share, the  Most tenants, except for four or five, were
remaining amount of income would then be spared from eviction.
divided among all the sharecroppers.  Charges against the friars continued with Rizal’s
 Change in the social structure and land tenure brother-in-law, Mariano Herboso, especially
practices would eventually render the complaining about the yearly increase in
haciendas sites of contestation among the
RIZAL: FINAL EXAM | 15
 rentals, faulty irrigation systems, and failure to  Regular Clergy – priests who belong to religious
issue receipts. orders.
 Coupled with these problems was the fact that  Secular Clergy – priests who do not belong to
at this time, the price of sugar continued to religious orders and are engaged in pastoral
decline in the world market. work.
 Paciano at one point, considered giving back his  Tribute – system of taxation imposed by the
lands to the friars and clearing land elsewhere. Spanish colonial government on the Filipinos in
 Problem continued to escalate when in 1887, order to generate resources for the
the colonial government demanded from the maintenance of the colony.
tenants of the hacienda a report on the income
and production of the state because they
suspected that the Dominicans were evading
payment of their taxes.
 The tenants complied and submitted a report, THE 1872 CAVITE MUTINY
but they also attached a petition authored by One hundred and forty years ago, on January 20, 1872,
Jose Rizal. about 200 Filipino military personnel of Fort San Felipe
 The petition presented a list of grievances Arsenal in Cavite, Philippines, staged a mutiny which in
against the hacienda owners including a a way led to the Philippine Revolution in 1896. The 1872
complaint about the increasing amount of rent. Cavite Mutiny was precipitated by the removal of long-
 Some of the tenants began to withhold rent. standing personal benefits to the workers such as tax
 As a form of retaliation, the friars began to evict (tribute) and forced labor exemptions on order from
tenants who refused to pay rent in 1891. Governor General Rafael de Izquierdo.
 Those who persisted still in resisting the friars
were eventually expelled. Izquierdo replaced Governor General Carlos Maria de la
Torre some months before in 1871 and immediately
 They were exiled to remote areas in the country
rescinded Torre’s liberal measures and imposed his
where Rizal’s parents, brother, and sisters were.
iron-fist rule. He was opposed to any hint of reformist
 Rizal had worked on reversing the decision of
or nationalistic movements in the Philippines. He was in
the Philippine courts, his family’s exile would
office for less than two years, but he will be
only be lifted upon the issuance of a decree
remembered for his cruelty to the Filipinos and the
from another governor-general.
barbaric execution of the three martyr-priests blamed
 The experience affected Rizal deeply and the
for the mutiny: Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos,
increasing despair he felt from the event would
and Jacinto Zamora, later collectively called
be reflected in his second novel, El
“Gomburza.”
Filibusterismo.
The mutineers were led by Sgt. Fernando La Madrid.
They seized the Fort and killed the Spanish officers.
3.3 EMERGING NATIONALISM Fearing a general uprising, the Spanish government in
Manila sent a regiment under General Felipe Ginoves to
VOCABULARY
recover the Fort. The besieged mutiny was quelled, and
 Episcopal Visitation – an official pastoral visit many mutineers including Sgt. La Madrid were killed.
conducted by the bishop of a diocese to Later, others were sentenced to death or hard labor.
examine the conditions of a congregation; often
Izquierdo used the mutiny to implicate Gomburza and
done once every three years.
other notable Filipinos known for their liberal leanings.
 Garrote – an apparatus used for capital
Prominent Filipinos such as priests, professionals, and
punishment in which an iron collar is tightened
businessmen were arrested on flimsy and trumped-up
around a condemned person’s neck.
charges and sentenced to prison, death, or exile. These
 Polo y Servicio – a system of forced labor that
include Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, Jose Basa, and
required Filipino males from 16 to 60 years old
Antonio M. Regidor. It was said that the Cavite
to render service for a period of 40 days.
RIZAL: FINAL EXAM | 16
mutineers got their cue from Manila when they saw and “I dedicate my work to you as victims of the evil which I
heard fireworks across Manila Bay which was really a undertake to combat…”
celebration of the feast of the Lady of Loreto in
It is well to remember that the seeds of nationalism that
Sampaloc.
were sown in Cavite blossomed to the Philippine
When the Archbishop of Manila, Rev. Meliton Martinez, Revolution and later to the Declaration of
refused to cooperate and defrock the priests, the Independence by Emilio Aguinaldo which took place
Spanish court-martial on February 15 went ahead and also in Cavite. As for me, the 1872 Cavite Mutiny
maliciously found Fathers Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora bolstered the stereotypical belief that Caviteños were
guilty of treason for instigating the Cavite mutiny. Two the most courageous of my fellow Filipinos.
days later, the three priests were put to death by
garrote in Bagumbayan, now known as Luneta. (Garrote
was a barbaric Spanish method of execution in which an
iron collar was tightened around the prisoner’s neck
until death occurred.) SECULARIZATION MOVEMENT

Father Burgos was of Spanish descent, born in the Two kinds of priests served the Catholic Church in the
Philippines. He was a parish priest of the Manila Philippines. These were the regulars and the seculars.
Cathedral and had been known to be close to the liberal Regular priests belonged to religious orders. Their main
Governor-General de la Torre. He was 35 years old at task was to spread Christianity. Examples were the
the time and was active and outspoken in advocating Augustinians, Discalced Franciscans, Dominicans,
the Filipinization of the clergy. He was quoted as saying, Jesuits, and Augustinians Recollects,
“Why shall a young man strive to rise in the profession
of law or theology when he can vision no future for Secular priests did not belong to any religious order.
himself but obscurity?” They were trained specifically to run the parishes and
were under the supervision of the bishops.
Father Zamora, 37, was also Spanish, born in the
Philippines. He was the parish priest of Marikina and The secular clergy, on the other hand, were priests who
was known to be unfriendly to and would not “live in the world”. They were under the authority of
countenance any arrogance or authoritative behavior bishops and not members of a religious order. The
from Spaniards coming from Spain. He once snubbed a primary task was the management of the religious
Spanish governor who came to visit Marikina. communities and ideally, the continuation of the work
already laid down by the regular clergy.
Father Gomez was an old man in his mid-’70, Chinese-
Filipino, born in Cavite. He held the most senior position In the Philippines, the regular clergy remained
of the three as Archbishop’s Vicar in Cavite. He was administrators of the parishes well into the nineteenth
truly nationalistic and accepted the death penalty century.
calmly as though it were his penance for being pro- The conflict began when the bishops insisted on visiting
Filipino. the parishes that were being run by regular priests. It
The three priests were stripped of their albs, and with was their duty, they argued, to check on the
chained hands and feet were brought to their cells after administration of these parishes. But the regular priests
their sentence. They received numerous visits from refused these visits, saying that they were not under the
folks coming from Cavite, Bulacan, and elsewhere. Forty bishop’s jurisdiction. They threatened to abandon their
thousand Filipinos came to Luneta to witness and parishes if the bishops persisted.
quietly condemn the execution, and Gomburza became In 1774, Archbishop Basilio Santa Justa decided to
a rallying catchword for the downtrodden Filipinos uphold the diocese’s authority over the parishes and
seeking justice and freedom from Spain. accepted the resignations of the regular priests. He
On the dedication page of his second book, El assigned secular priests to take their place. Since there
Filibusterismo, published in 1891, Dr. Jose Rizal wrote, were not enough seculars to fill all the vacancies the
archbishop hastened the ordination of Filipino seculars.
RIZAL: FINAL EXAM | 17
A royal decree was also issued on November 9, 1774, province of Spain so that the Filipinos and Spaniards will
which provided for the secularization of all parishes or be equal, and Filipinos will enjoy the liberties enjoyed
the transfer of parochial administration from the by the Spaniards.
regular friars to the secular priests.
The Ilustrados organized the Propaganda movement
The regulars resented the move because they which exposed the condition of the Philippines under
considered the Filipinos unfit for the priesthood. Among Spanish rule and campaigned for reforms that the
other reasons, they cited the Filipinos’ brown skin, lack country needed. They also campaigned for
of education, and inadequate experience. representation in Spanish Cortes (legislature), freedom
of the press, economic liberalization, secularization, and
The controversy became more intense when the Jesuits
equality before the law of Filipinos and Spaniards.
returned to the Philippines. They had been exiled from
the country because of certain policies of the order that The Propaganda movement expressed their campaigns
the Spanish authorities did not like. in the La Solidaridad – the official newspaper of the
movement. The Propagandists did not only expose the
The issue soon took on a racial slant. The Spaniards
social conditions of the Philippines and ask for reforms,
were clearly favoring their own regular priest over
but they also wrote about Philippine history, culture,
Filipino priests.
and identity.
Monsignor Pedro Pelaez, ecclesiastical governor of the
A FRENCH WRITER-JOURNALIST NAMED EDMUND
Church, sided with the Filipinos. Unfortunately, he died
PLAUCHUT GAVE AN ACCOUNT OF THE EXECUTION
in an earthquake that destroyed the Manila Cathedral in
1863. After his death, other priests took his place in Late in the night of the 15th of February 1872, a Spanish
fighting for the secularization movement. Among them court martial found three secular priests, Jose Burgos,
were Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Mariano Gomez, and Jacinto Zamora, guilty of treason
Zamora. as the instigators of a mutiny in the Cavite navy yard a
month before and sentenced them to death. The
EXECUTION OF GOMEZ, BURGOS, AND ZAMORA
judgment of the court martial was read to the priests in
Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Fort Santiago early in the next morning and they were
Zamora were prominent figures in the secularization told it would be executed the following day… Upon
movement. They were implicated as leaders of the hearing the sentence, Burgos broke into sobs, Zamora
Cavite Mutiny. To instill fear among Filipinos, they were lost his mind and never recovered it, and only Gomez
publicly executed on February 07, 1872, in the listened impassively, an old man accustomed to the
Bagumbayan. thought of death.

Fathers Gomez and Zamora served as spiritual advisers When dawn broke on the 17th of February there were
of the soldiers and workers who joined the mutiny. almost forty thousand Filipinos (who came from as far
as Bulacan, Pampanga, Cavite, and Laguna) surrounding
Their execution was witnessed by many Filipinos and the four platforms where the three priests and the man
left them with a great feeling of indignation and whose testimony had convicted them, a former
injustice. They considered it a way for Spanish artilleryman called Saldua, would die.
authorities to silence the secularization movement. This
also fueled the hatred of Filipinos for the Spaniards The three priests followed Saldua: Burgos ‘weeping like
which ignited nationalistic sentiments in the Filipinos. a child’, Zamora with vacant eyes, and Gomez’s head
held high, blessing the Filipinos who knelt at his feet,
The execution of the GOMBURZA also inspired the heads bared and praying. He was next to die. When his
Propaganda movement and the Philippine revolution. confessor, a Recollect friar, exhorted him loudly to
The Propaganda Movement (1880- 1892) accept his fate, he replied: “Father, I know that not a
Due to abuses of Spanish authorities and clergies and leaf falls to the ground but by the will of God. Since He
the curtailment of freedom of expression, Filipinos, wills that I should die here, His holy will be done.”
specifically, the IIustrados campaigned for the
assimilation of the Philippines to Spain by becoming a
RIZAL: FINAL EXAM | 18
Zamora went up the scaffold without a word and The introduction and the strengthening of the Catholic
delivered his body to the executioner; his mind had faith were largely through the efforts of two types of
already left it. clergies: the regular priests and the secular priests. The
regular clergy, whose jurisdiction fell on their elected
Burgos was the last, a refinement of cruelty that
prelates, were better prepared for missionary work
compelled him to watch the death of his companions.
because of their standards of discipline and asceticism.
He seated himself on the iron rest and then sprang up
Their job, then, was to introduce the faith, convert the
crying: “But what crime have I committed? Is it possible
natives, and establish religious communities. In the
that I should die like this? My God, is there no justice on
Philippines, five religious orders took on this task: the
earth?”
Augustinians who arrived in 1565, the Discalced
A dozen friars surrounded him and pressed him down Franciscans who arrived in 1578, the Jesuits who arrived
again upon the seat of the garrote, pleading with him to in 1581, the Dominicans who arrived in 1587 and the
die a Christian death. He obeyed but, feeling his arms Augustinian Recollects who arrived in 1606.
tied around the fatal post, protested once again: “But I
The secular clergy, on the other hand, were priests who
am innocent!”
“live in the world." They were under the authority of
“So was Jesus Christ,’ said one of the friars.” At this bishops and not members of a religious order. Their
Burgos resigned himself. The executioner knelt at his primary task was the management of the religious
feet and asked for his forgiveness. “I forgive you, my communities and ideally, the continuation of the work
son. Do your duty.” And it was done. already laid down by the regular clergy. In other words,
while it was the task of the regular clergy to introduce
the faith and establish religious communities, the
Although the public execution of the three priests was management of the parishes themselves was left to the
meant to instill fear in the Filipinos, it had the opposite secular priests.
effect. In his work, La Revolucion Filipina, Apolinario The missionary efforts in the Philippines, however,
Mabini stated: presented a unique case. In other Spanish colonies,
“The friars wanted to make an example of Burgos and well-established parishes witnessed the replacement of
his companions so that the Filipinos should be afraid to regular clergy by secular priests in the management of
go against them from then on. But that patent injustice, the religious communities. In the Philippines, the
that official crime, aroused not fear but hatred of the regular clergy remained administrators of the parishes
friars and the regime that supported them, and a well into the nineteenth century.
profound sympathy and sorrow for the victims. The Two issues were particularly contentious among the
sorrow worked as a miracle: it made the Filipinos realize clergy in the Philippines. The first issue had to do with
their conditions for the first time.” episcopal visitations. An omnimoda bull passed by Pope
“Conscious of pain, and thus conscious of life, they Adrian VI 1522 allowed the regulars to administer the
asked themselves what kind of a life they lived. The sacraments and act as parish priests independent from
awakening was painful, and working to stay alive more the authority of the local bishop. This bull, however,
painful still, but one must live. How? They did not know, conflicted with reforms established in the Council of
and the desire to know, and the anxiety to learn, Trent (1545-1563), which declared that no priest could
overwhelmed and took possession of the youth of the care for the souls of laymen unless they were subjected
Philippines. The curtain of ignorance woven diligently to episcopal authority that often came in the form of
for centuries was rent at last: fiat lux, let there be light, visitations. Although King Philip II was granted
would not be long in coming, the dawn of a new day discretionary power to enforce the reforms in the
was nearing.” Philippines, the regular clergy often thwarted their
implementation.

The regular clergy argued that if they allowed the

BOOK REFERENCE visitations to occur, the congregation would be
Secularization Movement subjected to two sources of authority, the bishop and
RIZAL: FINAL EXAM | 19
the provincial superiors, who may, at some point, issue
conflicting orders. By refusing the episcopal visitations,
they hoped to avoid the possibility of violating their
vows of obedience to their own superiors. Serious
attempts to enforce the visitations, however, were
often countered by the regular clergy who abused their
authority by resigning from their posts and leaving the
parishes unattended. This type of situation was
especially disastrous in the early stages of
Christianization when the paucity of secular priests 4.1 IMAGINING A NATION
often forced the government to give in to the wishes of
the regular clergy. VOCABULARY

The second issue had to do with the management of the  Cortes - the legislative or lawmaking body of the
parishes. Regular priests maintained control over the Spanish government.
parishes in early stages of Christianization out of  Creole - a Spaniard born in the Philippines.
necessity because of the scarcity of secular priests to  Mestizo - an individual born of mixed ancestry;
whom the parishes would be passed However, may refer to a Spanish mestizo or a Chinese
beginning in the late seventeenth century, efforts mestizo.
intensified to produce and train Filipino secular priests  Propaganda - information used to promote or
that by the nineteenth century, they constituted an publicize a particular cause or point of view.
increasingly cant number. Despite this, the regular  Restoration - refers to the Spanish restoration;
clergy usually tested, it not outright refused, the rights a period in Spanish history spanning the years
of the secular clergy the parishes. 1874 - 1931 the saw the restoration of the
monarchy under Alfonso XII together with the
One reason provided by the regulars was that the
establishment of a bicameral legislature.
Philippines still remained an active mission, en via
conquista-espiritual with some groups not yet Towards the end of the nineteenth century economic
Christianized. They would, therefore, argue that the conditions in the Philippines had improved in such a
Filipinos were not ready to be turned over to the way that it was possible for many creole and mestizo
secular clergy. Another reason was more economic in families to send their sons to school not only in Manila,
nature with the regulars refusing to give up the parishes but also in Europe. The young Filipino students' sojourn
that generated large profits for them. However, an to the Peninsula would awaken in their minds’ ideas
overwhelming reason why the regulars refused to give about progress and love for their motherland.
up the parishes had to do with their view that the
At the end of the 19th century, economic conditions
Filipino secular clergy were unqualified and competent.
had improved in the Philippines.
Even worse, some viewed the seculars as potential
leaders of any future separatist movement.  Creole and Mestizo family can send their
children to Europe to study.
The secular clergy would react strongly to these claims.
 Filipino students learned the virtue of progress
In the mid-nineteenth century, Fr. Mariano Gomez,
and love for their motherland through their
parish priest of Bacoor, and Fr. Pedro Pelaez, secretary
sojourn in the Peninsula.
to the archbishop, drew expositions to the government
 In Europe, Filipino students learned how to
on behalf of the secular clergy, but their efforts proved
think, question, and imagine what a nation is.
futile. The struggle eventually took on a different tone
towards the 1860s as the issue of secularization was no  Circulo Hispano-Filipino was the earliest
longer limited to questions of merit and competence. By attempt to unite Filipinos studying in Spain.
1864, the nature of the issue became one of racial  It is an organization under the leadership of a
equality well. At the forefront of this struggle to gain creole, Juan Atayde.
equality between Spanish and Filipino priests was Fr.  It had the support of Spaniards who were
Jose Burgos. sympathetic towards the Filipinos.
RIZAL: FINAL EXAM | 20
  It published a bi-weekly newspaper titled  The first issue printed in Madrid came out on
Revista del Circulo Hispano-Filipino in 1882. November 15, 1889.
 The newspaper and organization lasted until  A month later, Del Pilar took the helm of
1883. editorship.
 In 1883, Los Dos Mundos came out with the  In 1890, Rizal and Del Pilar had differences
intention of demanding for the overseas regarding Philippines affairs.
Hispano Colonies equality of rights and equal  Rizal believes that to serve the country better,
opportunities for progress. one had to bring the issues closer to home.
 Graciano Lopez Jaena and Pedro Govantes y  Del Pilar was a skillful politician who felt that
Azcarraga were staff members. efforts at persuading the Spanish leaders and
 Rizal and Eduardo de Lete were article officials needed to be continued and that this
contributors concerned with socio-political and was the best way to achieve the reforms
economic reforms in the Philippines. Filipinos were seeking.
 Another newspaper titled Espana en Filipinas  At New Year’s Eve banquet in 1891, Filipinos in
started its publication through the support of Madrid proposed that they elect a leader to
Filipinos, Creoles, and Meztizos in Madrid. unite their community.
 The newspaper was short-lived due to glaring  Rizal agreed with the proposal while Del Pilar
differences and internal feuding among its staff. expressed initial misgivings; nevertheless, the
voting took place.
LA SOLIDARIDAD
 Rizal won the election, but upon learning that
 It released its first issue on February 15, 1889. he won due to the manipulation of his friend,
 The staff defined its program as: Mariano Ponce, he felt a shallow triumph, so he
o to combat all reactions. left Madrid.
o to impede all retrogression.  The newspaper released its final issue on
o to applaud and accept every liberal November 15, 1895.
idea.  Marcelo H. del Pilar wrote his final editorial
o to defend all progress. saying, ‘’We are persuaded that no sacrifices
 Reforms sought: are too little to win the rights and the liberty of
o Philippine representation in the cortes a nation that is oppressed by slavery.’’
o Freedom of the press SUMMARY
o End of the practice of exiling residents
without due process. Early efforts to unite the Filipino community in Spain
o It ran articles dealing with Spanish began as early as 1882 and reached their height with
politics, attacks on friars, and reforms the emergence of the newspaper La Solidaridad in 1889.
for the Philippines. Journalism became a means for Filipino to engage the
 Article contributors: Spanish-reading public on issues concerning the
o Jose Rizal Philippines. Among the reforms they sought were
representation in the Spanish Cortes, freedom of the
o Dominador Gomez
press, and the end of the practice of exiling Filipino
o Jose Maria Panganiban
residents without due process. By the mid-1890s,
o Antonio Luna
internal feuding and lack of funds would end the
o Ferdinand Blumentritt
Propaganda Movement while a few Filipinos, like Rizal,
 Del Pilar gradually took on the active role of
would bring the struggle closer to home.
running the paper.
 Lopez Jaena was the editor in name and known
to be incapable of sustained work.
5.1 LOOKING AT THE FILIPINO PAST
 Del Pilar decided to move to Madrid and the
paper went with him. VOCABULARY

RIZAL: FINAL EXAM | 21

  Audencia – the Royal Audencia or the royal suffered by many of the Spanish/Mexican
court of justice in Spain and its colonies. soldiers, who were young, ill-paid, and suffered
 Ecclesiastics – the religious missionaries. in that unfamiliar environment. Few wanted to
 Secular – having ideas and attitudes not settle in Manila, and higher-level government
determined by any religious bias. officials also sought to leave the colony in a few
years. His first two reports to the Crown
During the Spanish colonial period, the Philippines’ covered a wide variety of topics, mentioning
history was primarily written by the Spaniards. Early Japan, Mindanao, and China, in addition to civil,
Spanish historians took note of the native’s appearance military, and ecclesiastical activities within the
and way of life. Jose Rizal’s annotation of Antonio colony.
Morga’s work, Sucesos de las Filipinas, was an attempt
 He issued regulations for administrative reform,
to redress this biased view of Filipinos. Although Rizal’s
known as the Ordenzas (orders). Among his
annotations have been “largely disregarded.” His work
reforms was to restore the audencia. In 1598 he
has been credited as the first Philippine history to be
resigned as lieutenant governor to assume the
written from the viewpoint of a Pilipino.
office of oidor (judge), in the newly re-
 Antonio de Morga Sánchez Garay was born in established Audiencia of Manila. The position
Seville. He graduated from the University of required his removal from much public life.
Salamanca in 1574 and in 1578 received a
doctorate in canon law. He taught briefly in
Osuna and then returned to Salamanca to study SUCESOS DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS - An account of
civil law. In 1580 he joined the government Spanish observations about the Filipinos and the
service as a lawyer. Among other positions in Philippines.
Spain, he held that of the auditor general of the
 Background information/ Important information
galleys. In 1582 he was serving as mayor of
about Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas.
Baracaldo in Vizcaya when he first married
 Antonio De Morga - Author of Sucesos de las
Juana de Briviesca de Munotones.
islas Filipinas.
 In August 1593 he was notified that he had
 This is one of the first books ever to tackle
been selected as Lieutenant to the Governor-
Philippine history.
General of the Philippines, starting what would
 Book that describes the events inside and
become 43 years of colonial service. He traveled
outside of the country from 1493 to 1603,
accompanied by his family, 14 servants, three
including the history of the Philippines.
black slaves, and his collection of books.
 Consist of 8 Chapters.
Following the route of that time, he sailed from
 Discuss the political, social, and economical
Cadiz in February 1594, arriving in Mexico in
aspects of a colonizer and the colonized
May. During the following period of preparation
country.
for the Pacific voyage, he heard two important
cases and supervised the supply of the two  The content of the book is based on
ships to be used. He also recruited 200 soldiers documentary research, observation, and
for the garrison in Manila. They departed personal experience of Morga.
Acapulco on March 22, 1595, reaching Manila  Rizal is a secondary source of the book due to
on June 11, 1595. He had the second-most his Annotations.
powerful position in the colony.  Antonio de Morga Spanish lawyer and official in
 He first served under Governor-General Luis the Philippines during the 17th century.
Pérez Dasmariñas, who was interim after his  The Philippines was named in honor of King
father's death. Francisco Tello de Guzmán soon Philip II of Spain.
succeeded him, and Morga reported to him Events, Happening, and Occurrence
during most of his time in the colony. In his
account of the colonial Philippines published in
1609, Morga noted the miserable condition
RIZAL: FINAL EXAM | 22
The Sucesos is the work of an honest observer, a  Sucesos De Las Islas Filipinas is the first book to
versatile bureaucrat, who knew the workings of the tackle Philippine history.
administration from the inside.  The book discusses the political, social, and
economic aspects of a colonizer and the
Rizal’s Objectives
colonized country.
1. To awaken the consciousness of the Filipinos  The book that describes the events inside and
regarding their glorious ways of the past. outside of the country from 1493 to 1603,
2. To correct what has been distorted about the including the history of the Philippines.
Philippines due to the Spanish conquest.  The pre-colonial Philippines already possessed a
3. To prove that Filipinos are civilized even before working judicial and legislative system.
the coming of the Spaniards.  Spanish missionaries put an end to the
a. Blumentritt’s Influence on Rizal. baybayin written system of the Philippines to
Ferdinand Blumentritt encouraged Rizal translate their goals.
to write about the Philippines’ pre-  Our ancestors possessed a complex society and
colonial History. culture filled with arts and literature.
On Rizal’s Annotations

The First Objective DE MORGA’S SUCESOS VS RIZAL’S ANNOTATIONS

The Early Filipino Pride – Rizal strove to establish that Morga’s Sucesos
the Filipinos could be proud of their pre-conquest past.
1. Philippines was DESERTED and INHABITABLE.
The Second Objective 2. Beef and fish. They know it best when it has
started to rot and stink.
History as a Propaganda Weapon – Rizal aimed to use
history as a propaganda weapon. Rizal’s Annotations
Early Government – our forefathers in the pre-colonial 1. The Philippines was NOT DESERTED and was
Philippines already possessed a working judicial and actually HABITABLE.
legislative system. 2. Spaniards, like any other nation, treat food to
which they are not accustomed or is unknown
High Literacy Rate – the Spanish missionaries exploited
to them with disgust. This fish that Morga
the baybayin for their own ends. Learning and using it
mentions is bagoong (salted & fermented fish).
to translate their goals.

Early Artillery – our ancestors were very proficient in

the art of war. Aside from wielding swords and spears, RIZAL’S 3 PROPOSITIONS
they also knew how to make fire guns and cannons.
1. The people of the Philippines have a culture of
Smooth Foreign Relations –pre-colonial Filipinos have their own, before the coming of the Spaniards.
already established trading and diplomatic relations 2. Filipinos were decimated, demoralized,
with countries as far away as the Middle East. exploited, and ruined by Spanish colonization.
3. The present state of the Philippines was not
Self-sufficient – in terms of food, our forefathers did not
necessarily superior to its past.
suffer from any lack thereof. Blessed with such a
resource-rich country, they had enough for themselves
and their families.
JOSE RIZAL AS THE PHILIPPINES’ NATIONAL HERO
Advanced Civilization – our ancestors possessed a
 Rizal gave us freedom by using goodness.
complex working society and a culture replete with
works of art and literature.  Jose Rizal became the Philippines’ National Hero
because he fought for freedom in a silent but
Important Points powerful way.

RIZAL: FINAL EXAM | 23

  He expressed his love for the Philippines
through his novels, essays, and articles rather
than through the use of force or aggression.

“To foretell the destiny of a nation, it is necessary to

open the books that tell of her past.” - Rizal

5.2 INDOLENCE OR INDUSTRY

IMPORTANCE OF RIZAL’S ANNOTATIONS TO THE VOCABULARY
PRESENT GENERATION
 Indio – a term used by the Spaniards to refer to
1. To awaken the Filipino’s consciousness of our the native Filipinos; occasionally used in a
past. derogatory manner.
2. To devote ourselves to studying the future.  Moro Piracy – a series of raids in several
3. To first lay bare the past, in order to better Philippine towns committed by Muslims from
judge the present and to survey the road Mindanao during the 17th to 18th century.
trodden for three centuries.
4. To prove Filipinos had a culture of their own, Indolence or Industry, Sobre la Indolencia de los
prior to colonization, that the Filipinos were Filipinos ("On the Indolence of the Filipinos" in Spanish)
NOT inferior to the white man. is a socio-political essay published in La Solidaridad in
5. To shatter the myth of the so-called “Indolence Madrid in 1890. It was written by José Rizal as a
of the Filipinos”. response to the accusation of Indio or Malay indolence.
6. To reduce those Filipinos who denied their Before the Spaniards came, we were active and honest
native tongue into rotten fish. in trading; we use our abilities and resources for our
7. To seriously study Tagalog and produce a country’s benefit, and we were never corrupt. Besides
comprehensive Tagalog dictionary. that, we are industrious and passionate, independent,
8. To embrace the generic term “Indio”, or in value nature, and are protective and defensive of our
today’s case, Filipino, with all its negative territory. When the Spaniards came, we became
connotations, and turn it into one of dignity and gamblers, dependent, powerless, corrupt, amnesiacs
nobility. (makakalimutin), disloyal to our “identity”, and indolent.
Being discontent, having continual wars and tolerance,
due to slavery, getting deceits from the Spaniards,
allowing pirates from the south (Mindanao Muslim
SUMMARY
pirates), and lacking unity, the Filipinos became
Rizal's annotations of Sucesos de Las Islas Filipinas may indolent.
be considered an attempt to write Philippine history
from the point of view of a Filipino. With the publication
of this work, Rizal provided a linear view of history with Chapter 1
Noli Me Tangere showing a view of the present, El
Filibusterismo and "The Philippines a Century Hence" Rizal admits that indolence does exist among Filipinos,
illustrating a view of the future, and the annotations but it cannot be attributed to the troubles and
clarifying a view of the past. backwardness of the country; rather it is the effect of
the backwardness and troubles experienced by the
In addition, Rizal's annotations should also be country. Past writings on indolence revolve only on
understood within the context of propaganda work that either denying or affirming, and never studying its
Filipinos in Spain were engaged in. The annotations causes in depth. One must study the causes of
explored the possibilities of creating a Filipino identity indolence, Rizal says, before curing it. He, therefore,
anchored clearly on a pre-Spanish past. enumerates the causes of indolence and elaborates on
the circumstances that have led to it. The hot climate,
RIZAL: FINAL EXAM | 24
he points out, is a reasonable predisposition for and bribery operate on a wide scale, and rampant
indolence. Filipinos cannot be compared to Europeans, gambling is tolerated by the government. This situation
who live in cold countries and who must exert much is compounded by the Church's wrong doctrine which
more effort at work. An hour's work under the holds that the rich will not go to heaven, thus
Philippine sun, he says, is equivalent to a day's work in engendering a wrong attitude toward work. There has
temperate regions. also been discrimination in education against natives.
These are some of the main reasons that Rizal cites as
causing the deterioration of values among Filipinos.
Chapter 2
Chapter 5
Rizal says that an illness will worsen if the wrong
According to Rizal, all the causes of indolence can be
treatment is given. The same applies to indolence.
reduced to two factors. The first factor is the limited
People, however, should not lose hope in fighting
training and education Filipino natives receive.
indolence. Even before the Spaniards arrived, Rizal
Segregated from Spaniards, Filipinos do not receive the
argues, the early Filipinos were already carrying out
same opportunities that are available to foreigners.
trade within provinces and with other neighboring
They are taught to be inferior. The second factor is the
countries; they were also engaged in agriculture and
lack of a national sentiment of unity among them.
mining; some natives even spoke Spanish. All this
Because Filipinos think they are inferior, they submit to
disproves the notion that Filipinos are by nature
the foreign culture and do everything to imitate it. The
indolent. Rizal ends by asking what then would have
solution, according to Rizal, would be education and
caused Filipinos to forget their past.
liberty.
Chapter 3

Rizal enumerates several reasons that may have caused

ISSUES AND CAUSES OF INDOLENCE
the Filipinos' cultural and economic decadence. The
frequent wars, insurrections, and invasions have First, the establishment of the Galleon Trade cut off all
brought disorder to the communities. Chaos has been previous associations of the Philippines with other
widespread, and destruction is rampant. Many Filipinos countries in Asia and the Middle East. As a result,
have also been sent abroad to fight wars for Spain or for business was only conducted with Spain through
expeditions. Thus, the population has decreased in Mexico. Because of this, the small businesses and
number. Due to forced labor, many men have been sent handicraft industries that flourished during the pre-
to shipyards to construct vessels. Meanwhile, natives Spanish period gradually disappeared.
who have had enough of abuse have gone to the
Second, Spain also extinguished the natives’ love of
mountains. As a result, the farms have been neglected.
work because of the implementation of forced labor.
The so-called indolence of Filipinos definitely has deeply
Because of the wars between Spain and other countries
rooted causes.
in Europe as well as the Muslims in Mindanao, the
Chapter 4 Filipinos were compelled to work in shipyards, roads,
and other public works, abandoning agriculture,
Filipinos, according to Rizal, are not responsible for their
industry, and commerce.
misfortunes, as they are not their own masters. The
Spanish government has not encouraged labor and Third, Spain did not protect the people against foreign
trade, which ceased after the government treated the invaders and pirates. With no arms to defend
country's neighboring trade partners with great themselves, the natives were killed, their houses
suspicion. Trade has declined, furthermore, because of burned, and their lands destroyed. As a result of this,
pirate attacks and the many restrictions imposed by the the Filipinos were forced to become nomads, lost
government, which gives no aid to crops and farmers. interest in cultivating their lands or in rebuilding the
This and the abuse suffered under encomenderos have industries that were shut down, and simply became
caused many to abandon the fields. Businesses are submissive to the mercy of God.
monopolized by many government officials, red tape

RIZAL: FINAL EXAM | 25

Fourth, there was a crooked system of education if it
was to be considered an education. What we’re being
taught in the schools were repetitive prayers and other
things that could not be used by the students to lead
the country to progress. There were no courses in
Agriculture, Industry, etc., which were badly needed by
the Philippines during those times.

Fifth, the Spanish rulers were a bad example to despise

manual labor. The officials reported to work at noon
and left early, all the while doing nothing in line with -BOOK REFERENCE-
their duties. The women were seen constantly followed Filipinos during the period of Spanish colonization were
by servants who dressed them and fanned them – commonly described as lazy. Several foreigners visiting
personal things which they ought to have done for the Philippines from the seventeenth to the nineteenth
themselves. centuries affirmed this view with their observations.
Sixth, gambling was established and widely propagated Gemelli Careri, an Italian traveler who came to the
during those times. Almost every day there were country in the seventeenth century, remarked, "It is
cockfights, and during feast days, the government their laziness that makes them appear less ingenious;
officials and friars were the first to engage in all sorts of and they are so entirely addicted to it, that if in walking
bets and gambles. they find a thorn run into their foot, they will no stoop
to put it out of the way, that another may not tread on
Seventh, there was a crooked system of religion. The it." A more scathing portrayal was given by friar Gaspar
friars taught the naïve Filipinos that it was easier for a de San Agustin in 1720. He stated that "their laziness is
poor man to enter heaven, so they preferred not to such that if they open a door, they never close it; and if
work and remain poor so that they could easily enter they take any implement for any use, such as a knife,
heaven after they died. pair of scissors, hammer etc., they never return it
Lastly, the taxes were extremely high, so much so that a whence they took it, but drop it there at the foot of the
huge portion of what they earned went to the work." Indolence was also commented upon by the
government or to the friars. When the object of their German scholar Feodor Jagor in the nineteenth century,
labor was removed and they were exploited, they were “Along the river Pasig, somebody might be seen asleep
reduced to inaction. on a heap of coconuts. If the nuts run ashore, the
sleeper rouses himself, pushes off with a long bamboo,
and contentedly relapses into slumber, as his eccentric
rafts regain the current of the river.” More than simple
SUMMARY
observations, the remarks given by these foreigners
Rizal's essay, "On the Indolence of the Filipinos," resulted in a perennial view of the Filipinos as incapable
provided a compelling argument about the trait of or inherently lacking in abilities.
foreigners criticizing the Filipinos for laziness. Rather
Rizal’s work, "Sabre la Indolencia de los Filipinos (On the
than accept the view that indolence was an inherent
Indolence of the Filipinos, was an attempt to rectify this
characteristic among Filipinos, Rizal presented a
view.
persuasive view of the circumstances that brought
about the Filipino's indolence and the factors that might The essay was serialized in six issues of La Solidaridad
have maintained it. In the end, Rizal contended that the from July 15 to September 15, 1890. It addressed the
Filipino's predisposition through education and accusations made by foreign observers by establishing
freedom. through careful augmentation that indolence was not
an inherent trait but was an effect of other conditions
imposed upon the Filipinos.

Rizal’s reasoning echoes the ideas laid down earlier by

Gregorio Sancianco’s El Progreso de las Filipinas in 1881.
RIZAL: FINAL EXAM | 26
Sancianco advocated for reforms in the government’s in the Filipino constitution, other factors ensured its
taxation system because he believed that public maintenance. Rizal points out that while the
revenues were necessary for the overall development of government did not provide the economic and moral
the country. He also confronted poor economic incentives to encourage industry among the Filipinos,
conditions that rendered the natives lethargic and the Filipinos themselves also had their own flaws. He
unmotivated. states that the defect of education and lack of national
sentiment seen in the Filipinos only contributed to
Rizal’s essay, though, addresses the issue of Filipino
maintaining the Filipino’s predisposition towards
laziness more directly “Inasmuch as the talk about it has
indolence.
continued, not only by employees who blame it to cover
their own stupidity, not only by friars who consider it Having explained the reasons why the Filipinos became
necessary for the perpetuation of their pretension that lazy, Rizal concludes that all attempts to reform the
they cannot be replaced but also by serious-minded and Filipinos would only be successful with education and
disinterested persons.” freedom. With this, Rizal argues convincingly that
indolence in Filipinos is not an inherent trait, but rather
From the outset, Rizal does not deny any existence of
a malady with its own causes and cures.
indolence in the Filipinos. “The predisposition exists,”
he notes, “[because] the warm climate demands of the
individual quietness and rest, just as cold climate stirs
ON THE INDOLENCE OF THE FILIPINO SUMMARY
up men to work and to be active.” However, he asserts
that evil does not lie in the existence of indolence, but CHAPTER 1
in the way that it is perpetuated. He points out, “The
evil is found in the fact that indolence in the Philippines It states that indolency was present among Filipinos, but
is an exaggerated indolence, as snowball indolence, so it cannot be attributed to the past troubles of the
to speak, a vice which increases four-fold as time country. Rizal also states that the work in the
elapses.” Philippines cannot be compared to Europe because the
magnitude of the work is not the same. It summarizes
The Filipinos were not always lazy, according to Rizal. why Filipinos have a tendency on being lazy and such.
When one looked back at the pre-colonial past, he/she
would see the industry, agriculture, and commerce the CHAPTER 2
early Filipinos engaged in. Rizal cites as one example an This chapter explains how Rizal showcases how
account written by Pigafetta who described the hardworking Filipinos are by nature. Even before other
flourishing trade of goods such as cinnamon, pepper, countries invade the Philippines, we were already
nuts, and other articles. Mining was also practiced by engaging in tedious work within ourselves so Rizal begs
early Filipinos as evidenced by Pigafetta’s descriptions the question of how we became indolent and shows
of vessels and utensils made of pure gold. that by nature, Filipinos are not lazy.
If early Spanish accounts were in agreement on the CHAPTER 3
industry of the Filipinos, what then brought about a
change in them? Rizal determines that the In this chapter, Rizal showcases and enumerates
circumstances that produce a predisposition towards reasons as to what caused the cultural and economic
laziness were the constant wars waged during the early decadence. It is stated in the chapter how the Filipinos
stages of colonization, the Moro piracies that occurred were sent to many places during the war and how those
in the centuries that followed, and the abuses who were left neglected their responsibilities and
committed by the Spaniards against the Filipinos. All the moved to the mountains. All in all, the chapter shows
death and destruction brought about by these that indolency has a deeper root and cannot be easily
situations, according to Rizal, took away from the said to have been the nature of the Filipinos.
Filipinos their desire to work. CHAPTER 4
Yet, Rizal also argues that while the previous Rizal discusses that Filipinos are not naturally indolent
circumstances made it possible for laziness to take root and were not responsible for their misfortunes. It is
RIZAL: FINAL EXAM | 27
caused by the bad governance of the Spaniards,  Rizal’s exemplary mastery of words was clearly
discrimination, lack of education, and lack of work evident in one of his most celebrated works, his
incentives. These are some of the main reasons Rizal first novel, Noli Me Tangere.
stated that deteriorated the values among Filipinos.  The idea of publishing a book was not alien to
Rizal.
CHAPTER 5
 In a meeting with the ilustrados in 1884, he
Rizal argues that the effects of indolence on Filipinos are proposed to write a book project to be done
many and varied. It leads to poverty, ignorance, and a collaboratively with his fellow writers, the
lack of progress in society. He also stated the two (2) project did not materialize.
factors resulting in indolence. The first factor is  He decided to write a novel on his own.
discrimination of the foreigners towards Filipinos. The  Rizal influenced in the writing of the Noli:
second factor is the lack of unity among Filipinos. o Juan Luna’s painting Spoliarium which
depicted the sufferings faced by
humanity in the face of inequalities.
RIZAL REVIEWER o Uncle Tom’s Cabin, a novel by Harriet
FINALS Beecher Stowe that dealt with slavery in
America.
4.2 NOLI ME TANGERE
 Rizal finished the first half of the novel in Spain,
VOCABULARY supposedly the other half in France, then
completed the draft in 1886. The novel was
 Novel - a long written story most often about published the following year in Germany. Luck
fictional events and characters. of funds delayed the book’s publication until a
 Setting (in a novel) - the context in which the fellow ilusrado, Maximo Viola, insisted on
events take place; covers geographical areas in lending him 300 pesos for the printing of the
particular periods of time. first 2,000 copies.
 Plot - the flow of the narrative in a story.  March 29, 1887- Rizal, in token of his
Jose Rizal’s first novel, Noli Me Tangere, is considered appreciation and gratitude, gave Viola the galley
one of the most important written outputs by the proofs of the Noli carefully rolled around the
national hero at the height of his intellectual endeavors pen that he used in writing it and a
in Europe. complimentary copy, with the following
inscription: “To my dear friend, Maximo Viola,
Rizal mustered his academic acumens as he tapped his the first to read and appreciate my work—Jose
knowledge of various fields and wove a narrative that Rizal.”
aimed to represent, if not expose, the realities of
nineteenth century colonial life in the Philippines MOTIVATIONS BEHIND WRITING THE NOLI

Through the eyes of its characters, one journey of love  The title Noli Me Tangere is a Latin phrase
and deception, struggles and triumphs; and in the which means “Touch Me Not”. It is not
process, presents pressing questions about power and originally conceived by Rizal, for he admitted
social inequalities. taking it from the Bible.
 Rizal, writing to Felix Hidalgo in French on
THE PUBLICATION OF THE NOLI ME TANGERE March 5, 1887, said: “Noli Me Tangere, words
 Rizal participated in the movement of the taken from the Gospel of St. Luke, signify “do
ilustrados to utilized propaganda to campaign not touch me” but Rizal made a mistake, it
for reforms in the Philippines. Utilizing their should be the Gospel of St. John (Chapter 20
intellectual prowess, the ilustrados released Verses 13 to 17).
various written outputs from news bits, to  Rizal dedicated his Noli Me Tangere to the
feature articles, and commentaries. Philippines - “To My Fatherland”.
 The cover of Noli Me Tangere was designed by
Rizal. It is a ketch of explicit symbols. A woman’s
RIZAL: FINAL EXAM | 28
 head atop a Maria Clara bodice represents the Rafael’s non-participation in the Sacraments, such as
nation and the women, victims of the social Confession and Mass. Dámaso’s animosity against
cancer. One of the causes of the cancer is Ibarra’s father is aggravated by another incident when
symbolized in the friar’s feet, outsized in Don Rafael helped out on a fight between a tax collector
relation to the woman’s head. The other and a child fighting, and the former’s death was blamed
aggravating causes of oppression and on him, although it was not deliberate. Suddenly, all of
discrimination are shown in the guard’s helmet those who thought ill of him surfaced with additional
and the iron chains, the teacher’s whip and the complaints. He was imprisoned, and just when the
alferez’s scourge. A slight cluster of bamboo matter was almost settled, he died of sickness in jail.
stands at the backdrop; these are the people, Still not content with what he had done, Dámaso
forever in the background of their own arranged for Don Rafael’s corpse to be dug up from the
country’s history. There is a cross, a maze, Catholic church and brought to a Chinese cemetery,
flowers and thorny plants, a flame; these are because he thought it inappropriate to allow a heretic a
indicative of the religious policy, the Catholic burial ground. Unfortunately, it was raining and
misdirected ardor, the people strangled as a because of the bothersome weight of the body, the
result of these all. undertakers decide to throw the corpse into a nearby
 The novel Noli Me Tangere contains 63 chapters lake.
and an epilogue.
Revenge was not in Ibarra’s plans, instead he carried
 Antonio Ma. Regidor - Filipino patriot and
through his father’s plan of putting up a school, since he
lawyer who had been exiled due to his
believed that education would pave the way to his
complicity in the Cavite Mutiny of 1872, read
country’s progress (all over the novel the author refers
avidly the Noli and was very much impressed by
to both Spain and the Philippines as two different
its author.
countries, which form part of a same nation or family,
PLOT being Spain the mother and the Philippines the
daughter). During the inauguration of the school, Ibarra
Having completed his studies in Europe, young Juan
would have been killed in a sabotage had Elías — a
Crisóstomo Ibarra y Magsalin came back to the
mysterious man who had warned Ibarra earlier of a plot
Philippines after a 7-year absence. In his honor, Don
to assassinate him — not saved him. Instead, the hired
Santiago de los Santos, a family friend commonly known
killer met an unfortunate incident and died. The
as Captain Tiago, threw a get-together party, which was
sequence of events proved to be too traumatic for
attended by friars and other prominent figures. One of
María Clara who got seriously ill but was luckily cured by
the guests, former San Diego curate Fray Dámaso
the medicine Ibarra sent.
Vardolagas belittled and slandered Ibarra. Ibarra
brushed off the insults and took no offense; he instead After the inauguration, Ibarra hosted a luncheon during
politely excused himself and left the party because of an which Dámaso, gate-crashing the luncheon, again
allegedly important task. insulted him. Ibarra ignored the priest’s insolence, but
when the latter slandered the memory of his dead
The next day, Ibarra visits María Clara, his betrothed,
father, he was no longer able to restrain himself and
the beautiful daughter of Captain Tiago and affluent
lunged at Dámaso, prepared to stab him for his
resident of Binondo. Their long-standing love was
impudence. As a consequence, Dámaso
clearly manifested in this meeting, and María Clara
excommunicated Ibarra, taking this opportunity to
cannot help but reread the letters her sweetheart had
persuade the already-hesitant Tiago to forbid his
written her before he went to Europe. Before Ibarra left
daughter from marrying Ibarra. The friar wished María
for San Diego, Lieutenant Guevara, a Civil Guard, reveals
Clara to marry Linares, a Peninsular who had just
to him the incidents preceding the death of his father,
arrived from Spain.
Don Rafael Ibarra, a rich hacendero of the town.
With the help of the Governor-General, Ibarra’s
According to Guevara, Don Rafael was unjustly accused
excommunication was nullified, and the archbishop
of being a heretic, in addition to being a subservient —
decided to accept him as a member of the Church once
an allegation brought forth by Dámaso because of Don
again. But, as fate would have it, some incident of which
RIZAL: FINAL EXAM | 29
Ibarra had known nothing about was blamed on him, (The truth is that it was the sacristan mayor who stole
and he is wrongly arrested and imprisoned. The the objects and only pinned the blame on the two boys.
accusation against him was then overruled because The said sacristan mayor actually killed Crispín while
during the litigation that followed, nobody could testify interrogating him on the supposed location of the
that he was indeed involved. Unfortunately, his letter to sacred objects. It was implied that the body was never
María Clara somehow got into the hands of the jury and found, and the incident was covered-up by Salví).
is manipulated such that it then became evidence
Elías, convinced that he would die soon, instructs Basilio
against him by the parish priest, Fray Salví. With
to build a funeral pyre and burn his and Sisa’s bodies to
Machiavellian precision, Salví framed Ibarra and ruined
ashes. He tells Basilio that, if nobody reaches the place,
his life just so he could stop him from marrying María
he come back later on and dig for he will find gold. He
Clara and making the latter his concubine.
also tells him (Basilio) to take the gold he finds and go to
Meanwhile, in Capitan Tiago’s residence, a party was school. In his dying breath, he instructed Basilio to
being held to announce the upcoming wedding of María continue dreaming about freedom for his motherland
Clara and Linares. Ibarra, with the help of Elías, took this with the words:
opportunity to escape from prison. Before leaving,
“I shall die without seeing the dawn break upon my
Ibarra spoke to María Clara and accused her of
homeland. You, who shall see it, salute it! Do not forget
betraying him, thinking that she gave the letter he
those who have fallen during the night.”
wrote her to the jury. María Clara explained that she
would never conspire against him, but that she was Elías died thereafter. In the epilogue, it was explained
forced to surrender Ibarra’s letter to Father Salvi, in that Tiago became addicted to opium and was seen to
exchange for the letters written by her mother even frequent the opium house in Binondo to satiate his
before she, María Clara, was born. The letters were addiction. María Clara became a nun where Salví, who
from her mother, Pía Alba, to Dámaso alluding to their has lusted over her from the beginning of the novel,
unborn child; and that María Clara was therefore not regularly used her to fulfill his lust. One stormy evening,
Captain Tiago’s biological daughter, but Dámaso’s. a beautiful crazy woman was seen at the top of the
convent crying and cursing the heavens for the fate it
Afterwards, Ibarra and Elías fled by boat. Elías
has handed her. While the woman was never identified,
instructed Ibarra to lie down, covering him with grass to
it is suggested that the said woman was María Clara.
conceal his presence. As luck would have it, they were
spotted by their enemies. Elías, thinking he could MAJOR CHARACTERS
outsmart them, jumped into the water. The guards
rained shots on him, all the while not knowing that they IBARRA
were aiming at the wrong man. Juan Crisóstomo Ibarra y Magsalin, commonly referred
María Clara, thinking that Ibarra had been killed in the to the novel as Ibarra or Crisóstomo, is the protagonist
shooting incident, was greatly overcome with grief. in the story. Son of a Filipino businessman, Don Rafael
Robbed of hope and severely disillusioned, she asked Ibarra, he studied in Europe for seven years. Ibarra is
Dámaso to confine her into a nunnery. Dámaso also María Clara’s fiancé. Several sources claim that
reluctantly agreed when she threatened to take her Ibarra is also Rizal’s reflection: both studied in Europe
own life, demanding, “the nunnery or death!” [2] and both persons believe in the same ideas. Upon his
Unbeknownst to her, Ibarra was still alive and able to return, Ibarra requested the local government of San
escape. It was Elías who had taken the shots. Diego to construct a public school to promote education
in the town. In the sequel of Noli, El filibusterismo,
It was Christmas Eve when Elías woke up in the forest Ibarra returned with different character and name: he
fatally wounded, as it is here where he instructed Ibarra called himself as Simoun, the English mestizo.
to meet him. Instead, Elías found the altar boy Basilio
cradling his already-dead mother, Sisa. The latter lost MARÍA CLARA
her mind when she learned that her two sons, Crispín María Clara de los Santos y Alba, commonly referred to
and Basilio, were chased out of the convent by the as María Clara, is Ibarra’s fiancée. She was raised by
sacristan mayor on suspicions of stealing sacred objects. Capitán Tiago, Binundok’s cabeza de barangay and is
RIZAL: FINAL EXAM | 30
the most beautiful and widely celebrated girl in San Elías is Ibarra’s mysterious friend and ally. Elías made his
Diego. In the later parts of the novel, María Clara’s first appearance as a pilot during a picnic of Ibarra and
identity was revealed as an illegitimate daughter of María Clara and her friends.[14] He wants to
Father Dámaso, former parish curate of the town, and revolutionize the country and to be freed from Spanish
Doña Pía Alba, wife of Capitán Tiago. In the end she oppression.
entered local covenant for nuns Beaterio de Santa Clara.
The 50th chapter of the novel explores the past of Elías
In the epilogue dealing with the fate of the characters,
and history of his family. In the past, Ibarra’s great-
Rizal stated that it is unknown if María Clara is still living
grandfather condemned Elías’ grandfather of burning a
within the walls of the covenant, or she is already dead.
warehouse which led into misfortune for Elías’ family.
The character of María Clara was patterned after Leonor His father was refused to be married by his mother
Rivera, Rizal’s first cousin and childhood sweetheart. because his father’s past and family lineage was
discovered by his mother’s family. In the long run, Elías
CAPITÁN TIAGO
and his twin sister was raised by their maternal
Don Santiago de los Santos, known by his nickname grandfather. When they were teenagers, their distant
Tiago and political title Capitán Tiago is a Filipino relatives called them hijos de bastardo or illegitimate
businessman and the cabeza de barangay or head of children. One day, his sister disappeared which led him
barangay of the town of Binundok. He is also the known to search for her. His search led him into different
father of María Clara. places, and finally, he became a fugitive and subversive.

In the novel, it is said that Capitán Tiago is the richest PILOSOPO TACIO
man in the region of Binondo and he possessed real
Pilosopo Tacio, known by his Filipinized name Pilosopo
properties in Pampanga and Laguna de Bay. He is also
Tasyo is another major character in the story. Seeking
said to be a good Catholic, friend of the Spanish
for reforms from the government, he expresses his
government and was considered as a Spanish by
ideals in paper written in a cryptographic alphabet
colonialists. Capitán Tiago never attended school, so he
similar from hieroglyphs and Coptic figures hoping “that
became a domestic helper of a Dominican friar who
the future generations may be able to decipher it” and
taught him informal education. He married Pía Alba
realized the abuse and oppression done by the
from Santa Cruz.
conquerors.
PADRE DÁMASO
His full name is only known as Don Anastacio. The
Dámaso Verdolagas, or Padre Dámaso is a Franciscan educated inhabitants of San Diego labeled him as
friar and the former parish curate of San Diego. He is Filosofo Tacio (Tacio the Sage) while others called him
best known as a notorious character who speaks with as Tacio el Loco (Insane Tacio) due to his exceptional
harsh words and has been a cruel priest during his stay talent for reasoning.
in the town. He is the real father of María Clara and an
DOÑA VICTORINA
enemy of Crisóstomo’s father, Rafael Ibarra. Later, he
and María Clara had bitter arguments whether she Doña Victorina de Espadaña, commonly known as Doña
would marry Alfonso Linares or go to a convent.[13] At Victorina, is an ambitious Filipina who classifies herself
the end of the novel, he is again re-assigned to a distant as a Spanish and mimics Spanish ladies by putting on
town and is found dead one day. heavy make-up.[12] The novel narrates Doña Victorina’s
younger days: she had lots of admirers, but she didn’t
In popular culture, when a priest was said to be like
choose any of them because nobody was a Spaniard.
Padre Dámaso, it means that he is a cruel but
Later on, she met and married Don Tiburcio de
respectable individual. When one says a child is “anak ni
Espadaña, an official of the customs bureau who is
Padre Damaso” (child of Padre Dámaso), it means that
about ten years her junior. However, their marriage is
the child’s father’s identity is unknown.
childless.
ELÍAS
Her husband assumes the title of medical doctor even
though he never attended medical school; using fake

RIZAL: FINAL EXAM | 31

documents and certificates, Tiburcio practices illegal  The Reign of the Greed – translated into English
medicine. Tiburcio’s usage of the title Dr. consequently by Charles Derbyshire in 1912.
makes Victorina assume the title Dra. (doctora, female
History and Context
doctor). Apparently, she uses the whole name Doña
Victorina de los Reyes de de Espadaña, with double due The Printing
to emphasize her marriage surname. She seems to feel
that this awkward titling makes her more  February 1888 - Rizal continued working on his
“sophisticated.” novel and made some revisions while he was in
London.
SUMMARY  March 29, 1891 - complete the novel after three
This module discussed Noli Me Tangere, tracing its years in Biarritz, France.
publication and Rizal's motivation behind its writing.  September 18, 1891 - book published in Ghent
Noli Me Tangere was part of a publication agenda with the help of his friend Valentin Ventura.
conceived by Rizal in the hopes of awakening his  Rizal sent 2 copies to Hongkong one for Jose
countrymen and the world about the colonial conditions Basa and the other to Sixto Lopez. The original
in the Philippines. On the pages of the Noli Rizal's genius manuscript and a printed copy gave to Valentin
shone through as he assembled and harnessed his Ventura with his autograph.
intellect to paint a picture of nineteenth century  El Fili - is dedicated to Gomburza, the three
Philippines. The plot provided a story of hope and priests accused of being filibusters in 1872.
struggle against the backdrop of an elaborate setting  Gomburza
filled with equally complex characters. Through the o Don Mariano Gomez - died 73 years old.
novels' characters, varied points of view were gleaned o Don Jose Burgos - died 35 years old.
from colonial life and through its plot, an allegory of o Don Jacinto Zamora - died 37 years old.
colonial society was created.  February 17, 1872 - Gomburza publicly
executed by garrote in Bagumbayan on the
early morning.
5.3 EL FILIBUSTERISMO: CONTEXT AND CONTENT NOLI ME TANGERE
Vocabulary Themes that can be seen in the story "El Fili begins
 Filibustero (19th century context) – translated where the Noli leaves off where:
as “subversive”, a patriot who was usually  Love • Heroism
associated with revolutionary activities.  Romance • Mercy
 Guardia civil – police or military force assigned  Aspiration • Idealism
by the colonial government to maintain peace
and order. EL FILIBUSTERISMO
 Cabeza de barangay – head of the barangay.
Turns to:
Rizal's second novel, El Filibusterismo, is a story set in
 Hatred • Anger
twilight years of the Spanish colonial government in the
 Pain • Disillusionment
Philippines. It was first translated into English by Charles
 Bitterness • Vengeance
Derbyshire in 1912 under the title, Reign of Greed. The
book according to the translator " represents Rizal's In 1890, Wenceslao Retana wrote about the “filibuster”
more mature judgment on political and social and described the term as “the one who, eager for the
conditions in the islands, and in its graver and less independence of the country, resorts to various
hopeful tone reflects the disappointments and extralegal proceedings in order to reach the objectives
discouragements which he had encountered in his that he pursues (Aguilar, 2011).
efforts to lead the way to reform.
By the end of the nineteenth century, the Spanish
 El Filibusterismo – Rizal’s second novel sequel colonial government defined” filibuster: as “someone
to the Noli Me Tangere.
RIZAL: FINAL EXAM | 32
who works for the separation of our overseas revolutionaries to attack all government buildings in
provinces.” Manila.

SYNOPSIS As planned, Simoun gave the lamp during the reception.

Before leaving the venue, he left a note with a message:
Plot
“You will die tonight,” signed by Crisostomo Ibarra.
The story of El Filibusterismo revolved around the main Meanwhile, when Basilo saw all the people at the
character, Simoun, who was the rich jeweller. Simoun venue, his conscience bothered him. He saw his friend
was actually Crisostomo Ibarra of the Noli whom Isagani, who was secretly watching his love, Paulita,
everyone thought was killed by the guardia civil at the celebrating her wedding. Basilio told Isagani about the
Laguna de Bay thirteen years ago. He was able to explosive and asked him to leave the place.
escape and fled to Cuba. He became wealthy and was
When Padre Salvi confirmed Ibarra’s handwriting, the
able to establish connections with prominent Spaniards
guess began to panic. The lamp flickered and Padre
officials. Upon his return to the Philippines, Simoun
Irene tried to turn the wick. But Isagani, wanting to save
became very influential being the consultant of the
Paulita, ran into the house, grabbed the lamp, and
governor general.
threw it into the river where it exploded.
Simoun came back with his grand plan to exact revenge
Simoun took refuge in the house of a kind Filipino
on Spanish officials and to rescue Maria Clara who
preist, Padre Florentino. The guardias civiles, however,
entered the convent after learning the news of Ibbara’s
learned about the whereabouts of the fugitive, and
death. He planned to launch a revolution. Planting a
informed the priest that they would come in the
bomb at the wedding ceremony which he started by
evening to arrest Simoun.
smuggling arms and recruiting followers, mainly from
the exploited and abused natives. One of his recruits Instead of surrending to the authorities, Simoun
was Basilio, the son of Sisa. With the help of Capitan poisoned himself. As the poison started to take effect
Tiago, Basilio was able to study medicine in Manila. on his body, he confessed to Padre Florentino his true
Simoun also began to establish an alliance with identity and his plans for revenge. After the long and
Kabesang Tales and his revolutionary group. Kabesang redius confession, the priest told Simoun that his plans
Tales was a former cabeza de barangay who was might have failed because of the unjust means that
maltreated by the friars. Using his position, Simoun were used. He assured Simoun that there was still hope
encouraged corruption and more oppressive for the freedom of the country.
government policies to enrage the people and thus
The story ended with Padre Florentino throwing
provoke them to revolt.
Simouns’s jewels into the sea so that they would not be
Simoun’s plans of revolution failed twice. In his first used by the greedy. He also prayed that when the right
attempt, he decided not to give signal for the outbreak time comes, the treasure would be recovered and used
of the uprising upon hearing the news of Maria Clara’s for a noble purpose.
death. Basilio and the other students were the arrested
SUMMARY
for allegedly forming a seditious organization. Simoun
arranged the release of Basilio who became bitter and This topic traced the history of the term filibustero and
vengeful. However, he was very grateful to Simoun and how the Filipinos defined the concept during Rizal's
offered his full support for the revolution. The second time. For the Spaniards, a filibustero was someone who
attempt at starting a revolution entailed the planting of reveled against the government while for the indios, he
a bomb at wedding reception of Paulita Gomez and was a patriot who fought for the country's freedom.
Juanito Pelaez. Illustrious guests at the mansion Compared to Noli Me Tangere, El Filibusterismo showed
included Padre Salvi and the governor general. In how Rizal matured as a writer. This transformation
Simouns’s plan, the revolution would be triggered by his could be seen in the main character Simoun who
gift to the couple, a kerosene lamp with an explosive. changed from being a moderate ilustrado to a
When the lamp starts flickering and someone turns the revolutionary jeweler and planned to launch a
wick, there would be an explosion, signaling the revolution against the colonial government. Through

RIZAL: FINAL EXAM | 33

this novel, one could see how a victim of oppression 1887, the patriot wrote: Revolution as a Means of Social
and injustice could turn into an influential revolutionary. Change

Rizal himself was admired as a good leader. His

colleagues in the Propaganda Movement respected him
6.1 EL FILIBUSTERISMO: CONTINUING RELEVANCE
because he showed a kind of leadership that was not
Vocabulary motived by personal interest. The call for a good
leadership could leadership could be gleaned from El Fili
 Reform – improvement or change to better when he stressed the importance of National sentiment
state (social, economic, and political to guard the society against all kinds of injustices and
institutions) oppression on leadership and Governance.
 Revolution – a violent attempt to overthrow a
government. At the time that Simoun was planning to launch the
 Principalia class – the ruling and usually revolution, students including Basilio were also fighting
educated upper class in the nineteenth century for the establishment of a school that would allow
Philippines. natives to learn the Spanish language. Simoun strongly
reated against the project advocated by the students.
One hundred twenty years after Rizal’s execution, his For him, it would mean the death of national identity
writings remain socially relevant. The ills that he rallied and the institutionalization of Tyranny. In Chapters 6
against inept leadership, corruption, abuse of women, (Basilio) AND 7 (Simoun), Simoun expressed his
and the influence of the Catholic Church over political disapproval of the students’ program, convincing Basilio
and social affairs are still persisting in the Philippine to join him in his plan of revolution instead. On
society today. Education and Language
Rizal’s main objective in writing El Filibusterismo is to Jose Rizal through the character of Padre Florentino, a
expose the Philippine situation as he witnessed during patriotic Filipino priest in El Fili. Rizal saw the youth as
his time. future of the country because this generation would
The importance of Rizal’s ideas for our generation has a one day lead the nation. Their actions today would
twofold basis first the applicability to present –day shape the path of tomorrow.  Rizal stressed the
problems, and second, their inspirational value. Rizal important role of the youth in challenging the
holds a mirror to our face, and we see ourselves our government as seen in the efforts of students like
vices our defects, our meanness, because the conditions Basilio and Isagani to organize themselves and unite to
he describes are the very conditions we see around us, call for reforms. On the Filipino Youth
and the characters he portrays are people we continue CHARACTER
to meet. One hand holds a mirror to shame us and the
other points the way to our regeneration. Yet the truth KABESANG TALES
is that the mirror was not meant to reveal our image, Cabeza Telesforo Juan de Dios, a former cabeza de
but the image of the people and the society of Rizal barangay (barangay head) of Sagpang, a barangay in San
time Renato Constantino relevance of Rizal’s teachings. Diego's neighboring town Tiani, who resurfaced as the
Council to stay in Madrid and write there is very feared Luzón bandit Matanglawin. He is the son of
benevolent; but I cannot, and I must not accept it. I Tandang Selo, and father of Juli and Tano.
cannot stand life in Madrid; there we are all "vox PLACIDO PENITENTE
clamantis in deserto"; my relatives want to see me, and
I want to see them too; Nowhere is life as pleasant to A student at the University of Santo Tomas who was
me as in my homeland, next to my family. I am still not very intelligent and wise but did not want, if not only by
Europeanized as the Filipinos of Madrid say, I always his mother's plea, to pursue his studies. He also controls
want to return to the country of my aborigines. "The his temper against Padre Millon, his physics teacher.
goat always throws the bush," they told me. Rizal During his High School days, he was an honor student
responded to Blumentritt. In a letter dated 19 June hailing from Batangas.

RIZAL: FINAL EXAM | 34

PADRE CAMORRA better future for the Philippines. His girlfriend was rich
and beautiful Paulita Gomez, but they broke up once he
The lustful parish priest of Tiani, San Diego's adjacent
was arrested. Despite this, his love for her still endured.
town who has longtime desires for young women. He
He sabotaged Simoun’s plan by removing the lamp that
nearly raped Juli causing the latter to commit suicide.
contained explosives and threw it in the waters.
HERMANA PENCHANG
JUANITO PELAEZ
Sagpang's rich pusakal (gambler). She offers Juli to be
The son of Don Timoteo Pelaez, a Spanish
her maid so the latter can obtain money to free
businessmam, he is also one of the members of
Kabesang Tales. Disbelieving of Juli and her close
Macaraig’s gang who wish to have the Academia de
friends, she considers herself as an ally of the friars.
Castellano built. He is considered by Isagani as his rival
to Paulita Gomez, the woman whom he fell in love wed
in the end. Placido Penitente considers him as a “good
for nothing” classmate.
JULI OR HULI PAULITA GOMEZ
Juliana de Dios, the girlfriend of Basilio, and the The girlfriend of Isagani and the niece of Dona Victorina,
youngest daughter of Kabesang Tales. To claim her the old indio who passes herself off as a Peninsular, who
father from the bandits, she had to work as a maid is the wife of the quack doctor, Tiburcio de Espanada. In
under the supervision of Hermana Penchang. the end, she and Juanito Pelaez are wed, and she
Eventually, she was freed but committed suicide after dumps Isagani, believing that she will have no future if
Father Camorra attempted to rape her. she marries him.
SIMOUN MACARAIG
Crisostomo Ibarra in disguise, left for dead at the end of One of Isagani’s classmates at the University of Santo
Noli Me Tangere. Ibarra has resurfaced as the wealthy Tomas. He is a rich student and serves as the leader of
jeweler, Simoun, sporting a beard, blue-tinted glasses, the students yearning to build the Academia de
and a revolver. Fueled by his mistreatment at the hands Castellano.
of the Spaniards and his fury at Maria Clara’s fate,
Simu=oun secretly plans a revolution to seek revenge BEN ZAYB
against those who wronged him.
The pseudonym of Abraham Ybanez, a journalist who
MARIA CLARA believes he is the “only” one thinking in the Philippines.
Ben-Zayb is an anagram of Ybanez, an alternate spelling
She is the girlfriend of Ibarra. She is the daughter of of his name.
Kapitan Tiago and Dona Pia Alba, but biologically, her
father is Padre Damaso. DON CUSTODIO

BASILIO Custodio de Salazar y Sanchez de Monteredondo, a

famous “journalist” who was asked by the students
Son of Sisa, another character from Noli Me Tangere. about his decision for the Academia de Castellano. In
After his mother’s death, he became a vagabond until reality, he is quite an ordinary fellow who married a rich
Captain Tiago took him in out of pity and hired him as a woman in order to be a member of Manila’s high
houseboy in exchange for sending him to school. In the society.
events of the book, he is a graduating medical student
who discovered Simoun’s true identity and befriended GOBERNADOR-GENERAL
him. His girlfriend is Juli.
The highest ranking official in the Philippines during the
ISAGANI Spanish colonial period, this unnamed character
pretends that what he is doing is for the good of the
Basilio’s friend and one of the students who planned to indios, the local citizens of the country, but in reality, he
set up a new school. He is very idealistic and hopes for a
RIZAL: FINAL EXAM | 35
prioritizes the needs of his fellow Spaniards living in the PEPAY
country.
Don Custodio’s supposed “girlfriend”. A dancer, she is
FATHER FLORENTINO always agitated of her “boyfriend’s” plans. She seems to
be a close friend of Macaraig.
Isagani’s godfather, and a secular priest; was engaged
to be married but chose to be a priest after being FATHER HERNANDO DE LA SIBYLA
pressured by his mother, the story hinting at the
A Dominican friar in Noli Me Tangere, now the vice-
ambivalence of his decision as he chooses an
rector of the University of Santo Tomas.
assignment to a remote place, living in solitude near the
sea. He took in Don Tiburcio de Espanada when he was FATHER IRENE
hiding from his wife, Dona Victorina.
Captain Tiago’s spiritual adviser. Although reluctant, he
helped the students to establish Academia de
Castellano after being convinced by giving him a
chestnut. The only witness to Captain Tiago’s death, he
forged the last will and testament of the latter so Basilio
will obtain nothing from the inheritance.
QUIROGA
HERMANA PENCHANG
A Chinese businessman who dreamed of being a consul
for his country in the Philippines. He hid Simoun’s Sagpang’s rich pusakal (gambler). She offers Juli to be
weapons inside his house. her maid so the latter can obtain money to free
Kabesang Tales. Disbelieving of Juli and her close
FATHER FERNANDEZ
friends, she considers herself as an ally of the friars.
The priest friend of Isagani. He promised Isagani that he
DON TIMETEO PELAEZ
and the other priests will give in to the students’
demands. Juanito’s father. He is a rich businessman and arranges a
wedding for his son and Paulita. He and Simoun became
PECSON
business partners.
Classmate who had no idea on the happenings
TANDANG SELO
occurring around him. He suggested that they hold the
mock celebration at the panciteria. Father of Kabesang Tales and grandfather of Tano and
Juli. He raised the sick and young Basilio after he left
DONA VICTORINA
their house in Noli Me Tangere. He died in an encounter
Victorina Delos Reyes de Espanada, known in Noli Me on the mountains with his son Tales, when he was killed
Tangere as Tiburcio de Espanada’s cruel wife. She is the by a battalion included his own grandson, Tano.
aunt of Paulita Gomez and favors Juanito Pelaez over
HERMANA BALI
Isagani. She is searching for her husband, who has left
her and is in hiding. Although of indio heritage, she Another gambler in Tiani. She became Juli’s mother-
considers herself as one of the Peninsulars. figure and counselor, helped to release Kabesang Tales
from the hands of bandits.
SANDOVAL
FATHER MILLON
The vice-leader of Macaraig’s gang. A Spanish classmate
of Isagani, he coerces his classmates to lead alongside The physics teacher of the UST. He always becomes
him the opening of the Spanish language academy. vindictive with Placido and always taunts him during
class.
FATHER BERNARDO SALVI
TADEO
Former parish priest of San Diego in Noli Me Tangere,
now the director and chaplain of the Santa Clara Macaraig’s classmate. He, along with other three
convent. members of their gang, supposedly posted the posters
RIZAL: FINAL EXAM | 36
that “thanked” Don Custodio and Father Irene for the The final part of Rizal’s work presents another
opening of the Academia de Castellano. interesting point of discussion since he attempts to look
into the future of the country. He argues that if the
LEEDS
Philippines becomes free in the future, this
An American who holds stage plays starring severed independence will be short-lived since the United States
heads; he is good friends with Simoun. of America will probably acquire and colonize the
country as one of their own territories.
TANO
In the end, Rizal makes a strong assertion that it is
Kabesang tales’s older son after his older sister, Lucia, imperative for Spain to grant the Filipinos reform, for as
died in childhood. He took up the pseudonym he eloquently states, “It is better to keep pace with the
“Carolina” after returning from exile in the Caroline desire of a people that to give way before them; the
Islands and became a civil guard. He was among the former begets sympathy and love, the latter contempt
battalion killed with his grandfather, Selo, who was part and anger.”
of a group of an attacking rebel.

6.2 THE DESTINY OF THE FILIPINO PEOPLE

SUMMARY
Vocabulary
The essay " The Philippine a Century Hence" was Rizal 's
Spanish cortes – the government body in charge of attempt to answer the question of whether or not the
drafting laws pertaining to Spain and its colonies. Philippines would continue to remain a colony of Spain.
Rizal’s work, The Philippines a Century Hence: was By presenting sound arguments, Rizal made a
serialized in La Solidaridad in four installments from compelling case that the Philippines would only remain
September 30, 1889, to January 31, 1890. In this essay, a colony of Spain if the Filipinos were granted reforms,
Rizal attempts to answer the basic question of whether particularly the freedom of the press and
the Philippines will remain a Spanish colony or not. representation in the Spanish Cortes, Without these
Rizal’s essay titled “The Philippines a Century Hence” reforms, Rizal foresaw the eventual the independence
presents compelling arguments on what the state of the of the Philippines resulting from a violent revolution.
country will be like in the future.

- 6.3 BIOGRAPHY AND NATIONAL HISTORY

The first part of Rizal’s essay does this by illustrating Vocabulary
that with the arrival of the Spaniards, the Filipinos were
forced to accept the subject themselves to a new and  Biography – the story of one’s life written by
foreign culture. someone else.
 National history – the study of a nation’s past
By the nineteenth century, economic conditions had
events.
become better in the Philippines and Rizal recognizes
 Social context – physical and social setting in
this. However, beyond the material prosperity, he
which people live.
points out that the Filipinos remain brutalized and
oppressed. Since advancement or progress is clearly Biography in Philippine History
inevitable, Rizal poses the question on whether the
The Philippines history noted the publication of the
Philippines will remain a colony of Spain despite all the
considered first biographies focusing on the life of the
changes.
missionaries who worked in the evangelization of the
He states that the Philippines will remain a colony of natives.
Spain if the mother country implements reforms such as
These Spanish-written narratives can be read in
freedom of the press and representation in the Rizal
religious chronicles and histories citing the missionaries’
also concedes that if Spain does not grant these
important roles in building churches or even bridges
reforms, the Filipino will likely become independent
and fortresses.
after a violent and bloody revolution.
RIZAL: FINAL EXAM | 37
Filipino biographies can only be found in the accounts of The social impact of these events shaped the society in
the Spanish priests who reported on how they defended which Rizal had lived. Moreover, Rizal’s life covers the
the Spain and the Catholic faith against the Filipino period from 1861 to 1896; therefore, it is inevitable to
“enemies”. look into the events in the Philippines during the
nineteenth century.
Early colonial Filipino biographies, therefore, are
narratives of Filipino fighters who were seen as Specific episodes in Philippine history, like the rise in
“enemies of the state.” power of the Catholic Church called by the reformists as
frailocracy; the opening of the Suez Canal and the
The study on biographies broadened. One monumental
Philippines to free trade; the liberal rule of Carlos Ma.
work in the history of life-writing in the country is that
Dela Torre; the Cavite Mutiny of 1872 that resulted in
of E. Arsenio Manuel in 1955, a four-volume
the execution of Gomburza; and the founding of the
compilation entitled Dictionary of Philippine Biography.
Propaganda Movement in the 1880s, were all significant
Two years after, D. H. Soriano and Isidro L. Retizos in shaping Rizal’s views and ideas.
published The Philippines Who’s Who, a book about the
Rizal was born and grew up in a period of massive
lives of 400 Filipinos and their achievements.
changes not just in Europe but also in Spain and the
Historian and biographer Gregorio Zaide also published Philippines.
his Great Filipinos in history in 1970.
SUMMARY
He and his daughter revised the book in 1988 with the
Biography could be a tool in understanding a particular
title Rizal and Other Great Filipinos, featuring the
period of history. the life of an individual could not be
biographies of forty heroes, foremost of which is Rizal.
detached from the milieu that shaped his/her views and
The purpose of the revised book, as summed up by
ideas. this chapter showed how the study of biography
Sonia Zaide was “to inspire the younger generations of
could be an integral factor in understanding the broader
Filipinos to love and serve their country.
context of national history.
Today, many Filipino biographies have been written.
Undoubtedly, Jose Rizal’s life and works have always
been the favorite subject of writers and biographers. MODULE 6 SUMMARY
Among the most known biographies of Rizal include the
This topic showed hoe El filibusterismo could be used in
books of Austin Craig (1913); Carlos Quirino (1940);
examining the Philippine conditions during Rizal's time.
Rafael Palma (1949); Leon Ma. Guerrero (1963);
through his novel, readers got a glimpse of the kind of
Gregorio Zaide (1981); and Austin Coates (1992).
society where Rizal had lived. The characters might be
Historical biographies, therefore, serve as means or fictional but most of the situations in the story were
tools to study the lives and experiences of Filipinos, actual or portrayals of similar events that happened in
Particularly of Philippines heroes from which one can the past.
learn and be inspired to serve the country.
The essay " The Philippine a Century Hence" was Rizal 's
Biography and National History attempt to answer the question of whether or not the
Philippines would continue to remain a colony of Spain.
In history, it is always important to connect the
By presenting sound arguments, Rizal made a
individual’s life story with the historical situation he/she
compelling case that the Philippines would only remain
was in. Remember that the goal of studying a
a colony of Spain if the Filipinos were granted reforms,
biographer is to “read a society through an individual’s
particularly the freedom of the press and
story” (Ferratori, 1983).
representation in the Spanish Cortes, Without these
Understanding Rizal, therefore, means comprehending reforms, Rizal foresaw the eventual the independence
the context of his time. Rizal’s biography, for example, is of the Philippines resulting from a violent revolution.
not complete without mentioning the Industrial
Biography could be a tool in understanding a particular
Revolution and the American revolution which
period of history. the life of an individual could not be
happened years before he was born.
RIZAL: FINAL EXAM | 38
detached from the milieu that shaped his/her views and Rizal feared the novel might not be printed, and
ideas. this chapter showed how the study of biography that it would remain unread.
could be an integral factor in understanding the broader  He was struggling with financial constraints at
context of national history. the time and thought it would be hard to
pursue printing the novel.
 A financial aid came from a friend named
Máximo Viola.
 Rizal at first, however, hesitated but Viola
insisted and ended up lending Rizal P300 for
2,000 copies; Noli was eventually printed in
Berlin, Germany.
 The printing was finished earlier than the
estimated five months. Viola arrived in Berlin in
December 1886, and by March 21, 1887, Rizal
had sent a copy of the novel to his friend
PPT NOLI ME TANGERE Blumentritt.

Introduction Main Characters

Jose Rizal’s first novel, Noli Me Tangere, is considered Juan Crisóstomo Ibarra y Magsalin (Ibarra) - A wealthy
one of the most important written outputs by the young man of mixed Spanish and Filipino ancestry who
national hero at the height of his intellectual endeavors has recently returned to the Philippines from Europe
in Europe. after spending seven years studying abroad. Ibarra is
cultured and well-respected, though the friars in his
Rizal mustered his academic acumens as he tapped his hometown of San Diego are suspicious of him.
knowledge of various fields and wove a narrative that
aimed to represent, if not exposed, the realities of 19th María Clara - A woman well-regarded in San Diego for
century colonial life in the Philippines. her high social station. Having grown up together as
childhood friends, María Clara and Ibarra are engaged
While the Noli Me Tangere triggered social to be married, though Father Damaso—her godfather—
conversations in the late 19th century Philippines, it is is displeased with this arrangement and does what he
important to note how the novel continues to resonate can to interfere.
beyond its time.
Father Dámaso - A Spanish friar living in the Philippines,
The success of Rizal’s novel also rests on its timelessness Father Dámaso is an arrogant and pedantic priest who,
in terms of present-day social issues and political- despite having lived amongst Filipinos and hearing their
economic realities. confessions for over twenty years, is barely able to
speak or understand Tagalog, the country’s native
Publication of the Noli Me Tangere
language.
 Noli Me Tangere is a novel by Filipino polymath
Elías - An outlaw and vagabond revolutionary who
José Rizal and first published in 1887 in Berlin,
resents the power the Catholic church and Spanish
Germany.
government have over the Philippines. After Ibarra
 Early English translations used titles like An
saves his life from a vicious crocodile, Elías swears to
Eagle Flight and The Social Cancer, but more
protect the young man from his enemies, which are
recent translations have been published using
legion.
the original Latin title.
 Though originally written in Spanish, it is more Father Salví - A serious and committed Spanish friar
commonly published and read in the Philippines who takes over Father Damaso’s post in San Diego as
in either English or Filipino. the town’s priest. Fray Salví is a meticulous and cunning
 Rizal finished the novel in December 1886. At man who uses his religious stature for political
first, according to one of Rizal’s biographers, influence, benefitting both himself and the church.
RIZAL: FINAL EXAM | 39
Captain Tiago (Don Santiago de los Santos) - A Filipino —as Rizal goes out of his way to emphasize—past her
socialite and well-respected member of the country’s prime.
wealthy elite. Close with high-ranking clergy members
The Ensign - A Spaniard in charge of the Civil Guard in
like Father Salvi and Father Damaso, Captain Tiago is
San Diego. The ensign has a bitter relationship with
one of the richest property owners in Manila and San
Father Salvi, since he thinks Father Salví takes his
Diego. He is concerned with making sure his daughter,
position too seriously.
Maria Clara, marries an affluent man with ample social
capital, which is one of the reasons he so quickly Doña Consolación - An older Filipina woman married to
abandons his support of Ibarra when the friars disgrace the ensign. Doña Consolación is a brutal, vulgar partner
the young man’s name. who berates the ensign, engaging him in intense
physical fights heard across the town. It is well known
Old Tasio (Don Anastasio) - An old man who used to
that she makes many of the ensign’s decisions, and she
study philosophy and who prefers secular knowledge to
even fuels his rivalry with Father Salvi, encouraging her
Catholicism. This atheistic worldview attracts attention
husband to take action against the priest to assert his
from the friars and pious townspeople, who call him a
dominance.
“madman” (or, if they are being kind, “Tasio the
Philosopher”). Linares – Doctor de Espadaña’s nephew from Spain.
Linares has a law degree and is the most intelligent
Don Rafael Ibarra - Ibarra’s father, who has died before
member of the de Espadaña family, a fact that endears
the novel’s opening pages. Ibarra learns from a
him to Doña Victorina.
sympathetic friend of his father’s, Lieutenant Guevarra,
that Don Rafael perished in prison after Father Damaso The Schoolmaster - A teacher whom Don Raphael
accused him of heresy and subversion. supported, helping him find a house and enabling him
to properly do his job. The schoolmaster tells Ibarra
Crispín - A very young boy studying to be a sexton, or a
about the unfortunate circumstances in San Diego
caretaker of the church. Crispín and his brother Basilio
surrounding education, which greatly inhibit the town’s
work tirelessly to send money home to their mother,
students.
Sisa, who is married to a drunk gambler who provides
nothing in the way of financial or even emotional Don Filipo (Filipo Lino) - The deputy mayor of San Diego.
support. Don Filipo is described as “almost liberal” and
represents the informal party of the younger, more
Basilio - Crispin’s older brother, who is also training to
open-minded generation.
be a sexton. When Crispín is dragged away, Basilio tries
to find him unsuccessfully. Despite the town’s curfew, Minor Characters
he runs home to his mother and spends the night there,
telling her that the next day he will seek out Ibarra and Sisa - Crispín and Basilio’s mother, who goes crazy after
ask if he can work for him instead of training to be a losing her boys. Sisa wanders the town and forests in
sexton. vain, hoping to find her children, though when she
actually meets Basilio, she is apparently unable to
Doctor Tiburcio de Espadaña (Don Tiburcio) – A recognize him at first. When she does, she dies of
Spaniard who speaks with a stutter and looks surprise and happiness.
significantly older than his thirty-five years. Don Tiburcio
came to the Philippines as a customs officer but was Father Sibyla - A priest in Binondo, a district in Manila.
dismissed upon his arrival. Having very little money to Sibyla is a skillful and sly debater who agitates Father
his name, he went to the country provinces of the Dámaso at Ibarra’s welcome-home party. He is an even-
Philippines to practice medicine, despite the fact that he tempered, rational religious figure that contrasts the
had no training as a doctor. absurd Dámaso and the corrupt Salví.

La Doctora Victorina de los Reyes de Espadaña (Dona Captain Basilio - Sinang’s father, a pedantic man who is
Victorina) - A Filipina woman married to Don Tiburcio. the speaker of San Diego’s conservative party. An
Above all else, Doña Victorina cares about her image as enemy and rival of Don Rafael, Basilio fashions himself
a beautiful and admired socialite, though she is actually
RIZAL: FINAL EXAM | 40
after famous Roman orators, advocating for a strict  The Social Cancer, originally titled Noli Me
adherence to the church. Tangere, a novel by Filipino political activist and
author Jose Rizal, published in 1887.
Lucas - The Yellow Man’s brother. Wanting revenge on
 The book, written in Spanish, is a sweeping and
Ibarra, he teams up with Father Salví to frame the
passionate unmasking of the brutality and
young man as the ringleader of the group of bandits
corruption of Spanish rule in the Philippines
that attacks the military barracks.
(1565– 1898).
Aunt Isabel - Captain Tiago’s cousin, and the woman  The story begins at a party to welcome
who raised María Clara after her mother’s death during Crisóstomo Ibarra back to the Philippines after
childbirth. seven years of studying in Europe.
 His father, Don Rafael, passed away shortly
Captain Pablo - The leader of the band of “persecuted”
before his return, and Crisóstomo soon learns
men who want revenge on the Civil Guard. Elías meets
that he died in prison after accidentally killing a
with Pablo and asks him to delay his plan to attack
tax collector and being falsely accused of other
civilization, convincing him that it would be best if
crimes by Father Dámaso, the longtime curate
Ibarra represented them so they can achieve their goals
of the church in Crisóstomo’s hometown of San
nonviolently.
Diego.
Bruno - Társilo’s brother, who dies the night of the  Crisóstomo returns to San Diego, and his
barracks attack. Before his death, Bruno repeats what fiancée, María Clara, joins him there.
Lucas has told him—namely, that Ibarra is the leader of  After the schoolmaster tells him that Father
the rebellion. Dámaso and the new curate, Father Salví,
interfere with his teaching, Crisóstomo decides
Captain Tinong - A friend of Captain Tiago’s. Like Tiago,
to build a new modern school in San Diego.
Tinong only cares about his own image. When it seems
 On a picnic with María Clara, Crisóstomo goes
as though Tiago’s family has been disgraced because of
on a fishing boat and helps the pilot, Elías, kill a
its association with Ibarra, he quickly turns his back on
crocodile.
his friend.
 Elías later warns Crisóstomo that there is a plot
The Chief Sexton - The man in charge of taking care of to murder him at the ceremony for the laying of
the church. The sexton essentially does Father Salví’s the school’s cornerstone, and indeed, as
dirty work, like beating Crispín or hanging Lucas after Crisóstomo is placing mortar for the
the attack on the barracks. cornerstone, the derrick holding the stone
collapses.
Victoria - One of María Clara’s friends, and one of her  Although Crisóstomo escapes injury, the derrick
cousins. operator is killed.
Andeng - One of María Clara’s friends. Andeng has  At a dinner later, Father Dámaso insults the new
known María Clara for a very long time, having even school, Filipinos in general, Crisóstomo, and
shared the same wet-nurse as an infant. Don Rafael.
 An enraged Crisóstomo attacks him, but María
Sinang - One of María Clara’s friends and cousins. Clara stops him from killing the priest.
Iday - One of María Clara’s friends.  Later her father breaks off her engagement to
Crisóstomo and arranges for her betrothal to a
The Gravedigger - A cemetery worker who, on Father young Spanish man, Linares.
Dámaso’s orders, exhumes Don Rafael’s body. Ibarra  Father Salví plots with Lucas, the brother of the
interrogates this man, desperate for information about deceased derrick operator, to organize a strike
his father. on the barracks of the Civil Guard and to
Plot convince the attackers that Crisóstomo is their
ringleader.
 Father Salví then warns the head of the Civil
Guard of the impending assault.
RIZAL: FINAL EXAM | 41
  When the attack fails, the rebels say that  As much as Rizal’s critics came from various
Crisóstomo was their leader, and he is arrested. sectors, his novel also found ardent defenders
 Elías helps Crisóstomo escape from prison, and among his peers.
they flee by boat on the Pasig Riverwith  Many of his colleagues in the Propaganda
members of the Civil Guard in pursuit. Movement praised his novel.
 Elías dives into the river to distract the pursuers  One example is Marcelo H. del Pilar who even
and is mortally wounded. It is reported that wrote essays in response to critics of the Noli.
Crisóstomo was killed, and a distraught María  Rizal’s friend, Ferdinand Blumentritt, also an
Clara insists on entering a convent. academic, expressed support for the novel.
 Within this general contour of the narrative,
Noli and the study of a colonial society
Rizal wove a complex story and subplots.
Reading through the novel, different characters  A remarkable aspect of Rizal’s Noli lies in its text
and their corresponding stories unfold as told which espoused the national heroes’
through the voice of an unseen narrator. articulations of a social-scientific view of the
 Truly, the pages of the Noli Me Tangere 19th century Philippines he was describing.
reflected the lives of people living in the  Taken together with Rizal’s other writings, the
complicated world of colonial Philippines. Noli makes an important contribution to the
understanding of a colonial society and the
Dedication
workings of the Spanish empire in the
 In the novel’s dedication, Rizal explains that Philippines.
there was once a type of cancer so terrible that  The novel portrayed the lives of the characters
the sufferer could not bear to be touched, and of diverse positions from which the people in
the disease had thus called Noli Me Tangere 19th century Philippines thought and acted in
(Latin: “do not touch me”). relation to others.
 He believed that his homeland was similarly  Many scholars interpret the Noli as Rizal’s
afflicted. diagnosis of the ills of colonial society as he
 The novel offers both a panoramic view of every assessed the role played by the church, the
level of society in the Philippines of the time state, and the people.
and droll satire. Its description of the cruelty of  In the novel, he highlighted some of the ideas
Spanish rule was a catalyst for the movement on how the Philippine society could be
for independence in the country. emancipated from the bondage of colonial rule.
 It later came to be regarded as a classic of  He underscored the importance of education as
Philippine literature, though it is more a powerful tool to achieve progress. He also
frequently read in English or Tagalog translation exposed the complexities and constraints
than in its original Spanish. wrought by the colonial condition not only on
foreigners, but also on some misguided Filipinos
The Noli Me Tangere after its First Publication
that contributed to the ills of society.
 At present, Noli Me Tangere is considered by  As Rizal exposed the vile realities of the context
many as a landmark piece of literature. In the he wrote about, he also emphasized the good
immediate months and years after its release in qualities of the Filipinos, which needed to be
1887, the Noli generated reactions from harnessed in order to succeed in the struggle
readers, Filipinos and foreigners alike. for emancipation.
Responses ranged from praise to outright
“The youth is the hope of our future.” - JP Rizal
ridicule.
 One sector that espoused outmost disdain for
the novel was the Spanish clergy as well as
PPT EL FILIBUSTERISMO
some Spanish colonial officials.
El Filibusterismo

RIZAL: FINAL EXAM | 42

  It is the second novel written by José Rizal as a  Rizal gratefully donated the original manuscript
sequel to Noli Me Tangere. and an autographed printed copy to Valentin
 Like Noli Me Tangere, it was written in Spanish. Ventura.
 “The Reign of Greed” in English.  Rizal sent complimentary copies to Blumentritt,
 It consists of 38 chapters. Mariano Ponce, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Antonio
 Rizal dedicated the El Filibusterismo to the Luna, T.H. Pardo de Tavera, Juan Luna, and
three martyred priests of the Cavite Mutiny. other friends.
 The execution of the three priests was  The El Nuevo Regimen-liberal Madrid
significant to the title of the novel. newspaper serialized the novel in its issues of
October 1891.
The Title
 Original manuscript of El Filibusterismo in Rizal’s
Rizal had to define the word filibustero to his German own handwriting is now preserved in the
friend Ferdinand Blumentritt, who did not understand Filipiniana Division of the Bureau of Public
his use of the word in Noli Me Tangere. In a letter, Rizal Libraries in Manila.
explained:  Acquired by Philippine government from
Valentin Ventura for 10,000 pesos.
"The word filibustero is little known in the Philippines.  Consists of 279 pages of long sheets paper.
The masses do not know it yet. I heard it for the first
time in 1872 when the tragic executions took place.” Objectives of Rizal in Writing the Novel

“I still remember the panic that this word created. Our 1. To defend Filipino people from foreign
father forbade us to utter it, as well as the words Cavite, accusations of foolishness and lack of
Burgos, etc. The Manila newspapers and the Spaniards knowledge.
apply this word to one whom they want to make are 2. To show how the Filipino people live during
volutionary suspect.” Spanish colonial period and the cries and woes
of his countrymen against abusive officials.
“The Filipinos belonging to the educated class fear the 3. To discuss what religion and belief can really do
reach of the word. It does not have the meaning of to everyday lives.
freebooters; it rather means a dangerous patriot who 4. To expose the cruelties, graft and corruption of
will soon be hanged or well, a presumptuous man." the false government and honestly show the
History of the Novel wrong doings of Filipinos that led to further
failure.
 Rizal took 3 years to write his second novel.
 Rizal began writing El Filibusterismo in October Synopsis of the El Filibusterismo
1887 while he was in Calamba.  The book narrates the return of the protagonist
 In London (1888), he revised the plot and some of Noli Me Tangere, Crisostomo Ibarra, under
chapters. Rizal continued to work on his the disguise of a wealthy jeweler named
manuscript in Paris. Simoun.
 He later moved to Brussels where the cost of  Disillusioned by the abuses of the Spanish,
living was cheaper, and he would be less likely Ibarra abandons his pacifist beliefs in order to
to be distracted by social events so he could return to the Philippines and start a violent
focus on finishing the book. revolution.
 He finally completed the book on March 29,  Noli Me Tangere’s Basilio, now a young man
1891, in Biarritz. and a skilled medical student, is recruited by
 September 18, 1891- the novel was published in Ibarra to aid him in detonating a bomb at a
Ghent, partially funded by Rizal’s friend Valentin social gathering, signaling the beginning of the
Ventura. Rizal immediately sent on this date revolution.
two printed copies to Hong- Kong, one for Basa  However, Basilio warns his friend Isagani.
and other for Sixto Lopez. Realizing that the woman he loves is in the

RIZAL: FINAL EXAM | 43

 building, Isagani throws the bomb into the river, Juanito Pelaez - The son of Don Timoteo Pelaez, a
averting the explosion and the revolution. Spanish businessmam, he is also one of the members of
 Implicated in these matters, Simoun commits Macaraig’s gang who wish to have the Academia de
suicide by taking poison and finds resting place Castellano built. He is considered by Isagani as his rival
at the home of a priest, Father Florentino, who to Paulita Gomez, the woman whom he fell in love wed
hears his last confession and assures him that in the end. Placido Penitente considers him as a “good
not all hope is lost. for nothing” classmate.
 The priest (Father Florentino), upon Simoun’s
Paulita Gomez - The girlfriend of Isagani and the niece
death, commends the jewels into the sea,
of Dona Victorina, the old indio who passes herself off
remarking that the jewels once used to bribe
as a Peninsular, who is the wife of the quack doctor,
and corrupt people, would one day be hopefully
Tiburcio de Espanada. In the end, she and Juanito Pelaez
found to be used for a meaningful purpose.
are wed, and she dumps Isagani, believing that she will
Characters have no future if she marries him.

Simoun - Crisostomo Ibarra in disguise, left for dead at Macaraig - One of Isagani’s classmates at the University
the end of Noli Me Tangere. Ibarra has resurfaced as of Santo Tomas. He is a rich student and serves as the
the wealthy jeweler, Simoun, sporting a beard, blue- leader of the students yearning to build the Academia
tinted glasses, and a revolver. Fueled by his de Castellano.
mistreatment at the hands of the Spaniards and his fury
Father Camorra - The lustful parish priest of Tiani, San
at Maria Clara’s fate, Simoun secretly plans a revolution
Diego's adjacent town who has longtime desires for
to seek revenge against those who wronged him.
young women. He nearly raped Juli causing the latter to
Maria Clara - She is the girlfriend of Ibarra. She is the commit suicide.
daughter of Kapitan Tiago and Dona Pia Alba, but
Ben Zayb - The pseudonym of Abraham Ybanez, a
biologically, her father is Padre Damaso.
journalist who believes he is the “only” one thinking in
Basilio - Son of Sisa, another character from Noli Me the Philippines. Ben-Zayb is an anagram of Ybanez, an
Tangere. After his mother’s death, he became a alternate spelling of his name.
vagabond until Captain Tiago took him in out of pity and
Don Custodio - Custodio de Salazar y Sanchez de
hired him as a houseboy in exchange for sending him to
Monteredondo, a famous “journalist” who was asked by
school. In the events of the book, he is a graduating
the students about his decision for the Academia de
medical student who discovered Simoun’s true identity
Castellano. In reality, he is quite an ordinary fellow who
and befriended him. His girlfriend is Juli.
married a rich woman in order to be a member of
Juli - Juliana de Dios, the girlfriend of Basilio, and the Manila’s high society.
youngest daughter of Kabesang Tales. To claim her
Placido Penitente - A student at the University of Santo
father from the bandits, she had to work as a maid
Tomas who was very intelligent and wise but did not
under the supervision of Hermana Penchang.
want, if not only by his mother's plea, to pursue his
Eventually, she was freed but committed suicide after
studies. He also controls his temper against Padre
Father Camorra attempted to rape her.
Millon, his physics teacher. During his High School days,
Isagani - Basilio’s friend and one of the students who he was an honor student hailing from Batangas.
planned to set up a new school. He is very idealistic and
Kabesang Tales – Cabeza Telesforo Juan de Dios, a
hopes for a better future for the Philippines. His
former cabeza de barangay (barangay head) of Sagpang,
girlfriend was rich and beautiful Paulita Gomez, but they
a barangay in San Diego's neighboring town Tiani, who
broke up once he was arrested. Despite this, his love for
resurfaced as the feared Luzón bandit Matanglawin. He
her still endured. He sabotaged Simoun’s plan by
is the son of Tandang Selo, and father of Juli and Tano.
removing the lamp that contained explosives and threw
it in the waters. Gobernador-Heneral - The highest ranking official in the
Philippines during the Spanish colonial period, this
unnamed character pretends that what he is doing is for
RIZAL: FINAL EXAM | 44
the good of the indios, the local citizens of the country, death, he forged the last will and testament of the latter
but in reality, he prioritizes the needs of his fellow so Basilio will obtain nothing from the inheritance.
Spaniards living in the country.
Other characters
Father Florentino – Isagani’s godfather, and a secular
Tiburcio de Espanada – He is Victorina de Espanda’s
priest; was engaged to be married but chose to be a
lame husband. He is currently in hiding at Father
priest after being pressured by his mother, the story
Florentino’s.
hinting at the ambivalence of his decision as he chooses
an assignment to a remote place, living in solitude near Hermana Penchang – Sagpang’s rich pusakal (gambler).
the sea. He took in Don Tiburcio de Espanada when he She offers Juli to be her maid so the latter can obtain
was hiding from his wife, Dona Victorina. money to free Kabesang Tales. Disbelieving of Juli and
her close friends, she considers herself as an ally of the
Quiroga - A Chinese businessman who dreamed of
friars.
being a consul for his country in the Philippines. He hid
Simoun’s weapons inside his house. Don Timeteo Pelaez – Juanito’s father. He is a rich
businessman and arranges a wedding for his son and
Father Fernandez – The priest friend of Isagani. He
Paulita. He and Simoun became business partners.
promised Isagani that he and the other priests will give
in to the students’ demands. Tandang Selo – Father of Kabesang Tales and
grandfather of Tano and Juli. He raised the sick and
Pecson – Classmate who had no idea on the happenings
young Basilio after he left their house in Noli Me
occurring around him. He suggested that they hold the
Tangere. He died in an encounter on the mountains
mock celebration at the panciteria.
with his son Tales, when he was killed by a battalion
Dona Victorina – Victorina Delos Reyes de Espanada, included his own grandson, Tano.
known in Noli Me Tangere as Tiburcio de Espanada’s
Hermana Bali – Another gambler in Tiani. She became
cruel wife. She is the aunt of Paulita Gomez and favors
Juli’s mother-figure and counselor, helped to release
Juanito Pelaez over Isagani. She is searching for her
Kabesang Tales from the hands of bandits.
husband, who has left her and is in hiding. Although of
indio heritage, she considers herself as one of the Father Millon – The physics teacher of the UST. He
Peninsulars. always becomes vindictive with Placido and always
taunts him during class.
Sandoval – The vice-leader of Macaraig’s gang. A
Spanish classmate of Isagani, he coerces his classmates Tadeo – Macaraig’s classmate. He, along with other
to lead alongside him the opening of the Spanish three members of their gang, supposedly posted the
language academy. posters that “thanked” Don Custodio and Father Irene
for the opening of the Academia de Castellano.
Father Bernardo Salvi – Former parish priest of San
Diego in Noli Me Tangere, now the director and Leeds – An American who holds stage plays starring
chaplain of the Santa Clara convent. severed heads; he is good friends with Simoun.
Pepay – Don Custodio’s supposed “girlfriend”. A dancer, Tano – Kabesang tales’s older son after his older sister,
she is always agitated of her “boyfriend’s” plans. She Lucia, died in childhood. He took up the pseudonym
seems to be a close friend of Macaraig. “Carolina” after returning from exile in the Caroline
Islands and became a civil guard. He was among the
Father Hernando de la Sibyla – A Dominican friar in Noli
battalion killed with his grandfather, Selo, who was part
Me Tangere, now the vice-rector of the University of
of a group of an attacking rebel.
Santo Tomas.
Noli and El Fili Compared
Father Irene – Captain Tiago’s spiritual adviser.
Although reluctant, he helped the students to establish Noli Me Tangere El Filibusterismo
Academia de Castellano after being convinced by giving A romantic novel A political novel
him a chestnut. The only witness to Captain Tiago’s A book of the heart A work of the head
A book feeling A book of thought
RIZAL: FINAL EXAM | 45
It has freshness Contains bitterness,
color, humor and hatred,
pain, violence,
intelligence, and sorrow
Contains 64 chapters Contains 34 chapters

RIZAL: FINAL EXAM | 46